PHILO WEEK 1 REVIEWER
- Considered as the foremost philosopher of
PHILOSOPHY
- Philos(love) Sophia(wisdom) = “love of
wisdom”
- Study or discipline that uses human reason
to investigate the ultimate causes, reasons
and principles which govern all things.
- Philosophers - People who engage in
philosophy.
ANCIENT GREEK PHILOSOPHERS
Pythagoras
- Mathematician and scientist credited for
formulating the pythagorean theorem,
established a community of learners who
were devoted to the study of religion and
philosophy.
Heraclitus
- Proposed that everything that exists is based
on higher order or plan which he called
logos.
- “Change is permanent.”
- “No man ever steps in the same river twice”
Democritus
- Studied the causes of natural phenomena.
- First to propose the matter is composed of
atoms.
Diogenes Of Sinope
- Known advocate of living a simple and
virtuous life
- One should not only talk of virtue but should
show it in words and actions
- Develop the schools of philosophy such as
cynicism and stoicism
Epicurus
- He believed that philosophy could enable
man to live in happiness
- Epicureanism – wisdom and simple life will
result to life free of fear and pain
Socrates
ancient times.
- Believed that philosophy could enable man
to live a life of virtue.
- Socratic method – a series of questions
that let the learner examine and analyze his
knowledge
Plato
- His teachings foundation of western
philosophy
- Most significant ideas included the theory of
forms
- Known for dialectic a method of opposing
ideas to arrive at new knowledge
Aristotle
- Student of plato
- Ideas and views based on perception and
reality are based on what we perceive and
sense.
- Deductive reasoning - process by which
specific statements are analyzed to reach
conclusion and generalization
HOLISTIC AND PARTIAL THINKING
Holistic Thinking - Refers to perspective that
considers large–scale pattern in system. Requires
an individual to have an open mindset and an ability
to get the general sense or impression of a situation.
Partial Thinking - Focuses on specific aspects of
situation. It is an important component of analytical
thinking, as an individual focuses on certain aspects
of the problem to understand it.
PHILO WEEK 2 REVIEWER
WHY IS THERE A NEED TO PHILOSOPHIZE?
Sense of Wonder
- Man’s overbounding curiosity drives him to
ask question, some of which have no definite
answers.
Doubt
- Rene Descartes traced the need to
philosophize to doubt. Famous for rejecting
or questioning established ideas.
Ethics - The branch which deals with moral
questions and dilemmas.
Political Philosophy - Studies government and
deals with question of justice, power and the rights
and obligations of citizens.
Metaphysics - Branch of philosophy that deals with
questions regarding reality and existence.
Philosophy of the human person - area of
philosophy that understands the human person from
philosophical perspective.

- Scientific ideas must be tested and verified
before it is accepted as TRUTH.
Experience
- Karl Jaspers saw the need to philosophize
because of experience.
- Man is often confronted by experiences
which challenge his ideas and framework
called limit situations
HOW DOES ONE ENGAGE IN REFLECTIONS
Propositions – Statement about the world that may
or may not carry the truth.
Reflection requires a person to be willing to examine
one’s thoughts, feelings and action.
WHAT ARE THE PRACTICAL USES OF
PHILOSOPHY IN OUR LIVES?

- Feeling of helplessness, anxiety, and dread
Love of Wisdom
- To love wisdom is to have insatiable desire
for truth
- Socrates - “ I know what I do not know .”
- “ The unexamined life is not worth living,”
Framework – A way of thinking about the world and
composed of the beliefs and views of person
- enables us to engage in critical analysis and
interpretation of concepts, definitions,
arguments and problems.
- improves problem-solving and decision
making, and self development.
- a good philosopher is a good communicator
who can clearly and adequately present his
or her ideas.

Internal questions - can be addressed using your

own personal framework

External questions – seek to question the

framework upon which people base their own beliefs
and views

BRANCHES OF PHILOSOPHY OF WHICH DEALS

WITH A PARTICULAR ASPECT OF LIFE OR
PHENOMENA.

Aesthetic - Philosophy which deals with beauty and

what makes things “beautiful”.

Logic - Philosophy that deals with correct

reasoning.

