MODULE 8- Injuries & Deaths due to Extreme of Temperatures

INJURIES AND DEATHS DUE TO EXTREME OF TEMPERATURES

When the body is exposed to cold or freezing temperature, the dissociation power of
oxygen from hemoglobin will become less thus diminishing the tissues to utilize the
oxygen prolonged exposure may cause necrosis and gangrene of the tissues.

The degree of damage depends upon the decrease in temperature, duration of

exposure, vitality of his tissues involved, sex and condition of the body.

A short exposure to freezing temperature is more dangerous to the body than a long
cold dry air.

The children and old persons are easily injured by cold temperature because the
thermo-regulating centers are deteriorated.

Woman is more resistant to cold temperature than man due to greater deposits of
subcutaneous fats.

Extreme fatigue, malnutrition, alcoholism and previous illness are prone to the
effects of cold temperature.

Local Effects of Cold Temperature

Frostbite – Expose of the certain parts of the body to cold temperature producing
mechanical destruction of the cell structure characterized by diminished body
temperature, cold stiffening and pallor which later lead to swelling thrombosis,
necrosis and gangrene of affected tissues.

Trench foot – condition usually seen among those walking over the snow wherein
the foot is exposed to freezing temperature characterized by cold stiffening, muscle
cramps, necrosis and gangrene of the foot.

Immersion Foot – a sub variety of trench foot wherein the foot is submerged into
cold freezing liquid characterized by decrease body temperature, cold stiffening,
muscle cramp, necrosis and gangrene.

Generalized or Systematic Effects of Heat

Heat Cramps – is a painful contraction of the skeletal muscles due to dehydration

and loss of sodium chloride to excessive sweating.

Heat Exhaustion (Heat Collapse) – is a physiologic breakdown following exposure to

heat precipitated by exertion and warm clothing characterized by peripheral
vasomotor collapse, faintness, palpitation, nausea, vomiting, syncope, dizziness and
headache. The victim dies of heart failure.
Heat Stroke (Sunstroke) – breaking down in sweating mechanism usually seen
among workers working in warm environment or direct exposure to sunlight
manifested by elevation of body temperature, mental confusion, injuries to central
nervous system, congestion and hemorrhage in various organ.

Local Effects of Heat

1. Scald – burn due to contact with a hot or boiling liquid characterized by redness,
pain and blister formation. Boiling fat, cooking oils, boiling syrup will cause more
severe burning than water because of their higher boiling points.

2. Burns – due to application of physical heat in any form to the body and is
characterized by redness, heat coagulation of tissues to charring.

Classification of Burns

 First Degree – involves the superficial layer of the skin characterized by redness
and pain, e.g. sunburn

 Second Degree – involves the superficial layer of the tissues, and skin and nerve
endings characterized by blister formation. (most painful)

 Third Degree – involving the skin, nerves, muscles and bones which is usually
met in victims of conflagrations. This is the more severe burn because the victim
usually dies from loss of fluid and electrolytes and massive infection.

Injuries and Deaths due to Electricity

The main cause of death from electricity is shock. The electrocution is divided into
three groups according to voltage:

1. Domestic Voltage – voltage of domestic line which varies from country to country.
Standard domestic voltage in USA is 110 volts to 60 cycles of alternating current. In
the PH it is 220 volts at 50 cycles of alternating current.

2.Industrial Voltage – lower voltage instruments are used for hand operated tools
but sometimes very high voltage are used in driving heavy electrical machinery such
as trains and voltage up to 200,000 volts are employed in electric grid network.

Lightning – it is an electrical charge of enormous potential passing from the

atmosphere usually occurring during thunder storm. It is about 1,500 million volts
and 2,000 amperes. Deaths from lightning are not common and purely accidental.

Injuries and Deaths due to Exposure to Extremes in Atmospheric Pressure

Effects of increased pressure. (Caisson’s Disease) The normal atmospheric pressure

at sea level is 760 mm/Hg which is conducive to life and health. When a person goes
several ft or fathoms under water pressure becomes greater.
The gases in the body such as oxygen, carbon dioxide and nitrogen will accumulate
and liberated in the circulation blocking small caliber blood vessels.

Gas bubbles block the blood vessels producing injury to the distal part supplied by
blood and this is called air embolism.

This condition is further accelerated when a person under water goes abruptly from
increased pressure to normal pressure environment.

The post mortem finding show gas bubbles in different organs.

Effects of decrease atmospheric pressure as a person go higher and higher in the

atmosphere the pressure becomes lesser and lesser and the oxygen in the air
becomes lesser and lesser.

