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JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION

AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION

Featured Collection Introduction: “Connecting Land and Water for Healthy Communities”

Joanna Endter-Wada , Faith Sternlieb, Sarah P. Church , and Philip Stoker

This featured collection is a part of growing public American Water Resources Association (JAWRA),
policy conversation, professional practice, and aca- which is planning another featured collection on this
demic research focused on the need and strategies to important topic.
integrate land use and water planning. The need
arises from fragmentation in the ways that profes-
sionals think about and have been organized to deal
with land and water in their workplaces and profes- BACKGROUND
sional organizations. However, there is an increasing
recognition that land and water planning must be
done jointly because how we use land shapes our This featured collection1 emerged from the 2021
demand for water and greatly impacts water quality, virtual summer specialty conference entitled “Con-
while the way we use and manipulate water involves necting Land and Water for Healthy Communities”
significant changes to land. Integrative land–water (AWRA and Babbitt Center 2021a). The conference
strategies are the focus of this featured collection. was the result of a collaboration between Jim Holway
The collection’s purpose is to contribute to fostering of the Babbitt Center for Land and Water Policy (a
land and water connections across the physical, center of the Lincoln Institute of Land Policy) and
social, and ecological domains. Sharon Megdal of the Water Resources Research
Here we provide a brief background on the origins Center at the University of Arizona and board mem-
of this featured collection in a 2021 specialty confer- ber of AWRA. Jim and Sharon are long-time col-
ence organized and hosted by the American Water leagues and friends as well as practitioners and
Resources Association (AWRA) and the Babbitt Cen- scholars of land and water integration, especially as
ter for Land and Water Policy (Babbitt Center), and it pertains to the Colorado River Basin. They served
done in collaboration with many other sponsors, sup- as the conference committee co-chairs from the two
porters, and participating organizations. We cover partnering host organizations, AWRA and Babbitt
other activities associated with the 2021 specialty Center, and involved leaders and representatives
conference and plans for continuing conversations at from other national organizations on the conference
a 2023 follow-up conference. We also highlight some committee. Those organizations included the Alliance
of the themes and insights from this featured collec- for Water Efficiency (AWE), American Planning Asso-
tion. Finally, we invite continuing submissions on ciation (APA), American Water Works Association
integrating land and water to the Journal of the (AWWA), United States Environmental Protection

Ó 2022 American Water Resources Association.


Department of Environment and Society (Endter-Wada), Utah State University Logan, Utah, USA; Babbitt Center for Land and Water
Policy (Sternlieb), Phoenix, Arizona, USA; Department of Earth Sciences (Church), Montana State University Bozeman, Montana, USA;
and Department of Landscape Architecture and Planning (Stoker), University of Arizona Tucson, Arizona, USA (Correspondence to Endter-
Wada: joanna.endter-wada@usu.edu). (Correspondence to Sternlieb: fsternlieb@lincolninst.edu). (Correspondence to Church: sarah.church@
montana.edu). (Correspondence to Stoker: philipstoker@arizona.edu).
Citation: Endter-Wada, J., F. Sternlieb, S.P. Church, and P. Stoker. 0000. “Featured Collection Introduction: “Connecting Land and Water
for Healthy Communities”.” JAWRA Journal of the American Water Resources Association 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1111/1752-1688.13042.
While the guest associate editors of this collection were involved in the conference and are co-authors of some of the publications included
here, none of them handled their own submissions and standard blind peer review procedures were strictly followed. The papers also adhered
to all other editorial and peer review requirements of the journal.

JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION 1 JAWRA


ENDTER-WADA, STERNLIEB, CHURCH, AND STOKER

Agency (USEPA), United States Water Alliance, and Division within the Centre for Entrepreneurship,
Water Research Foundation (WRF). Even more orga- SMEs, Regions and Cities of the Organization for
nizations were involved on the host and program Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD).
committees, including representatives from founda- The conference also included a pre- and post-confer-
tions, utilities, universities, private firms, and various ence workshop, two panels, 24 technical sessions,
state, tribal and federal agencies. Members of the crowdsourcing land and water dialogues, and net-
conference, host and program committees comprised working opportunities (AWRA and Babbitt Cen-
the larger conference planning committee (AWRA ter 2021c). The mix of activities was designed to
and Babbitt Center 2021b). bring together practitioners and researchers across
The 2021 AWRA specialty conference built on sev- the intersecting areas of water management, land
eral previous efforts. The APA hosted “Water and use planning, natural resources policy, and related
Planning Connect” in Kansas City from September 11 technical and design professions. The conference
to 12, 2018, the first conference aimed at bringing focused on fostering relationships among water
together land use planning and water management resources management, utility operations, and land
professionals from the public and private sectors. The use planning and design to strengthen connections
conference addressed the pressing issues at the inter- across disciplines, professions, and organizations.
section of land and water, including the effects of cli- Topics included land and water aspects of water sup-
mate change, aging infrastructure, and water equity, ply, water demand management, stormwater man-
and how to overcome fragmentation in responding to agement, wastewater treatment, community planning
these large-scale challenges. “Water and Planning and design, conservation, and integrated “one water”
Connect” followed several years of activities within approaches. The key theme running throughout the
APA aimed at recognizing the importance of integrat- conference was the recognition that connecting land
ing water into land use planning. These activities and water is necessary for healthy and resilient com-
included a 2016 update of the APA Policy Guide on munities and that new tools and evidence-based
Water (APA 2016), the 2017 formation of APA’s strategies are needed to foster and evaluate experi-
Water and Planning Network (WPN) (APA 2017), ences with making those connections.
and the 2017 publication of PAS WPN Report 588,
“Planners and Water” (Cesanek et al. 2017). More
recently, several experts directly involved in these
efforts have authored additional publications on the OTHER ACTIVITIES ASSOCIATED WITH THE
potential impact comprehensive plans have to 2021 CONFERENCE
address land and water integration at a local level
(Rouse and Piro 2021; Rugland 2021). APA is an
organization largely consisting of land use planners, This featured collection is just one of the several
and its recognition of the importance of considering activities associated with the 2021 “Connecting Land
water in land use planning and corresponding prac- and Water for Healthy Communities” conference.
tice-related activities has been a significant contribu- Here we highlight three of them.
tion.
The reciprocal importance of considering the impli-
cations of land use planning for water management Special Issue of Water Resources IMPACT
was brought to the fore in the 2021 “Connecting Land
and Water for Healthy Communities” conference by Preceding the July 2021 conference, AWRA pub-
Jim and Sharon along with the original inceptors, lished a special issue of Water Resources IMPACT
Chi Ho Sham of AWWA, William (Bill) Cesanek of (March/April 2021, Volume 23, Number 2) on “Con-
APA, and Mary Ann Dickinson, past president necting Land and Water for Healthy Communities”
of AWE. AWRA, an organization largely consisting of (AWRA 2021a). The issue was guest edited by Mike
water resource professionals, reached out to land use Antos, who wrote in “About this Issue” (p. 1): “Argu-
planners in an effort to connect the professional ably, managing water separately from land was one
realms of land and water just as APA did to its water of the great missteps of the 20th century. Turning
constituents for “Water and Planning Connect” in our eyes to past practices, and recognizing the role
2018. The AWRA and Babbitt Center specialty con- watersheds play in the health of the environment
ference was held virtually from July 19 to 21, 2021 and our communities, we see that land and water
and featured keynote speakers Tanya Trujillo, United must be managed together as integrated social-natu-
States Department of the Interior Assistant Secretary ral systems . . . I am proud as guest editor to share
for Water and Science, and Aziza Akhmouch, Head of these stories and examples of how land use managers
the Urban Policies and Sustainable Development and water managers are rediscovering the power of

JAWRA 2 JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION


FEATURED COLLECTION INTRODUCTION: “CONNECTING LAND AND WATER FOR HEALTHY COMMUNITIES”

partnering for the benefit of people and the environ- of “Connecting Land and Water for Healthy Commu-
ment.” nities,” scheduled for July 17 to 19, 2023 in Denver,
This special issue of Water Resources IMPACT Colorado (AWRA 2022). Our hope is that this collec-
included eight articles introducing important perspec- tion of activities, research, and partnerships and yet
tives and work related to the conference theme. Case another opportunity to meet, this time in person in
studies from all over the country focused on integra- Denver, Colorado, will indeed inspire additional col-
tive land–water solutions, bringing attention to vul- laborations, new ideas and inquiries, and creative
nerable communities in flood-prone areas and areas and bold actions that continue leading to implemen-
impacted by drought, and specific ways in which tation of integrative land–water solutions.
strategies for greater integration is key to addressing
this vulnerability. This special issue of Water
Resource IMPACT was a valuable introduction to
topics and actions taking place on the ground in THEMES AND INSIGHTS FROM FEATURED
communities that were incorporated into the 2021 COLLECTION
specialty conference.

