REVIEWER – PHILOSOPHY (1ST QTR.
) Disadvantages: Restricted only
PHILOSOPHY – SCIENCE THAT
STUDIES BEINGS IN THEIR ULTIMATE
CAUSE, REASONS, AND PRINCIPLES
THROUGH THE AID OF HUMAN REASON.
- CAME FROM THE WORDS “PHILO”
MEANING LOVE, AND “SOPHIA”
MEANING WISDOM. PHILOSOPHY IS
THE LOVE FOR WISDOM.
BEING – LIVING OR NON-LIVING
MATERIALS OR PEOPLE. NOTIONS OF
ABSTRACT CONCEPT.
WISE PERSON - KNOWS WHAT IS
RIGHT OR WRONG, APPLIES
KNOWLEDGE, KNOWS WHAT IS GOOD
AND USES IT, KNOWS THEIR OWN
IGNORANCE.
DEFINITIONS OF PHILOSOPHY
Historical approach - past,
understanding the past,
historical philosophers. Here
philosophy is used as the origin
of knowledge.
Disadvantages: We might be
limited by the philosophies of
the past
Philosophy as an Analysis of
Language
- Philosophies that are
scientifically proven and are
true. It disregards Philosophies
that are non-scientific or
subjective.
cannot be experienced beyond
to language.
Philosophy as a Program of
Change
- Philosophy is a program aiming
to make lives better
- Limits philosophy to only be
relevant to today’s human
problems and conditions.
Karl Marx: The role of
philosophy is not to think about
the world but to change it.
Philosophy is a Set of
Questions and Answers
- Philosophy is a continuous
process of finding answers and
then asking more questions.
Philosophy as a World View
(Weltanschaüung)
- Philosophy is a way to put
meaning to or come up with a
view to the world, universe,
man, and God.
Philosophy as a Criticism
- Philosophy is used to clear
away shabby thinking and make
clearer thoughts.
BRANCHES OF PHILOSOPHY
Metaphysics - reality, physical,
non-physical.
- The study of things beyond the
physical concept, or things that
personal understanding.
Ex. What is there? What is it
like? Does the universe have a
purpose?
Epistemology - knowledge, where
it came from, conditions.
- Study of the nature and the
scope of knowledge and justified
belief.
Ex. What are the limits of
knowledge? How do we acquire
knowledge?
Logic - right and wrong
reasoning. Science of correct
thinking.
- Study of principles and
criteria of a valid argument.
Premise + Premise –>
Interference = Conclusion
Sample Statement:
All swans are white, Jill is a
swan, therefore, Jill is white.
Ex. How can we detect fallacy in
an argument? What are the
criteria in determining the
validity of an argument?
Ethics – study of customs and
habits. Morality of human
actions or moral judgements. It
is subjective, it varies
depending on the culture.
Ex. What makes a right conduct
right? What is a good life and
how can we attain it?
Aesthetics - factors and
criteria for judgements of
beauty.
Social and Political - the
state, Existence of state,
limits of power.
Philosophy of Science –
distinguishing scientific and
non-scientific statements.
Philosophy of Religion – meaning
of religious statements,
Existence of God, evil, God's
power and goodness.
Philosophy of Language - Words,
psychological statements,
meaning of proper names, and
descriptions.
Philosophy of Mind -
consciousness, properties,
artificial intelligence.
CRITICAL THINKING
- is all about asking questions,
which helps assess both the
meaning and significance of
claims and arguments. It is all
about identifying key points
while having the sense of
discovery by evaluating
arguments. Avoiding being swayed
by other’s opinions and views.
THREE FEATURES OF CRITICAL
THINKING
1. IT IS DONE FOR THE PURPOSE
OF MAKING UP ONE’S MIND
ABOUT WHAT TO BELIEVE OR
DO.
2. THE PERSON ENGAGING IN THE
THINKING IS TRYING TO
FULFILL STANDARDS OF
ADEQUACY AND ACCURACY
APPROPRIATE TO THE
THINKING
3. THE THINKING FULFILLS THE
RELEVANT STANDARDS TO SOME
THRESHOLD LEVEL.
PHASES OF CRITICAL THINKING
1. suggestions, in which the
mind leaps forward to a possible
solution.