Mountain Sickness – a condition that usually seen among mountain climbers.

When exposed in high altitude, the atmospheric pressure is diminished resulting to
reduction in the combining power of his hemoglobin in the blood and oxygen.

Airplane and Aircraft Facilities – In airplane travel, the most dangerous part
occurs during take offs and landing.

Injuries or deaths due to radiation from radioactive substances may be in the form of
alpha, beta and gamma rays.

The most dangerous ray which is deleterious to life and health is the gamma ray,
which has a high energy, high penetrating power and destructive to tissues.

It can absorbed by the body inhalation, ingestion, skin absorption and therapeutic
injection.

MODULE 8 ACTIVITY: INJURIES AND DEATHS DUE TO EXTREME OF TEMPERATURES

DEFINE THE FF:

1. FROSTBITE

2. TRENCH FOOT

3. IMMERSION FOOT

4. HEAT CRAMPS
5. HEAT EXHAUSTON

6. HEAT STROKE

7. FIRST DEGREE BURN

8. SECOND DEGREE BURN

9. THIRD DEGREE BURN

10. SCALD

MODULE 9- INJURIES & DEATHS DUE TO ELECTRICITY

Injuries and Deaths due to Electricity

The main cause of death from electricity is shock. The electrocution is divided into
three groups according to voltage:

Domestic Voltage – voltage of domestic line which varies from country to country.
Standard domestic voltage in USA is 110 volts to 60 cycles of alternating current. In
the PH it is 220 volts at 50 cycles of alternating current.

Industrial Voltage – lower voltage instruments are used for hand operated tools but
sometimes very high voltage are used in driving heavy electrical machinery such as
trains and voltage up to 200,000 volts are employed in electric grid network.

Lightning – it is an electrical charge of enormous potential passing from the

atmosphere usually occurring during thunder storm. It is about 1,500 million volts
and 2,000 amperes. Deaths from lightning are not common and purely accidental.
Injuries and Deaths due to Exposure to Extremes in Atmospheric Pressure

 Effects of increased pressure. (Caisson’s Disease) The normal atmospheric

pressure at sea level is 760 mm/Hg which is conducive to life and health. When
a person goes several ft or fathoms under water pressure becomes greater.

 The gases in the body such as oxygen, carbon dioxide and nitrogen will
accumulate and liberated in the circulation blocking small caliber blood vessels.

 Gas bubbles block the blood vessels producing injury to the distal part supplied
by blood and this is called air embolism.

 This condition is further accelerated when a person under water goes abruptly
from increased pressure to normal pressure environment.

 The post mortem finding show gas bubbles in different organs.

 Effects of decrease atmospheric pressure as a person go higher and higher in

the atmosphere the pressure becomes lesser and lesser and the oxygen in the
air becomes lesser and lesser.

 Mountain Sickness – a condition that usually seen among mountain climbers.

When exposed in high altitude, the atmospheric pressure is diminished resulting
to reduction in the combining power of his hemoglobin in the blood and oxygen.

 Airplane and Aircraft Facilities – In airplane travel, the most dangerous part
occurs during take offs and landing.

 Injuries or deaths due to radiation from radioactive substances may be in the

form of alpha, beta and gamma rays.

 The most dangerous ray which is deleterious to life and health is the gamma
ray, which has a high energy, high penetrating power and destructive to tissues.

 It can absorbed by the body inhalation, ingestion, skin absorption and

therapeutic injection.

MODULE 9 ACTIVITY: INJURIES AND DEATHS DUE TO ELECTRICITY

TRUE OR FALSE

1. ___________The main cause of death from electricity is shock. The electrocution

is divided into three groups according to voltage

2. ___________Industrial Voltage lower voltage instruments are used for hand

operated tools but sometimes very high voltage are used in driving heavy electrical
machinery such as trains and voltage up to 200,000 volts are employed in electric
grid network.

3. ____________Lightning it is an electrical charge of enormous potential passing

from the atmosphere usually occurring during thunder storm. It is about 1,500
million volts and 2,000 amperes. Deaths from lightning are not common and purely
accidental.

4. ___________Gas bubbles block the blood vessels producing injury to the distal
part supplied by blood and this is called air embolism.

5. ____________The most dangerous ray which is deleterious to life and health is

the gamma ray, which has a high energy, high penetrating power and destructive
to tissues.

EXPLAIN CAISSON’S DISEASE?

