CHAPTER I – NATURE OF PHILOSOPHY
Philosophy is the mother of all of sciences
Original name – “wisemen” pero now,
“philosopher”
In philosophy, the question is important than the
answer.
NOMINAL DEFINITION OF PHILOSOPHY –
original word
- Philosophy comes from the Greek word
philo means friend and Sophia, meaning
wisdom. It means “the love of wisdom”, or
“a friend of wisdom”
- Originated from the gentiles
REAL DEFINITION OF PHILOSOPHY
- Philosophy is the science of all that exist in
their ultimate cause through the aid of the
human intellect alone
ELEMENTS IN THE DEFINITION OF
PHILOSOPHY
1. It is science – a systematic body of
knowledge which is not only based on
opinions, hypothesis and theories, but ideal
knowledge.
2. Of beings – everything that exists, or may
exist, of everything knowable. It the highest
synthesis of all sciences dealing with man,
nature and God. It is also considered as the
mother of all sciences because of it very vast
cope and subject matter.
3. In their ultimate cause – because it asks and
answers not only facts and proximate causes
but also the deepest causes of things
4. Through the aid of the human intellect alone
– because philosophy uses natural reason
and not Divine Revelation of the recourse to
the bible; it is the product of one’s own
thinking and not of the imagination or
fantasy.
THE RELATIONSHIP OF PHILOSOPHY TO
SCIENCE
- Philosophy and Science are alike. They are
both interested in knowledge. Both of them
are fields on inquiry and investigation. Both
seek to ask questions and determine answers
to these questions:
o Science – seeks to knowledge of
facts
o Philosophy – seeks ultimate
knowledge
- Therefore, philosophy takes full awareness
in the findings of science because science
seeks to determine facts and facts are its end
products.
VALUE OF PHILOSOPHY
- The value of philosophy is in fact to be
sought largely in its very uncertainty.
Philosophy is to be studied, but not for the
sake of finding definite answers to its
questions, since no definite can, as a rule, be
known to be true. Rather, it is studied for the
sake of the questions themselves, because
these questions enlarge our conception of
what is possible and thus enrich our
intellectual imagination.
TYPES OF PHILOSOPHY
Philosophy is basically divided into two major
types: PURE PHILOSOPHY and APPLIED
PHILOSOPHY
I. PURE PHILOSOPHY
o Metaphysics – study if essence and
existence of beings
o Cosmology – study of material world in
connection to the order of universe
o Anthropology – study of man with regard
to the union of the body and soul
o Rational Psychology – study of
immaterial soul as the life principle of
every living being
o Theodicy – study of God
o Epistemology – study of human
knowledge with regards to the certainty
of truth
o Ethics – study of morality
o Logic – the science and art of correct
thinking
II. APPLIED PHILOSOPHY
o Philosophy of Man – the inquiry into man
as a person
o Social Philosophy – study of relationships
between man and society
o Philosophy of religion – study of man’s
relationship with God
o Axiology – study of man’s values
o Aesthetics – study of beauty and
perfection
o Oriental Philosophy – study of oriental
ways of life and mind
o Philosophy of Education – philosophical
approach to teaching and learning
processes.

