IEEE SENSORS JOURNAL, VOL. 8, NO.

4, APRIL 2008 415

An Environmental Air Pollution Monitoring System

Based on the IEEE 1451 Standard
for Low Cost Requirements
Nihal Kularatna, Senior Member, IEEE, and B. H. Sudantha, Member, IEEE

Abstract—An Environmental Air Pollution Monitoring System TABLE I

(EAPMS) for monitoring the concentrations of major air pollu- COMPARISON BETWEEN ANALYTICAL INSTRUMENTS AND GAS SENSORS [6], [8]
tant gases has been developed, complying with the IEEE 1451.2
standard. This system measures concentrations of gases such as
CO, NO2 , SO2 , and O3 using semiconductor sensors. The smart
transducer interface module (STIM) was implemented using the
analog devices’ ADuC812 microconverter. Network Capable Ap-
plication Processor (NCAP) was developed using a personal com-
puter and connected to the STIM via the transducer independent
interface. Three gas sensors were calibrated using the standard
calibration methods. Gas concentration levels and information re-
garding the STIM can be seen on the graphical user interface of
the NCAP. Further, the EAPMS is capable of warning when the
pollutant levels exceed predetermined maxima and the system can
be developed into a low cost version for developing countries.
the occurrence of diseases such as lung cancer, pneumonia,
Index Terms—Air pollution monitoring, electronic data sheet, asthma, chronic bronchitis, coronary artery disease, and chronic
IEEE 1451, network capable application processor, semiconductor
gas sensors, smart transducers, transducer independent interface pulmonary diseases [4], [5].
(TII). Environmental pollution has several aspects. The most se-
rious aspect of environmental pollution is the air pollution,
while two other aspects are water and soil pollution. Any
I. INTRODUCTION hazardous gas can spread over an extensive region within a
VER THE past quarter century, there has been an expo- short-time interval causing a huge and irreparable damage
O nential increase of industries, and these industries have
caused complex and serious problems to the environment. The
[6]. Hence, there is a growing demand for the environmental
pollution monitoring and control systems. In view of the
first and the foremost is the severe environmental pollution ever-increasing pollution sources with toxic chemicals, these
which has caused deterioration of atmosphere, climate change, systems should have the facilities to detect and quantify the
stratospheric ozone depletion, loss of biodiversity, changes sources rapidly.
in hydrological systems and the supplies of fresh water, land
II. GAS SENSORS
degradation and stresses on systems of food producing, acid
rain, and global warming [1]. In addition to industries, automo- A gas sensor is a transducer that detects gas molecules and
biles, agricultural activities, and even ordinary homes contribute produces an electrical signal with a magnitude proportional to
towards the environmental pollution [2], particularly in some the concentration of the gas. To date, no gas sensors exist that
developing countries such as Sri Lanka [3]. Stationary and are 100% selective to a single gas. Hence, it is necessary to
mobile sources release various chemical pollutants, including use instruments that employ analytical techniques to identify
suspended particulate matter (SPM), carbon monoxide (CO), gases. Examples of such instruments are Fourier transform in-
oxides of nitrogen (NO ), oxides of sulfur (SO ), lead aerosol, frared (FTIR) instruments, gas chromatographs, and mass spec-
volatile organic compounds (VOC), and other toxics. It is well trometers. These instruments provide fairly accurate and selec-
known that some of these chemical pollutants have increased tive gas readings. However, these analytical instruments suffer
from disadvantages such as: (i) the requirement of skilled op-
Manuscript received October 22, 2007; accepted November 29, 2007. The
erators; (ii) expensive; (iii) designed for laboratory tabletops or
associate editor coordinating the review of this paper and approving it for pub- specific online applications for in-plant installations; (iv) high
lication was Prof. Evgeny Katz. maintenance cost; (v) slow response time; and (vi) large size
N. Kularatna is with the Department of Engineering, School of Science and
Engineering, University of Waikato, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand (e-mail:
[7]. These reasons make them impractical for area air quality
nihalkul@waikato.ac.nz; nihalkul@xtra.co.nz). and safety, particularly in developing countries. Therefore, a gas
B. H. Sudantha is with the Department of Physics, University of Sri Jayawar- sensor that is compact, robust, with versatile applications, and
danepura, Gangodawila, Nugegoda 10250, Sri Lanka. low cost could be an equally effective alternative [6]. Table I
Color versions of one or more of the figures in this paper are available online
at http://ieeexplore.ieee.org. presents several feature comparisons between gas sensors and
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/JSEN.2008.917477 analytical instruments.
1530-437X/$25.00 © 2008 IEEE

