LESSON 1: MEANING AND - Principle of Non-contradiction (it is

RELEVANCE OF PHILOSOPHY impossible for a thing to be and not to

be at the same time)
PHILOSOPHY - Principle of Excluded Middle (there is
- started in 16th century in Eastern and no middle ground, it either exists or
Western Greece non-exists)
- West Philosophy started with Thales of - Principle of Sufficient Reasons
Miletus, considered the first Father of (nothing exists without a sufficient
Western Philosophy. reason, everything has a purpose and
- Socrates is the Father of Western reason)
Philosophy because of his questions
and the influence of the socratic • Autonomy
method. - ultimate goal of Philosophy
- Coined by Pythagoras Philo “love” and - It is the freedom of being able to
Sophia “wisdom”. Those who love decide for yourself in what you are
wisdom are called Philosophers. going to believe in by using your
reasoning.
• Wisdom - We base our decisions by critical
- deals with the principles of things, the thinking, analyzing and deep
first cause of all beings, the reflections.
understanding on the meaning of one’s
existence, and the importance of the HOLISTIC VS PARTIAL PERSPECTIVE
things around you.
Holistic Perspective
1. Philosophy is a Science • Aka holism
- it follows certain steps and procedures • Comes form the greek word holos or
- Provides methodologies and insights all, entire, totality
on how societal questions can be • Looks at all aspects of the given
answered problem or situation
- Analytic procedure addressing thought • All aspects are given importance when
processes, testing positions, beliefs making conclusions. They are compiled
and prescribed by logic. to form a general view of a the problem

2. Philosophy is a Natural Light of Partial POV

Reason - a way or method one sees the reality
- Thomas Aquinas, there is fruit beyond or phenomena
human intelligence - Based on one of the component parts
of a whole
3. Philosophy is the study of all things - Looks at only a limited number of
- covers all subjects aspects of the given problem or
situation
4. Philosophy has principles *judges listen to both stories of victim and
- Principle of Identity (everything has its suspect before making any conclusions
own identity) to have a holistic pov

 LESSON 2 & 3: BRANCHES OF • How do we know? What we claim to

PHILOSOPHY know? How can we differentiate truth
from falsehood?
PHILOSOPHY
• Journeying upward from the dark cave AXIOLOGY
to the light • Concerned with the value theory that
• It is difficult because it involves attempts to prescribe what is good and
questioning the most basic beliefs that right conduct
each of us accepts about ourselves and
the universe ETHICS
• Our journey may lead us in a direction • greek word “ethos” customs, usage or
that society does not support, it character
requires us to think critically, • It is the philosophical study of moral
consistently and carefully about judgments
fundamental beliefs. • Explores the nature of moral virtue and
evaluates human actions
METAPHYSICS • Trolly Dilemma: allows us to think
• Meta means beyond through the consequences of action
• Most abstract branch of philosophy and consider whether its moral value is
• Concerned with ultimate reality and determined solely by its outcome
deals about being-ness beyond the • “Philosophy of morals” seeks for a
physical entity means on how to determine as to
• An extension of fundamental and whether the action is considered good
necessary drive in every human being or evil
to know what is real
• deals with the study of nature of being AESTHETICS
• tries to answer questions like “what is • Comes from the Greek word aethetis
being” and “what are the fundamental which means harmony
properties of being” • Branch of Philosophy that deals with
beauty and harmony
ONTOLOGY • a.k.a Philosophy of Art
• study of what is
• divide existing things in classifications LOGIC
to understand those things and how • Comes from the Greek word logike and
they fit together was coined by Zeno the Stoic
• Entities and what it is about • deals with the truth or the validity of our
arguments regarding such objects
COSMOLOGY • The theory of correct reasoning which
• Study of how we think the most real seeks to investigate and establish the
things have come into being criteria of valid inference and
demonstration
EPISTEMOLOGY • Study the development of arguments
• Greek words episteme “knowledge” and and try to organize the premises and
logos “study” produce valid reasons based on facts.
• deals with nature, sources, limitations
and validity of knowledge