CHAPTER II – The Basic of Logic
“The problem with humans are they seldom think,
remember that humans are not only plain thinking
but thinking correctly and logically.”
NOMINAL DEFINITION OF LOGIC
- Logic comes from the Greek word logos,
which means thought, word, speech, or
science
REAL DEFINITION OF LOGIC
- Logic is order and consistency. It is the
science of those principles, laws, and
methods which the mind of man must follow
in its thinking for the secure and accurate
attainment of truth.
- In short, “LOGIC IS THE SCIENCE AND
ART OF CORRECT THINKING”
THINKING
- Logic deals with the acts of mind – the
mental process THINKING. Most of the
time, it is associated with some mental
processes like memorizing, recall and the
like. Others may say that imagination and
day dreaming are thinking, but these are not
the kind of thinking that we consider in
logic.
- According to Corazon Cruz (1995), there are
two criteria for a mental process to be
considered thinking:
1. When the objective is truth
2. When the truth we have becomes the
nucleus of further knowledge
- Thinking is the process of drawing out
conclusions from previously known data.
We call it REASONING or INFERENCE.
- CORRECT THINKING is the process of
thinking or
reasoning that follows the right procedure.
However, this reasoning may not always be
true. Logic does not investigate the truth as
the certainty of the data but rather focuses
on the correct operation of thinking.
CORRECT THINKING and TRUE
KNOWLEDGE are two different things.
TRUE KNOWLEDGE deals with
knowledge which conforms to reality.
Examples:
1. All men are mortal
Socrates is a man
Socrates is mortal ------------ Correct and
True
2. All animals are rational
Dogs are animal
Dogs are rational ------------ Correct and
False
3. Girls are kind
Anna Rose is kind
Anna Rose is a girl ----------- Incorrect
and True (incorrect premise)
4. Girls are sweet
Julius is sweet
Julius is a girl ----------- Incorrect and
False
THE FORMAL OBJECT OF LOGIC
- Logic deals with reasoning, The soundness
or reasoning is the one that is important. The
first concern of logic is validity. It leads
man in the search for truth from the known
towards the unknown and from the easiest
towards the most difficult. An argument is
sound when it is both valid and true.
Examples:
 All plants need water
All flowers are plants
Therefore, all flowers need water
Consider the argument which follows:
 All lawyers are honest
Some defenders of our rights are
lawyers.
Therefore, some defenders of our rights
are honest.
This inference is not sound but VALID.
VALID ARGUMENT
- It is one whose premises, if they are
assumed to be true, entail this conclusion.
Since not all lawyers are honest , the
proposition is not true. A proposition is true
when it describes an actual state of affairs.
Therefore , even though the inference is
valid, it is not sound, because it is not both
valid and true.
-
LOGIC is generally interested ONLY in the
correctness or validity of reasoning. It is not
concerned with the truth or falsity of the premises
or of the conclusion. Consider the following
argument:
 All men are rational being
Arman is a man
Therefore, Arman is a rational being
 All animals are rational
Dogs are rational
Therefore, dogs are animals.
IMPORTANCE OF LOGIC (BENITO REYES
(1947))
1. It develops the habit of clear thinking
2. It is guide in the process of drawing
conclusion
3. It emphasizes the importance of definition
4. It helps us interpret facts adequately
 5. It cultivates the habit of looking for the
assumption presupposed in reasoning
6. It trains us in the technique of determining
implication
7. It helps us detect fallacies, avoid self-
deceptions and combat fallacious arguments.
8. It helps us persuade and convince others
9. It stimulates scientific thinking and love of
truth
10. It familiarizes us with terminology and
problems in Philosophy.
TYPES OF LOGIC
1. Based on the form and content
2. Based on the process of thinking
Based on the Form & Content
A. FORMAL LOGIC- is concerned with the
aspects of form, its structure, correctness,