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416
TABLE II
CLASSIFICATION OF SENSOR MATERIALS [8], [15]
Recent research and development on solid-state gas sensors
have improved their performances dramatically [6]. Five com-
monly used technologies for gas monitors are: electrochemical,
infrared, catalytic bead, photo ionization, and solid-state [7].
More details of these sensors including their usage, lifetime, ad-
vantages, and disadvantages could be found in [9]–[12].
Modern semiconductor gas sensors are capable of detecting
more than 150 different gases. They have many advantages in-
cluding longer lifetime than catalytic bead and electrochemical
sensors, lower cost, and compact size. These sensors are widely
used in various applications: automotive, consumer, commer-
cial, industrial, indoor and outdoor air quality monitoring, and
environmental monitoring [13], [14].
III. SEMICONDUCTOR GAS SENSORS
A semiconductor sensor consists of one or more metal oxides
such as tin oxide, aluminum oxide, etc. When heated to a high
temperature, an n-type semiconductor material decreases its re-
sistance, while p-type increases the resistance in the presence of
a reducing gas [8]. Table II shows the details.
Typically, a semiconductor sensor produces a strong signal,
especially at high gas concentrations [14], [16], [17] with
adequate sensitivity, fast response time, long-term stability, and
longer lifetime. However, the main disadvantage is the lack of
selectivity. These disadvantages and secondary problems have
been rectified by using the special strategies, further details
could be found in [15] and [18].
IV. THEORY OF OPERATION
The conductivity of the sensing element, which is formed by
metal-oxide semiconductor material, changes according to gas
concentration. For example, in an n-type SnO sensing mate-
rial when the SnO crystal is heated to a certain temperature in
air, oxygen is absorbed at the solid-gas interface of the sensor
and forms surface oxygen ions with negative charge, creating a
potential barrier against electron flow between SnO particles.
This potential barrier increases the resistivity of the material pre-
venting carriers from moving freely.
In the presence of a reducing gas, the surface density of the
negative oxygen ions decreases. Consequently, the height of the
potential barrier decreases and as a result, the resistivity of the
material falls according to a logarithmic function. This charac-
teristic is illustrated in Fig. 1.
The correlation of the sensor resistance ( ) and the concen-
tration of a reducing gas ( ) can be expressed in the following
general function [8], [16], [17]:
(1)
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IEEE SENSORS JOURNAL, VOL. 8, NO. 4, APRIL 2008
Fig. 1. Typical sensitivity characteristics of a SnO based CO sensor [16], [17].
where
electrical resistance of the sensor;
electrical resistance of sensor at zero ppm;
a constant for particular;
gas concentration in ppm.
The low cost semiconductor sensors are suitable to use in an
array form for low cost environment pollution monitoring sys-
tems. Such an array could be enhanced with additional tempera-
ture, pressure, and relative humidity sensors to measure the pol-
lutant concentrations together with other physical parameters,
with the advantage of better calibration of the gas sensors.
V. AIR POLLUTION AND AIR QUALITY STANDARDS
Air pollution is a major environmental health threat to hu-
mans and especially children. For children under five, it can
cause chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and lung cancer
in adults. Acute lower respiratory track infections, especially
pneumonia, are the biggest killers of young children and cause
more than 2 million annual deaths [19]. The illnesses and their
effects caused by the pollutants could be found in [2], and
[21]–[27].
More than 384 hazardous gases have been identified in the
environment [20]. However, of these gases six pollutants: CO,
NO , ground level O , SO , particulate matter (PM), and lead
are the most dangerous and are known as “the common air pol-
lutants” or “criteria air pollutants.”
Several clean air quality standards are published by various
authorities and institutes in the world. Tables III and IV show the
common air pollutant concentrations in WHO standards and the
local standards in Sri Lanka where this work was carried out.
VI. IEEE 1451 STANDARD FOR A SMART TRANSDUCER
INTERFACE FOR SENSORS AND ACTUATORS
The objectives of the IEEE P1451-Standards for Smart
Transducer Interface for Sensors and Actuators were to define a
set of common communication interfaces for connecting trans-
ducers to microprocessor-based systems, instruments, and field
networks in a network-independent environment. The IEEE
KULARATNA AND SUDANTHA: AN ENVIRONMENTAL AIR POLLUTION MONITORING SYSTEM BASED ON THE IEEE 1451 STANDARD
TABLE III
WHO AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES [28]
TABLE IV
AIR QUALITY REGULATIONS OF SRI LANKA [29]
Fig. 2. Detailed block diagram of the environmental air pollution monitoring
system.
1451 standard makes it easier for transducer manufacturers and
system designers to develop smart devices and to interface those
devices to networks, systems, and instruments. This standard is
comprised of seven parts and each of them has different aspects
of the interface standard [30]–[35]. In this project, the standard
1451.2 was used to implement the smart transducer interface
module (STIM) with semiconductor gas sensors.
VII. IMPLEMENTATION OF THE SENSOR ARRAY AND STIM
A. Sensor Array
The Environmental Air Pollution Monitoring System
(EAPMS) measures concentrations of major air pollutant gases,
CO, NO , SO , and O using a semiconductor sensor array.
The sensor array is connected to the STIM. In addition to that
a warning generation buzzer is also connected. The STIM is
linked to an Network Capable Application Processor (NCAP)
PC through transducer independent interface (TII). Fig. 2
depicts the block diagram of the EAPMS.
Table V shows some details of the sensors used in the
EAPMS. All the gas sensors listed in Table V have high
sensitivity and selectivity to target gas. All three sensors have