The 2021 “Connecting Land & Water for Healthy


Findings Statement and Call to Action from the Communities” specialty conference suggests that to
Specialty Conference ensure healthy and resilient communities, connecting
planning and management of land and water is nec-
One major outcome of the 2021 Conference was essary. Moreover, the “Findings Statement and Call
the “Findings Statement and Call to Action from the to Action” from this conference urges connections
Specialty Conference: Connecting Land & Water for between multiple stakeholders and stakeholder
Healthy Communities” which was approved by groups and utilization of science, tools, practices, and
AWRA with the Babbitt Center for Land and Water technologies that integrate land and water planning
Policy, the APA Water and Planning Network, and and use. The integration of land and water planning
the AWWA. After the conference, members of the is the foundational thread of the articles in this fea-
planning committee came together and agreed on the tured collection. However, the articles also showcase
importance of actualizing integrative land and water the ways in which integrative land–water solutions
solutions. Together, they drafted a “Findings State- can be focused or more expansive in response to
ment” of key conclusions they drew from the diversity diverse stakeholders and varying circumstances and
of presentations and conversations throughout the depending on how and where integration can be
conference. These findings acknowledge the major applied and adapted. Cross-cutting themes emerged
ways fragmentation occurs and how it results in in each of these pieces, including issues of scale, con-
unsustainable patterns of growth and resource uti- text, complexity; the need for new research, new
lization that increase vulnerabilities of communities ways of knowing, new tools; working in interdisci-
to water and land-related risks. Realizing that a find- plinary teams and spanning boundaries across profes-
ings statement was not enough, they included a “Call sions and organizations; the need for local as well as
to Action” to encourage their organizations, other con- regional land–water coordination; and the use of an
ference participants, and the land and water profes- institutional lens in recognition of ways society can
sional community at large to implement the set of work more collectively toward larger scale societal
guiding principles included in the findings statement. sustainability.
This “Findings Statement and Call to Action” was Stoker et al. (2022) begin this collection with a
approved as an official AWRA Policy Statement review of regulatory and non-regulatory strategies for
(AWRA 2021b) and is also reprinted here in this fea- integrated land–water solutions. The authors synthe-
tured collection (AWRA et al. 2021). size existing literature and emphasize the need for
new research to establish the evidentiary basis to
support the implementation of these strategies, prior-
Plans for AWRA 2023 Follow-Up Summer Conference itize one strategy over another, and determine the
contexts in which various strategies are likely to be
We are pleased that the productive conversations most effective. The scales inherent in both regulatory
will continue, and the land and water community will and non-regulatory strategies are apparent in each of
have opportunities to discuss how it is implementing the manuscripts included in this featured collection.
the Call to Action by bringing forth more examples Turner et al. (2022) also describe differences in scale
and lessons. In July of 2023, AWRA will be hosting between local ordinances, which can better integrate
the second specialty conference on the general theme water and land use, vs. federal level regulations like

JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION 3 JAWRA


ENDTER-WADA, STERNLIEB, CHURCH, AND STOKER

the Clean Water Act that focus only on water quality. via facilitation and, despite general application to
Sampson et al. (2022) look at city policies and water many communities, it is context that determines
demand by examining a range of neighborhood hous- specific outcomes, adopted practices, and instituted
ing typologies (essentially different scales of housing policies. Jacobs et al. (2022) highlight that environ-
density) and conducting scenario planning analyses mental challenges are highly context dependent,
across the Denver Water service area. Wang and including being influenced by social norms, popula-
Vivoni (2022) employ regional scenario modeling to tion/demographic changes, and physical and climatic
investigate the implications of climate and land use differences.
and land cover for future irrigation water demand in Jacobs et al.’s (2022) call to look at “the intersec-
different cities, irrigation districts, and counties in tion of the climate-land use-energy-water systems col-
central Arizona as well as at the regional scale. End- lectively” (p. 2) is an important consideration in this
ter-Wada et al. (2022) illustrate the scales of gover- featured collection looking at integrated water–land
nance and institutional influence including examples planning. The authors remind us that even looking at
of policies, processes, and projects at federal, state, two issues in an integrated way ignores the true com-
local, and utility scales. They focus on cooperation plexity of the issues at hand. Sampson et al. (2022)
and partnership between and within these scales to and Wang and Vivoni’s (2022) manuscripts provide
mobilize sustainability transitions. Jacobs et al. focused examinations of water and land use interac-
(2022) focus on the need to integrate planning across tions, which are important pieces of the puzzle in
scales since different environmental issues occur and terms of water conservation and use. Yet, each manu-
are dealt with through institutions with authority script also provides important insights through recog-
and influence in varying geographies (e.g., state, nition and analysis of additional components that add
watershed, irrigation district, municipal, and individ- complexity. Sampson et al. (2022) simulate the effects
ual property). of human activity (building types where households
Highlighting the importance of scale, the manu- choose to live) and other behavioral and technological
scripts in this featured collection show that context is changes (gains in irrigation efficiency) in addition to
an important aspect of integrated land–water man- increasing housing density on future water demand.
agement. Turner et al. (2022) note that stormwater Wang and Vivoni’s (2022) inclusion of climate change
professionals stated that multiple factors were part of effects as well as differing modes of future land
their stormwater infrastructure decision making, change related to urban growth shows how differ-
including watershed-scale issues and other added ences in irrigation water use can become even more
complexities like climate change and social norms pronounced in the future. Their works and insights
(complexities also suggested by Jacobs et al. 2022). could be built upon to include even more complexity
They also find regional differences in stormwater pro- (e.g., equity in housing; interactions between housing,
fessionals’ decision making related to water quality water and transportation; implications of agricultural
(eastern states) vs. water quantity (western states) land loss on food, fuel, and fiber). Endter-Wada
and potentials for green infrastructure solutions to et al.’s (2022) examples speak to the institutional
more effectively help them link land and water. changes needed to move resilient solutions forward.
Although Sampson et al. (2022) found that incremen- Although the authors looked specifically at integrated
tal increases in residential density is one way to land–water solutions, Endter-Wada et al. (2022) show
improve urban water efficiency, policies that reduce the importance of partnerships and stakeholder
outdoor irrigation may have more success at reducing engagement to foster institutional transformation
outdoor water demand than policies purely focused that could translate to increasingly complex issues.
on increasing residential densities. They conclude Recognition of the importance of complexities at
that variations that relate to building type and speci- the intersection of climate, land use, energy, and
fic density configurations are important contextual water systems (CLEWs) is critical for stretching our
complexities to consider in understanding and analysis and understanding of problems and chal-
managing urban water demand and outdoor water lenging and enabling us to find appropriate solutions.
efficiency. Wang and Vivoni (2022) suggest that local But it does not negate the need to work at the inter-
contextual differences such as future land use change section of land and water. The reason linking land
trajectories combined with climate change predictions and water remains important is because human
are very important elements to consider in irrigation interaction with the environment occurs through the
water use projections. Endter-Wada et al. (2022) processes of using land and water and, increasingly,
show how integrating land and water can occur in through processes of large-scale land use change and
numerous ways and result in distinctive forms. In water manipulation, all of which are driven by social
their four examples, the integration occurs through processes. Land changes to the surface of the earth
analysis, by design, from conceptual borrowing, and affect the water cycle, especially large-scale

JAWRA 4 JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION


FEATURED COLLECTION INTRODUCTION: “CONNECTING LAND AND WATER FOR HEALTHY COMMUNITIES”