 LESSON 4: ANCIENT WESTERN e) Absolute Idealism

PHILOSOPHY • Exercise of reasons and knowing the
sense or an identity enables a man to
IDEALISM achieve a reality
• Views that there is no external reality
composed of matter and energy f) Epistemological Idealism
• There are only existing ideas within our • The minds are aware of or perceive
minds only their own ideas and not external
• Reality is not a material, but conceptual objects which is why we cannot directly
• The tangible hard material does not know things in themselves.
exist rather you perceive it as existing
material because you have the idea of REALISM
the smart phone in your mind • Views that the ultimate reality is the
world of physical objects
a) Subjective Idealism • These objects can be investigated,
• Object exists by virtue of our perception analyzed, and studied by science
• Bishop George Berkeley believed that if through our senses
the person saw a table then it existed • You know something exists because
but if no one saw it, it continues to exist you can touch it and use your five
if it was in the mind of God senses to use it.
• Intersubjective Idealism
- truth that lies somewhere between a) Humanistic Realism
our mind • Regard for the ancient literature but
- Shared or common agreement of puts emphasis on study of content and
people in defining an object ideas to understand one’s present life

b) Divine Idealism b) Social Realism

• The world may be seen as • Emphasizes that the purpose of a man
manifestation of the mind of God, the is to prepare for the practical world
Creator
c) Sense Realism
c) Transcendental Idealism • Believes that man should train his
• The view that our experience of things senses to understand the world
is about how they appear to us
(representation) not as the thing in itself d) Neo-realism
• ex. The ball is a ball because it appears • Considers scientific principles are
to us as a round object, not because it changing which is why there must be
is really a ball. an analytic system in studying

d) Objective Idealism IDEALISM TO THE BRANCHES OF

• Human beings, planets and other things PHILOSOPHY
in the world are not separate beings but • Metaphysics
part of a larger thing - reality is spiritual or mental and
• The Absolute is all of reality and unchanging, eternal and universal
contains all possibilities in itself, but
constantly changing and progressing

 • Epistemology • Scholasticism
- knowing is reminiscence, the - philosophical methods developed in
recollection of latent ideas through different medieval universities which
introspection and intuition became centers of learning
• Axiology - During reformation, a lot of people
- values are universal, absolute, and asked questions about religions, so
eternal based on the goodness of the churches created universities
the world mind where this may be taught. (Counter-
• Proponents reformation)
- Plato: Father of Western Idealism • Philosophical and religious beliefs are
- Hegel grounded of faith but for some,
- Emerson grounded of reason
• Medieval philosophers believed in
REALISM TO THE BRANCHES OF existence of God
PHILOSOPHY
• Metaphysics CHRISTIAN THEOLOGIANS
- Reality is objective and is composed
of matter and form; it is fixed and Augustine (254-430 CE)
based on natural law • Christian philosopher’s twofold rule is to
• Epistemology seek knowledge of 1) the nature of God
- Knowing consists of and 2) his own soul
conceptualization based on • Catholic theologian and agnostic
sensation and abstraction contribution to western philosophy
• Axiology • When people exercise their will, they
- values are absolute and eternal, are acting the image of God, the
based on universal laws supreme rational being
• Proponents • Most enduring work: Confessions
- Aristotle: Founder of Realism
- Aquinas Aquinas (1225-1274)
- Hutchins • Italian Dominican friar, philosopher,
- Adler catholic priest, theologian, in the
- Maritain tradition of scholasticism
• Philosophical texts were no longer
LESSON 5: MEDIEVAL AND MODERN written as prayers or meditations but in
WESTERN PHILOSOPHY a more scientific manner
• Works: Summa Theologica, all the main
MEDIEVAL PERIOD theological teachings of the catholic
• Started with the downfall of the Roman church
Empire and ending with the founding of • Twofold truth: while reason can give us
the Renaissance some truth, other truths can only be
• Also known as “middle ages” and often attained through faith
called “dark ages”
• Christian and muslims developed own
philosophical beliefs and traditions