similar characteristics such as improved range and repeatability,
relatively insensitivity to fluctuations in relative humidity, and
can operate in reducing conditions, low-power consumption,
and long lifetime [36]–[38].
All are chip type sensors where the sensing material is con-
stantly heated to approximately 400 C in order to receive gas
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417
TABLE V
SPECIFICATIONS OF THE GAS SENSORS USED IN THE EAPMS
Fig. 3. Signal conditioning and conversion circuits and ADuC812 connections.
response. To maintain the stability of the device, it is impor-
tant to regulate the operating temperature of the sensor. Typical
characteristic curves and other details of the sensors are given
in [36]–[38].
A gas sensing standard module consisting of a built-in semi-
conductor ozone sensor and a signal conditioning circuit was
used for ozone with a response time of about 1 min, long life-
time, small size, and low-power consumption (1 W maximum).
The module has a direct signal output line with a full-scale range
of 0 to 1 V in the presence of ozone 0–100 ppb [39].
The sensors were connected to signal conditioning circuits.
Consequently, the output signals were fed to ADC channels of
the ADuC812 microconverter for conversion into digital form.
Fig. 3 depicts the signal conditioning and conversion block of
the system.
B. Smart Transducer Interface Module (STIM)
The STIM must be capable of handling the actuator inter-
face, supporting TEDS, communicating with NCAP, and sup-
porting 1451.2 TII interface. Hence, a microcontroller had to
be selected considering the above facts. Therefore, Analog De-
vices ADuC812 Microconverter was chosen to implement the
STIM. It has almost all the facilities for STIM implementation
[40]. The ADuC812 is a fully integrated 12-bit data acquisition
system incorporating a high-performance self-calibrating mul-
tichannel ADC, dual DAC, and programmable 8-bit 8051-com-
patible MCU on a single chip. The 8051-compatible core is sup-
ported by 8 kB flash/EE program memory, 640 bytes flash/EE
data memory, and 256 bytes data SRAM on chip. Additionally,
418
Fig. 4. Memory map of the flash/EE data flash.
MCU supports more functions. I C compatible, SPI and stan-
dard UART serial port I/O are provided for multiprocessor in-
terfaces and I/O expansion [41].
The 1451.2 interface requires eight signal lines, TEDS
requires flash/EE memory space, transducer interface needs
ADCs, DACs and several other I/O lines, and STIM control
program needs flash/EE program memory. The ADuC812 was
quite suitable for implementing the STIM [41].
VIII. STRUCTURE OF TRANSDUCER ELECTRONIC DATA
SHEET (TEDS)
The TEDS was created in the 640 bytes on-chip flash/EE data
memory of the ADuC812. In this application, mandatory TEDS
were defined including Meta-TEDS and five Channel TEDS for
transducers. These TEDS must be resident in the flash/EE data
memory for the lifetime of STIM. No modification is required
for the current set of transducers and modification should be
carried out, if there is any change of transducers.
The ADuC812 flash data memory area consists of 640 bytes
(0 280 bytes) that are configured into 160 (Page 0 00 to
Page 0 9 F), 4-byte pages. It is accessed one page (4 bytes)
at a time basis. Thus, the address space of the memory area is
0 00 to Page 0 9 F [41]. Hence, the TEDS were arranged,
as depicted in the Fig. 4.
The data structure of Meta-TEDS data block contains 29
fields including TEDS version number, globally unique identi-
fier (UUID), number of implemented channels, and maximum
data rate [30]. Further details of the TEDS types are in [30]. A
Channel TEDS contains 30 data fields. Five channel TEDS were
also defined in the data flash area. These Meta and Channel
TEDS were created in the flash memory by the main STIM
implementation C program and the supporting header files.
TEDS were written starting from the first field placing the most
significant byte first.
In the EAPMS, the STIM has been built with six channels
including Channel-0. Channel-0 was configured as global by
specifying all channels and other mandatory information. Sub-
sequently, CO, NO , SO , and O gas sensors have been con-
nected to Channel-1 to Channel-4, respectively. The warning
generator buzzer was connected to Channel-5. Table VI shows
the details of the channels used.
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IEEE SENSORS JOURNAL, VOL. 8, NO. 4, APRIL 2008
TABLE VI
ENUMERATION OF THE CHANNELS DEFINED IN THE STIM
Fig. 5. TII hardware implementation.
IX. IMPLEMENTATION OF THE TRANSDUCER INDEPENDENT
INTERFACE (TII)
The TII was established as the communication channel be-
tween the STIM and the NCAP based on the data transfer proto-
cols specified by the IEEE 1451.2 standard. As shown in Fig. 5,
one of the destinations of the interface was the STIM and the
other was the parallel port of the NCAP PC. A parallel port was
selected to implement the TII, because the TII has ten lines in-
cluding eight signal lines and two power lines.
The IEEE 1284 parallel port standard [45] defines five oper-
ating modes including most common SPP, EPP, and ECP. Of
these three modes EPP and ECP are having transfer rates of
about 500 kBps–2 MBps [42]. The output of the parallel port
is normally TTL compatible logic levels. Thus, a parallel port
of a PC was used to implement the TII. However, the NCAP
should be capable of providing the power to the STIM which is
no more than 75 mA. This requirement could not be achieved
because a parallel port can sink or source only around 12 mA
(according to the various PC manuals, the current varies from
4 to 20 mA). Therefore, a separate power supply was used and
in order to comply with the standard, the supplying of power
was controlled by the NCAP via parallel port. Consequently,
the signal lines were connected to a bus transceiver at the STIM
end.
On the STIM side, TII was connected to SPI lines of the
ADuC812 and to some digital I/O lines. The TII is a superset
of the SPI and therefore, DCLK, DIN, DOUT, and NIOE lines
KULARATNA AND SUDANTHA: AN ENVIRONMENTAL AIR POLLUTION MONITORING SYSTEM BASED ON THE IEEE 1451 STANDARD 419

