Analysis of Errors in Consecutive Interpreting: A Case of Jessica Kumalawongso'S Court

ANALYSIS OF ERRORS IN CONSECUTIVE INTERPRETING: A CASE
OF JESSICA KUMALAWONGSO’S COURT
A THESIS
BY:
PUTRI PRIDANI MALAU
REG. NO. 160705077
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH
FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES
UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA
MEDAN 2020
UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

AUTHOR’S DECLARATION
I, PUTRI PRIDANI MALAU, DECLARE THAT I AM THE SOLE
AUTHOR OF THIS THESIS EXCEPT WHERE REFERENCE IS MADE
IN THE TEXT OF THIS THESIS. THIS THESIS CONTAINS NO
MATERIAL PUBLISHED ELSE WHERE OR EXTRACTED IN WHOLE
OR IN PART FROM A THESIS BY WHICH I HAVE QUALIFIED FOR
OR AWARDED ANOTHER DEGREE. NO OTHER PERSON’S WORK
HAS BEEN USED WITHOUT DUE ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS IN THE
MAIN TEXT OF THIS THESIS. THIS THESIS HAS NOT BEEN
SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF ANOTHER DEGREE IN ANY
TERTIARY EDUCATION.
Signed :
th
Date : July13 , 2020

COPYRIGHT DECLARATION
NAME : PUTRI PRIDANI MALAU
TITLE OF THESIS : ANALYSIS OF ERRORS IN CONSECUTIVE

INTERPRETING : A CASE OF JESSICA KUMALAWONGSO’S
COURT
QUALIFICATION : S1/SARJANA SASTRA
DEPARTMENT : ENGLISH
I AM WILLING THAT MY THESIS SHOULD BE AVAILABLE FOR
REPRODUCTION AT THE DISCRETION OF THE LIBRARIAN OF
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH, FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES,
UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA ON THE UNDERSTANDING
THAT USERS ARE MADE AWARE OF THEIR OBLIGATION UNDER
THE LAW OF THE REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA.
Signed :
th
Date : July 13 , 2020
ii

DEDICATIONAL PAGE
~ THIS THESIS IS DEDICATED TO MY PARENTS
AND BOTHBROTHERS ~
iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
―5For His anger lasts only a moment,but His favor lasts a lifetime!
Weeping may last through the night,but joy comes with the morning.
6
When I was prosperous, I said,―Nothing can stop me now!‖
PSALM 30: 5-6 (NLT)
Firstly, I would like to deliver my sincere gratitude to Jesus Christ, He is
my savior and without Him I can not finish this thesis. Through ups and downs
along this journey, I know God always leads and blesses me.
Secondly, I would like to give my appreciation to my beloved parents
Rediwaldiston Malau, S.Pd., M.M. and Dra. Erna Juliana Sipayung who have
given pray, support, motivation especially your kindly help for me. The beloved
parents who have dropped me off and picking me up in order to resolve and finish
my administration process along this pandemic situation.
My lovely brothers Immanuel Andrew Pratama Malau and Kevin Haposan
Malau who are far away from me especially for Andrew, thank you for ask my
condition and pray for me. Thank you for Kevin as latest brother who teach me
how to be a patient sister, hope you two have your best future ahead. I do love you
too.
I would like to deliver my sincere gratitude to Prof. Dr. Syahron Lubis,
M.A. as my best supervisor for his knowledge, patience, and time for me to write
and complete this thesis. Also, I would like to thank Umar Mono, Dipl.Trans.,
M.Hum. as my co-supervisor for his patience, knowledge and kindness to help me
in writing and correcting this thesis. I also would like to say thank to head of
iv

English Department University of Sumatera Utara and as my examiner Prof. T.
Silvana Sinar, M.A., Ph.D and Mr. Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, M.A., Ph.D. for time
and kindness for me to resolve my proposal seminar until defense. I would say
thank to Dr. Rudy Sofyan, S.S., M.Hum as my examiner in order to give
constructive criticism and advise for me to face the real world after graduated
from campus. The last I say thanks to all of the lecturers and the staff of English
Department for the facilities and opportunities given to me during my study in this
faculty also in this pandemic situation.
My special thanks is also to my spiritual group in campus, they are
Atriminithea Alvaro: Agnesia Putri Sihombing, S.S as my spiritual sister,
Theresia Ningsih Saragih, S.S., Theresia Fransiska Zai, S.S., Edi Renaldo
Surbakti, and Rahmat Mega Nduru as my spiritual friends who always listen,
pray, support, and give the constructive criticisms in order to make me better
ahead.
Also, I would thanks to my family in Christ; Umeko Elshella and Dir
Christ Sima, Windi Sihombing, Sari Purba, Cristine Marpaung, Windy
Simorangkir, Tiram Tarigan, Margareth Panjaitan, and Jesika Sianipar who pray
and support me during my journey in campus. And I thank to Koordinasi UKM
KMK USU UP FIB 2020 who always pray, help and motivate during finishing my
thesis.
Finally, hope this thesis may beneficial for the readers. Thank you.
th,
July 13 , 2020
Putri Pridani Malau

Reg. No. 160705077

ABSTRACT
There are two objectives of the study. First, to analyze the main types of errors
found in consecutive interpreting in Jessica Kumalawongso‘s court. Second, to
find out the causes of the errors in consecutive interpreting in Jessica
Kumalawongso‘s court.The research method used is descriptive qualitative
method. The data taken from Kompas TV on YouTube(2016). The data analysed
are the three videos ofexplanation of Jessica's attorney, toxicologist and forensic
pathologist with an interpreter toward the public prosecutor in the courtroom. It
classified into source language and target language with analyzing the type of
error. Also finding the main types and subtypes errors found in consecutive
interpreting in Jessica Kumalawongso‘s court. The theory used is Gonzales
(1996). The result of this study are: there are 67 errors with six from eight main
types of errors based on theory of Gonzales in consecutive interpreting at the first
until third video of Jessica Kumalawongso‘s court. The six main types of errors
consisted of non-conservation of paralinguistic features, inadequate language
proficiency, addition, omission, distortion and register conservation.
Keywords: Consecutive interpreting, Jessica Kumalawongso‘s court, Theory

of Gonzales, Non-conservation of Paralinguistic Features,
Inadequate Language Proficiency.
vi

ABSTRAK
Penelitianinimemilikiduatujuanutama. Pertamauntukmenganalisistipe-
tipekesalahanutama yang
ditemukandalampenafsiranberurutanpadakasuspersidanganJessica Kumalawongso.
Kedua, untukmenemukanpenyebab-penyebabkesalahan yang
ditemukandalampenafsiranberurutanpadakasuspersidangan Jessica
Kumalawongso. Penelitianinimenggunakanpendekatandeskriptifkualitatif. Sumber
data penelitianiniadalahberasaldariKompas TV melaluiYouTube (2016), video
yang
terdiridaripenafsiranbahasautamadanbahasasasarandenganmenganalisistipekesalah
an yang didapatkanselamapersidangansertapenemuantipe-tipeutamadansubtipe-
subtipekesalahan yang ditemukandalampenafsiranberurutanpadakasuspersidangan
Jessica Kumalawongso. Analisis data didasarkanteori Gonzales. Berdasarkan
analisis data diperolehbahwaada 67 kesalahandenganenamdaridelapantipe-
tipekesalahanberdasarkanteori Gonzalesdalampenafsiranberurutanpadaketiga
videokasuspersidangan Jessica Kumalawongso. Enamtipeutamaterdiridari non-
konservasifiturparalinguistik, kecapakapanbahasa yang tidakmemadai,
penambahan, kelalaian, distorsidankonservasi register.
Kata kunci: Penafsiran berurutan, persidangan Jessica Kumalawongso, teori

Gonzales, non-konservasi fitur paralinguistik, kecapakapan bahasa
yang tidak memadai.
vii

TABLE OF CONTENTS
AUTHOR’S DECLARATION .........................................................................................i

COPYRIGHT DECLARATION ................................................................................... ii
DEDICATIONAL PAGE .............................................................................................. iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................iv
ABSTRAK ..................................................................................................................... vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................. viii
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................1
1.1 Background of the Study ............................................................1
1.2 Problems of the Study .................................................................4
1.3 Objectives of the Study ...............................................................4
1.4 Scope of the Study .......................................................................4
CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERATURE .................................................................6
2.1 Three Modes of Interpretation ..................................................6
2.2 Types of Errors in Consecutive Interpreting ...........................8
2.3Interpreting Problems ...............................................................13
2.4 Liaison Interpreting ..................................................................13
2.5 Previous Related Studies ..........................................................14
2.6 Conceptual Framework............................................................17
CHAPTER III METHOD OF RESEARCH ................................................................ 18
3.1 Research Design ........................................................................18
3.2 Data and Source of Data ..........................................................18
3.3 Data Collection Procedures......................................................19
3.4 Step of the Research .................................................................19
3.5 Data Analysis .............................................................................20
CHAPTER IV DESCRIPTION AND FINDING ......................................................... 22
4.1 Data Description .......................................................................22
4.1.1The First video: Ahli: Penyebab Kematian Mirna Bukan Sianida
(published on September, 5th 2016) ...................................................................... 22
4.1.2The second video: Saksi Australia Pertimbangkan Penyebab Lain Mirna
Meninggal (Published on September, 5th 2016)................................................... 28
viii