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MODULE 10- DEATHS FOR ASPHYXIA

Asphyxia

Is a condition wherein there is interference in the process of respiration resulting to

impairment of normal exchange of respiratory gases. Whereby the supply of oxygen
to the blood and tissues has been reduced below the normal level.

Stages of asphyxial Death

 Dyspneic Stage – due to lack of oxygen and retention of carbon dioxide,
breathing becomes rapid and deep. BP is elevated and pulse rate increased.
There is cyanosis in the lips, face and finger nail beds.

 Conculsive Stage – retention of carbon dioxide stimulates the central nervous

system. It becomes more marked. Eyes become starring and pupils dilated.

 Apneic Stage – there is paralysis of the respiratory center. The breathing

becomes shallow, slow and gasping. The victim dies of heart failure.

Classifications of Asphyxia

Asphyxia by Hanging

Asphyxia by Strangulation

Asphyxia by Suffocation

Asphyxia by Drowning or Submersion in Water

Asphyxia by Compression of the Chest or Traumatic Crush Asphyxia

Asphyxia by Breathing Irrespirable Gases

I. Asphyxia by Hanging

A violent form of death wherein the body is suspended by a ligature encircled around
the neck. Pressure by the ligature is present in front or in the side of the neck
causing the air passages to constrict and compression of the carotid arteries reduces
the blood supply to the brain causing cerebral anoxia.

 The head is elongated and stretched

 Eyes partially open in the dilated pupil

 Hands are clinched firmly and purple fingernails

 Spontaneous urination or defecation due to loss sphincter tones

 Erection or semi erection of penis with ejaculation

Evidence to support Homicidal Hanging

Signs of struggle in the clothing and surroundings

Presence of bodily injuries on the victim

Presence of defense wounds on the body of the victim

 Evidence to support Suicidal Hanging

No signs of struggle

History of previous ineffective suicidal attempt

Presence of suicidal note

History of reverses in life, loss of love ones, failure in jobs and love.

II. Asphyxia by Strangulation

Is produced by compression of his neck by trying to ligature around the neck and the
two ends pulled in the opposite direction in such a manner to tighten the ligature.

Is produced by compression of his neck by trying to ligature around the neck and the
two ends pulled in the opposite direction in such a manner to tighten the ligature.

 Asphyxia due to occlusion of trachea.

 Cerebral anoxia due to compression of cerebral arteries.

 Inhibition of respiratory center due to pressure on vagus and sympathetic

nerves.

Manual strangulation of throttling

It is a form of strangulation whereby the hands are used in applying pressure to

the beck and obstructing the air passages causing asphyxial death. It is homicidal
and the assailant is either in front, at the side or back of the victim while applying
pressure over the neck, one or both hands may be used.

Special forms of strangulation

Palmar strangulation – Form of strangulation wherein palms of the hand are used in
applying pressure over the neck while the assailant is either in front or at the back of
the victim.

Garroting – Form of strangulation wherein a metal collar or strap is placed around

the neck tighten to compress the neck.

Mugging – Form of strangulation wherein the assailant stands at the back of the
victim and forearm is applied in front of the neck.
Compression of the neck with a stick,rod or pipe – This is a form of strangulation
wherein a piece of pipe, rod, or stick is used in applying pressure over the neck and
the assailant is either in front or at the back or the victim.

MODULE 10 ACTIVITY: DEATHS FROM ASPHYXIA

EXPLAIN ASPHYXIA BY HANGING?

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EXPLAIN ASPHYXIA BY STRANGULATION?

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WHAT IS MANUAL STRANGULATION OF THROTTLING?

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MODULE 11- ALCOHOLISM

Alcoholism

The practice of alcohol consumption as stimulants dates back to the early time of
human civilization.

The use of wine is recorded as before the time of Hammurabi 2380 BC.

In the Philippines, the used of alcohol traced to be earlier than the discovery of the
islands of the Spaniards.

Very few are aware of the fact that alcohol is a drug which has injurious effects to
the physical health and well being.
Alcohol is a colorless, transparent volative liquid with aromatic odor and boiling point
at 78 degrees C.

The word alcohol refers to ethyl alcohol used as part of a beverage, it is formed out
of the fermentations of carbohydrates in grains and fruits.

A drunkard refers to a person who habitually takes or use any intoxicating beverage
containing alcohol and while under its influence or in consequence of the effects
thereof is either dangerous to himself or to others.

Chronic alcoholism is a condition where a person who, from prolonged and excessive
consumption of alcoholic beverages develops physical and psychological changes and
dependence to alcohol.

