1st Question: Technology

● Schumann Musical Cipher > grew up reading and surrounded by books,

repeated patterns in his music, etc clara, Schumann labelled the two
emotional extremes in his changeable personality "Florestan" and
"Eusebius", the former an outward-going, robust figure, the latter a moody
introspective, schumann meta abegg meta overarching idea/theme,
meta>tema>melody, decoding the layers and levels of music he has
● Importance of the birth out of opera > Concerto
● Meaning of Technology > do things more efficiently
● Piano advancement (from clavichord/harpsichord > pianoforte > piano,
hammer action, how it changes the expression of the piece, dynamic
changes, modern sounds, pedals for timbre > releases the strings, how
long you hold the note > articulation, how you place the music in time >
colours)
● Manufacturing technologies
(https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UbgyPuhSLec, Bösendorfer Most
keys piano)
● Concert hall (revolution of architectural structure)
● https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13555509709505950?jou
rnalCode=rjvc20
● First concert halls are (usually churches>statehouse>ballrooms/saloon
bars (prestigious music of people paying, highest compliment to anyone,
well crafted but not good music, the spotify arena)
● During the 1900s (recording technology, capture performance and
playback and gaining access, where you can buy machines, helps with
sharpening of their performance, splice tapes, internet which allows file
sharing, infinite recordings without paperwork, prestige declined but
possibility of becoming your own agent, professional quality recordings by
yourself, without an agent or dealer)

2nd Question: Authenticity

● CPE Bach debate on chords
https://theoryofmusic.wordpress.com/2007/12/19/cpe-bach%E2%80%9
9s-alternative-to-rameau%E2%80%99s-theory-of-the-fundamental-bass
/
● Same audience, clothes, instruments, following original score and
markings of that time, how close could you recreate that on the modern
piano/voice?
3rd Question: Role of race
● East vs West people in general
● Community vs individualistic
● East, confucian teachings (tends to be more family oriented)
● African americans
● Singaporeans (how we were trained as musicians > to obtain right
answers, the right way to get to the right answers, exam based, how about
personal emotions, or less evoking, keeping a journal of your practice, to
let people know the way you are thinking and feeling, are we missing the
point of music?)

4th Question: Gender

● Possibility or lack of resources, lack of female composers
● How does society encourage females to take part in the arts?
● Opera used to be performed by young boys, castrati
● Romantic era (there is an increase of female composers?)
● 1500s, homes of the very wealthy, Concerto delle donne,
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concerto_delle_donne
● Female composers: Felix Mendelssohn Fanny, Clara Schumann, Mozart’s
Sister , compare with their brothers/husbands with the era, tritone
https://www.classicfm.com/composers/mozart/nannerl-mozarts-sister
-better-musician/ , Marianna Martines,
https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7722/j.ctt7zsvc0#:~:text=Marianna%20
Martines%3A%20A%20Woman%20Composer%20in%20the%20Vienna%2
0of%20Mozart%20and%20Haydn,-IRVING%20GODT
● Nadia Boulanger, vocal composer, balanced viewpoint on the essay,
culture and upbringing of their families? Why did they end up composing
instead of doing other things in their lives?

5th Question: Tension of Popularised “Classical Music” between Classical

Music
● Pavarotti three tenors
● Vanessa violinist taxi
● Maxim Vengerov spike hair
● Franz Liszt and Frederick Chopin
● Emphasis on a show
● Paganini
● Didn’t follow the score, but focused on the audience and attention/on the
show
● William Byrd and John Bull
● Showmanship vs artistry
● Bond cello
● Piano guys
● Aristotle quotes every man should study art not as showoff but as
● artistry vs showmanship
● Do we need the same clothes, same audience, same instruments? Is there
a standard of artistry/showmanship?
● To get funding and get employed also need a certain of showmanship and
contrast
● Studio practice (detailed, pacing colour, breath) and stage performance
(grab attention of the audience, contrast between the original piece)?
● Speed of the piece? Lang lang? Too showy/flashy? Wim Winters
Metronome, how does it affect actual performance? Performs Beethoven
Sonata, can double speed of a performance, can result in different
interpretation of music, “double beat” tempo
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iawIK_RSn4c
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mdb6ViEMTDM
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GGlod-hxwmE