4.1.3 The Third Video: Ahli: Sianida Terurai oleh Formalin di Tubuh Mirna
(Published on September, 22nd 2016) ................................................................... 29
4.2 Finding .......................................................................................31
4.2.1 The First video: Ahli: Penyebab Kematian Mirna Bukan Sianida ............ 31
4.2.2 The second video: Saksi Australia Pertimbangkan Penyebab Lain Mirna
Meninggal ............................................................................................................... 32
4.2.3The Third Video: Ahli: Sianida Terurai oleh Formalin di Tubuh Mirna .. 33
4.2.4 Discussion ....................................................................................................... 35
4.2.5 The Causes of The Errors in Consecutive Interpreting in Jessica
Kumalawongso’s Court ......................................................................................... 36
4.2.5.1 The First video: Ahli: Penyebab Kematian Mirna Bukan Sianida ......... 36
4.2.5.2 The Second video: Saksi Australia Pertimbangkan Penyebab Lain
Mirna Meninggal.................................................................................................... 37
4.2.5.3 The Third video: Ahli: Sianida Terurai oleh Formalin di Tubuh Mirna
................................................................................................................................. 37
CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION .................................................. 39
5.1 Conclusion .................................................................................39
5.2 Suggestion ..................................................................................40
REFERENCES............................................................................................................... 41
Appendices The Court of Jessica Kumalawongso ....................................................... 45
The First video: Ahli: Penyebab Kematian Mirna Bukan
Sianida (published on September, 5th 2016) .................................45
The second video: Saksi Australia Pertimbangkan Penyebab
Lain Mirna Meninggal (Published on September, 5th 2016) .......49
The Third Video: Ahli: Sianida Terurai oleh Formalin di
Tubuh Mirna (Published on September, 22nd 2016) ....................50
ix

CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study

Interpreting is providing information and ideas from one language to another
language spokenly. Interpreters are focused to spoken word. They deliver
spokenly whether to individual or group the meaning of the spoken word to one
language to another, Bui Tien Bao in 1997. Interpreting is activity when someone
makes once translation based on once expression in source language according
Wikipedia. Consecutive Interpreting or CI is done at breaks to the exposure to the
source language.
Based on the theory of Russell in 2005, consecutive interpreting is explained
as the process of interpreting after the signer or speaker has completed one or
more ideas in the source language and then pauses while the interpreter transmits
that information.
CI process is when an interpreter begins only when the speaker has finished
the speech. Also interpreter listens toward source language‘s speaker and
reproduces in target language to audiences. An interpreter in consecutive‘s duty is
to recreate meaning of information from speaker not to memorize words.
So, if talking about error-analysis interpretation here with Jessica
Kumalawongso's case, the researcher thinks that there is a connection between it.
There is an interpretation between one person in source language towardone
person in target language, with interpreter becomes the connector based on their
explanations even questions along in the courtroom.
Seeing in Wayan Mirna Salihin's murder, on 6th January 2016, after drinking
a Vietnamese Iced Coffee at the Olivier Cafe in the Grand Indonesia shopping
mall in Jakarta, cause Wayan Mirna Salihin died in the hospital. Based on the
police's information, the most likely cause of Mirna's death was cyanide
poisoning.Police have suspected Jessica Kumala Wongso as her murder. This case
was becoming the phenomenal and famous murder case in 2016 in Indonesia, also

the Indonesian media extensively reported the case on that day. Every case was
watched by millions of Indonesians on national television at that time.
On January6th2016, Jessica Kumala Wongso (27 years old), arrived at 2 p.m.
at Grand Jakarta Shopping Mall in Jakarta to meet her friends at 5 p.m., but she
including Salihin. She was booking a reservation at the Olivier Cafe and doing
some shopping. At 4 p.m, Wongso came back to the cafe and ordered drinks,
including iced coffee of Vietnamese that allegedly killed Salihin. Wongso waited
until Salihin arrived at 5 p.m and the drinks were hidden from the view of the
security camera with shopping bags that Wongso had placed on the table during
this time. Soon after arriving, a sip of the coffee was taken by Salihin and
complained that really bad tasted from the coffee before losing consciousness
shortly after. An ambulance was called to the cafe and Salihin was rushed to Abdi
Waluyo Hospital in Menteng, Central Jakarta where she later died at 6 p.m.
Based on the autopsy conducted at Kramat Jati Police Hospital on 10 January,
evidence of bleeding was found in Salihin's stomach. The police claimed that
cyanide was found both in the coffee Salihin drank as well as in her stomach.
On January30th 2016, Wongso as a former permanent resident of Australia
was charged with the premeditated murder of Wayan Mirna Salihin and was taken
into police custody pending trial. The Australian Federal Police has handed over
confidential files regarding Wongso's psychological state, amongst them a
restraining order against her made by an ex-boyfriend, to Indonesian authorities.
Wongso's lawyer Yudi Wibowo has denied her client's involvement in Salihin's
death.
The results of an autopsy conducted on the body of Mirna found bleeding in
the stomach due to the presence of substances that are corrosive to enter and
damage the gastric mucosa. Later, it was discovered that the corrosive substance
came from cyanide.
The National Police Headquarters Forensic Laboratory Center has also
released the results of examining coffee samples taken by Wayan Mirna Salihin.
The result from the coffee sample was found 15 grams of cyanide poison. In
comparison, 90 milligrams of cyanide can cause death in people weighing 60

kilograms. Around 90 milligrams, if it's in liquid form, it takes only 3-4 drops.
Whereas 15 grams, about one teaspoon.
After several trials, Jessica Kumala Wongso was eventually prosecuted for 20
years in prison for the murder crime regulated in Article 340 of the Criminal
Code. Jessica called to cover the action by placing 3 paper bags on table number
54. On October, 27th 2016 Jessica Kumala Wongso was sentenced to 20 years in
prison.
Based on Joselyn in her website in 2008, court interpreters regularly work
with a range of people, including judges, attorneys, witnesses, litigants, and
experts in specific subject fields, such as medicine or forensics. To interpret for
such a broad scope of courtroom participants, an interpreter must have a
considerably large vocabulary that includes legal language, subject-specific
language, formal standard English, and colloquial expressions in both the source
and target languages. To top it off, there are actually three different kinds of
'modes' of interpreting that each requires slightly different skill sets. The
researcher will explain three modes of interpretation.
According to Chinh (2010), there are seven types of causes of errors in
interpreting problems; nervousness, lack of practice, time pressure, speaking skill,
classmates, bad health and tape recorders quality.
There are eight main types of errors in consecutive interpreting 1) literal
translation, 2) inadequate language proficiency (grammatical and lexical), 3)
errors in register conservation, 4) distortion, 5) additions, 6) omissions, 7)
(protocol, procedures, ethics), and 8) non-conservation of paralinguistic features.
(Gonzalez et al.,1996; Barik, 1998; Hairuo, 2015; Chinh, 2010; and Altman,
1994).
So, in this research, these paragraphs above tell us the short chronologies of
Wayan Mirna Salihin's murder. If connecting to the error-analysis interpreting,
knowing that interpreter should be had some mistake along she or he says,
explains and especially interprets the topics delivered by one person to another
one. It means from source language to target language. It because as long as
interpreting held on the interpreter interprets directly and sometimes from
researcher gets an example that interpreter may do some mistakes along

interpreting it. And this research will analyze the mistakes or faults along
interprets do along interpreting especially at the courtroom because the data was
taken from Jessica's case at the courtroom.
The background of writing this proposal, the problem knowing that the
interpreter's role who do some errors during the trial in the courtroom. In this
research, it will be found the causes of the errors in interpreting the problem. And
in the next section, it will be found out more that there are errors and their types in
oral translation or what known as interpretation.
1.2 Problems of the Study

1. What main types of errors are found in consecutive interpreting in Jessica
Kumalawongso‘s court?
2. What are the causes of the errors in consecutive interpreting in Jessica
Kumalawongso‘s court?
1.3 Objectives of the Study

1. To analyze the main types of errors found in consecutive interpreting in
Jessica Kumalawongso‘s court.
2. To find out the causes of the errors in consecutive interpreting in Jessica
Kumalawongso‘s court.
1.4 Scope of the Study

This study is limited to analyze the types of errors, the dominant type of error
and find out the causes of the errors in consecutive interpreting in Jessica
Kumalawongso's court. In this study, the researcher uses the theory of J. Richards
(2002) is the use of a word, speech act or grammatical items in such a way it
seems imperfect and significant of incomplete learning (184). The theory of
Russell in 2005, consecutive interpreting is explained as the process of
interpreting after the signer or speaker has completed one or more ideas in the
source language and then pauses while the interpreter transmits that information.

While, the theory of Gonzales et al in 1991/2012 defines that when using
consecutive interpreting in the court setting, the duration of the source language
can be anywhere from a few seconds to several minutes. A phrase used to describe
consecutively interpreting a lengthy passage (over several minutes) or possibly an
entire speech at a time, usually with the aid of notes is called long consec, while a
phrase refers to consecutively interpreting a short passage, possibly a word to a
few sentences, with or without the aid of notes is called short consec.
1.5 Significance of the Study

Theoretically, it may helps people enrich the understanding of error-analysis
in consecutive interpreting to linguistic student for research ahead. Practically, it
helps people who are having problems with foreign people or have some case with
this research and taking it into the courtroom who needs interpreter especially
consecutive interpreter as a connector of their explanation. Hopefully, this
analysis would be useful for the readers to enrich their knowledge especially to
the linguistics students who researched consecutive interpreting.

CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
2.1 Three Modes of Interpretation

In this study, errors can occur in grammatical, phonological, and semantic
levels. Also, foreign language teachers should realize that errors made by the
students need to be analyzed, that is by conducting error analysis. Brown (1994:
206) identifies the fact that learners make errors and that these errors can be
observed, analyzed and classified to reveal something of the system operating
within the learner, led to a surge of study of learners called error analysis.
In public forums, interpreters usually interpret to single speakers, who are
talking to non-responding audiences whose role in the event has historically
seemed unimportant. An interpreter's role in does appear conduit-like, passive,
and not-involved (Roy, 1992).
In this research, the source language and target language make into two
languages because the interpreter explains the explanation into two languages
which are English and Indonesia. So it becomes:
Part 1.
Source Language Toxicologist and Forensic Pathologist (English)
Target Language Interpreter (Indonesia)
Part 2.
Source language General Prosecutor and Jessica‘s Attorney (Indonesia)
Target Language Interpreter (English)
The three modes of interpretation are simultaneous interpretation, consecutive

interpretation, and sight translation. But, the mode of consecutive interpretation
will be dealt with to discuss in this research.

1. Simultaneous Interpretation
Simultaneous interpretation is the mode in which the interpreter lags slightly
behind the source-language speaker, interpreting the message into the target
language at almost the same time as the original message is being said.
In judicial settings, simultaneous interpretation is most frequently practiced
from English into other languages. It is used for most stages in proceedings that
heavily involve speaking by or between attorneys and judges, such as
arraignments, motions, and jury instructions. Because the majority of proceedings
take place primarily in English with attorneys and judges speaking, many
interpreters practice simultaneous interpretation more often than any other mode.
2. Consecutive Interpretation
In consecutive interpretation, the interpreter listens to a unit of speech in the
source language and then conveys that message into the target language. Although
the length of the passage rendered can vary, most literature points to a standard
norm of approximately 40-60 words at a time. In the courts, consecutive
interpretation is commonly used for interpreting messages from a litigant with
limited English proficiency, which most often occurs in client/attorney interviews,
or on the witness stand.
Many interpreters think that consecutive interpretation is the most challenging
mode because of the necessary memory retention and note-taking skills. In
performing this mode, the interpreter must store heard information, recall the
information, and then restructure the information in the appropriate linguistic
form. The speed of the delivery of information, as well as the complexity of the
subject matter, or length of the speech will likely alter depending on the speaker,
requiring the interpreter not only to listen attentively to the delivered orations but
also to listen and process different levels and types of discourse. The possible
range of content and potentially unpredictable nature of the discourse necessitates
that an interpreter has an expansive vocabulary and complete competence in both
languages.
3. Sight Translation
Sight translation is the oral interpretation of a written document. In courtroom
settings, sight translation is often used to provide oral interpretations of

standardized, routine written documents in English, such as waiver of rights
forms, DUI (Driving Under The Influence of drugs or alcohol) forms, and police
reports. In many routine procedures, the sight translation of such documents is
performed so that a defendant with limited English proficiency is able to
understand. Occasionally, informal or formal documents in the foreign language
are presented and the interpreter must interpret these into the English language for
the court's benefit.
Although interpreters may be given the opportunity to review a document
prior to performing a sight translation, they usually must read quickly and
anticipate the content of the written text without fully reading the entire text.
Comparable to the skills needed for simultaneous interpretation, sight translation
requires that the interpreter use predictive skills to help them process information
and create a context for an incomplete message. Interpreters are often reading
ahead and processing upcoming information even as they are conveying a unit of
the text.
As facilitators of communication, it is clear that the interpreter's function in
the courtroom is essential, and that the role of the interpreter carries great
responsibility. Acting as the communication bridge between the court and a non-
English speaking litigant, interpreters must convey not only the words of a
message but also the essence of that message, becoming the voice of all
courtroom participants.
2.2 Types of Errors in Consecutive Interpreting

There are eight main types of errors in consecutive interpreting: literal
translation, inadequate language proficiency (grammatical and lexical), errors in
register conservation, distortion, additions, omissions, protocol, procedures,
ethics, and non-conservation of paralinguistic features, based from Gonzales et al.,
1996; Barik, 1998; Hairuo, 2015; Chinh 2010; and Altman, 1994.
1. Literal Translation
It occurs when the interpreter does not preserve the ideas but focuses on
substituting words from the source language to words in the target language
(Gonzalez et al., 1996)

2. Inadequate language proficiency
General lack of language fluency makes the interpreter comprehend text not
well enough to convert ideas fully and faithfully at the requisite speed into the TL
without faltering and communication break downs. Lack of ability to correctly
predict language patterns. (sentences & expressions).
Example: "Good morning, ladies and gentleman" rather than "Good morning
gentleman and ladies
This part is divided into two parts error. Firstis a lexical errorsecondis anincorrect
translation.
a) Lexical errors
Lexical errors are the types of errors, which directly distort the meaning and
can lead to misunderstanding (Chinh, 2005). Lexical errors are due to weak or
inadequate access to a wide variety of synonyms and other intralingual skills.
b) Incorrect Interpretation is one of the crucial errors because when an
interpreter interprets incorrect translation, it means that the interpreter fails in
delivering the message from source to target language.
3.Register Conservation refers to the level of formality of speech from
courtroom, classroom, to a social event.
4. Distortion
It will make lost the meaning. According to Gonzales et al in 1996, there are
three main factors causing distortion in interpretation: deficient language skill,
memory, and interpretation skill.
5. Omission
It will delete information. Barik in 1971 satated that omission is divided into
three types:
1. Skipping omission is when the interpreter omits a word or short phrase that
does not change the structure. This omission causes a little loss in meaning.
Barik in 1971 stated that skipping omission notes when the students omit a
word or short phrase that does not change the structure. It causes little loss in
meaning. So in court interpreting,interpreter makes fault explaining the target
or source language toward public prosecutor of the court and toxicologist.
Table below displays the examples of skipping omission. The data were taken

from Journal of English and Education in 2016, 4(1), 127-146 by Rully
Sutrirasa Pratiwi-Common Errors and Problems Encountered By Students
English To Indonesian Consecutive Interpreting.
Source Language
Target Language (Indonesia) Type oferror
(English)
Can you recommend me Euu.. apakah mas Robi punya 1Skipping
the good place for me to rekomendasi tempat yang omission

have a honeymoon in cocok untuk bulan madu?
1Bandung?
2. Comprehension omission occurs when the interpreter cannot comprehend some

parts of the text. This omission causes certain loss in meaning and it occurs
when the interpreteris unable to interpret the speaker‘s speech completely.
Table below shows the example of comprehension omission by Rully Sutrirasa
Pratiwi‘s Journal.
Source Language Target Language Type of
(English) (Indonesia) error
1Comprehension
1Nice to meet you, my 2Euu.. Ya, nama saya
omission
name is Divta.... Divta
2Filler
3. Compounding omission refers to the omission when the interpreter compounds

two sentences by omitting some phrases. The table below shows the example
of compounding omission by Rully Sutrirasa Pratiwi‘s Journal.
Source Language Target Language Type of error
(English) (Indonesia)
1I enjoy my trip to my 1Saya sangat senang 1Compounding
(your) country here sekali kesini euu.. omission.

because... karena...
6. Addition
10

Adding some information when delivering the message to the clients. For
example, in a particular situation, the interpreters do not remember the source
message, so that the interpreter "invent" information than keep silent or ask for
clarification. There are four types of additions:
1. Qualifier addition is when the interpreter adds the information by adding an
adjective or adverbs in target language not existed in the source language.
Barik (1971) notes that qualifier addition occurs when the interpreter interprets
the language by adding adjective or adverb in the target language that does not
exist in the source language. The table below shows the example of a qualifier
addition. The data were taken from the Journal of English and Education 2016,
4(1), 127-146 by Rully Sutrirasa Pratiwi-Common Errors and Problems
Encountered By Students English To Indonesian Consecutive Interpreting.
Department of English Education, Indonesia University of Education.
Source Language
Target Language (Indonesia) Type of error
(English)
To find a new talent and 1Euu.. disini saya sedang mencari 1Filler
new entertainer talent dan entertainer yang 2Qualifier
2berbakat addition
2. Elaboration addition is when the interpreter provides some non-related

information, refers to a condition when the interpreter provides some unrelated
information. However, the elaboration addition can result in a little change of
meaning. The table below shows the example of elaboration addition. The data
were taken from the Journal of English and Education 2016, 4(1), 127-146 by
Rully Sutrirasa Pratiwi- Common Errors and Problems Encountered By
Students English To Indonesian Consecutive Interpreting. Department of
English Education, Indonesia University of Education.
Source Language Target Language (Indonesia) Type of error

