DEFINITION OF PHILOSOPHY Rational School

- “The word Philosophy comes from the two Greek - main source of knowledge is deductive reasoning.
words philos (love) and Sophia (Wisdom) Philosophy is
Emperical School
the love of wisdom.
- main source of knowledge is sense-perception
- Philosophy is the study that uses the human reason to
investigate the ultimate causes, reasons, and principles GENERAL QUESTIONS IN PHILOSOPHY
which governs all things. Epistemology –Theory of Knowledge
CHARATERISTIC OF PHILOSOPHY - What is knowledge?
Framework - Can we know?
- way of thinking about world and composed of beliefs - What is to know?
of person.
- How can we know?
Examination of Knowledge
Ethics – Moral Philosophy
- treated as an examination of a particular area of
knowledge. - What is freedom?

Discipline - Do we have free will?

Philosophy of Art – Aesthetics
- it’s distinct area of knowledge
- What is beauty?
- it has its own goals, concerns and ways of doing things.
- What does it mean to be beautiful
- it Discipline itself Philosophy of Religion
BRANCHES OF PHILOSOPHY - Does God exist?
Logic - Can we prove the existence of God?
- correct thinking Rational Psychology/Philosophy of Man/
(ex., you are giving good argument) Philosophical Anthropology
Epistemology - What is the essence and meaning of life?
- definition of knowledge - Does life make sense?
Ethics - What is good life?
- it is the study of what is right and what is wrong. - What is happiness?
Metaphysics - What is man? Who is man?
- study of ultimate reality - Is man only his body, or man is his soul?
Aesthetics METHODS OF PHILOSOPHIZING
- perception of beauty and ugliness Socratic questioning
Political Philosophy - interrogative statement that clarify points thru
understanding.
- society is inseparable to politics
- also known as elenchus which means “to enquire”
TWO TYPES OF LOGIC
“cross examine”
Deductive Reasoning
Dialectic method
- general to specific truth
- disagreeing w/ one another and coming up w/
Inductive Reasoning conclusions.
- specific to general truth - it’s like a debate that poses thru clashing but valid
argument.
TWO CONTENDING SCHOOL OF THOUGHT
Scientific method
 - supported by facts that can be easily tested thru
experiment, logical reasoning and observation.
Historical method
- process of gathering evidence and formulating ideas
abt the past to come up w/ present truths.
NATURE OF KNOWLEDGE
Empiricism
- can acquire knowledge using our senses.
Rationalism
- can acquire knowledge by thinking with the use of our
minds.
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN TRUTH AND OPINION
Truth
- something that has been proven by facts.
- in science, truth is based on facts.
- as something that is observable
- in philosophy, truth is considered as a kind of quality
and value.
Opinion
- belief, impression or judgment about something by not
necessarily based on fact.
- it prevails personal view of a person.
WHY TRUTH IS IMPORTANT?
- to clarify knowledge, since it is through knowing that
we are able to determine what is true, while talking
about Knowledge, it is the clear awareness and
understanding of anything that surrounds you.
HOW DO YOU KNOW IF SOMETHING IS TRUE?
- you need to analyze or investigate or
have own investigation and if its proven by facts.
THEORIES OF TRUTH
The Correspondence theory of Truth
- what we believe or say is true if it corresponds to the
way things actually are based on the facts.
The Coherence Theory of Truth
- it must be tested as part of a larger set of ideas.
The Pragmatist Theory of Truth
- belief/statement is true if it has a useful (pragmatic
ARGUMENTS
- series of statements that provide explanations to
convince the listener or a reader.
TYPES OF ARGUMENTS
Fallacy/Fake argument
- are group of statements that appear to be arguments to
support the conclusion.
Bias
– refers tendencies or influences which affect the views
of the people.
of the people.
DIFFERENT TYPES OF FALLACIES
Argumentum ad hominem (attacking person)
- hitting the person below the belt instead of the topic.
Argumentum ad baculum (appeal to pity)
- when person uses threats in argument.
Argumentum ad miserecordiam (appeal to pity)
- appeal to emotion instead in objectively argument.
Argumentum ad populum (appeal to people, band
wagon)
- argument support position by approaching to the shared
opinion of a large group of people.
Argumentum ad ignorantia (appeal to ignorance)
- concluding that something is true since you can’t prove
it is true.
Petitio princpii (begging the question)
- taken for granted based on premise.
- also called circular argument. Circular argument is
when the arguments repeats what they already assumed
before w/o arriving at new conclusions