 MODERN PHILOSOPHY - Important to understand culture,

• Existentialism gender, race, governance and
- existence precedes essence; we live everything about the society
in concrete situations and define
ourselves through choices LESSON 6: EASTERN AND FILIPINO
- Choosing what we want to know by PHILOSOPHY
appropriating it and making it our
own CONFUCIUS
- Living is a process of open-ended ‣ Established ethical, moral and social
evaluation and the construction of standards that formed the basis of a
values through our choices way of life known as Confucianism
• Naturalism
- Nature is all that exists and all things ANDRES BONIFACIO
supernatural, gods, spirits, souls, ‣ He is an ilustrado but not recognized bu
etc.) do not exist the formally educated ilustrado who
- Physicalism or materialism looked down on him as being
> everything exists is no more uneducated and poor
extensive than its physical
properties SIDDHARTA GAUTAMA
- Pluralism ‣ Indian prince who experienced
> reality consists of many different enlightenment and shared the Four
substances Noble Truths
- Education is the process of
development of a natural life JOSE RIZAL
- Suggests to avoid movies because it ‣ He wanted to become a province of
is a fantasy, not reality Spain because he believed that
• Pragmatism majority of Filipinos were uneducated,
- emphasis on the “plastic nature” of ignorant, and morally corrupt
reality and the practical function of
knowledge as instrument for Main Difference of Eastern and Western
adapting and controlling it Philosophy
- Gives priority to the actual ✦West Individualism
experience versus principle and no - more individualistic trying to find the
experiential reasoning meaning of life here and now with
- Meaning of idea, beliefs and self at the center as it is already
propositions is residing in the distinct given and part of the design
class of specific experimental or
practical consequences resulted ✦Eastern Collectivism
from application - drawn to groups or society or
• Social Constructionism people’s actions and thoughts as
- We develop knowledge of the world one in order to find meaning in life to
in a social context and the reality get rid of the false “me” concept and
depends on shared assumptions find meaning in discovering the true
- As human beings we do not respond “me” in relation to everything around
to the physical objects or events but them or as part of a bigger scheme
to the meaning of objects or events

 EASTERN PHILOSOPHIES 1. Rizal’s Philosophy of Nonviolence

• Ex oriente lux- “light from the orient” • Filipino Spanish patriot who sought the
• Philosophy started in the east and it good of his native Philippines- the
antedated the earliest philosopher in patria chica, so that it would have the
the west by 15th century. dignity and stature worthy of the
• Greater wisdom and deeper spirituality Spanish nation- the patria garande
can be found in East religion than in the
materialistic west 2. Rizal’s Utopian Society
• Philosophy is human before it is • A utopia is originally conceived as a
eastern or western desirable society
• Spirituality is a value • Thomas More counted the term from
• The idea of a Supreme being is the Greek words, our for no and not
universal and topos for place. It literally means
• Before the invasions, philosophy was at nowhere
its peak in China, India and the Middle • Prefix eu can also mean a good or ideal
East place or society
• Reformists sought:
HINDUISM a) Equality between the Spaniards
• Term hindu comes from the Persian and Filipinos
word hind which is the name given to b) Representation in the Spanish
the Indus River region of India Cortes
• Meaning the religion of the people of c) Grant of freedom of speech, of the
the Indus River press, and of redress of
• Sacred text vedas which describes the grievances for the government
future of various gods, rituals, and d) Secularization or handing over the
chants parishes to the secular priests
• The Hindu name for this reality is • Characteristics of Rizal’s New Society:
Atman Brahman or self gods and much a) the Philippine archipelago must be
of Hindu theology has this context united as a Filipino nation,
compact, vigorous and
CHINESE PHILOSOPHY homogeneous
• Includes confucianism, taoism and b) The people must be educated in
buddhism civic virtues and enlightened in all
possible senses to be able to
FILIPINO PHILOSOPHIES struggle for their rights
• Dated back to the 18th century c) Schools of sufficient quality and
• University of Sto. Thomas: first quantity must be established
university in the Philippines throughout the archipelago for
• Thomism: dominant philosophy subject enlightenment and for livelihood
in the country during the 18th century d) There must be a common native
• University of the Philippines: added language for the people
more Western Philosophies

 3. Bonifacio’s Philosophy of Revolution - from Hesiod’s Theology 780. Iris is

• He sought for the separation of the the messenger of heaven who
Philippines from Spain in view of a manifests herself in the rainbow
breach contract
• To agitate politically is to arouse in the DOUBT
people a political interest in something, • First moment of actively doing
to stir or prepare them to pursue a Philosophy
political course of action • Always parasitic on truth