Epistemology - Discusses the nature of knowledge

PHILO WEEK 4 REVIEWER
TRUTH, KNOWLEDGE, FACTS AND OPINIONS
“Knowledge consist in having the truth and knowing
that you have it because you know why, what you
think is true is true. Whereas opinion consist in not
having sure that you have the truth and even if you
say is true you are not sure because you don’t know
why it is true.” -Mortimer J. Adler
Truth
- The property of being in accord with reality.
- Based on empirical evidence, which means
truth is based on experience and
observations about the external world.
Doubt - Drives our desire to discover the truth.
Opinions - Proposition or beliefs or arguments can
be right or wrong or can be true or false.
Knowledge - Can’t be false and can’t be wrong. If
something is knowledge, it’s impossible to be false
knowledge or wrong knowledge.
Facts - Propositions which are observed to be real
or truthful.
Conclusion - Judgement based on certain facts.
May not be disputed but conclusion itself could still
be contested.
Beliefs - Statements that express convictions that
are not easily and clearly explained by facts.
Explanations - Statements that assume the claim to
be true.
Arguments - Series of statements that provide
reasons why the statement is true.
BURCENIAN TABLE OF TRUTH AND OPINION
Ignorance / Deception Knowledge / Facts
False / Wrong True / Right
Opinions (statement, propositions, argument,
theory)
THEORIES ABOUT TRUTH
Correspondence Theory plato, st. augustine
- Concept of truth as reality which can be
considered as an affirmation of itself.
- It is something observable and verifiable by
the senses.
- Idealism –distrust the senses as sources of
knowledge and revealers of the real, senses
can report only the appearance of things
–hunter mead
Coherence Theory gottfried wilhelm leibniz, baruch
spinoza, georg wilhelm friedrich hegel, francis
herbert bradley
- Statement is true if it can be put logically,
consistently, and systematically into a
coherent body of knowledge or harmonizes
with other established truth of our knowledge
as a whole.
- Beliefs must be logically consistent with
other true belief in order to be also true. This
means that if one belief is inconsistent with
other accepted beliefs , its probably wrong.
- Coherence is like the relationship of the parts
of a jigsaw puzzle. One must throw out the
pieces that don’t fit. The goal is to make the
largest possible coherent picture.
Pragmatism Theory
- originally expounded by Charles Sanders
Peirce
- developed and popularized by William James
- applied and propagated by John Dewey
- Rooted in the idea that before you determine
the truth of any idea you must have asked
the question “does it work.?”
- Pragmatic ideas are not right or wrong until
they are unpacked for their practical
consequences.
PHILO WEEK 5 REVIEWER

FAULTY REASONING
Fallacy
- from latin word fallacia which means ‘decit or
trick'
- A logical error that does not follow the rules
of inference or that violates them.
Argument
- The main tool not only claimed by
philosophers but by every rational people.
DIVISION OF FALLACY
Formal
- an error of logical form in invalid argument
which violates the rule of inference.
- 3 parts of aristotle’s syllogism
- Major premise
- Minor premise
- Conclusion
- Example
All human beings are innately good. Juan is
a human being. Therefore, Juan is innately
good - VALID
All human beings are innately good. Juan is
innately good. Therefore, juan is a human
being. - INVALID
Informal
- an argument whose conclusion is not
adequately supported and / or does not
necessarily have to be the conclusion that
can be drawn.
TYPES OF INFORMAL FALLACY
Ad Hominem
- Attacking the person presenting the
argument instead of the argument.
- “Of course he believes that the government
is flawed, he is a rebel and a Communist!”
Appeal to Force
- Using the threat of force or an undesirable
event to advance an argument.
- “If this peace agreement will not be signed
by the government , then we will have no
recourse but to go to war?”
Appeal to Emotion
- Using emotion such as pity or sympathy.
- “All these charges are baseless; this is just
plain harassment – can’t you see how this is
affecting my family?”
Appeal to Popular
- The idea is presented as acceptable
because a lot of people accept it
- “Every boy your age has a girlfriend, you
should go find one!”
Appeal to Tradition
- The idea is acceptable because it has been
true for a long time.
- “Marriage should be between a man and a
woman. It has been so far a long time in this
country ; it should remain so today and in the
future.”
Begging the Question
- Assuming the thing or idea to be proven is
true; also known as “circular argument”.
- “I have the right to free speech, therefore you
cannot stop me from talking.”
Cause-and-Effect
- Assuming a cause and effect relationship
between unrelated events.
- “Ever since you bought that sweater
everything has been going wrong in your life.
You should get rid of it.”
Fallacy of Composition
- Assuming that what is true of a part is true
for the whole.
- “These cases of robbery in this district have
convinced me that the city has become a
den of thieves and criminal.”
Fallacy of Division
- Assuming that what is true for the whole is
true for its parts.
- “You come from a family of doctors and
intellectuals! Surely you can do better in this
course”
PHILO WEEK 6 REVIEWER

BIAS
- Personal views of people presenting it.
- Not necessarily errors in reasoning, but refer
to tendencies or influences which affect the
views of the people
- Analyzing an event or issue based on one’s
cultural standard.
- “I do not agree with this western practice of
placing aged parents in retirement homes.
We Filipinos take care of our family
members.”

- Cannot be avoided in any discussion or

debate

- What is important is that people engaging in

the discussion are aware of their personal
biases and have an open but critical attitude
toward other views which conflict with their
own.

CORRESPONDENCE BIAS
- Tendency to judge a person’s personality by
his or her actions, without regard for external
factors or influences.
- “these soldiers who fought in the war are all
bloodthirsty murderers!”

CONFIRMATION BIAS
- Tendency to look for and readily accept
information which fits one’s own belief or
views to reject ideas or views that go against
it.
- “how can I accept his view that there is no
god? I am a christian.”

FRAMING
- Focusing on a certain aspect of a problem
while ignoring other aspects.
- “preliminary evidence has still not pointed out
the actual cause of the plane crash, but
investigators are currently focusing on the
possibility of pilot error.”

