Subject: Creative Writing Subject Teacher: Carlyn Argentina P.

Carduza

Section: Grade 12 GAS

PARAGRAPH WRITING

Paragraph is a group of sentence about a topic. A typical paragraph begins with a topic sentence, which introduces the topic. The
supporting sentences that follow the support idea of the topic sentence with explanations, reasons, and other details. The concluding
sentence brings the paragraph to an end.

 Topic Sentence is usually the first and second sentence in a paragraph. It introduces a new idea. It presents the topic and
explains what writer would say about the topic. This explanation is called the controlling idea.
 Supporting Sentences add information about the topic and the controlling idea. Supporting sentences can include
definitions, explanations and examples.
 Concluding Sentences are sentences of a paragraph usually remind the reader of the topic and controlling idea of the
paragraph. The concluding sentences restate the main idea.
o In addition to restating the main idea, the concluding sentences may:
 Warn the reader
 Make a prediction
 Give an opinion
 Quotation
 Restate the main idea

Unity a paragraph must have unity. A paragraph has unity when all the sentences support a single idea.

Coherence a paragraph must have coherence which establishes a relationship between the ideas presented in a paragraph. It brings
about a rationale in the arrangement of the ideas which are introduced either in chronological order or in the order of importance.
Besides, transitions that compare, contrast, illustrate, add or show cause and effect build logical bridges. This helps the reader to
understand the paragraph.

o Writers often use time, space or order of importance to present the supporting information in a paragraph
coherently.

TYPES OF PARAGRAPH

1. Descriptive Paragraph describes a person, place, thing or feeling so that the reader can picture out in his/her mind. It gives
an impression of something.
o It relates to five senses.
o Uses adjectives.
2. Process Analysis Paragraph describes the steps necessary to perform a process or task. It lists and explains the steps in
chronological order – the order of events as they happen over time. It ends with a specific result, something at the end of the
process.
3. Opinion Paragraph expresses the writer’s opinion. The writer presents an opinion and tries to persuade readers that the
opinion is a good one. The writer tries to make reader agree with her/him.
4. Narrative Paragraph tells a story. It can be fun to write this because a writer will somehow depict an event at the same
time.

FICTION WRITING

Fiction tells an untrue story in prose. Fiction is “untrue” in the sense that it is at least partly made up. It is an artistic creation that
stands on its own no matter how much it makes use of characters, events and settings from life

 Simple Fiction not only reduces the complexity of the plot but it usually avoids originality as well. Simple plots tend to be
based on well-used conventions known as “formulas”
 Sophisticated Fiction tends to avoid the hackneyed and bizarre. The setting is used as a way of increasing credibility and
placing the reader in the center of the story – regardless of whether it is based on the actual place or upon the dreamscape of
the author.

FORMS OF FICTION

1. Short Story usually refers to a work that is from 2000 to 6000 words, from 8 to 24 pages. The short story limits the author’s
ability to develop character, interrelationships between characters, setting and plot.
2. Novel is really more than just a story that has been expanded beyond 250 pages or it should be. The writer can introduce
many more characters that in the story or novella, and some of them can change and develop over the course of time.
3. Novella is halfway between a story and a novel. It is often thought of as between 50 and 150 manuscript pages.
ELEMENTS OF FICTION

1. Setting
2. Character/Charaterization
3. Point of View
o First Person employs the “I” voice and sometimes the “WE” voice. This point of view implies intimacy and makes
a dramatic story even more immediate. A first person protagonist narrator often heightens readers’ sympathy with
certain characters because the storytelling appears more personal.
o Second Person affords a different kind of intimacy, whether we imagine “YOU” as listener, as the narrator’s alter
ego, as a particular third party or as an anonymous character tracing his or her way through the story. The most
familiar literary use of the second person is in romantic poetry, when a loved one is addressed directly.

My son, when you asked me this evening how many Japanese had I killed during the war, and I
answered you in the negative, I saw disappointment cross your face and a smirk play on your lips.

“To Kill the Enemy” Roman A. de la Cruz

o Third Person the two most common forms of contemporary fiction are third person limited and third person
omniscient.
 In third-person limited narrative, the story is told from the point of view of a participant in the action,
although that character is not directly speaking. It does allow more latitude than first person for physical
and emotional description.
 In third person omniscient narrative, the omniscient speaker often knows more (about tomorrow, for
instance, or about the motives of minor characters) than can be expressed in third-person limited.
o Persona person is born of persona. Successful fiction requires the writer’s understanding about the standpoint,
character, and tone of the narrative persona (the speaker, the actual teller of the story). It is the personality assumed
by the narrator.
4. Plot Structure
5. Voice author’s deepest thoughts and emotions.
6. Style is how you say what you say. It is the way words take on an identity on the page. It is a kind of ownership agreement in
which any given writer lays claim with his/her identity.

THEME, TONE, SYMBOL and STYLE

 Theme also called the central concern.

 Tone is a variable regardless of the subject matter. It is the coloring of the emotion.
 Symbol is any detail that takes on a range of meaning beyond and larger than itself
 Style is determined by four factors:
1. Diction – word choice.
2. Syntax – sentence structure.
3. Balance of narrative modes – dialogue, thoughts, action, description and exposition.
4. Tense – present or past.

POETRY WRITING

FOUR CHARACTERISTICS OF POETRY

1. Line Length meter is based on a specific number of stressed and unstressed syllables in each line, so the length of the line is
determined in advance by the metrical scheme the poet adopts.
2. Heightened use of sound rhyme is a device that ends two lines with the same sound.
3. Use of Rhythm is a systematic variation in flow of sound.
4. Compression this is done through the use of language which suggests much more than the immediate, surface meaning.

FOUR PRIMARY DANGERS IN POETIC DICTION

1. Cliché is a dying metaphor. An expression that was once fresh enough to create a clear picture in the reader’s mind but has
now lost its vitality through constant use.
Ex. Busy as a bee, packed like sardines, nip in the bud
2. Hackneyed Language includes not only the cliché but the far broader areas or phrases that have simply been overused.
Ex. Radiant eyes, Infectious look
3. Abstraction and sweeping generalities
o Try to deal with the details as precisely as possible
o Find a set of images that will make the familiar abstraction fresh and convincing
 4. Archaic Diction takes the form of time-honored dated contractions such as “o”er” and “oft” as substitution for “over” and
“often”. It also includes the use of words like “lo!” “hark” “ere” and even “O!”

LANGUAGE OF POETRY

1. Levels of Usage deals with personal feelings and insights.

2. Appropriate words and phrases not fancy ones.
3. Tone

IMAGES IN POETRY WRITING

Image is any significant piece of sense data.

o Using all five senses

o Images as figures of speech – simile and metaphor.
 Tenor – describes the poet’s actual subject of concern.
 Vehicle – the image associated with it.
 Mixed Metaphor – is one with two contradictory vehicles.

THE SOUND OF WORDS IN POETRY WRITING

1. Rhyme a device which consists of two or more words linked by an identity in sound which begins with an accented vowel
and continues to the end of each word.
2. Nonrhyming Devices
o Alliteration
o Assonance
o Consonance
o Onomatopoiea
3. Muting Sound Devices
o Run-on line is one which the grammatical construction of the meaning continues to the next line.
o Radical Method simply to separate the rhyming lines – rhyming scheme involves. (ABAB-CDCD)
o Slant Rhyme (also called as off rhymes) are similar but not identical in sound.
Ex. Barnacles - snails