(English)
I will see it first. Ya mungkin saya bisa melihat 1Elaboration
11

dulu 1ya bu yang tari-tari an addition
itu.
3. Relationship addition, when the interpreter adds some conjunction that not
originally in the source language.
4. Closure addition is an addition which accompanies rephrasing, omission or
misinterpretation on the part of the target language and which serve to give
closure to a sentence unit, but does not add anything substantial to the
sentence.
7. Protocol, Procedures, and Ethics, to the message even when the message
includes profanities necessity to correct errors especially when interpretation
becomes part of a formal record.
8. Non-conservation Of ParalinguisticFeature involves fillers, incomplete
sentences, and repeated words or phrases.
a) Filler are found when the interpreter makes sounds like‖ euu, ah‖. Based on
theory of Gonzales et al in 1996, it happened because the interpreter made
pauses and the impact will have incomplete sentence and changing the
meaning itself.
b) Incomplete sentence based on Chinh in 2005, it becauses the students felt
pressure of time in their interpretation, the not fulfilled idea, and lacked
vocabulary leading them hard to express idea.
c) Repeated words or phrases
Time limitation leads them to make an incomplete sentence because it can
certainly shorten the time for them to carry out their ideas. This incomplete
sentence is also supported by the production of repeated words. Frequently
repeated words produced by the students' interpreter is considered harmful to
the meaning. According to Yin (2005), a little repetition in the interpreting
activity only affects speech fluency. Moreover, too many repeated words
make speech sounds messy, confused, and make an incoherent product of
interpretation.
12

2.3 Interpreting Problems
There are seven types of problems in interpreting according to Chinh's (2010)
nervousness, lack of practice, time pressure, speaking skill, classmates, bad health
and tape recorders quality. Several of them are related to each other. For example,
when the interpreter has a problem in lack of practice it leads them to nervousness
which directly or indirectly loses students' confidence and impoverishes the
quality of the interpretation. And Ribas (2012) in his research classifies the
interpreting problem to four segments. Listening and understanding, note-taking,
decoding notes, and expressing-reformulating.
2.4 Liaison Interpreting

In Vietnam, this form of interpreting is normally used by interpreters
who work in and out oftwo languages, one of which must Vietnamese. These
interpreters typically interpret betweenclients and professionals, who lack an
understanding of each other's language and culture.
Introductions between all participants and, if possible, arrange pre-interview
consultation. The interpreter who delivers toxicologist's explanation including the
Liaison Interpreting. Interpreters expressed very strong views about their
professional needs, which included the provision of preparation background
materials before the assignment and adequate physical working conditions during
the assignment (Hale, 2011).
An example of the case like in consecutive interpreting, as shown in the table
below, there are:
13

Source Language Target Language Types of Errors
(Forensic Pathologist) (Interpreter)
1. I 1would expect the 1.2 euu.1 Tentunya 1Incorrect interpretation
formaline in the blood formalin tersebut akan 2Filler
stream. masuk ke dalam aliran

darah.
2. And it 1actually low 2. dan 1biasanya 1Incorrect interpretation
levels, 2for my sure is sianida yang terbentuk 2Comprehension
normally low levels. itu sedikit. omission
Based on the first example, the interpreter makes one time ―euu‖ sound in one
sentence. When a pause is longer than 5 seconds, it is probably unacceptable to
the client or audience. It may annoy the client when the interpreter makes fillers
too much. Too much filler can lead the client to catch incomplete message, and
the phrase ‗would expect‘ is different meaning with target language. It shoul be
‗saya berekspektasi‘ not ‗tentunya‘. The errors in second example shows Incorrect
interpretation and comprehension omission. The interpreter failed delivering the
meaning ‗actually‘ in target language is ‗sebenarnya‘ but the interpreter said
‗biasanya‘ it has failed meaning. And clause ‗for my sure‘ was deleted in that
sentence, the meaning in target language was‗saya yakin‘.
2.5 Previous Related Studies

In this part of previous related studies, the researcher needs to put five
previous related studies, because it can be used as comparisons and references
toward this research which have the related point of views. The first is from Rully
Sutrirasa Pratiwi. She comes from Department of English Education, Indonesia
University of Education. She analyses aboutCommon Errors And Problems
Encountered By Students English To Indonesian Consecutive Interpreting. So, the
aim of her research are to find out the common errors and problems encountered
by students in consecutive interpreting from English to Indonesian. Qualitative
method involving analysis, error validation, and interviews were applied to
14

answer the research questions. The data was collected by the video recording in
consecutive interpreting of six students in liaison class and conducting interviews
with the students to obtain further information.
The second is from TaufikNurHidayat, FedroIswandi, and Ahmad Kirom.
They come from Sebelas Maret State University. They analyse about Sound
Problems in Interpreting: a Comparative Study of Undergraduate Program at
SebelasMaret State University. The aim of their research are to find out the
relationship between listening skills and sound problem by comparing the test
results of English student and non-English student and prove that students‘
problem triggers are closely related to the writing and reading performances
which are caused by listening skill problems such as domain in comprehension,
similar word, etc.
The third of previous related study is from Sandra Hale. She come from
Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney,
NSW, Australia. She analyses about Interpreting culture, Dealing with cross-
cultural issues in court interpreting. The aim of her research isinterpreters who
work in community settings with participants from disparate cultural backgrounds
may confront difficulties conveying the source message into the target message
accurately due to cross-cultural differences. Such cross-cultural differences can
range from pragma-linguistic differences at the discourse level of speech to socio-
pragmatic differences, which go beyond the utterances. When confronted with
such instances, interpreters are almost always unsure of how to react and what is
expected of them. So the aim of her research is to make the certainty especially
toward interpreter in facing the cross-cultural differences in community
interpreting clearly. And getting the point to a deed for interpreters working in the
legal system.
The fourth is from Wang Hairuo. She analyses about Error Analysis in
Consecutive Interpreting of Students with Chinese and Language English Pairs.
The aim of her study are to analyse students‘s though with good basic knowledge
of English, students made errors in the face problem triggers. With some
hypothesis from preliminary analysis, which are first number, nouns or names,
15

also logical relationship can be problem triggers for students in consecutive
interpreting.
And the fifth is from I Wayan Ana. The research entitled The Challenge of
Interpreter in Interpreting Non-native English Speakers A Case Study-EIT Case at
Court of Gianyar-Bali. The purpose of the research is to find out hte challenges
faced by interpreter in interpreting Bulgarian Accused for the ATM case.
The same of these previous related research to this research concern into
interpreting, especially court interpreting and the essensial of interpreter to do
her/his job toward as a mediator and deliverer message from source language to
target language in court room. Also the contribution of this previous related study
toward this research or the support idea from the contributed and
acknowledgement can help this research from each of these previous related
studies in terms of understanding and completing of this research into consecutive
interpreting in courtroom.
16

2.6 ConceptualFramework Consecutive Interpreting
Types of Errors Interpreting Problems
Distortio Omission Addition Protocol, Non Chinh Ribas

LiteralTrans Inadequate Register
n Procedures, Conservation of
lation Language Conservation
and Ethics Paralinguistic
proficiency Fatures
Expressing
and
Skipping Compounding Delay Nervousness
Omission Reformulating
Omission Omission
Lack of Decoding
Practice Notes
Closure
Lexica Incorrect Comprehensio Addition
l Interpretation n Omission Time Note -
Qualifier Elaboration Pressure taking
Errors Addition Addition Relationship
Addition
Speaking Listening and
Skill Understanding
Filler Incomplete Repeated Classmates

Sentence words or
phrases
Bad
Health
Tape
Recorders
ANALYSIS OF ERRORS IN CONSECUTIVE INTERPRETING: A CASE OF JESSICA Quality
KUMALAWONGSO’S COURT
17

CHAPTER III
METHOD OF RESEARCH
3.1 Research Design

According to Creswell (2007)," Research designs are plans and procedures
for research that span the decisions from broad assumptions to detailed methods
of data collection and analysis".
Creswell stated that qualitative, quantitative and mixed methods approaches
are types of research design that provide specific direction for a procedure in
research design. Based on Creswell (2007), qualitative research is a means for
exploring and understanding the meaning of individuals or groups ascribe to a
social or human problem.
This research will be a descriptive qualitative case study. The data will be
conducted by searching for the video on YouTube. The technique used is the
technique of listening, whether the researcher will be watched and listened to the
explanation of Jessica's attorney, toxicologist and forensic pathologist with an
interpreter toward the public prosecutor in the courtroom.
3.2 Data and Source of Data

The primary data of this research is the explanation of Jessica's attorney,
toxicologist and forensic pathologist with an interpreter toward the public
prosecutor in the courtroom. The Source of data in this research is based on
Kompas TV on YouTube:
Ahli: Penyebab Kematian Mirna Bukan Sianida (Published on September 5th,
2020, duration05:47, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yglNCz1LeeM);
Saksi Australia Pertimbangkan Penyebab Lain Mirna Meninggal (Published on
September 5th, 2020, duration 01:22 seconds,
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sA1gT_RcZ_k);
Ahli: Sianida Terurai Oleh Formalin di Tubuh Mirna (Published on September,
22nd 2016, duration 04:04 seconds,
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CeYAII1KgVc).
18

The video was from the three videos of explanation by Jessica's attorney,
prosecutor in the courtroom. The researcher focuses on analyzing the errors in
consecutive interpreting of Jessica's trial.
3.3 Data Collection Procedures

In doing research, the researcher doing some procedures to help the works
easier, more effective and more efficient. When deciding the data collection
procedures is made good. The data will be got more accurate and complete to be
the data as well.
So, in this research, the researcher collects the conversation and explanation
of Jessica's attorney, toxicologist and forensic pathologist with an interpreter
toward the public prosecutor in the courtroom with using the listening method
from YouTube in three of Jessica's trial videos as the data collection procedures
with listening method or procedures by Mahsun, he said that to obtain the data
with listening into the using of language. The method used in this research aims to
get an accurate explanation from Jessica's attorney, toxicologist and forensic
pathologist with an interpreter toward the public prosecutor in the courtroom. And
the continued method is used note-taking method also by Mahsun, to note some
forms which are relevant to the research from the use of language in writing.
3.4 Step of the Research