PHILOSOPHY FOR CHILDREN TRUTH

by Dr. Zosimo Lee • Dogmatic
- there is an absolute truth of which
LEVELS OF TRAINING we can have complete knowledge
1. Show the practicality of Philosophy that will in turn justify us in claiming
2. Create a community of inquiry among that no other position matters
students • Relativistic
3. Evaluation and teach others - No absolute truth, only arbitrary
4. Write stories rich with philosophical positions hampered by their own
concepts historical limits
• Regulative
HIGHER ORDER THINKING - There is an absolute truth that leads
✓ Access to the tools of inquiry as the horizon guides the explorer
✓ Methods of reasoning on a never ending journey towards it
✓ Practice of concept analysis
✓ Experience in critical reading Basic Questions:
✓ Experience in critical writing - Is it true?
✓ Opportunities for narration - What makes it true?
- Is it objectively true?
The State of Community of Inquiry
• Collective enterprise, starts with HAVING PHILOSOPHY VS DOING
questions PHILOSOPHY
• Criteria for judgments Having a Philosophy Doing a Philosophy
• Shared judgments and collective
dialogue We have a system of We wonder about the
beliefs that has world around us and
shaped us more than we question those
LESSON 7: APPROACHES IN DOING we have shaped it. beliefs.
PHILOSOPHY
We are just a passive We are an active
observer. participant in life.
WONDER
• The source of philosophy Reactive to outside Proactive in your own
influences (you don’t course of life (before
• “It is a posture of a man who truly loves have any basis or reacting you ask if it’s
wisdom; indeed there is no other evidence). true/objectively true).
beginning for Philosophy than this, and We have no freedom, We exercise freedom
whomever said that Iris was a child of no initiation and just a to decide, initiate and
Thaumas (construal of Greek term for receiver of creation create.
wonder) made a genealogy. (Plato)

 DESCRIPTIVE PHILOSOPHY VS • The process of things reproducing

PRESCRIPTIVE PHILOSOPHY under the influence of other things,
Descriptive Prescriptive traces or imprints of the things
Philosphy Philosophy exercising that influence, Hegel
Knowing that Knowing why (how)
• The process whereby in any complex ie
real system, phenomena at one level
Reflective of passive Reflects a more active reflect processes taking place at a
attitude that simply engagement with our deeper level, Hegel
describes the way world and an active
things are stance that cultivates • Self-reflection is a backward step of
our ability to question inspecting assumptions and beliefs for
and prescribe the way internal coherence and consistency,
things could and Steve Goldberg
should be
• Reflection comes from the Latin verb
The way things are The way things should reflectere meaning to bend or turn back
be
on the self, Harper
• Activity that includes whether and how
APPROACHES IN DOING persons can know or relate to
PHILOSOPHY themselves, Wiley
• It is considered as highly personal,
1. Critical or Analytic Philosophy cognitive process in which a person
- tries to analyze and define takes an experience from the outside
fundamental concepts and to criticize world and brings it inside the mind and
one’s beliefs makes connections to other
- Examine and criticize our beliefs and experiences and filters it through
assumptions in our everyday life personal biases, John Dewey
• Reflection must be anchored to reliable
2. Speculative or Metaphysical and valid reality that accessible to
Philosophy others for critical discussion, Hans
- aims to find an underlying explanation Linschoten
or general principle that could explain
reality in its entirety LESSON 10: FACT AND OPINION
- Aims to reach general conclusions
FACT
3. Reductionist Philosophy • Latin word ‘factum’ which means deed
- focuses on the properties of its parts or something that was done
• One that has objective content and
4. Holistic Philosophy well-supported by available evidence
- leans on relationship between parts • Statement that can be proven true or
false
LESSON 8-9: PHILOSOPHICAL • State of affairs or an aspect of reality
REFLECTION
OPINION
PHILOSOPHICAL REFLECTION • Latin word ‘opinio’ refers to something
• Philosophical activity (Plato) imagined, conjecture or an expectation
• One’s awareness that he/she is thinking • Content is subjective or not well-
(John Locke) supported by available evidence