sequence and the following of the rules. It
looks at whether there is conformity with the
given standards or with the existing rule of
LOGIC.
Example: Peter is a student
From this we can ask: What is the subject? The
verb? The predicate? Our concern is how it is
structured or built to create a sound reasoning.
B. MATERIAL LOGIC – is concerned with
the subject matter, content or truth. It looks
at whether there is conformity with reality.
Example: Peter is a man
From this example we can ask: is Peter really a man
as he exist in reality? If so, then our statement is
TRUE.
 REASONING is materially true if there
is conformity with reality; it becomes
materially false when there is no
conformity with reality.
Based on the Process of Thinking
A. DEDUCTIVE LOGIC is one in which the
premises flow logically into the conclusion.
That is why it is also called formal
deductive logic. It is from universal to
particular.
EXAMPLE :
All Filipino are industrious.
( general)
Peter is a Filipino . (particular)
Therefore, Peter is industrious. (particular)
B. INDUCTIVE LOGIC is one in which the
argument flows from specific to general or
particular to universal. Inductive reasoning
implies a sense of probability. It is closely
related to the scientific method of inquiry
which proves from the particular to the
universal.
EXAMPLE:
Chalk falls, book falls, pen falls & eraser
falls. Therefore, bodily objects fall.
ACTS OF THE MIND: THE MENTAL
OPERATIONS
- Our mind is always active. It never rest. We
know that it is one of the most complex
realities in existence. But to help us
understand its nature, it is better to deal with
it through the three essential operations of
the intellect: simple apprehensions,
judgement and reasoning.
APPREHENSION
- It is a process through which the mind
grasps the objectives reality as it is outside
the mind. When something is grasped, an
idea or concept is formed which is then
expressed through the use of terms.
Example of terms: Man , Mortal, Peter
JUDGEMENT
- It is the process through which the mind can
assert or deny something. This second
process can be achieved only after having
ideas because it is the ideas that are put
together in order to come up with judgment.
The expressions of judgments are called
propositions.
Example of propositions:
Every man is mortal.
Peter is a man.
REASONING
- It is the process through which the mind
arrives at the conclusion from previously
possessed judgments. It draws out new
propositions from premises. We also call
this inference. This is expressed through
syllogism
Example of syllogism:
All men are human.
All human are mortal,
Therefore, all men are mortal.
"Music may be the language of the soul, but the
stuff with which we live out our daily life is words."
- Corazon Cruz
WHAT IS A LANGUAGE?
 - According to Irving Copi (1978) list three
basic functions of language. These are
informative, expressive and directive which
are based on the three integral part of man:
head, heart, & hands (guts).
1. HEAD → COGNITIVE
2. HEART → AFFECTIVE
3. HANDS → ACTIVE/ACTION
INFORMATIVE LANGUAGE
- This is the most common function of
language wherein we inform about things
we know and ask about things we do not
know yet.
Example:
 When a person asks for your name (he
wants to be informed) and you tell him:
"I am Peter", then what you used is
informative discourse.
 When we say: "Balanga is the capital of
Pampanga & Mt. Samat is in Baguio",
we are giving INFORMATION, but
these two pieces of FALSE information.
MULTIPLICITY OF THE USES OF
LANGUAGE
- It is more often the case rather than an
exception that any ordinary discourse would
contain all three uses of language.
Example:
 Newspaper --→ may be biased if it is
created for propaganda or protection of
business interests.
 Noli Me Tangere by Rizal -→ is an
expression of the grievances of the
Filipinos to the Spanish misrule;
nevertheless, it motivates and instructs
Filipinos to yearn for freedom and
independence.
"Think like a wise man but communicate in the
language of the people,"- William Butler Yeats