DIFFERENT TYPES OF BIAS
Correspondence bias/attribute affects
- judging a person’s personality based on the action and
never mind the extrinsic factor.
Confirmation bias
- tendency to look for a readity accept information which
fits our own beliefs.
Framing
- judging an evidence w/o looking at the other side.
Hindsight
- phenomena which occur has a pattern and can be
predicted such as usually based in historical evidence.
Transcendence
- is a state of existence or experience above and beyond
the normal or physical level within ourselves.
- its opens up our mind and allows us to use our
creativity in imagining the possibilities that go beyond
the physical and material limitation of our existence.
- it also makes us realize that we can use our strengths to
transform our weaknesses and achieves our desires.
Environmental Philosophy
- is the discipline that studies the moral relationship of
human being with the environment.
- it’ s a whole range of idea about relationships in the
environment specifically in ethics or the beliefs whether
it's right or whether it's wrong.
Anthropocentrism
- means human-centered, but in its most relevant
philosophical form it is the ethical belief that humans
alone possess intrinsic value.
- regards humans as separate from and superior to nature
and holds that human life has intrinsic value while other
entities (including animals, plants, mineral resources,
and so on) are resources that may justifiably be exploited
for the benefit of humankind.
Biocentrism
- all living things are important
- ethical perspective holding that all life deserves equal
moral consideration or has equal moral standing.
- Biocentrism (ethics), an ethical point of view that
extends inherent value to all living things. Biocentric
universe, a concept proposed by Robert Lanza that
places biology above the other sciences.
Ecocentrism
- can be defined as a philosophy that emphasizes the
intrinsic value of all living organisms as well as their
natural environment.
- Ecocentrism seeks to de-emphasize the importance of
humans and promote the importance of plants, animals,
microorganisms, water, soil, air, and more.
Role of environmental Philosophy
- Environmental philosophy tries to make sense of the
unexamined values, assumptions and ideologies behind
humanities treatment of the environment and, in doing
so, aims at helping to elicit an effective human response
to related issues
Focal point #1
- human kind is a part of the world, and we significantly
affect our environment in the same way that changes in
our environment affect us
Environmental Aesthetics
- is one of the major new areas of aesthetics to have
emerged in the last part of the twentieth century. It
focuses on philosophical issues concerning appreciation
of the world at large as it is constituted not simply by
particular objects but also by environments themselves.
Focal Point #2
- we can aesthetically organize things that are not in
order by simply putting them back in their proper places
Deep Ecology
- human must radically change their relationship to the
nature.
- should have direct relationship to nature.
(ex., tree planting, man-made forest)
Social Ecology
- abt how individuals interact w/ and respond to the
environment around them and how the interactions
affect society and the environment as a whole society.
(ex., how we consume, how we use transpo, how we do
thing)
Ecofeminism
- a movement where in a connection is seen between
degradation and explotation of the natural resources
along w/ the oppression and suppression of women.
(ex., to help, protecting, healing the environment)
VIRTUE OF PRUDENCE AND FRUGALITY
Recta Ratio Agbilium
- right reason in things to be done
- the right reasoning in acting
- articulated by Thomas Aquinas
Frugality
- being thrifty of natural resources
- careful on things we consume
- act of using money or other resources wisely and
practically
Prudence
- having good judgement when it comes to environment
- allows avoidance of dangers and risks
Three acts of prudence
Counsel
Judgement
Command

PHILOSOPHICAL REFLECTION
- Purpose and meaning of life
- Gabriel Marcel (1889–1973)

TYPES OF PHILOSOPHICAL REFLECTION

Primary Reflection
- ability to think logically and evaluate arguments
- more on structure
- essences
- definition
- technical solution
Secondary Reflection
- enable us to look deeper into our experiences and see
the bigger picture of reality
- no beyond structure

Holistic Perspective
- view things as a whole
- open minded
Partial Thinking
- based it from part of the whole
- look at the bigger reflection

IMPORTANCE OF PHILOSOPHICAL
REFLECTION
- it ensures that our actions and decisions are well
though by using a deeper, holistic perspective.