In analyzing data it needs identification, classification, interpretation,
and finding a solution (Troot and Bloomer, 1998: 7-13). But in this research, the
researcher only put identifying, classifying according to Troot and Bloomer, but
describing, and conclusion; interpreting does not put because the data were
interpretation and this research entitled Analysis of Errors In Consecutive
Interpreting: A Case Of Jessica Kumalawongso‘s CourtAnd the researcher will
take several steps;
Identification. The first step is identifying the source of data.
19

Classification. The second step is classifying the collected data according to the
types of errors in consecutive interpreting.
Analyzation. The third step is analyzing the types of errors in consecutive
interpreting.
Conclusion. The last step is concluding to make the dominant type of error in
consecutive interpreting. Also finding out the causes of the errors or interpreting
problems in consecutive interpreting in Jessica Kumalawongso's court.
3.5 Data Analysis

Data analysis in this research is descriptive qualitative case study data
analysis. Analysis of the data itself is an effort made by researchers to process and
looking for solutions to problems contained in research data. According to
Bogdan and Biklen in Moleong (2006: 248), data analysis an effort made by
working with data, sorting it out into units that can be managed, synthesize, search
and find patterns, find out what's important and what's learned, and decide what
which can be told or explained to others.
In analyzing data the researcher uses descriptive qualitative to analyze data.
Based on Sugiono (2008:245), there are three activities to analyze data in
descriptive qualitative research. The activities are first data reduction, data
display, and conlcusion drawing or verification. So according to those activities
the researcher put three points. Dividing into three activities. There are data
reduction, data display and conclusing drawing.
The meaning of data reduction is the process of selecting, identifying,
classifying, and coding data that are considered important. In conducting research,
the researcher will get much data. Consecuently, data thst will give information in
this research must be selected by the researcher. Thus, at first the researcher has to
do reduction to analyze the data. According to the concept of data reduction,
reducting the data in this research is chosen by identfying video in Jessica
Kumalawongso‘s trial; with the Jessica's attorney, toxicologist and forensic
pathologist with an interpreter toward the public prosecutor in the courtroom.
The meaning of data display is processing to simply data in table. Data
display refers to show data that have been reducted by identying video in Jessica
20

Kumalawongso‘s court. The benefits help the researcher in understanding data.
The researcher describes data that have been reducted into sentence form and
comparison toward error interpretation. Based on Sugiyono (2008:249) stated that
in qualitative research, the most frequent of display data is narrative text.
Therefore, the researcher make the explanation in order to be easier to understand.
The last point is conclusion. In qualitative research, the characteric of
conclusion is temporary. It can change if the researcher does not discover strong
evidence to support the next collecting data. Neverthless, if the conclusion in the
previous data can be evidenced by validity and consistency when the researcher is
going back to the field, so the conclusion is credible. In this research, the
researcher makes conlcusion from the data display. In short, the steps in analyzing
the data are: (1) the researcher collects the data through listening and writing the
explanation without subtitle in video of Jessica Kumalawongso‘s court. Then, the
researcher selects, identify, and focuses on the data by referring to formulation of
the research problem. (2) After selecting the data, the researcher displays those
data into table and sentences. (3) After diplaying data, the conlcusion is drawn.
So, data analysis in this research are used to classify and analyze type of
errors toward three choosen video of Jessica‘s trial based on theory of Gonzales.
21

CHAPTER IV
DESCRIPTION AND FINDING
4.1 Data Description

Based on theory of Gonzalez et al.,1996; Barik, 1998; Hairuo, 2015; Chinh,
2010; and Altman, 1994, there were eight main types of errors in consecutive
interpreting 1) literal translation, 2) inadequate language proficiency (grammatical
and lexical), 3) errors in register conservation, 4) distortion, 5) additions, 6)
omissions, 7) protocol, procedures, ethics, and 8) non-conservation of
paralinguistic features.
The researcher added three video‘s table explanation by Jessica's attorney,
prosecutor in the courtroom in making data description to analyze the types of
errors and to find out the causes of the errors in consecutive interpreting in Jessica
Kumalawongso‘s court.
Part 1.
Part 2.
Here were some ofthe selected conversation from three videos which included
some error in consecutive interpreting.
4.1.1 The First video: Ahli: Penyebab Kematian Mirna Bukan Sianida
(published on September, 5th 2016)
Part 1.
22

Source Language Target Language
Types of Errors
(Forensic Pathologist) (Interpreter)
1. The clinical 1presentation 1Hasil pemeriksaan 1 Register
klinis Conservation
2. Of the victim 1collapsing 2 The victim?// 3dari 1Repeated phrase

two minutes // collaps two korban yang tidak 2Distortion (low
minutes after sadarkan diri dalam memory)
waktu 3sekitar dua 3Relationship addition
menit setelah
3. Consuming alleging the Setelah 1Qualifier addition
cyanide mengkonsumsi
minuman yang diduga
1mengandung sianida.
4. 1So, one is that the Adalah bahwa 1Qualifier addition

clinical presentat 2eeu… pertama 3hasil 2Filler
sorry,clinical3presentation pemeriksaan 3Register Conservation

is not a typical klinistidaklah khas 4Closure addition
untuk 4keracunan
sianida
5. And then the second Dan kemudian yang 1Skipping omission
1thing kedua
23

6. Yeah to row out the 1Tidak dilakukan 1Relationship addition
natural cause of that. otopsi 1untuk dapat 2Repeated phrase
mengesampingkan
2peny…penyebabke
matian alami.
7. In the toxicology result is 1Selain itu, hasil 1Relationship addition
not conclusive of cyanide toksikologi 1juga 2 Repeated phrase
as reasoning. tidak bersifat
konklusif2atau
menyi… atau tidak
menyimpulkan
adanya keracunan
sianida.
8. That is not due to cyanide Ini bukan 1Register Conservation
as 1reasoning 1diakibatkan oleh 2Qualifier addition
2keracunan sianida
9. 1Eeu… a 4typical Hasil 3pemeriksaan 1Filler
2presentation klinikal.. 2hasil 2Register Conservation

pemeriksaan 3Repeated phrase
klinisyang 4tidak 4Incorrect
khas Interpretation
10. No 1post mortem finding Tidak ditemukan 1Incorrect
of 2cyanide toxicity. adanya toksisitas Interpretation

3eeu…1pada 2Skipping omission
perubahan pasca 3Filler
kematian.
24

11. That is, 1that is the red as 2Seperti misalnya, 1Register Conservation
coloration 3eeu.. warna 1kulit 2Elaboration addition
berubah menjadi 3Filler
merah terang
12. And smell cyanide Dan1adanya bau 1Relationship addition

sianida.
13. Was the possibility of Adalah 1Qualifier addition

erosion of 2stomach kemungkinan 2Register Conservation
1terjadinya erosi
atau pengikisan pada
2lambung
14. Which could be due to 2Yang dapat saja… 1Incorrect
1post mortem change yang dapat Interpretation

diakibatkan oleh 2Repeated phrase
perubahan 1pasca
kematian.
15. And we have the Dan kita1juga 1Relationship addition
toxicology result mendapatkan hasil
toksikologi
16. We have negative bile and 1Karena hasilnya 1Relationship addition

liver adalah negatif
untuk empedu dan
hati
25

17. Negative for the stomach 1Dan juga negative 1Relationship addition
aspirate untuk cairan
lambung
18. There‘s a contradiction of 1Ada hasil-hasil 1Repeated phrase

toxicology result toksilog.. ada
hasil-hasil
toksikologi bersifat
kontradiktif
19. I would 1give the cause of 2saya 3a.. dapat.. 1Register Conservation
death case saya 3Filler
akan1menyebutkan 2Repeated phrase

bahwa penyebab
kematian 2a..
20. (TL) You said that based (SL by JA) Baik. 1 Filler
on your presentation you Sebelum saya 2Incorrect
said that 1aa.. it can not bertanya lebih interpretation

1aa.. that the cause of lanjut supaya in 3Repeated word
death is can notbe line dengan 4Qualifier addition
ascertained, can not be konklusinya, kalau
determined. 2And also saudara
you have really mention mengatakan tadi
about the negative result tidak bisa
3of.. of on a 4bile, liver, dipastikan
and aspirate and so on. kematiannya
Can you said that or can karena sianida,
you concluded that the 2tapi saudara telah
death in this case is not menjelaskan
caused by cyanide? tentang hal-hal
yang berkaitan
26

dengan ketiadaan
sianida di 4liver, di
lambung dan
sebagainya. Maka,
apakah saudara
bisa mengatakan
bahwa kematian
ini bukan karena
sianida?
21. I was said the death is Saya mengatakan 1Qualifier addition
very highly not caused by bahwa sangat besar
the cyanide. 1kemungkinannya
kematian ini tidak

disebabkan oleh
sianida.
22. (TL)1Can you... you said (SL by JA) 1Repeated phrase
highly likely, can you Sangat besar atau
said.. can you ascertain dapat dipastikan
the death is not because of ndak bukan
cyanide. Can you rule out karena sianida?
cyanide as the cause of
death?
27