EXPRESSIVE LANGUAGE
- This kind of discourse is best illustrated in
poetry where emotion and attitude are
expressed beautifully.

Examples:
 "Oh, no!"
 "Right!"
 "Look out!"
 "Wow!"
 "Amen!"

According to Copi (1978)"........ Expressive

discourse is used to express the speaker's emotions
or evoke certain feelings on the part of the author,
or sometimes it may do both”.

DIRECTIVE LANGUAGE
- This function of language is most easily seen
in commands or requests. It is that which
lets go or prevents an action to be done.

Examples:
 Kindly arrange all the requirements
before leaving. Do not mess with me
now
→ One can say that this is true or false.
Whether the command or request is obeyed
or not is irrelevant to its truth - value, which
is nonexistent in the first place.
Chapter III- Concept and Terms
What is a concept?
- A concept is a representation of an object by
the intellect through which man comprehend
a thing.  2.
- It is a mental image of an object or an idea
about something (Alviar, 1995).  4.
ATTENTION
- It is the mental act by which the mind fixes
its consideration upon one particular
object
after having sensed it.
Example: A driver stops his car when he sees that
the red light is on.
ABSTRACTION
- It is a mental act by which the mind studies
the physical characteristics or the
individualizing notes of the particular object
with regard to its color, size, style, material,
then goes on to think of the purpose of the
object.
Example: When one goes to the mall to buy a pair
of shoes or a dress, the process of abstraction is
used.
REFLEX MENTAL ACTIVITY
(REFLECTION)
- It is a mental act of becoming aware of
itself, of its act or of its state so as to look at
these things objectively. Likewise, it is a
mental act of comparing the likeness and
differences between objects belonging to
different essences or classes.
Example: Leg of a woman and leg of the table
COMPARISON
- It is a mental act by which the mind
notices the likeness and differences in the
objects having the same essence or
belonging to the same class.
Example: Pedro and Puppie
ANALYSIS
- It is a mental act by which the mind gives
direct attention to the essentials or the
basic similarities of an idea.
Example: Man is living organism who is reactive
and rational.
SYNTESIS
- It is an act by which the mind puts together
two or more ideas to form a single idea.
Example: Blue Water
TYPES OF CONCEPTS
- It is too easy for us to classify the different
kinds of concepts if we will carefully note
the point of view from each type, such as
intention, the subject or form, the substance,
the accident, and the existence or
possession.
1. Based on intention
Based on subject and form
3. Based on substance and accident
Based on existence and possession
1. BASED ON INTENTION
- An intention is an act of the mind as a
representative of a thing.
A. FIRST INTENTION CONCEPT
- This is a concept by which we understand
what a thing is according to what it is in
reality, regardless of what we think about it.
Example: Man is a social being
Man is a rational being
Man is an embodied spirit
Man is a biological being
B. SECOND INTENTION
CONCEPT
- This is a concept by which we understand
not only what a thing is in reality but also
how it is in our mind. After grasping what
a thing is according to its own proper being,
we also advert to the special mode of
existence that the thing has as it exists in the
mind. Thus, we say, “Man exist as a
universal concept only as a result of being
thought of. Man is not a universal concept as
he exists in the real order, but only as he
exists in the mind”.
- In classifying the subject term as a first or
second intention concept, it is best to ask:
“Does the predicate belong to the subject as
it exist or can exist in the real order, or only
exist in the mind?”
Example: Triangle is a shape.
Question:
Does the predicate “shape” belong to
the subject “triangle” as it exist in the real
order or only exists in the mind?
Answer:
It does in the real order, therefore, it
is in the first intension.
 In classifying the subject term as a first or
second intention concept, it is best to ask:
“Does the predicate belong to the subject as
it exist or can exist in the real order, or only
exist in the mind?”
Example: Atman is a dog.
Question:
Does the predicate “dog” belong to
the subject “atman” as it exist in the real
order or only exists in the mind?
Answer:
It does NOT in the real order for
ATMAN is a SOUL. Therefore, it is in the
second intension.

2. BASED ON SUBJECT AND FORM
- Form is that which makes an object exist as
it is. It is the perfection or the attribute of the
subject. It is also called essence. On the
other hand, a subject is that which has or
which is looked upon as having a perfection
or attribute embodied in itself.
Example:
Form -  Animality is the perfection that makes an
animal a real animal.
-Beauty makes a thing beautiful.
-Length express what it is that makes long
object long.
Example:
Subject - Table has quiddity, i.e., table’ness
- White having white’ness
CONCRETE CONCEPT
- It is a concept that expresses a form and a
subject.
Example: body, spirit, woman
ABSTRACT CONCEPT
- It is a concept which expresses form only
Example: Kindness, holiness, beauty, simplicity
3. BASED ON SUBSTANCE AND ACCIDENT
- Substance is that which exist in itself
without requiring another being as a subject
of its inherence.  2. AS AN ULTIMATE ELEMENT OF A
- Accident is that which cannot exist in itself
but only as a perfection or modification of
the subject.
ABSOLUTE CONCEPT
- It signifies the meaning of a complete
substance endowed with its independent
reality. An absolute concept is also called an
abstract concept  when it signifies
something to the mind which shows the
quality of an abstract noun.
Example: For independent realities
For abstract concept
- moon ---------------------------🡪lukewarm,
calmness
- sun-------------------------------🡪courage, brave
CONNOTATIVE CONCEPT
- It signifies the object as an accident existing
in the substance. It represent the form
without the subject.
Examples:
All modifiers like the ones below are called
connotative concepts:
-Wise, pretty, young, long, good, and the
like.
Nouns which are considered to be incomplete
substance or accidental modifications are also
classified as connotative concepts.
Examples: Drivers, teachers, love, carpenter,
student, Peter
4. BASED ON EXISTENCE AND POSSESION
A. POSITIVE CONCEPT – It is signifies the
existence or possession of something.
EXAMPLE: Peace, beautiful, happy, love
B. NEGATIVE CONCEPT – It signifies the
nonexistence or non possession of
something.
    
