REVIEWER - PHILOSOPHY  Logic refers to the truth that is based on
reasoning and critical thinking.
LESSON 1:
 Philosophy comes from the Greek words Philo
meaning love and Sophia meaning wisdom
 Love of Wisdom combined etymological
definition of Philosophy
 All human beings have the tendency to wonder
and doubt because they possess the potential
to Philosophize.
 Ancient Period The thinkers in this period
focuses on the universe or cosmos.
 POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY - studies
government and deals with questions of
justice, power and the rights and obligation of
citizens
 Ethics is the branch of philosophy which deals
with moral questions and dilemmas
 Aesthetic is the branch of philosophy which
deals with and what makes
things “beautiful”
 3 ways to Philosophize
Act of Reflection (Pagninilay)
Sense of Doubt (Pagdududa)
Sense of wonder/ awe (Pagkamangha)
LESSON 2:
 Proposition- Statements about the world or
reality that may or may not carry truth. It is
usually stated as
short statements or sentences
 Knowledge - It is the clear awareness and
understanding of something. It is comprised of
ideas and beliefs
that we know to be true.
 Fallacies - refers to a defect in an argument
other than it having false premises
 A person must be a critical thinker who make
doubt to help determine and discover truth.
This means that the
evidences, fact, and statements are being
analyzed.
 A critical mind guided by philosophizing can
help you to make decisions and actions when
you face problems.
A critical mind should look for:
· sufficient evidences,
· proofs or reasons to prove that is true, and
· know how to reject irrelevant and incorrect
information
 Philosophers consider truth as a kind of
quality or value.
 Opinion refers to judgment or what a person
believes or thinks about something which do
not only give facts but also give perspectives in
particular situations. It is based on personal
view. Opinion also differs from person to
person.
 Knowledge - It is fact or information which helps
us understand and became aware of something
 Beliefs refers to attitudes about the world which
can be either true or false
 Ideas is derived from combination of experiences
by senses.
 Proposition refers to a statement that may or may
not carry truth
 Deductive reasoning - the conclusion comes
first, followed by main points, then the last
parts are the supporting data, facts, examples
and evidences. The general idea comes first
followed by specific idea.
 Inductive reasoning - the supporting data,
facts, examples, and evidences comes first,
then next are the main points and the last part
is the conclusion. The idea comes first before
the general idea.
 Bias are the personal views of the person
presenting the claim. It is not necessarily errors in
reasoning, but it has tendency or influence that
affects the views of the people
 Fallacies are series of statements that provide
reasons to convince the reader or listener that a
claim or opinion is truthful.
 are arguments that are based on faulty
reasoning
LESSON 3:
 Dignity refers to the innate right to be valued and
respected
 Rationality - human thought
 Three main spiritual philosophies
1. Hinduism
2. Buddhism
3. Christianity
 In Hinduism humanity’s basic goal in life is the
liberation or moksha of spirit or what the
call Jiva.
 According to Hinduism, human beings have a
dual nature: one is the spiritual and
 immortal essence (soul); the other
empirical life and character. Between the
two natures, however, it is maintained that it is
the soul that is ultimately real
 Nirvana refers to the state in which one is free
from all forms of bondage and attachment. It
means to overcome and remove the cause of
suffering
 Self-determination refers to the capability of a
person to make choices and decisions based on
their own preference.
 According to St. Thomas Aquinas our
spirituality separates us from animals; it
differentiates moral dimension of our
fulfillment in action. Through our spirituality,
we have a conscience. Thus, whether we
choose to be good or evil becomes our
responsibility.
 Vulnerability - To be vulnerable is to be human;
it is not a sign of weakness but being true with
ourselves
 Siddhartha Gautama - He was the founder of
Buddhism
 Four Noble Truth of Siddharta Gautama
1. Life is full of suffering;
2. Suffering is caused by passionate desires, lusts,
cravings;
3. Only as these are obliterated, will suffering cease;
4. Such eradication of desire may be accomplished
only by following the Eightfold
LESSON 4:
 Environment Philosophy is the discipline in
philosophy that studies the moral relationship of
human beings with the environment and its non-
human contents.
 Environmental Philosophers tackle issues such
as humanity's role in the natural world, the
interaction between nature and
human activities, and humanity's response to
environmental challenges.
 Environmental ethics this perspective advocates
action to address environmental problems.
 Environmental justice this concept refers to the
fair distribution of environmental benefits and
burden of addressing environmental challenges
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
 This concept focuses on reconciling human
activities and economic development with
the protection of the environment.
Major ideas:
1. We must make wise decisions regarding the use
of natural resources to ensure that there is still
enough left for future use.
2. The misuse of resources often means that other
people do not get to benefit from it
What are three major views regarding the relationship
between humanity and the environment?
• ANTHROPOCENTRISM - focuses on the
significant role of humankind in the world
and considers nature as the means by which
humans can meet their needs and survive. This
view believes that human is the most important
species on the planet, and they are free to
transform nature and use its resources.
• BIOCENTRISM - on the other hand, believes that
human is not the only significant species on the
planet, and that all organisms have inherent
value and should be protected. This view drives
the activities of humane organizations
that advocate the ethical treatment of animals.
In fact, our government has passed laws that
recognized the rights of animals to be treated
kindly, such as R. A. 8485 or "The Animal Welfare
Act of 1998".
• ECOCENTRISM, places a great value on
ecosystems and biological communities.
This view believes that humankind is part of a
greater biological system or community and that
we have a significant role as stewards or
guardians of nature. This view also promotes the
idea that order and balance in nature brings
about stability and beauty.
Philosophers and their theories.
 Pythagoras - He described the universe as
living embodiment of nature's order,
harmony, and beauty.
 Immanuel Kant - He expresses that beauty is
ultimately a symbol of morality (Kant 1997).
According to Kant, we must ignore any
practical motivates or inclinations that we
have and instead contemplate the object
without being distracted by our desires
 Herbert Marcuse - For him, humanity had
dominated nature. There can only be change
 if we will change our attitude toward our
perceptions of the environment.

Theories showing that care for the environment

contributes to health, well-being,
and sustainable development
 Deep Ecology - ecological crisis is an
outcome of anthropocentrism.
The controlling attitude of humankind is
extended to nature, when in fact, humanity
is part of nature. Deep ecologists encourage
humanity to shift away from
anthropocentrism to ecocentrism.
 Social Ecology - ecologist crisis results from
authoritarian social structures. Destroying
nature is a reflection wherein few people
overpower others while exploiting the
environment for profit or self-interest. Social
ecologist calls for small-scale societies, which
recognize that humanity is linked with the
well-being of the natural world in which
human life depends.
 Ecofeminism - This theory argues that
ecological crisis is a consequence of male
dominance. In this view, whatever is
"superior" is entitled to whatever is
"inferior". Male traits as in the
anthropocentric model are superior as
opposed to female traits as in the ecocentric
model. Domination works by forcing the
other to conform to what is superior.

Prepared by: Ms. Ronaleine R. Aguilar RPm,

LPT