 • Expression of a person’s feelings that

cannot be proven 3. Scientific
• Types of belief • Produce knowledge on empirical data
(experiment, observation, theory
FACTS AND OPINIONS IN building etc.)
PHILOSOPHY 4. Historical
• Gathering primary sources
FACT • Logic is not important because
• Metaphysical entities something is true if it is according to
• Physical things/state of affairs past references
• Can exist even if no one know about or
even if nobody believes anything at all ARGUMENT
• Opposed to what we variously call non- • To make clear or prove
facts, alleged facts, fictions or • Group of prepositions one of which is
falsehood not the statement but rather claimed to follow from the evidence
the reality to which a true statement supplied by others
corresponds • Goal is not to vanquish but to attain
clarity regarding an idea or belief
OPINION
• Epistemic entities DEDUCTIVE ARGUMENT
• Matters of belief • One argues for the truth of a conclusion
• Person’s opinion by deducting a statement from a
• Depends on one’s confidence in the number of others
truth of the claim or the kind of • Axioms - statements that are true by
evidence upon which the claim is definition or so obviously true that they
believed need not to be proved at all. Then, new
• Denotes a kind of belief statements are deduced or inferred by
• Our stand in opposition to considered means of a number of established rules
judgment of inference
• It may express or may not express a • “A statement cannot be both true and
fact false at the same time”
• “If either a or b but no a, then b.”
LESSON 11: METHODS OF • Progression from one true statement to
PHILOSOPHIZING another and the second statement is
1. Dialectical or Socratic Method established as true
• Uses a very incisive way of questioning • Sometimes defined as argument whose
the underlying assumptions of one’s final statement or conclusion is
opponent guaranteed to be true by the truth of the
• Stimulates critical thinking previous statement or premises
2. Exercise or Skepticism (Decartes’ • Sound argument: both argument is both
Method of Systematic Doubt) valid and true
• Uses the process of doubting as a form • Unsound: one or more premises are
of thinking false or invalid
• Cognitio- matter of realizing that one is
actually thinking when one is actually General Idea to Broad Idea to Conclusion
doubting

 INDUCTIVE ARGUMENT • Synthetic productive because it

• Mostly consists of generalizations of amplifies content of given concepts and
most familiar form of induction experiences.
• Not evaluated as valid or invalid and • Information contained in the premises
does not guarantee the truth of the produces on the increase in the scope
conclusion even if all premises are of knowledge
agreed to be true • Contingent because it is possible for
• Can be strong or weak depending on the conclusion of a strong argument to
the weight of the evidence, quality of be other than the truth if the conclusion
sample, and the plausibility of the is depended on matters of empirical
generalization fact
• Probable certainty because it is always
Specific Observation to Broad Conclusion a question of the conclusion conforming
to facts
Inductive and Deductive both have a
certain level of validity and boils down to LESSON 12-13: DIFFERENT TYPES OF
the reasoning FALLACIES

DEDUCTIVE AND INDUCTIVE FALLACY

REASONING • Comes from the latin term fallere which
• Process by which someone creates a means to deceive
conclusion as well as how they believe • False argument that has the
their conclusion is true appearance of truth

DEDUCTIVE REASONING SOPHISM

• Closed system • Fallacy committed with the intention to
• Conforms to rules of logic deceive or mislead an opponent
• Expository because it separates given
concepts into a clearer and articulate PARALOGISM
arrangement • Fallacy employed unknowingly or
• Information is already contained in the through the ignorance of the rules of
premise does not produce and increase correct reasoning
in the scope of knowledge
• Impossible for the conclusion of a valid FORMAL FALLACIES
argument to other than it is because • Error that are committed due to lack of
validity is independent of empirical fact. skills in reasoning and is due to lack of
• Absolute certainty because the training in the logical processes
conclusion is valid if it conforms to
logical form which cannot change INFORMAL FALLACIES
making certainty unconditional • Errors committed when either irrelevant
psychological factors are allowed to
INDUCTIVE REASONING distort the reasoning process
• Open system • Through the use of pity or threat or
• Conforms to empirical facts when one is confused by linguistic
ambiguities in one’s premise of
conclusion