2. an intellectualization of the
difficulty or perplexity into a
problem to be solved, a question
for which the answer must be
sought.
3. the use of one suggestion
after another as a leading idea,
or hypothesis, to initiate and
guide observation and other
operations in the collection of
factual material.
4. the mental elaboration of the
idea or supposition as an idea
or supposition (reasoning, in
the sense on which reasoning is
a part, not the whole, of
inference)
5. testing the hypothesis by
overt or imaginative action.
(Dewey 1933: 106–107; italics in
original)
CORE CONCEPT: CAREFUL GOAL-
ORIENTED THINKING.
ACCORDING TO JOHN DEWEY, THE
ULTIMATE INTELLECTUAL GOAL OF
EDUCATION IS CRITICAL THINKING.
KNOWING THE TRUTH
TRUTH – it depends on how people
see it, how they acknowledge it.
FACT – it is scientifically
proven.
THREE BEARERS OF TRUTH
SENTENCES – depends on how it is
delivered. It can be questions,
commands, etc.
STATEMENTS - linguistic
expressions of claims,
expression of beliefs. Direct
propositions.
BELIEFS - mental expressions of
our claims that expresses truth.
Our beliefs sometimes give us
what is true.
KINDS OF TRUTH
1. ACCORDING TO SENSE PERCEPTION
Empirical Truth – talks about
the senses. You need sense
perception. It changes depending
on the people.
Ex. The table is brown because
you see it.
Rational Truth – not establish
through sense perception.
Ex. The triangle has three
sides. (you do not need to
encounter a triangle to know
that it has three sides)
2. ACCORDING TO OWN KNOWLEDGE
Synthetic Truth – extends your
knowledge regarding something.
Ex. The table is brown. (you
know the color of the table plus
what color brown looks like.)
Analytic Truth - does not extend
knowledge.
Ex. The triangle has three
sides. (it doesn’t extend your
knowledge about a triangle
because triangle is for a fact,
three-sided)
4. ACCORDING TO SITUATIONS
Contingent Truth – not true in
all possible situations.
Ex. The table is brown. (not all
tables are brown, some are in
different colors.)
Necessary Truth - always true in
any situations.
Ex. The triangle has three
sides. (no matter what kind of
triangle, it still has 3 sides.)
5. KNOWN BY THE PERSON
Private Truth – known directly
by the person. It is learned
personally.
Public Truth - Publicly known by
those around you.
Ex. You have a wound, you said
that it is painful.
PUBLIC TRUTH: Everyone sees that
you have a wound.
PRIVATE TRUTH: Only you can tell
if the pain you are feeling is
true. You are the one
experiencing it.
6. SUBJECTIVITY
Subjective Truth – true
depending on the interest or
preference. May be right or
wrong.
Ex. Vegetables are tasty.
Objective Truth – these are
factual statements. May be true
or false.
Ex. A triangle has three sides.
7. ACKNOWLEDGE BY
Universal Truth – acknowledged
by everyone.
Ex. Pop music is a genre of
music. (wherever you go it is
accepted.)
Relative Truth - not everyone
acknowledges it. Only some
people. It varies depending on
tradition.
Ex. Tikbalangs exist. (in the
Philippines, some people will
believe it. If you went on other
countries, it is not accepted.)
8. CERTAINITY AND PROBABILITY
Deductive Truth – specific to
general. The statement we
arrived at is only certain.
Ex. All humans are mortal. Pedro
is a human. Pedro is mortal.
The underlined statement “Pedro
is mortal,” is only certain.
Inductive Truth - general to
specific. The statement we
arrived at is merely probable.
Ex. Most Filipinos are
hospitable. Juan is a Filipino.
Juan is hospitable.
The underlined statement here is
just probable.
9. DISCIPLINARY – religious,
scientific, psychological.
VALUE OF PHILOSOPHY IN BERTRAND
RUSSELL’S ESSAY
- Philosophy is not a hair-
splitting distinction or
irrelevant trifling. It is used
to achieve knowledge through
criticism
- It feeds the mind. Its value
is found in its uncertainty. It
does not end because once
philosophy is answered, it
becomes science.
1. PHILOSOPHY IS A MATTER OF
CREATION AND SELF-CULTIVATION.