Alcohol is measured in units which are comparable to 10 grams contained in 100cc of

beer or wine.

Distillation is a method used to increase the concentration of alcohol since normal

fermentation stops around 12% to 14% by volume. In distilled liquors, alcohol is
measured in terms of proofs which is estimated to be twice the percentage of alcohol
by volume.

Degree of Intoxication

Slight Inebriation (10---100mg.%)

 10mg.% - pleasant, clearing of the head

 20mg % - feeling cruel well being, reddening of the face, no sign of mental
impairment but there is loss of self control making the user talkative and
increasing confidence.

 100mg % - the individual is intoxicates and under the influence of alcohol, there
is mental/confusion incompetence, drowsiness, decreases inhibition.

Moderate Inebriation(150mg %-200mg%) – difficulty in articulations,

argumentations and over confident and loss of muscle coordination.

Drunk (200mg%-300mg%) – confused state of the mind, movement

uncontrolled, loss of muscle coordination, diminished pain senses and marked
disturbance in vision

400mg% - this is anesthetic level coma, complete unconsciousness, death may

occur

Evidence of drunkenness

 Clothing is usually untidy, stained with smell of alcohol.

 Red face, blood shoot eyes, groggy stance and coordination is poor.

 Breath is accompanied with varying degrees of alcoholic odor.

 Speech is incoherent sarcastic with hostile tone.

 Eyes are characterized with dilated pupils reddened and glossy appearance.

 Mentality is absent with lack of orientation, clarity of thought, little self control,
euphoria, excitement and depression.

Test for Alcoholic

Blood alcohol determination is reliable index of alcohol content of one’s body. 5cc of
blood is sufficient for alcohol determination.

If there is 0.05 % is less by weight of alcohol in a person’s blood, it is presumed that

the subject is not under the influence of intoxicating liquor.

If there is 0.16% or more, the subject is declared as under the influence of alcohol.

Physical tests to Determine Drunkenness

The subjected is direct to stand straight heels together and closed eyes for one
minute. If the subject is not drunk, he will not sway to the front or side.

Then permit the subject to stand with one foot ahead of the other so the toes of one
foot touch the heel of the other, if the subject will sway sidewise and fall.

Let the subject bend down and pick up a small object from the floor, if he stumbles it
may be an indication of drunkenness.

Let the subject pronounce distinctly the word TRULY RURAL and note slurring of
speech when drunk.

SEX CRIMES AND DEVIATIONS

Sex is an inborn instinct of a man. Any person without sex desire is abnormal.

Sexual Crime is a sexual act about sex.

Sexual Harassment is a sexual act committed by any person by uttering obscene

languages which irritates the victim as well as the unconventional sexual acts which
are not in conformity with the moral standard in a society.
Sexual Assault is a genderless crime which involves unconventional sexual acts of
violence and aggression committed on the genital, oral or anal orifices of another
person.

Virginity – is a condition of a woman who has not experienced sexual intercourse

and whose genital organ has not been altered by sexual intercourse.

Defloration – rupture or laceration of the hymen as a result of sexual intercourse. All

lacerations or rupture of the hymen by any other means from sexual intercourse is
not called defloration.

Kinds of Virginity

Moral Virginity – is a state wherein the female is not physically and sexually matured
and has not experienced sexual intercourse. This applies to children below the age of
puberty.

Physical Virginity – a condition of a female wherein she is conscious about sexual life,
the sex organs and the secondary sex characteristics are fully developed but had not
experienced sexual intercourse.

True Physical Virginity – the woman is sexually matured, had not experienced sexual
intercourse and whose hymen is still intact with distinct regular edges and the
opening is small barely admits the tip of the smallest finger.

False Physical Virginity – is a condition of a woman who had not experienced sexual
intercourse. The hymen is not ruptured, elastic and distensible and admits 1 or 2
examining fingers with least resistance.

Demi-Virginity – is a condition of a woman who allows any form of sexual acts but
refrain from rupturing the hymen.

Virgo Intacta – is a condition of a woman who had several sexual intercourses but
had not born a child.

Republic Act No. 8353

An act expanding the definition of the crime of rape and reclassifying the same as a
crime against persons amending for the purpose of act no. 3815 as amended
otherwise known as the Revised Penal Code and for other purposes.

Section 1 – This act shall be known as Anti Rape Law of 1997

Section 2 – Rape as a crime against person.

The crime of rape shall hereafter be classified as a crime against person under the
little eight of act no. 3815 as amended otherwise known as the Revised Penal Code.