4.1.2 The second video: Saksi Australia Pertimbangkan Penyebab Lain
Mirna Meninggal (Published on September, 5th 2016)
Part 2.
Source Language Target Language

Types of Errors
(Jessica’s Attorney) (Interpreter)
1. Kalau kami tidak keliru, 1If I‘m not, if I‘m not 1Repeated phrase
lebih cepat ini lebih wrong, less than two 2Relationship addition
kurang setelah, kurang minutes 2later, she
dua menit dia collapses. collapses.
2. Nah, 1berdasarkan teori So based on theory 1Elaboration addition

yang tadi dan artikan dan and1also based on 2Filler
saya sampaikan, kalau your experience, if 3Incorrect interpretation

orang collaps minum somebody collaps 4Lexicalerrors
lebih eh tidak lebih dari after drinking 5Comprehension
pada dua menit, atau tidak something within omission

sampai lima menit, period of less than
apakah itu5ciri-ciri five minutes within
karenamatinya sianida? two minutes or less
Eeh collapsnya, bukan than five minutes
matinya dulu. 3Collapsnya 2eeu.. Could it be
karena sianida. 3concluded 4it
isbecause of cyanide?
28

4.1.3 The Third Video: Ahli: Sianida Terurai oleh Formalin di Tubuh
Mirna (Published on September, 22nd 2016)
Part 1.
Source Language
Target Language
(General Prosecutor- Types of Errors
(Interpreter)
Toxicologist)
1. (TL by INT) He said that (SL by GP) Seperti 1Comprehension omission
the report was issued or was itu, 6 Januari dan ada 2Qualifier addition
st
made in a.., on the 21 . laporan nya tadi Anda
1Now, while the victim katakan, 2saya ikuti
dated on the 6thJanuary. perkataannya tanggal
What could happen in 21. Apa yang bisa
between? terjadi 2dengan
sianida dan tioksionat
yang ada dalam
tubuh, apabila
memang
pemeriksaannya
setelah berlangsung
sangat lama itu?
2. Cyanide can degrade so that Sianida dapat 1Elaboration addition
2it can calm down. 1teruraiatau 2Skipping Omission
berkurang.
3. That can get converted to Dapat menguap 1atau 1Distortion
hydrogen cyanide 1and diubah menjadi

evaporate. hidrogen sianida.
29

4. And it 1actually low levels, Dan 1biasanya sianida 1Incorrect interpretation
2for my sure is normally yang terbentuk itu 2Comprehension omission
low levels. sedikit.
5. (TL) So, the examination to (SL by GP) Jadi bisa 1Incorrect interpretation
place long after death, and a terurai dan1bisa 2Qualifier addition
cyanide could degrade 1or menurun kadar 3Repeated phrase
be degraded. 2Now, what sianida dan tioksionat
would happen 3if cyanide if nya ya. Bagaimana
formaline of three liters of kalau itu ditambahkan
formaline was injected in to formalin? Apa
the body? reaksinya, sudah ini
pemeriksaannya lama,
ditambah formalin
sebanyak tiga liter
melalui darah.
6. I 1would expect the 2Euu..1Tentunya 1Incorrect interpretation
formaline in the blood formalin tersebut akan 2Filler
stream. masuk ke dalam

aliran darah.
7. Maybe depending on how Mungkin tergantung 1Incorrect interpretation

much1whether it regarding berapa banyak 1yang
to the lymphae, i don‘t masuk ke hati, saya

know. tidak tahu.
30

8. (TL by INT) But generally (SL by GP) Tapi 1Qualifier Addition
speaking, the period of secara umum itu dapat 2Comprehension omission
time it lefts 1would 1menghilangkan
degrade or would remove sianida dan tioksionat

both cyanide and dengan adanya waktu
tyocionide. 2dan juga formalin itu
sendiri.
9. for melt the hide do you 1Maksud..maksud 1Repeated phrase

mean? bapak apa yang dapat
menghilangkan..
maksud bapak
formalin?
4.2 Finding
4.2.1 The First video: Ahli: Penyebab Kematian Mirna Bukan Sianida
The explanation below was from theory of Gonzales et al and this data were
arranged based on found errors in the first video: Ahli: Penyebab Kematian Mirna
Bukan Sianida.In the first video was found six main types of errors consisted of
register conservation, addition, omission, non-conservation of paralinguistic
feature, inadequate language proficiency, and distortion.
And the eight subtypes of errorbased on four main types; the first was
addition which had four subtypes, they consisted of qualifier addition, relationship
addition, closure addition, and elaboration addition.The second was omission
which had one subtype, it consisted of skipping omission. The third was non-
conservation of paralinguistic feature which had two subtypes, they consisted of
filler and repeated phrase or word. And the fourth was inadequate language
proficiency which had one subtype, it consisted of incorrect interpretation.
The more explanation was more described in the table below.And two other
main types that had not subtype, they were register conservation and distortion.
31

So, the finding of errors in consecutive interpreting: a case of Jessica
Kumalawongso’s court in the first video: Ahli: Penyebab Kematian Mirna
Bukan Sianida were 44 errors.
Main Types
Number Sub Types of Error Quantity
of Error
1. Register Conservation - 7
Qualifier addition 6
Elaboration addition 1
2. Addition
Closure addition 1
Relationship addition 7
3. Omission Skipping omission 2
Non-conservation of Filler 6
4.
paralinguistic feature Repeated phrase/word 9
Inadequate language
5. Incorrect interpretation 4
proficiency
6. Distortion - 1
Total 44
4.2.2 The second video: Saksi Australia Pertimbangkan Penyebab Lain

Mirna Meninggal
arranged based on found errors in the first video: Saksi Australia Pertimbangkan
Penyebab Lain Mirna Meninggal. In the second video was found four main types
of error consisted of non-conservation of paralinguistic feature, addition,
inadequate language proficiency, and omission.
The seven subtypes of errors based on fourth main types; the first was non-
filler and repeated phrase.The second was addition which had four subtypes, they
consisted of relationship addition and elaboration addition. The third was
inadequate language proficiency which had two subtypes, they consisted of
32

incorrect interpretation and lexical error. The fourth was omission which had one
subtype, it consisted of comprehension omission.
The more explanation was more described in the table below. So, the
finding of errors in consecutive interpreting: a case of Jessica
Kumalawongso’s court in the second video: Saksi Australia Pertimbangkan
Penyebab Lain Mirna Meninggal were seven errors.
Main Types
Number Sub Types of Error Quantity
of Error
Non-conservation of Repeated phrase 1

1.
paralinguistic feature Filler 1
Relationship
1
addition
2. Addition
Elaboration
1
addition
Incorrect
Inadequate language 1
3. interpretation
proficiency
Lexical errors 1
Comprehension
4. Omission 1
omission
Total 7
4.2.3 The Third Video: Ahli: Sianida Terurai oleh Formalin di Tubuh
Mirna
arranged based on found errors in the first video: Ahli: Penyebab Kematian Mirna
Bukan Sianida. In the third video was found five main types of errors consisted of
inadequate language proficiency, non-conservation of paralinguistic feature,
omission, distortion, and addition.
And the seven subtypes of error based on four main types; the first was
inadequate language proficiency which had one subtype, it consisted of incorrect
33

interpretation. The second was non-conservation of paralinguistic feature which
had two subtypes, they consisted of filler and repeated phrase. The third was
omission which had two subtypes, they consisted of comprehension omission and
skipping omission. And the fourth was addition which had qualifier addition and
elaboration addition. The fourth was omission which had one subtype, it consisted
of comprehension omission.
The more explanation was more described in the table below.And one other
main type that had not subtype, it was distortion. So, the finding of errors in
consecutive interpreting: a case of Jessica Kumalawongso’s court in the third
video: Ahli: Sianida Terurai oleh Formalin di Tubuh Mirna were 16 errors.
Main Types Quantity
Number Sub Types of Error
of Error
Inadequate language Incorrect
1. 4
proficiency interpretation
Non-conservation of Filler 1
2.
paralinguistic feature Repeated phrase 2
Comprehension
3
3. Omission omission
Skipping omission 1
4. Distortion - 1
Qualifier addition 3
5. Addition Elaboration
1
addition
Total 16
Thus, the finding based on the first until third video were67 errors with
six from eight main types of errors based on theory of Gonzales in
consecutive interpreting at the first until third video of Jessica
Kumalawongso’s court. The six main types of errors consisted of non-
conservation of paralinguistic features, inadequate language proficiency,
addition, omission, distortion and register conservation.
34

4.2.4 Discussion
This part explained which were errors that the research found in
accordance to the theory of Gonzales et al, alsoto compare the finding in this
thesis to the finding of the researchers which had described in previous
relatedstudies.
Here were the comparison between this research and the other
researcher‘s findings-Rully Sutrirasa Pratiwi (I) that had been found in previous
related study based on Journal of English and Education 2016, 4(1), 127-
146,Common Errors and Problems Encountered By Students English To
Indonesian Consecutive Interpreting. Department of English Education, Indonesia
University of Education. The some findings were found fromother
researcher,Rully Sutrirasa Pratiwi (I) and this research (II)
(I) (II)
Source Target Source
Target
Language Language Type oferror Language Types of
Language
(English) (Indonesia) (Forensic Errors
(Interpreter)
Speaker Interpreter Pathologist)
1. Can you Euu.. apakah 1Skipping 1. No 1post Tidak 1Incorrect
recommend mas Robi omission mortem ditemukan Interpretation

me the good punya finding of adanya 2Skipping
place for me rekomenda si 2cyanide toksisitas omission

to have a tempat yang toxicity. 3eeu…1pada 3Filler
honeymoon cocok untuk perubahan

in 1Bandung? bulan madu? pasca
kematian.
2. 1So, one is Adalah bahwa 1Qualifier
2. 1Nice to that the pertama 3hasil addition

meet 2Euu.. Ya, 1Comprehensi clinical pemeriksaan 2Filler
you, my nama saya on omission presentat.. klinistidaklah 3Register
name is Divta 2Filler 2eeu… khas untuk Conservation