- IT IS AFTER THE EFFECT NOT THE
PRODUCT. PROCESS, NOT THE
OUTCOME.
2. PHILOSOPHY PROVIDES
PREJUDICE AND SELF INTEREST.
- PHILOSOPHY MAKES US BETTER
PEOPLE. THE OPPOSITE OF
IDEOLOGY. “WHEN THE SELF MEETS
THE WORLD, THE SELF SHOULD
CHANGE.”
3. PHILOSOPHY SHOULD BE STUDIED
NOT FOR THE SAKE OF ANSWERS BUT
FOR THE SAKE OF QUESTIONS.
- QUESTIONING IS IMPORTANT, IT
IS NOT THAT IMPORTANT TO ANSWER
IT IMMEDIATELY.
WHAT IS A HUMAN PERSON?
HUMAN - THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES,
THE BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF A
PERSON.
PERSON - TALKS ABOUT THE KIND OF
LIFE WE ARE LIVING. TALKS ABOUT
HUMANITY. LIVING FOR HUMANITY.
TWO DIFFERENT APPROACH ON HOW
TO DEFINE A HUMAN PERSON
1. METAPHYSICAL APPROACH
- FOCUSES ON THE ESSENTIAL
COMPONENTS OF A HUMAN. KINDS OF
SUBSTANCES, MATERIALS AND
CAPACITIES THAT MAKE UP A
PERSON. "WHAT IS A HUMAN
PERSON?"
2. EXISTENTIAL APPROACH
- FOCUSES ON THE ESSENTIAL
COMPONENTS OF A PERSON. KIND OF
LIFE OR MODE OF EXISTENCE OF A
HUMAN PERSON. "WHO IS A HUMAN
PERSON?"
WHAT IS A HUMAN PERSON?
(ACCORDING TO METAPHYSICAL
APPROACH)
IT DEFINES A PERSON ACCORDING TO
ITS:
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES - BIOLOGICAL
PROPERTIES
SOUL - THE LIVE GIVING FUNCTION
MIND - IDENTIFIED AS
CONSCIOUSNESS
SPIRIT - NON-BODILY COMPONENT
UNDER METAPHYSICAL APPROACH, THE
3 VIEWS THAT EXPLAINS WHAT
CONSISTS OF HUMANS.
1. UNSPIRITED BODY VIEW
UNDER THIS, A PERSON IS COMPOSED
OF A HUMAN BODY ONLY, PHYSICAL
AND BIOLOGICAL. NO SUCH THING AS
SOUL, MIND AND SPIRIT.
- BEHAVIORIST, UNDER
BEHAVIORISM, ALL ACTIONS AND
HAPPENINGS ARE NOT CONNECTED
WITH DESTINY. BUT THEY ARE
PRODUCTS OF OUR BEHAVIOR. WE
CANNOT BLAME THINGS WITH
DESTINY.
2. DISEMBODIED SPIRIT VIEW
UNDER THIS, A PERSON IS COMPOSED
OF A HUMAN BODY AND A SPIRIT.
HOWEVER, THE BELIEVERS OF THIS
VIEW THINKS THAT HUMAN BODY IS
NOT ESSENTIAL. THE BODY IS NOT
IMPORTANT.
BELIEVERS:
A. PLATO - SPIRIT IS NOT
DEPENDENT WITH OUR HUMAN BODY.
HE BELIEVES THAT THERE IS A
THING CALLED WORLD OF IDEAS,
WHICH IS A PERFECT WORLD WHERE
SPIRITS ARE FOUND. IF SPIRITS
ARE HERE, THEY KNOW EVERYTHING.
BUT WHEN ONCE A SPIRIT REUNITES
WITH A HUMAN BODY THAT IS THE
TIME WHEN THE SOUL WILL FORGET
ALL THE KNOWLEDGE. WHEN SOMEONE
DIES, THE SPIRIT WILL RETURN TO
THE SO-CALLED WORLD OF IDEAS AND
AGAIN WILL WAIT FOR A NEW HUMAN
BODY. THIS PROCESS IS CALLED
REINCARNATION.
B. RENE DESCARTES - ACCORDING TO
HIM, WE HAVE TWO COMPONENTS
WHICH ARE HUMAN BODY, AND
SPIRIT, WHICH HE REFERS AS
"MIND."