urbanization in arid regions and development in Water Resource IMPACT, the 2021 specialty confer-
flood-prone riparian and coastal areas in humid ence and resulting “Findings Statement and Call to
regions. Similarly, changes to natural water sources Action,” and this featured collection of JAWRA all
and flows affect the land, most dramatically illus- contribute to recognizing land–water disconnections
trated when water diversions result in desiccated and finding integrated solutions for overcoming them.
lakes, dry streams, and loss of wetlands, or when Much work needs to be done to understand the many
water is diverted from basins of origin, often to the dimensions, meanings, and implications of integrat-
detriment of human and ecological communities ing land and water, to promote practices and tech-
located on tribal and rural lands. Human changes to nologies for facilitating integration, and to evaluate,
land or water without regard to impacts resulting test, and document the short- and long-term out-
from their linkage are dramatically changing the comes from integration (Quay et al. 2022). We look
earth’s surface. These changes are resulting in cas- forward to land use and water management profes-
cading effects on socio-ecological systems and on lar- sionals’ joint contributions to this work and to expand-
ger physical and climatic earth system processes. ing our collective learning and conversations at the
Changes occurring at the interface of land and water second AWRA summer specialty conference on this
policy, planning, and management remain founda- topic from July 17 to 19, 2023 in Denver, Colorado.
tional because numerous government agencies have
well-established regulatory and management author-
ity over land and/or water as well as deeply rooted DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT
professional and institutional cultures where changes
are key to societal sustainability transitions. Data sharing is not applicable to this article as no
Finally, the authors of the manuscripts and the new data were created or analyzed in this study.
associate editors of this featured collection suggest the
following topics to consider exploring and using in
future research and practice. We should strive to cre-
ate comprehensive open-source data and use explora-
tory processes and data-driven tools to examine LITERATURE CITED
complex issues so that we can learn from each other American Water Resources Association (AWRA), Babbitt Center for
and provide better decision support, the value of Land and Water Policy (Babbitt Center), the American Planning
which is illustrated in the articles by Sampson et al. Association Water and Planning Network (APA-WPN), and the
(2022) and Wang and Vivoni (2022). The need to American Water Works Association (AWWA). 2021. “Findings
determine metrics to examine water outcome goals Statement and Call to Action from the Specialty Conference:
Connecting Land & Water for Healthy Communities.” Journal
and to use these metrics to understand success over of the American Water Resources Association 58 (3). https://doi.
time across case studies and contexts was emphasized org/10.1111/.1752-1688.13039.
by Stoker et al. (2022) and suggested in various ways APA (American Planning Association). 2016. “APA Policy Guide on
throughout this collection. Developing paths forward Water.” https://www.planning.org/policy/guides/adopted/water/.
to allow for adaptive management in planning, policy, APA (American Planning Association). 2017. “Water and Planning
Network.” https://www.planning.org/divisions/groups/water/.
and rulemaking and for institutional transformations AWRA (American Water Resources Association). 2021a. “Water
rely not only on good analytic and evaluative tech- Resources IMPACT March/April 2021.” https://www.awra.org/
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plinary teams, partnerships, and champions of new AWRA (American Water Resources Association). 2021b. “Findings
ideas to work on complex issues, as reinforced in the Statement and Call to Action from the Specialty Conference:
Connecting Land & Water for Healthy Communities.” AWRA
articles by Turner et al. (2022) and Endter-Wada Policy Statement Approved by the Board of Directors of the
et al. (2022). Issues at the intersections of climate– American Water Resources Association at Its September 13,
land use–energy–water systems are critical, as the 2021 Meeting. https://www.awra.org/Members/Publications/
questions raised in table 1 by Jacobs et al. (2022) indi- Policy_Statements/Connecting_Land_and_Water.aspx.
cate, which highlights why creating frameworks for AWRA (American Water Resources Association). 2022. “AWRA
2023 Summer Conference: Connecting Land & Water for
coordination and integration across scales is so impor- Healthy Communities.” https://www.awra.org/Members/Events_
tant. As the “Findings Statement and Call to Action” and_Education/Events/2023_Summer_Conference/2023_Summer_
reminds us, integrating equity, health, and safety Conference.aspx.
should be at the heart of every inquiry and practice, AWRA and Babbitt Center (American Water Resources Association
and our professions need to commit to guiding princi- and Babbitt Center for Land and Water Policy). 2021a. “AWRA
2021 Virtual Summer Conference.” https://www.awra.org/
ples that help us keep this focus at the forefront of our Members/Events_and_Education/Events/2021_Summer_Conference.
work. aspx.
The focus on “Connecting Land and Water for AWRA and Babbitt Center (American Water Resources Association
Healthy Communities” in the March/April issue of and Babbitt Center for Land and Water Policy). 2021b. “2021

JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION 5 JAWRA


ENDTER-WADA, STERNLIEB, CHURCH, AND STOKER

Summer Conference Planning Committee.” https://www.awra. Rouse, D., and R. Piro. 2021. The Comprehensive Plan: Sustain-
org/Members/Events_and_Education/Events/2021_Summer_Conf able, Resilient, and Equitable Communities for the 21st Century.
erence_Committee.aspx. New York and London: Routledge (Taylor & Francis Group).
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JAWRA 6 JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION

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