 THE FALLACIES OF INSUFFICIENT Begging the Question

EVIDENCES • Occurs when an argument’s premise
assumes the truth of conclusion
Hasty Generalization • a.k.a arguing in a circle
• Inference drawn from insufficient • ex. “So how did you feel when you
evidence killed your wife?”
• Often uses the word “All”
• ex. It is warmer this year in Las Vegas Equivocation
as compared to last year, therefore • Uses a word with two different
global warming is rapidly accelerating. meanings
• ex. The sign said “Fine for parking here
Assumption without Proof so since it was fine, I parked here.”
• Occurs when we draw conclusions not
warranted by evidence FALLACIES OF RELEVANCE
• Accident: “Women earn less than men
earn from doing the same work. Oprah Argumentum Ad Verecundiam (The
is a woman. Therefore, Oprah Winfrey Appeal to Inappropriate Authority)
earns less than male talk-show hosts.” • Insisting that a claim is true simply
• Converse Accident: “Dennis Rodman because of a valid authority or experts
wears earrings and is an excellent on the issue said it was true, without
rebounder. Therefore, people who wear any other supporting evidence offered
earrings are excellent rebounders.” • ex. Rixhard Dawkins said evolution is
true so it is true
THE FALLACIES OF FALSE OR
MISLEADING PREMISES Argumentum Ad Baculum (The Appeal to
Force)
False Dichotomy • Committed when one appeals to force
• arguer sets up the situation so that it or threat of force to bring about
looks as though there are only two acceptance of a conclusion
choices. When the arguer eliminates • ex. “All those opposed to my arguments
one of the choices it appears that there for the opening of a new department,
is only one option left. signify by saying ‘I resign’.”
• ex. I can’t find my book! It is either
stolen or I never had it. I know I had it. Argumentum Ad Misericordiam (Appeal to
Therefore, it must have been stolen Pity)
• Seeks to fool the hearer to transfer their
Straw Man Fallacy feelings of sympathy and empathy for a
• Argument in which an opponent’s person onto that person’s argument or
position is represented as more conclusion
extreme that it actually is • ex. “I am a widow in poor health and if
• Distorting or misrepresenting all of my children were drafted, sent to
someone’s argument in order to make a war and killed, I would not be able to
easier to defeat cope.”
• ex. The school lunch budget must be
examined to cut out waste. This guy
wants to starve our children.

 Argumentum Ad Populum (The Appeal to False Cause

Popular Sentiment) a. Post Hoc Fallacy or Ergo Propter Hoc
• Attempting to induce acceptance of an - citing a false or remote cause to
unexamined or unproved conclusion by explain a situation
arousing the feelings, prejudices, or
interest of a political party, mob or any b. Simple Correlation
large group of people - assuming that because two things
• ex. “You should fly a Philippine flag off happened, the first one caused the
your porch. It’s the patriotic thing to do.” second one

Argumentum Ad Hominem (The Ignoration Elenchi (Fallacy of Irrelevant

Argument Against the Person) Conclusion)
a. Abusive - The appeal to Personality • Aka Red Herring Fallacy
or Poisoning the Well Fallacy • Presenting an argument unrelated to
b. Circumstantial Argument against the your subject in order to distract the
Person (going against a human reader
because of their circumstance)
c. Tu Quoque or “You-Too Argument” Slippery Slope
the concept of look who’s talking, • Implying that one small step in the
turning the criticism against the other wrong direction will cause catastrophic
person results

Genetic Fallacy False Analogy

• Acceptance or rejection of concepts • Making inferences based on an analogy
based on their source and not their that is too different from the argument
merit
FALLACIES OF AMBIGUITY
Argumentum Ad Ignorantiam (Appeal to
Ignorance) Fallacy of Accent
• Fallacy that a proposition is true simply • Based on the stress of emphasis of
on the basis that it has not been proved word or word parts are unclear
false or that it is false because it has
not been proved true Fallacy of Amphiboly (Syntactic
Ambiguity)
Petitio Principii (Begging Question) • Occurs because an ambiguity arises
• Opinion to be proved is given as if it due to grammar or syntax error
were already proved • Allows one meaning to be used in the
premise and another meaning to be
Complex Question used in the conclusion
• Aka Loaded question
• Posing a question in a way that by Fallacy of Composition
either affirming or denying it implies • Arises when somebody infers
agreeing to something controversial in something applies to a whole because
the question it is true to the part of the whole

 Fallacy of Division • There will always be better ways of

• Person reasons that what is true for the saying things
whole must also be true for the parts • Not everything should be debated
• Fails to justify that inference with the • If you are neutral in situations of
required degree of evidence injustice, you have chosen the side of
the oppressor - Desmond Tutu
LESSON 14-16: DEBATE • Talk is cheap; debate.

