Philosophy (Midterms)

Lesson 1.1: Introduction to Philosophy 2 Kinds of Word According to PLATO

- Before colonization
W h a taround
I sthePearly
h isixteenth
l o s ocentury.
phy ?
- is the world that we perceive with our senses
PHILOSOPHY
- perceive = exist
noun / phi · los · o · phy

- the academic study of anything

- it comes from the 2 Greek words
- is the world of the eternal truths and ideas
PHILO = LOVE
- image = exist
SOPHIA = WISDOM
potentiality - ability of something to become something else
- Philosophy is love of wisdom
actuality - the state of being something.
“ is a SYSTEMATIC INVESTIGATION that by NATURAL LIGHT (Without
faith) OF REASON studies the FIRST CAUSES OR HIGHEST PRINCIPLES
OF ALL THINGS ”
EPISTEME = KNOWLEDGE
LOGOS = STUDY
- Yes. It uses scientific approach because the investigation is systematic. - it is the study of knowledge.
- questions related to the nature of knowledge, belief,
justification, skepticism, and the limits of human understanding.
- considered to be above all else FIRST CAUSES is a supposed ultimate
cause of all events,
- considered to be above all else
- humans are born with no innate ideas or knowldege, all
- referred as god.
knowledge is acquired through experience
God = specific God
2 TYPES OF KNOWLEDGE

- investigates things, neither by using any laboratory instruments or ( from the earlier)
investigative tools nor based on supernatural revelation. - knowledge that is obtained independently of sensory
experience or empirical evidence. ( WITHOUT EXP )
Key Characteristics of Natural Light of Reason

innate - it is not learned or acquired, but is instead a part of our ( from the later )
human nature. - knowledge that is obtained through sensory experience or
universal - all human beings have it, regardless of their culture empirical evidence. (THROUGH EXP)
or religion.
reliable - it can be used to arrive at true knowledge.
autonomous - that it does not rely on faith or authority.
ETHOS = HABIT OR CHARACTER
Lesson 1.2: Introduction to Philosophy - concerned with questions of morality, right and wrong, good
and evil
Branches of Philosophy
- explores various ethical theories and their implications for
5 Major Branches of Philosophy decision-making.

META = BEYOND - Rightness or Wrongness of - Rightness or Wrongness of

PHYSICA = PHYSICAL action is based on the people action is based on your
- deals with the fundamental nature of reality and existence. place where you belong to conscience
- explores questions about the nature of being, the structure of the
universe, the relationship between mind and matter, and the concept
of causality.

What Is The Nature Of AISTHESIS = PERCEPTION OR SENSATION

> Being is simply the existence of things - study of beauty, art, and the nature of aesthetic experiences.
> Being is the essence of things > Being is a relationship between things - explores questions about the nature of art, the criteria for
> Being is a process of becoming > Being is a mystery judging beauty, and the role of art in human life.
 Philosophy (Midterms)
PYTHAGORAS
LOGOS = REASON OR THOUGHT - Mathematician
- study of reasoning and argumentation..
- Mathematics as a universal language
- deals with questions about valid and sound arguments, deductive
and inductive reasoning, and the structure of rational thought. - Everything is made up of numbers.

Three Parts of Argument

Lesson 3: Classical Greek Philosophers
1. major premise Garfield is a cat
( Triumvirate or the Philosophical Trinity )
2. minor premise All cats are evil
3. conclusion Garfield is evil - covers a wide range of topics and questions about the nature

of reality, knowledge, ethics, politics, and the human condition.

Lesson 2: Pre-Socratic Philosophers

( Philosophers who lived before Socrates )
- Philosophers were primarily concerned with fundamental questions - LOVE IS THE MAXIMUM OF JUSTICE
about the nature of reality, the cosmos, and the basic substances
that make up the world. - JUSTICE IS THE MINIMUM OF LOVE

- VIRTUE or Excellence of Character is a person’s most valuable

possession.
- represents the origin, source, or underlying principle of everything
- There are no inherent bad people, only ignorant of what is
in the universe
good.
THALES - When people act immorally, it is because they lack knowledge.

- Cause of death: Heat stroke socratic method – a form of dialectical questioning

- First Person to successfully predict a solar eclipse characterized by a series of open-ended questions between two

- “Nourishment of all things are moist.” individuals.

- All things are composed of water

intellectual midwifery – assisting in giving birth to their
own ideas, knowledge, and understanding.
ANAXIMANDER
- First person who published the map of the world.

- First Metaphysicist

- Father of Zoology - Student of Socrates

- His arche is Apeiron – something that is boundless, infinite, or limitless - Narrates the works of Socrates.

ANAXIMENES - World of Forms and World of Matter

- The ultimate stuff must be empirical. allegory of the cave – it is the metaphor used by Plato to
explain his world of forms and world of matters.
rarefiction - reduction of an item's density, the opposite of
compression.
condensation - the conversion of a vapor or gas to a liquid
- AIR - Student of Plato

HERACLITUS - Tutor of Alexander the Great

- Unity of opposites
virtue ethics- focuses on the character of the moral agent
- You cannot step twice into the same river.
rather than the consequences or rules of their actions.

- Fire is the Arche, Fire symbolizes change.

- He established Lyceum (school)

- Considered as the father of Zoology.

 Philosophy (Midterms)
Limitations of the Human Person
nicomachean ethics – explores the question of how humans
as an Embodied Spirit
should live their lives.
o Courage
o Temperance - concrete, empirical aspects of human existence, conditions,
o Wisdom limitations, and circumstances in which individuals are born or
o Justice find themselves

golden mean– Virtue lies between excess and deficiency.

The virtuous behavior is a midpoint between two vices. This
balance or moderation is the key to leading a virtuous and > spatial beings- we are limited by our bodies to be
morally upright life. present in two or more places at the same time.

> temporal beings- our most obvious limitation is

Lesson 4: Human person as an our finitude (not infinite)

Embodied SpirIt
- Explores the idea that humans have a non-material dimension integral - our body serves as an intermediary between us and the

to their identity, beyond physical bodies. physical world. Imposes limitations concerning communication
and expression.

spirit - Non-material or immaterial aspect of a person associated

with consciousness, self-awareness, moral and intellectual capacities,
emotions, and sense of purpose or meaning in life.
transcendence - It is the concept of going beyond the limits
embodided - it’s through the body that humans interact with the
of human experience or understanding.
physical world, experience sensations, and engage in actions
human person - encompasses both physical and non-physical aspects
of a person’s existence.
consciousness - refers to the state or quality of awareness, ability to
have subjective experiences, and capacity to think, perceive, feel, and
have a sense of self.
goodluck !! padayon :>
Levels of Soul According to Aristotle

- enable advanced cognitive processes like reasoning, thinking, ethical

deliberation, etc

- responsible for basic life functions such as growth, nutrition, and

reproduction

- encompasses functions related to sensation and perception,

responsible for emotions. Desires, and sensory experiences.

Levels of Soul According to Plato

( head )
- concerned with knowledge, truth, and the pursuit of wisdom.
- dianne :D
( chest )
- responsible for emotions

( abdomen )
- the most basic and lowest part of the soul. It is driven by physical
desires and appetites for material possessions, hunger, sexual desires.