  Example: War, nonbeautiful, unhappy,
loveless
CONCEPTS AND TERMS
WHAT IS A TERM?
- A term is an external sign of a concept and
the ultimate structural elements of a
proposition.  It is a conventional tool of
expressing an idea. A term is oral  if it is
uttered; it is written if it is drafted.
TYPES OF TERM
1. ACCORDING TO THE KINDS OF
CONCEPTS
 First Intention and Second Intention Terms
 Abstract and Concrete Terms
 Absolute and Connotative Terms
 Positive and Negative Terms
PROPOSITION
A. SUBJECT – It is that which is being
spoken in a proposition.
Example: Pampanga is next to Bulacan.
B. PREDICATE – It is that which
speaks about the subject.
Example: Almost all outstanding employees are
coming from the College of nursing. 
The subject term of the predicate term may also be
classified as:
- Simple – when it is only a single word as in
the term “Pampanga.”
- Complex – when it is group of words
standing for one idea as in the term “almost
all outstanding employees.”
3. AS A SIGN OF A CONCEPT
 Significant Term – It is a significant term
when it stands for the essence of something.
In this case, subjects, predicates, and nouns
are all significant terms.
 Nonsignificant Term – It is nonsignificant
term when it does not stand for the essence
of something. In this case, demonstrative
pronouns, adjectives, and proper nouns are
nonsignificant terms.
 4. AS TO THE RELATION OF TERM the mountain inasmuch as they serve as the base on
WITH ANOTHER TERM which they stand. They are also partly different in
as far as anatomy is concerned.
A. Compatible terms – these are term that can co-
exist or simultaneously exist in a subject.
Examples: father-son; my mother- my best
friend; farmer-veterinarian

B. Incompatibility
Analogue/Analogates
 Contradictory Terms – These terms are - It is important to make clear at this point that
those wherein one affirms what the other the inferior (the term to which the
denies. One denies the connotation of the analogous terms applies) is called analogue
other. or analogate. It is classified into the
Examples: Life – lifeless; thing-nothing following:
 Contrary Terms – These terms are those
that represent the two extremes among 1. PRIMARY ANALOGUE/
objects of a series belonging to the same ANALOGATES
class.  - If the terms apply to them primarily and
Example: hot-cold happy-miserable absolutely, these are knows as primary
black-white analogue/analogates.
(temperature)             (emotion)
(Color) Examples: The bright light has blinded the man.
The primary meaning of the word “light” is
 Private Terms – These terms are those stimulus to sight; hence, it is a primary analogue.
wherein one confirms a perfection and other
denies a perfection in a subject which
naturally ought to possess it.  2. SECONDARY ANALOGUE/
Examples: health – weakness ANALOGATES
wealth – poverty  - If the terms apply to them secondary and
relatively, these are knows as secondary
 Relative Terms – These terms are those analogue/analogates.
wherein one cannot be understood without
the other. The connotation of one implies the Examples: You are the light of my heart.
connotation of the other.  Here, “light” means the splendor of love that
Examples: mother – child makes a person happy.
teacher – pupil
husband – wife   INTRINSIC ANALOGY
It is also important to distinguish an intrinsic
5. AS TO DEFINITENESS OF MEANING analogy from and extrinsic analogy and an analogy
of proportionality from an analogy of attribution.
 UNIVOCAL TERM – These are terms
with different spelling & sound but the same INTRINSIC ANALOGY – Analogous term
meaning or exactly the same meaning in at intrinsic if the concepts they signify is realized in
least two occurrences. all its analogous.