HUMAN BODY HAS NO FREE WILL, NO
ACTIONS, IF MIND IS NOT PRESENT.
THAT IS THE REASON WHY THE HUMAN
BODY IS DEPENDENT WITH THE
SPIRIT. BECAUSE WITHOUT IT, YOU
CANNOT DO THINGS. IT GIVES US
THE FREE WILL AND FREEDOM, TO DO
THINGS. "I THINK THEREFORE I
AM." WHAT YOUR SPIRIT OR MIND
THINKS, THAT WILL BECOME YOU.
3. EMBODIED SPIRIT VIEW
UNDER THIS, THE PERSON IS
BELIEVED TO HAVE A HUMAN BODY,
AND SPIRIT. HOWEVER, IN THE
EMBODIED SPIRIT VIEW. IT IS
BELIEVED THAT THE HUMAN BODY,
AND THE SPIRIT UNITES. THE UNITY
OF THE TWO. THE HUMAN BODY
CANNOT EXIST INDEPENDENTLY, SAME
WITH THE SPIRIT. IT NEEDS TO BE
TWO. UNLIKE DISEMBODIED, THE
HUMAN BODY AND SPIRIT HERE IS
DEPENDENT WITH EACH OTHER. THE
SPIRIT HAS ONLY ONE FITTED HUMAN
BODY. PARA SA ISA'T ISA. SANA
OL.
BELIEVERS:
A. ARISTOTLE - BELIEVES THAT
THERE ARE TWO ASPECTS OF A HUMAN
PERSON. THE MATTER AND THE FORM.
THE MATTER IS THE PERSON'S
MATERIAL. IT IS THE HUMAN BODY.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES. BIOLOGICAL
COMPONENTS. WHILE THE FORM,
REFERS TO THE SOUL. IT GIVES US
THE CAPACITY TO DO DIFFERENT
THINGS. THE FUNCTIONS.
EXAMPLE:
IF A KNIVE IS ALIVE
MATTER: THE METAL
FORM: TO CUT
ACCORDING TO ARISTOTLE THERE ARE
THREE TYPES OF SOUL:
1. VEGETATIVE SOUL - IS PRESENT
IN PLANTS. HERE, YOU HAVE THE
CAPACITY TO GROW NOURISH AND TO
REPRODUCE.
2. SENSITIVE SOUL - IS PRESENT
IN ANIMALS. THE ADDITIONAL
CAPACITIES ARE SENSATION AND
LOCOMOTION.
3. RATIONAL SOUL - IS PRESENT IN
US HUMANS. THE ADDITIONAL
CAPACITY IS INTELLIGENCE. OUR
CAPACITY TO THINK, TO DECIDE, TO
LIKE, TO FEEL WHATEVER WE WANT.
IT GIVES US FREEDOM. CAPACITY
FOR RATIONAL THINKING AND
CRITICAL THINKING.
B. ST. THOMAS AQUINAS - HE ALSO
BELIEVES AT THE EMBODIED SPIRIT
VIEW, AND ALSO AGREES WITH
ARISTOTLE'S DISTINCTION OF
SOULS. BUT WHAT MAKES HIM
DIFFERENT IS HE BELIEVES THAT
THE RATIONAL SOUL HAS A DUAL
NATURE, AND HE BELIEVES THAT IT
IS IMMORTAL.
FOR ARISTOTLE, IF THE HUMAN BODY
DIES, THE SOUL WILL ALSO DIE.
BUT FOR HIM, THERE IS A SOUL
THAT IS FOR THE BODY, BUT IT
WILL NOT DIE IMMEDIATELY.
BECAUSE HE IS RELIGIOUS, THERE
ARE POSSIBLE THINGS THAT MIGHT
HAPPEN. THE SOUL MAY GO TO THE
PURGATORY, HEAVEN OR HELL. AND
WHEN THE TIME COMES, THE
RESSURECTION, THE SOUL WILL
RETURN TO ITS HUMAN BODY. THEY
WILL REUNITE ONCE AGAIN.
MARKS OF THE MENTAL
- THE IDENTITY OF THE MIND
TWO LEVELS - GENERAL AND
PARTICULAR.
