EVS PRESENTATION

PRESENTING BY:-
1)JAYESH LAYCHA (85)
2)PRANAY TIWARI (86)
3)SHUBHAM KOTECHA (87)
4)AAKANSH ZUNZUNWALA (88)
5)DARSHAN JAIN (89)
 What is Bio-diversity?????????

‘Biological diversity’ or biodiversity is that part of nature

which includes the differences in genes among the
individuals of a species, the variety and richness of all
the plant and animal species at different scales in
space, locally, in a region,in the country and the
world, and various types of ecosystems, both terrestrial
and aquatic,within a defined area.
Genetic diversity
Each member of any animal or plant species
differs widely from other individuals in its
genetic makeup because of the large number
of combinations possible in the genes that
give every individual specific characteristics.
Thus, for example, each human being is very
different from all others.
Genetic diversity
Genetic diversity
 •Species diversity
The number of species of plants and animals that are
present in a region constitutes its species diversity. This
diversity is seen both in natural ecosystems and in
agricultural ecosystems
 Values of Biodiversity:
Food:
About 80,000 edible plants and about 90% of present day
food crops have been domesticated from wild.
Drugs & Medicines:
About 75% of world’s population depend on plants or plant
extracts.
Fuel:
Forests have been used since ages for fuel wood. Fossil fuels
are also products of Biodiversity.
Social Value:
Many of the plants like Tulsi, Lotus, Peepal etc are
considered holy plants.

About 2.1 million species have been identified till

date, while many more species are believed to exist.
 A biodiversity hotspot is a biogeographic region with a
significant reservoir of biodiversity that is threatened with
destruction.

An area is designated as a hot spot when it contains at

least 0.5% of plant species as endemic.

There are 25 such hot spots of biodiversity on a global

level.

These hot spots covering less than 2% of the world’s land

area are found to have about 50% of the terrestrial
biodiversity
BIOGEOGRAPHIC CLASSIFICATION OF
INDIA

The Andaman and Nicobar Islands.

The Thar Desert of Rajasthan.

Criteria for determining hot-spots:
No. of Endemic Species i.e. the species which are found no
where else.

Degree of threat, which is measured in terms of Habitat

loss.
A habitat is the physical and biological
environment used by an individual, a
population, a species, or a group of
species.
Habitat Loss has occurred when quality
of the environment is so low that it is
no longer usable by a given species.
Habitat Degradation is the process by which
habitat quality for a given species is
diminished.
Causes of Habitat Loss include man made
objects such as roads, dams,
Etc.
 Roads are structures used to facilitate
movement. However, they are barriers for
animals such as amphibians, small
reptiles, and invertebrates.
Damming streams and rivers have destroyed
many aquatic ecosystems. Many animals
move up and down the streams searching for
places to breed.
 Consequences of Habitat Loss include the
endangerment and extinction of species, as
well as the destruction of land and
ecosystems.
Other structures that are considered to be a
cause of Habitat Loss are parking
lots, mines, buildings, and railroads.
 Causes of Habitat Degradation are Air
Pollution, Water Pollution, and Pesticides.
 A combination of CFC’s and halons reduce
the concentration of the ozone, allowing UV
rays to reach the earth surface, forming toxic
clouds called smog.
Water Pollution includes material such as
mud that smothers the bottom of aquatic
ecosystems at high concentrations.
Pesticides, Insecticides, and Rodenticides are
used to kill animals that would eat our crops.
 Protecting remaining intact sections of
natural habitat.
 Educating public about the importance of
natural habitat and biodiversity.
 Devloping family planning programs in areas
of rapid population growth.
 Finding ways to increase the agricultural
output by organic farming.
 refers to the variety of species in a specific
area
 increases as one moves toward the equator
(WHY?)
…without it, we will not survive.
 supports many basic natural services for
humans, such as fresh water, fertile soil and
clean air
 helps pollinate our flowers and crops, clean
up our waste and put food on the table
 Habitat loss
 Habitat fragmentation
 Edge effect
 Habitat degradation
 Water pollution
 Land pollution
 Exotic species
 Conservation Biology – study and
implementation of methods to protect
biodiversity
 Legal Protections of species
 Preserving habitats
 Habitat corridors
 Working with people (park rangers and the
like)
 Reintroduction and species preservation
programs
 Captivity
 Protecting plant species
Think
Green...!
 Poaching is the illegal hunting, killing or
capturing of animals
 Simple as taking an animal without a permit
 Using a prohibited weapon/ trap
 Stealing an animal from a zoo/ sanctuary
 Common in developing countries
 Poaching leads to extinction
 Tusks-ivory