Examples: Every monkey eats bananas. Example: An “animal” is an irrational, living,

Banana is a tropical fruit.
In the two examples, the term “banana” is used
with exactly the same meaning.  such creatures “animals” because they are
 EQUIVOCAL TERMS – These are terms
that have completely different meanings in
at least two occurrences or same spelling &
sound but different meaning.
Examples: Pen are used for writing.      of proportionality from an analogy of attribution.
The pigs are in the pens.
 ANALOGOUS TERMS
- These are terms have partly the same and
partly different meanings in at least two
occurrences.
Examples: Peter stands with one foot at the foot of
the mountain. 
In this example, the term “foot” in the first
and second uses are analogous terms because the
“foot” of Peter is partly the same with the “foot” of
material substance. It is found in all its analogous
such as dogs, cats, horses, and others. We call
animals intrinsically and as they are.
EXTRINSIC ANALOGY
It is also important to distinguish an intrinsic
analogy from and extrinsic analogy and an analogy
EXRINSIC ANALOGY – Analogous term
extrinsic if the concepts they signify are realized
only in their primary analogous. The secondary
analogues are related only in some other ways to
the primary ones. Most common instances are
metaphorical expressions.
Example: We pass “bridal’s veil” along the
scenic Kennon road.
 It is not really a bride’s veil, but a waterfall;
it is also called so because somehow its
appearance reminds people of one. 

QUIZ#2
Classify the underlined terms as:
A. UNIVOCAL
B. EQUIVOCAL
C. ANALOGOUS

1. Gloria who is a chief nurse is always

patient with her patient.
2. My son sends me letter printed in bold
letters.
3. Bishop John celebrated mass to a mass
of people in EDSA.
4. The president heads all projects.
5. My foot ached as I reached the foot of
Mt. Pinatubo.
6. Catholics and Protestant are all
Christians
7. …
8. My mother sees to it that she closes the
doors before she closes her eyes at night.
9. Legs of Solenn Heusaff – legs of a chair
10. Kim Chiu is pretty and Maja Salvador is
beautiful.