HINDSIGHT
- The tendency to see past events as
predictable, or to ascribe a pattern to
historical events.
- “magellan’s assault on mactan island was a
foolhardy venture made by an overconfident,
careless man who underestimated the valor
of the native filipino.”

CONFLICT OF INTEREST
- A person or group is connected to or has a
vested interest in the issue being discussed.
- “as the daughter of the accused, I believe I
have the right to express my opinion on the
issue of his alleged corrupt practices.”
CULTURAL BIAS PHILO WEEK 7 REVIEWER

WHAT IS A MAN?
Man - the general term commonly used to refer to
the entire human race. Other related terms include
humanity, mankind and humankind.
Human being - used to distinguish man from other
animals.
Person - more complex term which generally refers
to a human being granted recognition of certain
rights, protection, responsibilities and dignity.
Personhood - refers to the state of being a person.
Human nature - characteristics that distinguish
human from all other creatures.
Human Person - Sets him or her apart from other
beings. These special traits make a human distinct
individual person.
TRAITS THAT DEFINES A PERSON
Self – awareness
- refers to the person having a clear
perception of oneself including thoughts,
emotions, identity and action.
- The human person is defined by a deeper
awareness which is driven by:
- rationality
- human thought
- Notion of self - person who is actively
aware that he or she is perceiving and
experiencing reality.
Interiority
- Quality of being focused on one’s inner life
and identity, enables a person to exercise
creativity, and allows us to imagine.
Externality
- Reach out interact with others and the world
Self
- Enables us person to experience the inner
world, we can imagine , fantasize and reflect
shows that we are able to reach within
ourselves and experience interiority.
Self-Determination
- Another trait that defines a person, this refers
to the capability of person to make choices
and decision based on their own
preferences.
Freewill
- Enable us to do actions whenever we want
to and makes self- determination possible.
SELF DETERMINATION AND FREEWILL
Consequence - Is the result or effect of an action or
condition.
Morality - The goodness or badness of an act.
Dignity - The innate right to be valued and
respected.
Spirit
- Intangible element
- Enable us to exercise thoughts
- Possess awareness and interiority
- To reach out to the outside world and other
persons
Transcendence
- The ability to surpass limits.
- It is also one important trait that distinguishes
the human person from other beings in
existence.
- Our mind is an important tool that allows us
to go beyond many of our physical limits. We
are able to exercise our imagination and
reflection to go beyond our own thoughts and
experience.
PHILOSOPHY WEEK 8 REVIEWER

ENVIRONMENTAL PHILOSOPHY
The human person in the environment
John Donne – “No man is an island, entire of itself;
every man is a piece of the continent, a part of the
main.”
Environmental Philosophy / Ethics
- The discipline in philosophy that studies the
moral relationship of human beings with the
environment and its non-human contents.
- Environmental philosophers tackle issues
such as humanity’s role in the natural world,
the interaction between nature and human
activities, and humanity ‘s response to
environmental challenges.
THREE MAJOR VIEWS REGARDING THE
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HUMANITY AND
ENVIRONMENT
- ANTHROPOCENTRISM
- BIOCENTRISM
- ECOCENTRISM
ANTHROPOCENTRISM
- Focuses on the significant role of humankind
in the world and consider nature as the
means by which humans are able to meet
their needs and survive
- Humans are the most important species on
the planet, they are free to transform nature
and use its resources
BIOCENTRISM
- Believes that humans are not the only
significant species on the planet, and that all
organisms have inherent value and should
be protected.
ECOCENTRISM
- Believes that humankind is part of a great of
greater biological system or community and
that we have a significant role as stewards or
guardians of nature.
ENVIRONMENTAL AESTHETICS
- Believes that maintaining order in the
environment will bring out natural beauty of
the surroundings and contribute to the
well-being of the people and other organism
living in it.
ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS
- Advocating human responsibility and action
to environmental issues.
SOCIAL ECOLOGY
- Ecological and ethical approach in analyzing
society and sees relationship between social
problems and environmental problems.
- Climate ethics / climate change - arose
from the growing concerns with climate
change and consider it as significant ethical,
social, and political issue
- Environmental justice - refers to the fair
distribution of environmental benefits as well
as the burden of meeting environmental
issues.
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
- Focuses on reconciling human activities and
economic development with the protection of
environment.
- Three important principles
1. Environmental integrity
2. Economic efficiency
3. Equity
ENVIRONMENT INTEGRITY
- Refers to maintaining the state of the
environment. This means that human
activities should not only unduly disrupt the
ecosystem and human communities located
in the area.
ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY
- Refers to prudence in decision-making
regarding the use of resources to ensure that
there is minimum to zero waste.
EQUITY
- Demands that we use our natural resources
in such manner that these are conserved so
that the next generation will be able to use
them.
Values of prudence and frugality
Prudence – Ability to regulate one’s actions and
behavior.
Frugality - Being thrifty with the use of one’s
resources.
“Ang importante ay mahalaga.”
- Goodluck Leibniz !! <33 (at sa ibang section
na pagfoforwardan ng reviewer na ‘to hehe)