were connected to SPI lines. The complete TII hardware imple-

mentation is illustrated in Fig. 5 depicting power control and hot
swap capability.

X. GENERAL PROTOCOLS
The data transfer functions have been implemented using
the protocols described in the IEEE 1451.2. The triggering and
data transport functions and controlling of the data rate are
handled by the NCAP. A data transport frame begins by the
NCAP sending an address to the STIM. The complete address
specifies whether data are to be written or to be read from the
STIM, and which channel and functions are involved.
Triggering is normally used before reading a sensor or after
writing to an actuator. Data is transferred in bit-serial format
from the NCAP to the STIM via D and from the STIM to the
NCAP via D under the control of DCLK [30]. Byte read
and write transfer functions and frame read and write transfer
functions (between NCAP and STIM) [30].
The active control of power method enables the NCAP in
order to provide power only if the STIM is present. This elim-
inates the possibility of shorts in devices. The active control of
power method was implemented in EAPMS by detecting the
STIM and providing power to the STIM only in the presence of
STIM.

XI. THE STIM KERNAL—MAIN CONTROL PROGRAM

The STIM kernel program has three main functions: trigger,
data transport, and interrupt. Each of these functions has special
tasks and works cooperatively with the NCAP. The functions Fig. 6. STIM kernel flow chart.
have been integrated in the STIM kernel and its flow chart is
illustrated in Fig. 6.
After receiving power, the STIM kernel executes all initializa-
tions routines including the TII initialization, memory clearing
processes, loading the TEDS, setting the channel data buffers,
and status registers. Subsequently, it enters into an infinite loop
and goes through the processes, as shown in the flow chart. The
STIM kernel program comprises several software modules de-
veloped using the C language. Having compiled, these mod-
ules have been downloaded into the 8 kB flash/EE program
memory of the ADuC812.

