ETHICS

Instru ct or :
Joy G. A re lla no
 Meaning of ETHICS
• from the Greek word "ethos" = "custom" from Aristotle,
Latin equivalent "moral"
• ethics deal with morality
• a branch of Philosophy that deals with moral standards
• tackles rightness or wrong of human behavior
• a study of morality, moral standards and norms, and what
makes an act obligatory and what makes a person
accountable
 MORAL STANDARDS
NORMS or prescriptions that serve as the frameworks for
determining what ought to be done; what is right or wrong
action; what is good or bad character

can either be consequences standards (like Mill's Utilitarianism)

or non-consequence standards (like Aristotle's virtue, St.
Thomas Aquinas' Natural Law or Kant's good will or sense of
duty
examples of moral standards

"Stealing is wrong."
"Telling lies is wrong."
"Do not lie."
"Don't steal."
"Don't cheat others."
"Don't kill."
• The CONSEQUENCE STANDARDS depend on
the result or outcome. It is an act that results in
the greatest good of the greatest number
• The NON-CONSEQUENCE STANDARD is
based on the natural law i.e. the law of God
revealed through human reason or the "hearts of
men;" based on good will or intention & a sense
of duty
 • The NON-MORAL STANDARDS are
social rules, demands of etiquette and good
manners set by parents, teachers, and
standards of grammar, standards of art, or
standards of sports.
• example:
"Do not eat with your mouth open."
"Feet off the table."
 the origin of MORAL STANDARDS
• THEISTS (believers in God's existence)
-for theists, moral standards are God's commandments revealed to
humans through prophets; God is the ultimate source of what is moral
• NON-THEISTS
-God is not the source of morality but the wisdom of sages like Confucius
("Do unto others what you like others do unto you) or philosophers like
Immanuel Kant ("Act only according to that maxim whereby you can at
the same time will that it should become a universal law")
 MORAL DILEMMas

• a problem in the decision-making between two

possible options, neither which is absolutely
acceptable from an ethical perspectives
• a genuine dilemma has one of the conflicting
solutions that do not override the others
 example of a MORAL DILEMMa
• On the birthday of King Herod, his stepdaughter
Salome danced so well in front of him & his guests
that he promised to give her anything she wanted.
Salome decided to ask for the head of St. John the
Baptist on a platter. The king now had to choose
between honoring his promise or honoring the life of
St. John the Baptist. King Herod chose to have John
the Baptist beheaded.
WRITTEN OUTPUT WILL BE
POSTED ON THE GOOGLE
CLASSROOM
INDIVIDUAL DILEMMA

→ conflict arrives when a person is

asked to choose between two
important values.

→ those experienced are resolved on a

personal level.

→ you can resolve this moral dilemma

on your own.
INIVIDUAL MORAL DILEMMA
↪️️Personal Level

Examples:

1. A friend discovers her best friend’s boyfriend is

cheating. She must decide whether to tell her
friend or keep it a secret.

2. A husband learns he has a terminal illness

and he decides to ask his wife for assistance in
ending the pain before it gets too bad.
In Moral Dilemma you should always
remember that an individual is represented
with:

• Two or more actions.

• Moral reason.
• He cannot choose all.
Resources:

https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-
15191-1_2

https://link.springer.com › chapter
Web results
Moral Dilemmas | SpringerLink

https://youtu.be/ZtF2EK9L7VI
Organizational Dilemma
• It is a puzzle posed by the dual necessities of a social
organization and member's self interest.

• Encountered by institutions, business or organizations in

their decision making process.

• This dilemma affect more than one and they can be part of
the internal group or part of an external stakeholder.

• Organizational dilemma is a company level.

 Main concept
Organizational dilemma is a challenge for
every organization nowadays; it is all about
how to match discrepancy between
individual needs and aspirations on the one
hand and the organizational goals on the
other.
Example
 Example

The management of a company may aggressively steer its employee

and managers towards the use of a misleading form of accounting.
This could be done to greatly inflate the profits of the company and
to mislead market analysts and shareholders. The misleading
accounting reports can be used by the management for deceiving the
public and shareholders about the financial performance of the
company and this is clearly of personal interest for the management.
 SOURCES  Three Levels of Moral Dilemmas -Studocu
https://www.studocu.com/ph/document/mar
iano-marcos-state-university/accountancy/th
ree-levels-of-moral-dilemmas/13396366

 How do you differentiate the 3 levels of  A take on Ethical Dilemma in

moral dilemmas, individual,
organizational, and structural?
https://www.quora.com/How-do-you-diffe
rentiate-the-3-levels-of-moral-dilemmas-i
ndividual-organizational-and-structural?to
p_ans=239505613
 Organizational Dilemma
https://www.bartleby.com/essay/Organi
zational-Dilemma-P3WHYC3E36YYS
Organizations
https://assignmenthelp4me.com/blog/ethica
l-dilemmas-in-organizations.html
 The Three Level of Moral Dilemmas-
Scribd
https://www.scribd.com/document/4452131
47/The-Three-Level-of-Moral-Dilemmas-doc
x
What is Structural Dilemma?
A Structural dilemma is a conflict of perspective
of sectors, groups and. institutions that may be
affected by the decisions.

When we talk about structural

moral dilemmas, a good example is
the government
 Macro
System/Structural Moral Dilemma Level=meaning
large scale
• Ethical standards universal or general
• Refer to cases involving network of institutions and
operative
• Encompasses multi-sectoral institutions and
organizations.
 A structural moral dilemma is one that involves a
network of institions and theoretical paradigms. Most
of the time, when we talk about structural moral
dilemmas, we are talking about government. There is
no solution for any of our structural dilemma except in
a broader sanity, a calmer deliberateness, a more
consistent loyaltyto principle, a cooler courage. This
type of
dilemma can affect a community and
even a society at large.
Example of Structural Dilemma:

Vaccine for Covid-19 disease

Before they would come up with a decision

what will the Philippines buy of vaccine for
covid-19 disease they should first consult to
others to solve the cases or to make decision.
References:
https://www.vocabulary.com/dictionary/dilemma
https://www.scribd.com/document/445213147/The-
Three-Level-of-Moral-Dilemmas-docx#:~:text=A%20s
tructural%20dilemma%20is%20a,be%20affected%20
by%20the%20decisions.

https://youtu.be/ZtF2EK9L7VI