Chapter 3-Rape – Article 266-A Rape when and how committed.

 Rape is Committed:

By a man who shall have carnal knowledge of a woman under any of the following
circumstances.

Through fore threat or intimidation;

When the offended party is deprived of reason or otherwise unconscious;

By means of fraudulent machination or grave abuse of authority; and

When the offended party is under 12 years of age or is demented even though none
of the circumstance mentioned above be present.

By any person who under any of the circumstances mentioned in paragraph 1 hereof
shall commit an act sexual assault by inserting his penis into another person’s mouth
or anal orifice or any instrument or object into the genital or anal of another person.

Carnal Knowledge- Is a sexual act involving bodily connection done by the

penetration of the male sex organ into that of a female sex organ. It is
interchangeably used with sexual intercourse or coitus.

Other Sex Crimes

 Seduction – an act of a man enticing women to have an unlawful sexual

intercourse with him by means of persuasion, solicitation, promises, bribes or
other means without employment of force.

 Qualified Seduction – seduction of a virgin over 12 years and under 18

 Simple Seduction – seduction of a woman who is single or a widow of good

reputation, over 12 yrs but under 18 yrs committed by means of deceit.

 Deceit – a fraudulent and cheating misrepresentation, artifice or device used by

one or more persons to deceive and trick another, who is ignorant of true facts
to the prejudice and damage of the party imposed.

 Acts of Lasciviousness – an act which tend to excite lust, conduct which is

wanton, lewd, voluptuous or lewd emotion.

 Lascivious acts – embracing, kissing and holding woman’s breast and placing
male organ over the female organ.

 Abduction – carrying away of a woman by an abductor with lewd design.

Forcible Abduction – the abduction of any woman against her will and with
lewd designs.
 Consented Abduction – the abduction of a virgin over 12 and under 18 yrs of
age carried out with her consent and with lewd designs.

 Adultery and Concubinage

Adultery – is committed by any married woman who shall have sexual

intercourse with a man not her husband and by the man who has carnal knowledge
of her, knowing her to be married even of the marriage be subsequently declared
void.

Concubinage – any husband who shall keep a mistress in the conjugal

dwelling or shall have sexual intercourse under scandalous circumstances with a
woman who is not hill cohabit with in any other place.

 Prostitutes – are women who, for money or profit, habitually indulge in sexual
intercourse or lascivious conduct.

 Sexual Deviations – are the unnatural sexual offenses and abnormalities. Some
factors which may be responsible for abnormal sexual behaviors are the
following environment, educational attainment, mental condition, habits and
customs.

Sexual Deviations

 Homosexual – sexual desire towards the same sex.

 Tribalism (lesbianism) – a woman has the desire to have sexual intercourse with
another woman.

 Pedophilia – sexual perversion wherein a person has the compulsive desire to

have sexual intercourse with a child of either sex.

 Bestosexual or Bestiality – Sexual gratification is attained by having sexual

intercourse with animals.

 Gerontophilia – sexual desire with elder person

 Necrophilia – characterized by erotic desire or intercourse with a corpse.

 Incest – sexual relations with members of his family.

 Lust murder or Necro Sadism – offenders perform sexual intercourse and then
kill the victims

 Sadism – the offender inflict harm in order to attain sexual gratification.

 Nymphomania – excessive sexual desire of women

 Fellatio (irrumation) – female receive the penis into her mouth

 Flagellation – sexual deviation associates especially with the act of whipping.

 Fetishism – an object or bodily part of a woman is necessary for sexual

stimulation

 Urolagnia – sexual excitement is associated with the sight of a women urinating

 Sodomy – sexual act through the anus of another

 Uranism – sexual gratification is attained by fondling the breast

 Frottage – compulsive desire of a person to rub his sex organ against some
parts of the body of another

 Voyeurism (Peeping Tom) – compulsion to peep to see person undress

 Mixoscopia (Scoptophilia) – sexual pleasure is allowed by watching couple doing

sexual acts

 Troilism – 3 persons participating in sexual orgies

 Coprolalia – characterized by the need to use obscene language

 Exhibitionism – willful exposure in public places of one’s genital organ in the

presence of other person

MODULE 11 & 12 ACTIVITY: ALCOHOLISM AND SEX CRIMES & DEVIATION

WHAT IS CHRONIC ALCOHOLISM?

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WHAT ARE THE PHYSICAL TEST TO DETERMINE DRUNKENESS?

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EXPLAIN REPUBLIC ACT NO. 8353?

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