XII. THE NCAP PROGRAM

The NCAP program has two main sub programs: controlling
of the STIM and providing the graphical user interface (GUI).
The STIM controlling program executes triggering, data trans-
port, and interrupt request functions. In addition, it also supports
the TII through the parallel port and controls the STIM power
with the facility of active power control [43].
The GUI displays the STIM information, gas concentrations,
and the status of the STIM. Moreover, it provides the facility to
add the user interactions to trigger the STIM and send functional
addresses to the required channel. The NCAP program was de-
veloped using the Visual Basic 6.0 language. A screen shot of Fig. 7. A screen shot of the NCAP GUI.
the NCAP GUI is shown in Fig. 7.

XIII. CALIBRATION OF THE GAS SENSORS chamber calibration method was selected to calibrate the sen-
There are two calibration methods that are available: static sors of the array. The static chamber was constructed using inert
chamber method and dynamic chamber method. The static and silicon free materials because volatile organic silicones will

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420
Fig. 8. CO calibration curve.
Fig. 9. SO calibration curve.
deteriorate the sensor surface and, hence, degrade the sensor
performance [8].
The calibration procedure has been carried out in two steps:
first finding the initial position (zero) of the sensor and second
determining the span of the sensor. To find the zero value of
a sensor, it is required to use “zero air.” However, there is no
established standard that defines “zero air” [44]. Many labora-
tories use pure nitrogen or pure synthetic air to calibrate the zero
point. By contrast, some others who refuse the synthetic air use
ambient air when the area is considered to be clean.
Both zero air types were used. The CO sensor was calibrated
with the bottled synthetic zero air, while SO was calibrated
using the clean air in the laboratory. Ambient temperature and
humidity of the laboratory were measured daily and the calibra-
tion procedure was carried out when the temperature was in the
range of 20 C–25 C, while the relative humidity was in the
range of 45%–50%. This procedure was adopted as there was
no way of controlling the temperature and the relative humidity
of the laboratory. Figs. 8 and 9 depict the calibration curves of
CO and SO , respectively.
XIV. THE UNCERTAINTY OF THE MEASUREMENTS
There were two types of errors: systematic and random
which can be identified in the calibration procedure. The
systematic errors occurred with the determination of the cal-
ibration chamber volume, volumes of the sensors, volume of
the mixer fan, and other supporting parts within the calibration
chamber. These errors were minimized using the accurate
measuring instruments. However, the sensor volumes could not
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IEEE SENSORS JOURNAL, VOL. 8, NO. 4, APRIL 2008
Fig. 10. CO concentration (48%–55% RH, 23 C–25 C).
be measured accurately due to the inability of determination
of the inside free space. Therefore, approximated values were
used for the sensor volumes.
The random errors were introduced during the gas injection
processes. The standard medical syringes were used to inject
the gases to the calibration chambers. The systematic error of
the calibration was a small value compared with the random
error. This shows that the contribution of the systematic error to
the final uncertainty was very low. Therefore, to minimize the
final error the random errors were to be minimized. This can
be done using the calibration instruments manufactured with
higher accuracy.
XV. RESULTS
The main goal of this project was to build an environmental
air pollution monitoring system (EAPMS) which is capable
of measuring common air pollutant concentrations using a
semiconductor sensor array and the IEEE 1451 standards, es-
pecially the IEEE 1451.2 standard. Having aimed towards this
goal, several hardware and software implementation modules
such as the semiconductor sensor array, the STIM, the TII, and
the NCAP program have been successfully developed. These
modules were built using the guidelines provided by the IEEE
1451.2 standard.
The sensors were calibrated using the standard static chamber
method and, hence, the instrument can be used in real environ-
ment to measure the ambient air pollution levels of the above
mentioned gases. The current pollutant levels of the target gases
can be directly read from the NCAP GUI.
These sensors are highly vulnerable to silicon-based chemi-
cals, and care was taken when the system is used in such envi-
ronments. This type of chemicals such as volatile organic sil-
icones will deteriorate the sensor surface and, hence, degrade
the sensor performance. Sometimes, depending on the expo-
sure level, these can cause an irreversible damage to the sensors.
In addition, the sensors have minor fluctuations to relative hu-
midity and ambient temperature. Normally, the sensors function
properly at 50% RH and 21 C.
The sets of field measurement readings of CO, NO , and
SO sensors were recorded at a normal laboratory environment,
while the O sensor measurement was taken near a photocopy
machine. Figs. 10–12 show the concentration levels of the
places over a certain time period.
KULARATNA AND SUDANTHA: AN ENVIRONMENTAL AIR POLLUTION MONITORING SYSTEM BASED ON THE IEEE 1451 STANDARD 421