Chapter IV- JUDGMENT AND
PROPOSITION
LEARNING CONTENT
1. Nature of judgment and proposition
2. Categorical Proposition
3. Hypothetical proposition
Objectives
At the end of the lesson, the students are expected
to:
1. Distinguish a judgment from proposition
2. Identify the kinds of categorical propositions
according quantity and quality; and
3. State the kinds of hypothetical propositions
What is Judgment?
Judgement is defined as an act of the mind
pronouncing the agreement or disagreement of ideas
among themselves (Bittle, 2010).
Judgment is verbally expressed through the
proposition.
What is Proposition?
A proposition is a declarative sentence which
expresses a relation of affirmation or denial between
terms (Baldemeca, et al., 1984).
Divisions of Proposition
There are two basic proposition:
a. Categorical proposition
b. Hypothetical proposition
A. Categorical Proposition
 Categorical Proposition is one which gives a
direct assertion of agreement or disagreement
between the subject term and predicate term
(Timbreza, 1999). A proposition is categorical
when the predicate term is either affirmed or
denied of the subject term outright, without
restriction (Alviar et al., 1995)
Categorical Proposition
KINDS OF CATEGORICAL PROPOSITION
Categorical propositions have the following
properties : QUANTITY & QUALITY
According to Quantity.
The quantity refers to the extension of the subject
term, that is whether the nature or essence about
which the proposition says is taken in its whole
extension or only part of it. If the subject is
particular, the proposition is particular.
1. Universal proposition – one whose
subject is universal and it is applied
distributively to each and all of the class
Examples :
All sins are forgiven.
No one is righteous. 
2. Particular proposition – one whose
subject is particular and it applied to an
indefinite number of individuals
Examples:
Some educational preschool toys are
costly.
Several dictionaries are not complete.
Majority of movies in DVD’s are pirated.
Many batteries are not rechargeable.
According to Quality
The quality of a proposition establishes the kind of
relation asserted between the predicate and the
subject of a proposition. If there is agreement
between the subject and the predicate a proposition
is considered affirmative. If there is disagreement
between the subject and the predicate, a proposition
is considered negative.
1. Affirmative proposition – is a proposition
whose affirmative copula joins the subject
with the predicate.
Example:
Every kare-kare is served with
alamang.
Each iced buko is delicious.
Sky diving is a perilous sports.
St. Thomas is an angelic doctor.
2. Negative proposition – is one whose
separates the subject with the predicate.
Examples :
No wet ones hand and facial wipes are for
internal use.
Some guinataan are not cooked with corn.
Few Tom and Jerry slippers are not boxed.
Suman sa ibus is not sour.
Basic Standard form of
CATEGORICAL PROPOSITION
Categorical propositions have two
properties: quality and quantity.
 Combining the quantity and quality, four Disjunctive Proposition
standard forms of categorical propositions
are produced: A D.P is a hypothetical proposition which contains
an “either-or” statement, indicating that the
1. A – UNIVERSAL AFFIRMATIVE
2. E – UNIVERSAL NEGATIVE implied judgment cannot be true together nor false
3. I – PARTICULAR AFFIRMATIVE together, but one must be true and the other is false
4. O – PARTICULAR NEGATIVE (Bittle, 2010). There are two types of disjunction
proposition: PERFECT & IMPERFECT.

A – UNIVERSAL AFFIRMATIVE Disjunction Proposition (perfect)

(All CLDHEI teachers are working.)
E – UNIVERSAL NEGATIVE
(No CLDHEI teachers are working.)
I – PARTICULAR AFFIRMATIVE
       (Some CLDHEI teachers are working.)
O – PARTICULAR NEGATIVE
       (Some CLDHEI teachers are not working.)
Examples:
-Either a square is a four-sided or it is  non-
four sided figure.
-My jacket is either new or old.
-The puma is either alive or dead
A disjunction is perfect if the statement
implied can neither be true nor false together at the
same time.

Disjunction Proposition (imperfect)

Examples:
- Jeff is either driving a car or singing a song
- Jonah is either walking a dog or talking to it.
- Rens drinks either milk or soda.

A disjunction is imperfect when and where the

statements can be true together but never false
HYPOTHETICAL PROPOSITION together, that is, at least of the disjuncts is true.

Conjunctive Proposition
The hypothetical proposition is a compound
proposition which contains a proposed or tentative A C.P is a hypothetical proposition which
explanation. A hypothetical proposition expresses expresses a judgment that two alternative
a relation of dependence, opposition or similarity assumptions are not or cannot be true
between two clauses. simultaneously (Bittle, 2010).
There are 3 kinds of hypothetical LOGICIAN FORM:
propositions: . . .cannot be. . .and. . .at the same time
1. Conditional proposition
2. Disjunction proposition Example:
3. Conjunction proposition
-Dr. Ellaine cannot be in the hospital and in the
Conditional Proposition market at the same time.
-A CLDH EI student cannot be at SAO and at GE
The C.P is a compound proposition in which one department at the same time.
clause assert something as true provided that the -It is obvious that a person cannot be white-
other clause is true. The 1st clause is the “if” clause skinned and black at the same time.
and is termed the antecedent: the 2nd clause is the
“then” clause and is called the consequent (Cruz,
1995).

LOGICAIN FORM: 
if (antecedent). . . Then (consequent) . . . . 

Examples:
-If the weather is fine, then we shall go
shopping at MOA.
-Since Paul is late, he cannot take the test.
-Unless a man be born again, he cannot
enter into the kingdom of God.