Divta.... sorry, 4keracunan 4Closure
clinical3pres sianida addition
35

entation is
not a typical
3. To find a 1Euu.. disini 1Filler 3. That is not Ini bukan 1Register
new talent saya sedang 2Qualifier due to 1diakibatkan Conservation

and new mencari talent addition cyanide as oleh 2Qualifier
entertainer dan entertainer 1reasoning 2keracunan addition

yang 2berbakat sianida
4. I will Ya mungkin 1Elaboration 4. That is, 2Seperti 1Register
see it saya bisa addition 1that is the misalnya, Conservation

first. melihat dulu red as 3eeu.. warna 2Elaboration
1ya bu yang coloration 1kulit addition

tari-tari an itu. berubah 3Filler
menjadi
merah terang
4.2.5 The Causes of The Errors in Consecutive Interpreting in Jessica

Kumalawongso’s Court
4.2.5.1 The First video: Ahli: Penyebab Kematian Mirna Bukan Sianida
Thus, based on Chinh and Ribas Theory which said about Interpreting Problems.
There are seven types of problems in interpreting according to Chinh's (2010)
nervousness, lack of practice, time pressure, speaking skill, classmates, bad health
and tape recorders quality. Several of them are related to each other. For example,
when the interpreter has a problem in lack of practice it leads them to nervousness
which directly or indirectly loses students' confidence and impoverishes the
quality of the interpretation. And Ribas (2012) in his research classifies the
interpreting problem to four segments. Listening and understanding, note-taking,
decoding notes, and expressing-reformulating.
In this part, the results of interpreting problem were expected or predicted based
on Chinh and Ribas theory. So the researcher was found nervousness and bad
36

health from Chinh theory and listening-understanding in Ribas theory. It was
showed by part in source, target language, and types of error in interpreting:
23. I was said the death is Saya mengatakan 1Qualifier addition

very highly not caused by bahwa sangat besar
the cyanide. 1kemungkinannya
kematian ini tidak

disebabkan oleh
sianida.
4.2.5.2 The Second video: Saksi Australia Pertimbangkan Penyebab Lain

Mirna Meninggal
In this part, the results of interpreting problem were not found altough it had some
mistakes or error types of interpreting but it had not interpreting problem as long
as the interpretes was interpreting orally the source language.
4.2.5.3 The Third video: Ahli: Sianida Terurai oleh Formalin di Tubuh Mirna
In this part, the results of interpreting problem were expected or predicted based
on Chinh and Ribas theory. So the researcher was found nervousness and bad
health from Chinh theory and listening-understanding in Ribas theory. It was
showed by part in source, target language, and types of error in interpreting:
10. And it 1actually low Dan 1biasanya sianida 1Incorrect interpretation

levels, 2for my sure is yang terbentuk itu 2Comprehension omission
normally low levels. sedikit.
37

So, if saw from the case of cyanide by Jessica Kumalawongso. The court would
hire a skillful interpreter. Thus, based on explanation of interpreting problem from
one until three video above the problems still found based on Chinh and Ribas
Theory. But, it was two parts or little bit. So it could not conclude as the low
quality of interpreter. The court still have their standard to hire the advanced or
skillful interpreter.
38

CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
5.1 Conclusion
The conclusion of this thesis was from the theory of Gonzales et al (1996)
and all of the data were arranged based on found errors in the first until third
video of Jessica Kumalawongso‘s court. There were six main types of errors
found in the first until third video of Jessica Kumalawongso‘s court. The six main
typesconsisted of non-conservation of paralinguistic features, inadequate
language proficiency, addition, omission, distortion and register conservation.
And the 10 subtypes of error based on four main types; the first was non-
filler and repeated phrase or word. The second was inadequate language
proficiency which had two subtypes, they consisted of incorrect interpretation and
lexical error. The third was addition which had four subtypes, they consisted of
qualifier addition, relationship addition, closure addition, and elaboration addition.
The fourth was omission which had two subtypes, they consisted of skipping
omission and comprehension omission. And two other main types that had not
any subtype, they were register conservation and distortion.
Thus, the conclusion of this thesis was found six from eight main types of
errors based on theory of Gonzales in consecutive interpreting at the first
until third video of Jessica Kumalawongso’s court. The six main types of
errors consisted of non-conservation of paralinguistic features, inadequate
language proficiency, addition, omission, distortion and register
conservation.
39

5.2 Suggestion
Theoretically, the significance of this study was to enrich the understanding
of error-analysis in consecutive interpreting to every people. Practically, it helped
people who were having problems with foreign people or had some case with this
research and taking it into the courtroom who needed interpreter especially
consecutive interpreter as a connector of their explanation. Hopefully, this
analysis would be useful for the readers to enrich their knowledge especially to
the linguistics students who researched consecutive interpreting.
40

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44

Appendices The Court of Jessica Kumalawongso
The First video: Ahli: Penyebab Kematian Mirna Bukan Sianida (published
on September, 5th 2016)
JA= Jessica‘s attorney (Kuasa Hukum Jessica) Otto Hasibuan.
Int= Interpreter (Juru Bahasa).
FP= Forensic Pathologist (Ahli Forensik Patologi) Prof. Beng Beng Ong.
Int: Ini adalah rangkuman
1. FP: The first thing is that
Int: yang pertama adalah

2. FP: The clinical presentation
Int: hasil pemeriksaan klinis

3. FP: of the victim collapsing two minutes
Int: the victim? (asking FP)

4. FP: collapse two minutes after
Int: dari korban yang tidak sadarkan diri dalam waktu sekitar dua menit
setelah
5. FP: consuming alleging the cyanide.
Int: setelah mengkonsumsi minuman yang diduga mengandung sianida.

6. FP: So, one is that the clinical present eeu... sorry clinical presentation is not a
typical
Int: adalah bahwa pertama hasil pemeriksaan klinis tidaklah khas untuk
keracunan sianida.
7. FP: and then the second thing
Int: dan kemudian yang kedua

8. FP: the post no postmortem examination
Int: tidak dilakukan otopsi.

9. FP: yeah to row out the natural cause of that.

Int: tidak dilakukan otopsi untuk dapat mengesampingkan peny..penyebab
kematian alami.
10. FP: In the toxicology result is not conclusive of cyanide as reasoning.
Int: selain itu, hasil toksikologi juga tidak bersifat konklusif atau menyi..atau
tidak menyimpulkan adanya keracunan sianida.
11. FP: and in fact,
Int: dan pada kenyataannya,

12. FP: it pointed out,
Int: ini menunjukkan,

13. FP: that is likely
Int: bahwa kemungkinan

14. FP: that is not due to cyanide is reasoning
Int: ini bukan diakibatkan oleh keracunan sianida.

15. FP: and this is based on
Int: dan ini didasarkan pada

16. FP: eeu.. a typical clinical presentation.
Int: hasil pemeriksaan klinikial.. hasil pemeriksaan klinis yang tidak khas.
17. FP: No postmortem finding of cyanide toxicity.
Int: tidak ditemukan adanya toksisitas eeu.. pada perubahan pasca kematian.
18. FP: That is, that is the red as coloration.
Int: seperti misalnya, eeu.. warna kulit berubah menjadi merah terang.
19. FP: and smell cyanide.
Int: dan adanya bau sianida.

20. FP: The only change describe
Int: satu-satunya perubahan yang diuraikan

21. FP: was the possibility of erosion of stomach

Int: adalah kemungkinan terjadinya erosi atau pengikisan pada lambung.
22. FP: which could be due to postmortem change
Int: yang dapat saja.. yang dapat diakibatkan oleh perubahan pasca kematian.
23. FP: and we have the toxicology result
Int: dan kita juga mendapatkan hasil toksikologi,

24. FP: which is not supportive.
Int: yang tidak mendukung.

25. FP: we have negative bile and liver
Int: karena hasilnya adalah negative untuk empedu dan hati

26. FP: negative for the stomach aspirate
Int: dan juga negatif untuk cairan lambung

27. FP: in a low level in the stomach.
Int: dan ad.. kadar yang rendah pada lambung.
28. FP: so the conclusion

Int: jadi kesimpulannya
29. FP: there was no postmortem examination performed

Int: tidak ada pemeriksaan pasca kematian yang dilakukan
30. FP: there was a delay in collection of toxicology specimen

Int: terjadi penundaan dalam pengumulan specimen toksikologi
31. FP: there‘s a contradiction of toxicology result

Int: ada hasil-hasil toksilog.. ada hasil-hasil toksikologi bersifat kontradiktif
32. FP: and therefore,

Int: dan oleh karena itu,
33. FP: a cause of death can‘t be concluded

Int: penyebab kematian tidak dapat dipastikan
34. FP: I would give the cause of death case

Int: saya a dapat.. saya akan menyebutkan bahwa penyebab kematian
kematian a
35. FP: as not ascertained or not determined.