ARGUMENT LESSON 18: EMBODIED

• Collection of statements or propositions SPIRITUALITY
• Intended to provide support or evidence
in favor of one of the others THE HUMAN PERSON AS EMBODIED
• Some may be valid or invalid SPIRIT (HINDUISM AND BUDDHISM)
• When things are debatable, we use
methods of philosophizing and logic Embodied Spirituality
• Views all human dimensions- body,
Anatomy of an Argument heart, mind and consciousness
• Why - your stand • Equal partners in bringing self,
• Example community, and world into the fuller
• So what - giving other reasons that alignment with the mystery out of which
stem from your stand everything arises
• Example
Transcendental
*it is important to understand one • Latin word which means climbing or
another’s thoughts because you are going beyond
arguing in pursuit of truth. This doesn’t • In the physical world, we have
mean that you will be easily swayed, but limitations. Despite these, we can still
that you see both sides experience transcendence or going
beyond what we see or our physical
MOTION nature
• Statement we are debating about
HINDUISM
AFFIRMATIVE 1. Brahman - Self-hood
• Providing the frame (limitations) • Brahman or Atman (absolute soul)
• Making sure that the motion makes • Human beings have dual nature
sense (spiritual and immortal essence)
2. Goal is is liberation (moksha) of spirit
CONCESSION (jiva)
• You agree to some extent, but still has 3. Samsara - humanity’s life continuous
something to put forth cycle, where spirit is neither born nor
dies, the body goes through trans-
REMEMBER migratory series of birth and death
• Argue with the person’s idea, not with 4. Metempsychosis - a doctrine about a
the person person’s soul passes into some other
• Engaging is not trash-talking creature, human (when you are good)
or animal (when you are bad)



 5. Microcosm of the Universe and the

BUDDHISM Mystery
1. Dharma - law of salvation • Psalm 139:14, fearfully and wonderfully
• Simple presentation of the gospel of made
inner cultivation of right spiritual • Genesis 1:26-27, man after God’s
attitudes coupled with self-imposed likeness having dominion over creation
discipline where bodily desire would be 6. Essential for an enduring spiritual
channeled in the right directions transformation
2. Four Noble Truths lead to eightfold • 2 Corinthians 5:17, anyone who is in
path Christ is a new creation, the old has
a) life is full of suffering passed away
b) Suffering is caused by passionate
desires LESSON 19: HUMAN BODY IMPOSES
c) Only as these are obliterated will LIMITS AND POSSIBILITIES
suffering cease TRANSCENDENCE
d) Eradication of desire may be
accomplished by following the 8 CONSCIOUSNESS
fold path • State or quality of awareness or, of
3. Eight Fold Path being aware of an external object or
• Right view something within
• Right intention
• Right speech EMBODIMENT
• Right action • Biological and physical presence of our
• Right livelihood bodies which are a necessary
• Right effort precondition for subjectivity, emotion,
• Right concentration language, thought and social interaction
• Right mindfulness
LIMITATIONS OF THE HUMAN PERSON
CHRISTIANITY
Embodied spirituality considers the body Facticity
as the following: • Things in our life that are already given
1. Subject: • Environment, language, past and
• 1 Corinthians 6:19-20, temples of the present relationships and future death
Holy Spirit • We use to excuse our difficulties and
2. Home of Complete Human Being failures
• John 1:1, the word became flesh
3. Ultimate union of humanity and Spatial-Temporal Being
divinity in the body • Finitude - finite quality or state
• 1 Corinthians 15:44, resurrection body • We are limited by our bodies to be
4. Source of Spiritual Insight present in two or more places at the
• Romans 12:1-2, offer your bodies as a same time
living sacrifice, holy and pleasing to • We become more concerned with the
God as true and proper worship. Do not past or the future and never appreciate
conform to the world, but follow God’s the present
will. • Invitation to make the most of our lives
and appreciate the people around us

 The Body as Intermediary

• Serves as an intermediary between us
and the physical world
• Prevent us from disclosing what we
really want to express
• Challenge for us to be more creative in
expressing ourselves

TRANSCENDENCE
• Ability to change, be dynamic and
continually redefining one’s self which
works with our facticity to create
change

EXAMPLES IN EVALUATING
LIMITATIONS AND POSSIBILITIES TO
TRANSCENDENCE, Edward (1983)

Forgiveness
• We experience being free from anger
and bitterness from others

Beauty of Nature
• We appreciate the things surrounding
us

Vulnerability
• We need to acknowledge the help of
others in our lives

Failure
• We are forced to face our weaknesses
and limitations

Loneliness
• It is important to analyze our situation,
manage our emotions and decide
whether to stay being lonely or think of
ways to be happy

Love
• We feel many emotions that become a
dynamic part of our anatomy.