GENERAL LEVEL – HOW TO
DISTINGUISH BETWEEN MIND vs.
NON-MIND / MENTAL STATE VS.
PHYSICAL STATE.
PARTICULAR LEVEL – HOW TO
DISTINGUISH BETWEEN MENTAL
STATES FROM ONE ANOTHER.
FIVE PROPERTIES OF MIND
1. CONSCIOUSNESS - AWARENESS
WHEN A PERSON IS CONSCIOUS HERE
ARE SOME INDICATORS:
- EMOTIONS - 9 FAMILIES OF
EMOTION, HAPPINESS, SADNESS,
ANGER, ETC.
- COGNITION - YOU CAN
DISTINGUISH THINGS, YOU CAN
THINK. BELIEVING, UNDERSTANDING,
REASONING.
- SENSATION - PAIN, TICKLES,
ITCHES.
- PERCEPTION - PERCEIVING THINGS
WITH OUR SENSES.
- QUASI- PERCEPTION - FAKE
PERSEPTIONS, DREAMS,
IMAGINATIONS, ETC.
- CONATIONS - HAVING INTENTIONS,
WANTING SOMETHING, ACTING OR
TRYING TO GET SOMETHING.
2. SUBJECTIVE QUALITY -
PARTICULAR WAY THAT AN
INDIVIDUAL PERSON IS CONSCIOUS
OF HIS OR HER OWN MENTAL STATES
OR UNDERGOES HIS OR HER OWN
EXPERIENCES.
EX. IF YOU ARE JOKING, NOT ALL
WITH LAUGH, SOME MAY LAUGH, SOME
MAY BE OFFENDED. FOR WHAT WE ARE
FEELING IS SUBJECTIVE. AND WE
PERCEPT THINGS DIFFERENTLY.
3. INTENTIONALITY - THE PROPERTY
OF MENTAL STATES TO BE ABOUT
SOMETHING OR TO BE DIRECTED AT
SOME OBJECTS OR EVENTS IN THE
WORLD.
4. ONTOLOGICAL SUBJECTIVITY -
ONTOLOGY, STUDY OF EXISTENCE.
- THE PROPERTY OF THE MENTAL
STATES TO BE EXISTING ONLY IN SO
FAR AS THERE IS A SUBJECT, WHO
HAS THEM OR WHO EXPERIENCE THEM.
EX. PAIN - PAIN EXISTS BECAUSE
SOMEONE GOT HURT. THAT IS WHY WE
HAVE IT IN OUR VOCABULARY.
PHOBIA - AS LONG AS THERE'S THIS
PERSON HAS A PHOBIA, PHOBIA
EXISTS.
* ONTOLOGICAL OBJECTIVITY -
THINGS CAN EXIST WITHOUT ANYONE
EXPERIENCING IT. WITHOUT
INTERVENTION OF OTHER STUFF, IT
STILL EXISTS.
5. PRIVACY - IS THE PROPERTY OF
MENTAL STATES TO BE DIRECTLY
KNOWN ONLY BY THE SUBJECT OR
PERSON WHO HAS THEM. ONLY YOU.
EX. EMOTIONS. YOU CAN BE SAD BUT
STILL SMILE.
THOUGHTS. WHAT YOU THINK.
PAIN. ONLY US CAN KNOW HOW
PAINFUL THINGS ARE.
WHO IS A HUMAN PERSON?
(EXISTENTIAL APPROACH)
DASEIN - OTHER TERM FOR MAN,
HUMAN EXISTENCE.
ACCORDING TO MARTIN HEIDEGGER WE
HAVE THIS STRONG DESIRE TO KNOW
WHAT IS OUR TRUE SELF, OUR
PURPOSE AND OUR REASONS.
DASEIN AS BEING-IN-THE-WORLD
MARTIN HEIDEGGER - SAID THAT THE
HUMAN PERSON HAS TWO FUNDAMENTAL
FEATURES.
1. THE HUMAN PERSON EXISTS IN A
WORLD.
2. THE HUMAN PERSON HAS A SELF
THAT HE OR SHE DEFINES AS HE OR
SHE EXISTS IN THE WORLD.
3. SORGE - GERMAN WORD MEANING
"TO CARE" INVOLVEMENT OR
ENGAGEMENT. AN IMPORTANT
CHARACTERIZATION OF OUR
EXISTENCE.
