PHILOSOPHY
individuals, regardless of the specific nature of
Subtopics:
 Some Common Meanings
 The Love of Wisdom
 Asking Framework Questions
 Philosophy as an Activity
SOME COMMON MEANINGS
PHILOSOPHY
-is the study of general and fundamental
questions about existence, knowledge, values,
reason, mind, and language
-considered as the “Mother Discipline” because
most branches of science emerged from it
Philosophy refers to:
1. Ideas, views, principles, perspectives, or
beliefs
2. The activity of reasoning
3. An academic course or degree
PYTHAGORAS OF SAMOS
-He is an ancient Ionian Greek philosopher and
the eponymous founder of Pythagoreanism
-His political and religious teachings were well
known in Magna Graecia and influenced the
philosophies of Plato, Aristotle, and through
them, Western philosophy.
1. Philosophy as ideas, views,
perspective or beliefs
-refers to generally to ideas, views, principles,
perspectives, or beliefs held either by
individuals or group of individuals or group of
these ideas, views, principles, perspectives, or
beliefs.
2. Philosophy as the activity of
reasoning
PILOSOPO
-is the one who likes to reason out to engage in
the activity of reasoning
What pushes a person to pe a “pilosopo”?
1. To cover up an obvious truth
2. To annoy or simply irritate someone
3. To engage someone in an unwelcome
argumentation
3. Philosophy as an academic course
or degree
-refers to an academic subject or course that is
taught usually in colleges, universities, and
seminaries.
 Philosophy does involve the activity of
reasoning, but philosophy distinguishes
between correct and incorrect forms of
reasoning
 Philosophy does involve or refer to ideas,
beliefs, principles, and the like but
philosophy deals with them on a certain
level
 Philosophy as an academic course, does
study reasoning skills and the nature of
morality, knowledge, social justice and
others; but philosophy studies much more
SEMINARIES SOPHIST

-an institution for the training the candidates for
priesthood, ministry or rabbinate
THEORIES
-a wise man or one who knows
-a group of intellectuals who taught oratory for
a fee to individuals aspiring to have a
successful career in politics

-set of ideas that served as the starting point

for making a case or conducting an ORATORY
investigation
-art of public speaking

FRAMEWORKS The Church of “Holy Wisdom”

-basic conceptual structure; or bases -Hagia Sophia

MORALITY 3R’s that describes a Sophist

-a doctrine or system of moral conduct;  Relativism
conformity to ideals of right human conduct  Rhetoric
 Recompense

PHILOSOPHY – based on its ethymology –

Love of Wisdom RELATIVISM

-perception
PHILOSOPHY – Greek word “philosophia” –
philia means love and Sophia means wisdom
OBJECTIVE TRUTH

-it is an objective truth when its truth conditions

KINDS OF LOVE are met without bias caused by a sentient
subject
 AGAPE – God’s Love for Humankind
 EROS – Romantic love
 STORGE – Familial love
RHETORIC
 PHILIA – Brotherly love
-the art of effective and persuasive speaking or
writing to get the attention of the public
PHILOSOPHER

-one who loves wisdom RECOMPENSE

-to give something by way of compensation

Sophists believe that: PYTHAGORAS
 All truths are relative in that all truths are -He is known far more for his theories and
determined by or based on human interests ideas in mathematics
 Human interests varies from one another or
from one group to another -He based his teaching on how to lead a
harmonious life

PROTAGORAS
PARMENIDES
-“Man is the measure of all things”
-Known follower of Pythagoras
-A leading sophist of ancient Greece
-Unravelled the biggest question of all: Is it or
is it not?
GREEK SOPHISTS

 Protagoras SOCRATES
 Gorgias
-Most iconic philosopher in the history
 Prodicus
 Hippias -He would question people relentlessly on their
 Thrasymachus beliefs and try to find definitions of virtues

Philosophers believe that: PLATO

 Certain truths are universal (true for all
humans) and objective (independent of
human interests)
 One should pursue wisdom with great
passion and seriousness
-He combined the two major approaches of
pre-Socratic metaphysics and natural theology
with Socratic ethical theology
-The foundation of Plato’s philosophy is
threefold: dialects, ethics, and physics

THALES OF MILETUS
-He is hailed among historians as the “Father ARISTOTLE
of Ancient Greek Philosophy”
-Most influential among the disciples of Plato
-The first person to have investigated basic
principles such as the origin of matter -His interpretation of things was more based on
facts learnt from the experience people would
gain in their lives
ANAXIMANDER

-famous pupil of Thales SAINT THOMAS AQUINAS

-Created the 1st world image of an open -Focused much of his work on reconciling
universe Aristotelian and Christian principles
First speculative astronomer
CONFUSIUS

-Believed in the value of achieving ethical harmony through skilled judgment rather that knowledge of
rules

RENE DESCARTES

-Father of analytical geometry

-Emphasizing the understanding of that which can be known for sure

IMMANUEL KANT

-Assorted that the concepts if time and space, as well as cause and effect, are essential to the human
experience

JOHN LOCKE

-Coined the term tabula rasa (blank slate) to denote that the human mind is born unformed, and that
ideas and rules are only enforced through experience thereafter

KARL MARX

-Argued that societies develop through class struggles, and that this would ultimately lead to the
dismantling of capitalism

Who is the “Real” Wise Person?

 Knows what he/she knows and he/she does not know
 Holds beliefs that are not only true but which he/she can also justify
 Knows a lot of things that are valuable in life
 Puts his/her knowledge to practical use
 Knows what should be done and acts accordingly