ETHICS: LESSON 1&2
philosopher will ask, “What makes a word
LESSON 1: PHILOSOPHY
Philosophy
- Came from the Greek word philosophia
- Etymologically, the words philo and
Sophia respectively mean love and
wisdom.
- The word philosophy was first coined by
Phythagoras
- When Phythagoras was asked about his
occupation, He answered that he was a
philosophos, YET, there is no single
agreed definition of Philosophy among
philosophers.
- If we continue to define philosophy as
- simply the love of wisdom, we will run into
Some problems. What exactly does
wisdom mean? How will we Comprehend
The love that wisdom will receive?
Padre Roque J. Ferriols
- Ano ang Pilosopiya?
- Mabuting gawin muna bago pagusapan
Kung ano. Sapagkat ang Pilosopiya ay
ginagawa.
Martin Heidegger
- What is Philosophy?
- "With this question we are touching on a
theme which is very broad, that is
widespread, it is indefinite.
- Martin Heidegger saw philosophy as a
Path that was used by ancient Greeks
towards Truth.
- Thus, to define philosophy is to journey
Within this path and so we need to engage
In philosophizing.
 We cannot simply define philosophy, but
we may begin by asserting that philosophy
is all about TRUTH.
 What kind of Truth?
A historian may ask what happened at
some time in the past, but a philosopher
will ask, “What is time?” A mathematician
may investigate the relations among
numbers, but a philosopher will ask, “what
is a number?” A physicist will ask what
atoms are made of or what explains
gravity, but a philosopher will ask how we
can know there is anything outside of our
minds. A psychologist may investigate
how children learn a language, but a
mean anything?” Anyone can ask whether
it’s wrong to sneak into a movie without
paying, but a philosopher will ask, “What
makes an action right or wrong?”
-- Thomas Nagel (In Mabaquiao 2016:17)
3 MAJOR QUESTIONS IN PHILOSOPHY
1. WHAT IS THERE?
2. HOW DO I KNOW? (HOW DO WE KNOW
THAT WICH IS THERE?)
3. SO WHAT? (WHY ARE THESE THINGS
IN THE WORLD IMPORTANT OR AT
LEAST CONCERNS US?)
3 MAJOR BRANCHES OF PHILOSOPHY
1. METAPHYSICS
- Study of existence itself
2. EPISTEMOLOGY
- Concerned with knowledge
3. AXIOLOGY
- Subdivided into Aesthetics and Ethics
- Concerned with values
THE VALUES OF PHILOSOPHY
1. Logic - truth
2. Aesthetic - beauty
3. Ethics - good
 Unlike science, Philosophy does not
provide definite answers
 Philosophy as mother of all sciences
 Philosophy is more passionate for
questions than answers
 The value of philosophy lies in its ability to
arouse the mind to ask questions
 Isip Otomatiko vs Isip Tanong
Huwag magpakulongsa otomatikang sagot,
magtanongat mag-isip!
TOOLS OF PHILOSOPHY
1. Pagtingin at Pag-unawa
2. Correct Reasoning
3. Abstractio
THE ATTITUDE OF PHILOSOPHY
1. WONDER
2. CURIOSITY
3. DOUBT
4. TAMANG PAGKILATIS SA BUKAL NA
MAPAGKAKATIWALAANG KAALAMAN
  Plato said that philosophy begins with - Moral - Immoral
wonder - Good - Bad
 A philosopher is a curious person trying - Right – Wrong
to search for answers
Moral agents
 But a philosopher is also skeptic who cast
doubts and do not easily accepts - Have the ability to make rational decision
conclusion
Moral Patient
 Naniniwala sa bukas ng
pagkakatiwalaang kaalaman sabay na - Entities that are incapable of making
kinikilatis ito bukas sa kapwa-tao rational decision
LESSON 2: DEFINING ETHICS HISTORICAL ORIGIN
INTRODUCTION: PAGTITIBAY NG TAO SA  FOLKWAYS
BUHAY  MORES
Etymology  LAWS

- ETHICS came from the Greek word ETHICS IN RELATION WITH REASON
“ethos” which means “character”, “ugali o THEORETICAL REASONING OR WISDOM
nakaugaliang pamamalakad sa buhay”
- Ideas, concepts, knowledge
SUBJECT MATTER OF ETHICS - Intellectual aspect
- ETHICS is the study of the fundamental PRACTICAL REASONING OR WISDOM
principles of morality.
- MORAL comes from the Latin word “mos - Conduct, moral evaluation
o moris” which means “custom or habit” - Moral aspect
- This is the reasoning used in ethics
ETHICS--------GMRC and Values Education
3 WAYS IN STUDYING ETHICS
 Human acts are actions performed by man,
1. METAETHICS
knowingly and freely, deliberate or
- Prescriptive
intentional
- Study of basic ethical concepts and
 Act of man are action performed by man
principles
that are instinctive or voluntary
- Inquire about the origin of moral acts and
beliefs THE CHALLENGES
2. NORMATIVE ETHICS
- Prescriptive 1. MORAL SUBJECTIVISM
2. MORAL RELATIVISM
- Focus on various ethical framework that
may guide human action 3. MORALITY AND RELIGION
3. APPLIED ETHICS 4. MORALITY AND LAW
5. MARALITY AND BIOLOGY
- Application of ethical theories and
6. IS-OUGHT FALLACY
principle with specific concerns
- Ex: bioethics, cyber ethics, etc.
NOTA SA KATAGA
- NORMATIBO -tumpak na kahulugan
- HEURISTIKO -patuloy na paghahanap ng
kahulugan
TERMS USED IN ETHICS

 WITHIN THE SCOPE

- Ethical – Non-Ethical
- Moral - Amoral
 EVALUATIVE TERMS
- Ethical – Non-Ethical