DASEIN AS BEING-WITH-OTHERS
BEING-ALONGSIDE - TALKS ABOUT
OUR INVOLVEMENT THAT IS
CHARACTERIZED BY UTILITY.
EX. ENGAGEMENT WITH CELLPHONE -
FOR PRACTICAL PURPOSES
- USED IN OBJECTS OR NON-HUMAN.
IT CAN ALSO BE USED IN OTHER
HUMAN TOO.
EX. MANONG DRIVER AND YOU, YOU
USE MANONG DRIVER TO GET TO YOUR
DESTINATION. HE USES YOU TO PAY
FOR HIS EXPENSES EVERYDAY.
ANOTHER IS FROM SERVICES FROM
OTHERS.
BEING-WITH - TALKS ABOUT OUR
INLOVEMENT THAT HAS A CHARACTER
OF CONSIDERATENESS. FELLOW HUMAN
PERSONS. EX. INVOLVEMENT WITH
OUR FAMILIES AND FRIENDS.
DASEIN AS BEING-TOWARDS-DEATH
DEATH IS NON-RELATIONAL. NOBODY
CAN DIE FOR THE DEATH OF OTHERS.
IT IS ONLY YOURS. IT CANNOT BE
SHARED. WE NEED TO FOCUS ON OUR
PRESENT, EMBRACE OUR MORTALITY.
EVERYONE WILL DIE ALONE AND
EVERYONE SHOULD NOT BE SCARED.
DASEIN AS BEING-IN-THE-WORLD
(DIMENSIONS)
TIME - ORDINARY CLOCK TIME,
TEMPORALITY (PAST, PRESENT,
FUTURE)
TEMPORALITY
1. FACTICITY (PAST) - THROWN
INTO THE WORLD WITH
CIRCUMSTANCES THAT YOU CANNOT
CHANGE.
2. EXISTENTIALITY (FUTURE) -
THROWN POSSIBILITY. THESE ARE
THINGS YOU CAN ALTER OR CHANGE.
3. FALLENESS (PRESENT) -
CONNECTION BETWEEN FACTICITY AND
EXISTENTIALITY HAPPENS HERE.
THIS IS WHERE YOU CAN PLAN
THINGS FOR YOUR FUTURE.
EX. YOU ARE BORN.
FACTICITY: POOR FAMILY
FALLENESS: WORK HARD TO BE
SUCCESSFUL
EXISTENTIALITY: GET RICH AND
REACH GOALS
FALLENESS CAN BE CATEGORIZED
INTO TWO: AUTHENTIC &
INAUTHENTIC
INAUTHENTIC EXISTENCE - WHEN YOU
DO NOT DECIDE FOR YOURSELF.
EX. CONSCIOUSNESS LACKS FIXED
ESSENCE - INCOMPLETE, ALWAYS
FACTICITY: BORN IN A FAMILY TRANSCENDING. ALWAYS IN PROCESS
SMART IN MATH. OF FINDING ESSENCE, NATURE OR
PURPOSE.
FALLENESS: TAKE COURSES RELATED
TO ENGINEERING FACTORS THAT LIMIT
TRANSCENDENCE
EXISTENTIALITY: BE AN ENGINEER
AUTHENTIC EXISTENCE - YOU DECIDE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT, BODY,
RELATION WITH OTHER PEOPLE AND
FOR YOURSELF
THEIR PERCEPTION OF US.
Jean-Paul Sartre
TRANSCENDENCE
- CAPACITY TO GO BEYOND CURRENT
SITUATION IN LIFE.
Capacity of Human Transcendence
is rooted in the property of
human’s consciousness which is
intentionality.
Intentionality is an inherent
property of consciousness.
CONSCIOUSNESS
Intentional Consciousness is
consciousness directed to things
outside of itself. INCOMPLETE,
LACK, DEFICIENT, NOTHING.
FILLING GAPS
Self-Consciousness is
consciousness directed to itself
INTENTIONALITY OF CONSCIOUSNESS
- FREEDOM AND LACK OF FIXED
ESSENCE
CONSCIOUSNESS IS FREE - FREE TO
BELIEVE, THINK, DESIRE, AND HOPE