Int: tidak dipastikan atau tidak ditentukan.
36. JA: Baik. Sebelum saya bertanya lebih lanjut supaya in line dengan
konklusinya, kalau saudara mengatakan tadi tidak bisa dipastikan
kematiannya karena sianida, tapi saudara telah menjelaskan tentang hal-hal
yang berkaitan dengan ketiadaan sianida di liver, di lambung dan sebagainya.
Maka, apakah saudara bisa mengatakan bahwa kematian ini bukan karena
sianida.
Int: you said that based on your presentation you said that aa.. it can not aa..
that cause of death can not be ascertained can not be determined. And also you
have really mention about the negative result of.. of on a bile, liver, and
aspirate and so on. Can you said that or can you concluded that the death in
this case is not caused by cyanide.
37. FP: I was said the death is very highly not caused by the cyanide.
Int: Saya mengatakan bahwa sangat besar kemungkinannya kematian ini tidak
disebabkan oleh sianida.
38. JA:sangat besar atau dapat dipastikan ndak bukan karena sianida?
Int: can you... you said highly likely, can you said.. can you ascertain the death
is not because of cyanide. Can you rule out cyanide as the cause of death?
39. FP: in this situation yes.

Int: dalam situasi ini ya.

The second video: Saksi Australia Pertimbangkan Penyebab Lain Mirna

Meninggal (Published on September, 5th 2016)
JA= Jessica‘s attorney (Kuasa Hukum Jessica) Otto Hasibuan

Int= Interpreter (Juru Bahasa)
FP= Forensic Pathologist (Ahli Forensik Patologi) Profesor Beng Beng Ong
1. JA: Kita bisa melihat disini bahwa Mirna itu minum.
Int: we can see here that Mirna is drinking.

2. JA: Kalau kami tidak keliru, lebih cepat ini lebih kurang setelah, kurang dua
menit dia collapses.
Int: If I‘m not, if I‘m not wrong, less than two minutes later, she collapses.
3. JA: Nah, berdasarkan teori yang tadi dan artikan dan saya sampaikan, kalau
orang collaps minum lebih eh tidak lebih dari pada dua menit, atau tidak
sampai lima menit, apakah itu ciri-ciri karena matinya sianida? Eeh
collapsnya, bukan matinya dulu. Collapsnya karena sianida.
Int: So based on theory and also based on your experience, if somebody

collaps after drinking something within period of less than five minutes within
two minutes or less than five minutes eeu.. Could it be concluded it is because
of cyanide?
4. FP: I wouldn‘t suspect that is cyanide.
Int: Saya tidak akan mencurigai bahwa hal tersebut diakibatkan oleh sianida.
5. FP: I would consider other causes.
Int: Saya akan mempertimbangkan penyebab-penyebab lain.
6. FP: Including natural disease.
Int: Termasuk pada penyakit yang ada pada tubuh secara alami.

The Third Video: Ahli: Sianida Terurai oleh Formalin di Tubuh Mirna
(Published on September, 22nd 2016)
GP= General Prosecutor (Jaksa Penuntut Umum)

Int= Interpreter (Juru Bahasa)
T= Toxicologist (Ahli toksikologi)
1. GP: Seperti itu, 6 Januari dan ada laporan nya tadi Anda katakan, saya ikuti
perkataannya tanggal 21. Apa yang bisa terjadi dengan sianida dan tioksionat
yang ada dalam tubuh, apabila memang pemeriksaannya setelah berlangsung
sangat lama itu?
Int: He said that the report was issued or was made in a, on the 21 st. Now,
while the victim dated on the 6thJanuary. What could happen in between?
2. T: between death and the testing?
Int: Maksud Bapak antara kematian dan pengujian?

3. GP: Iya.
Int: Yes.
4. T: Cyanide can degrade so that it can calm down.
Int: Sianida dapat terurai atau berkurang.

5. T: That can get converted to hidrogen cyanide and evaporate.
Int: dapat menguap atau diubah menjadi hydrogen sianida.

6. T: And it can also be formed by bacteria and depend your health store from
finite cyanide something like that.
Int: dan dapat juga terbentuk oleh bakteria tergantung pada bagaimana cara dan
berapa lama euu.. disimpan.
7. T: and it actually low levels, for my sure is normally low levels.
Int: dan biasanya sianida yang terbentuk itu sedikit.

8. GP: Jadi bisa terurai dan bisa menurun kadar sianida dan tioksionat nya ya.
Bagaimana kalau itu ditambahkan formalin? Apa reaksinya, sudah ini
pemeriksaannya lama, ditambah formalin sebanyak 3 liter melalui darah.
Int: So, the examination to place long after death, and a cyanide could degrade
or be degraded. Now, what would happen if cyanide if formaline of 3 liters of
formaline was injected in to the body?
9. T: I would expect the formaline in the blood stream.
Int: euu.. Tentunya formalin tersebut akan masuk ke dalam aliran darah.
10. T: to remove any cyanide in the blood stream.
Int: dan menyingkirkan sianida yang ada di dalam aliran darah.

11. T: maybe depending on how much whether it regarding to the lymphae, i
dont‘t know.
Int: mungkin tergantung berapa banyak yang masuk ke hati, saya tidak tahu.
12. T: I dont think it with getting to the bladder with the urinary nuse or to the
stomach.
Int: saya kira mungkin tidak akan sampai .. sorry once again please, I dont
think it with get...
13. T: can getting to the kidney or in to the bladder.
Int: ya.. saya kira itu tidak akan sampai ke ginjal atau ke kandung kemih.
14. T: or to the stomach.
Int: atau ke lambung.

15. GP: Tapi secara umum itu dapat menghilangkan sianida dan tioksionat
dengan adanya waktu dan juga formalin itu sendiri.
Int: But generally speaking, the period of time it lefts would degrade or would
remove both cyanide and tyocionide.
16. T: for melt the hide do you mean?
Int: maksud..maksud bapak apa yang dapat menghilangkan.. maksud bapak

formalin?

GP: iya.
17. T: Formalin event short time will degrade cyianide and tyocionide.
Int: formalin bahkan dalam jangka waktu yang pendek akan menguraikan
sianida dan tioksionat.
GP: baik.

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ANALYSIS OF ERRORS IN CONSECUTIVE INTERPRETING: A CASE

OF JESSICA KUMALAWONGSO’S COURT

PUTRI PRIDANI MALAU

REG. NO. 160705077

FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES

UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

I, PUTRI PRIDANI MALAU, DECLARE THAT I AM THE SOLE

AUTHOR OF THIS THESIS EXCEPT WHERE REFERENCE IS MADE

IN THE TEXT OF THIS THESIS. THIS THESIS CONTAINS NO

MATERIAL PUBLISHED ELSE WHERE OR EXTRACTED IN WHOLE

OR IN PART FROM A THESIS BY WHICH I HAVE QUALIFIED FOR

OR AWARDED ANOTHER DEGREE. NO OTHER PERSON’S WORK

HAS BEEN USED WITHOUT DUE ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS IN THE

MAIN TEXT OF THIS THESIS. THIS THESIS HAS NOT BEEN

SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF ANOTHER DEGREE IN ANY

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

NAME : PUTRI PRIDANI MALAU

TITLE OF THESIS : ANALYSIS OF ERRORS IN CONSECUTIVE

QUALIFICATION : S1/SARJANA SASTRA

I AM WILLING THAT MY THESIS SHOULD BE AVAILABLE FOR

REPRODUCTION AT THE DISCRETION OF THE LIBRARIAN OF

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH, FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES,

UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA ON THE UNDERSTANDING

THAT USERS ARE MADE AWARE OF THEIR OBLIGATION UNDER

THE LAW OF THE REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

~ THIS THESIS IS DEDICATED TO MY PARENTS

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

PSALM 30: 5-6 (NLT)

Firstly, I would like to deliver my sincere gratitude to Jesus Christ, He is

Secondly, I would like to give my appreciation to my beloved parents

my administration process along this pandemic situation.

My lovely brothers Immanuel Andrew Pratama Malau and Kevin Haposan

I would like to deliver my sincere gratitude to Prof. Dr. Syahron Lubis,

M.Hum. as my co-supervisor for his patience, knowledge and kindness to help me

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

thank to Dr. Rudy Sofyan, S.S., M.Hum as my examiner in order to give

faculty also in this pandemic situation.

My special thanks is also to my spiritual group in campus, they are

Atriminithea Alvaro: Agnesia Putri Sihombing, S.S as my spiritual sister,

Also, I would thanks to my family in Christ; Umeko Elshella and Dir

Christ Sima, Windi Sihombing, Sari Purba, Cristine Marpaung, Windy

and support me during my journey in campus. And I thank to Koordinasi UKM

Putri Pridani Malau

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Keywords: Consecutive interpreting, Jessica Kumalawongso‘s court, Theory

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Kata kunci: Penafsiran berurutan, persidangan Jessica Kumalawongso, teori

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AUTHOR’S DECLARATION .........................................................................................i

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UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

1.1 Background of the Study

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UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

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1.2 Problems of the Study

1.3 Objectives of the Study

1.4 Scope of the Study

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1.5 Significance of the Study

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