The five “smart” transducers have the “plug-and-play” capa-

bility: the gas pollutant monitoring STIM can be moved from
one NCAP to another. This capability provided by the standard
is a great advantage to the system designers and sensor manufac-
turers, and it reduces the burden of designing various products
to suit various networks.
The semiconductor gas sensors can be successfully used to
monitor the target gas concentrations. The usage of the semi-
conductor sensors adds several advantages to a system such as
low cost, quick response, low maintenance, ability to produce
continuous measurements, etc.

Fig. 11. NO and SO concentration (48%–55% RH, 23 C–25 C). REFERENCES

Fig. 12. O concentration (48%–53% RH, 23 C–27 C).
XVI. FUTURE IMPROVEMENTS
1) A relative humidity sensor and a temperature sensor could
be added to simultaneously monitor the RH and tempera-
ture values and use it for improving uncertainties.
2) In the current version of the EAPMS, the STIM is working
under the control of the NCAP. However, if the STIM is
improved with an LCD display unit and memories, it can be
used as a standalone portable instrument and a data logger.
3) The NCAP program currently controls the STIM with 1000
kb/s fixed clock rate. This clock rate should be improved
by receiving the direct PC clock rates.
4) Another useful improvement to the system is developing a
“wireless link” between the STIM and the NCAP. This is
useful for remote monitoring and air pollution monitoring
without user interaction. The IEEE P1451.5 wireless stan-
dard can be used for the development.
5) Based on the improvement suggested in 2 and 4, the mul-
tiple devices of the system can be installed near highly con-
gested roads for data collection from a central location.
XVII. CONCLUSION
The environmental air pollution monitoring system has been
successfully implemented in compliance with the IEEE 1451.2
standard with the main functional blocks: the STIM, the TII, and
the NCAP. Therefore, the goal of the IEEE 1451.2 standard is
to provide an industry standard interface to efficiently connect
transducers to microcontrollers and to connect microcontrollers
to networks was achieved.
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Nihal Kularatna (SM’98) received the B.Sc.Eng.
(Hon.) degree from the University of Peradeniya,
Peradeniya, Sri Lanka, in 1976.
After ten years of employment in the aviation and
telecommunications industries, he joined the Arthur
C. Clarke institute for Modern Technologies, Sri
Lanka, as an R&D Engineer in 1985. He reached
the principal research engineer status in 1990 and
was appointed the Director/CEO of the institution in
2000. He was a consultant for two U.S. companies
and to many Sri Lankan organizations. From 2002 to
2005, he was a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Electrical and Computer
Engineering, University of Auckland, New Zealand and he is currently with the
University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand. He is on the Expert Reviewer
Panel of the Foundation for Research, Science and Technology (FRST), New
Zealand. He has authored six books including Volumes 10 and 11 of the
Electrical Measurement Series books for the IEE (London). His most recent
book is titled Electronic Circuit Design-From Concept to Implementation
(Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2008). He has contributed over 60 papers to
and was the principal author of the McGraw Hill (Datapro) report Sri Lanka
Telecoms—An Industry and Market Analysis (1997). He is currently active
in research in transient propagation and power conditioning area in power
electronics, and smart sensor systems.
Mr. Kularatna is a Fellow of the IET (London), a Fellow of the Institution of
Engineers (Sri Lanka), and a Member of The Institution of Professional Engi-
neers, New Zealand. During his career in Sri Lanka he was a winner of Presi-
dential Awards for Inventions (1995), the Most Outstanding Citizens Awards in
1999 (Lions Club), and a TOYP Award for academic accomplishment (Jaycees)
in 1993.
B. H. Sudantha (M’05) graduated from the Uni-
versity of Sri Jayawardanepura, Gangodawila,
Nugegoda, Sri Lanka, in 1994 and received the the
M.Phil. degree from the University of Sri Jayawar-
danepura in 2005.
He is a Senior Lecturer with the Department of
Physics, University of Sri Jayawardanepura. His
research interests are in embedded systems, semi-
conductor sensor applications, and instrumentation
systems.