 Rhino horn

 BushMeat
 Hides ,meats, and bones
are sold to dealers
 Clothes, food, and jewelry
production
 Religious significances/
shaman usage
 Collectors
Masked
poachers

Poaching
for money

Quick profit

Weapons
 Drugs

 Weapons
The military

Caught in act

 Natives

Fined

Weapons
What happens to the animal?
Model
500
50 Cal.
• Ivory from elephant tusks: jewelry, flatware
handles, piano keys, sculptures
• Leopard skin: said to give kings magical
powers when placed upon his throne
• Tiger Penis: Used in Asia as a pain killer or
aphrodisiac
• Lion Meat: said to give superhuman strength
and increase sex drive
 Elephant
 Rhinoceros
 Leopard
 Tiger
 Lion
 Panda
 East
Africa

 Siberia

 India

South
America
 Rangers

Petitions

Funds

Rising
awareness
 Friendship
 You personally? Nothing realistic.
 Donating money to your favorite wildlife
protection and conservation organization
helps, but does little to fundamentally stop
international poaching
 The best thing would be to join one of these
organizations and volunteer as an anti
poaching ranger. Good luck with that.
 The word ‘ conflict’ is defined as ‘ an
incompatibility between opinions or principles

‘ a situation that arises because of differences in

perception, attitude and insufficient
understanding, mostly, on part of the wiser
party.’

‘ any conflict that arises where the behavior of one

(either people or wildlife) is unacceptability
disadvantageous to the other’.
Cont,,,, INTRODUCTION…..

 With the increase in wildlife population in

response to protection, human-wildlife conflict
also has increased.

 Large-scale forest degradation, rapid

infrastructure development and population
explosion, conflicts between domestic stock and
wild carnivores have increased.
 Man – wildlife conflicts:
 The conflict between man and wildlife started with the
evolution of man, but intensity increased due to the
activities of modern man
 Due to the lack of stable food and disruption of
movement, wild animals came out of forest area and
attack the agricultural field and humans and in turn
got killed by the humans.
 Tiger

 Wild Dog

 Wild Boar

 Leopard

 Elephant
 Due to the minimum disturbance caused by
the residents with in the buffer zones to the
habitat, the prey base is considered to be
balanced

 Therefore the conflict related to the tiger is

very minimum though not absolutely nil.
 Main problem of the man animal conflict is
caused by the wild dogs (Cuon alpinus) and the
leopard (Panthera pardus)

 The main reason for the conflict from the wild

dog is that the wild dogs are occasionally found
in groups and with the combined effort, it
easily kills the livestocks specially and the
cattle’s become victim
 Wild Boar is the greatest enemy of the
residents of the area who cultivates potatoes
as their cash crop
 Second most prevalent conflict with the leopard

 The conflict caused by the leopard kill is more

on sheep and horses and its preferences to
these species over other animals are not yet
known
 Studies by Raman Sukumar in three locations in
India suggested that up to 20% of elephant
deaths were caused directly by crop defence.
These studies took place in 1982 and the
situation is thought to have worsened since.

 In Sri Lanka it is reported that up to 150 wild

elephants are shot or poisoned by farmers every
year.
 Killing of
Humans

House Damage
Damage to Agri.
crop
Type of
conflict
s

Accidental Killing of
injury livestock
Year Livestock Human

1998 244 92

1999 207 84

2000 253 121

2001 375 122

2002 269 105

Ref : Shri Dhirendra Bhargava, IGNFA

 Crop Loss Houses Humans
Year
(ha.) (No.) (No.)
2002 - 3903 1508 30
03
2003-04 4211 1071 43

2004-05 4201 1674 41

2005-06 4697 1194 33

Ref :Shri Dhirendra Bhargava, IGNFA

 From 2001 to 2006

◦ 100 people lost their lives

◦ 781 ha. Of crop has been damaged

◦ 61.5 lakh Rs. Has been spent on compensation

 LIvestock Killed, 2004 Bear
 Tiger – 125
9%

 Snow leopard – 23
Tiger
 Bear – 65 18%

 Leopard - 499 Leopard

70% Snowle
opard
3%

Ref: Lhendup Tharchen F.T , IGNFA

Anthropogenic/Man made causes
 Habitat loss
 Agricultural practices
 Entry into forests
 Insufficient prey base
 Poverty
 Population pollution
 Exploitation of forests
 Culture and society
 There are some common field between Man
and animal, Which ultimately leads to conflict
due to resource limitation like:
 SPACE
 FOOD
 SHELTER
 Increasing population of human beings
 Loss of forest
 Decrease in quality of forest
 Development activities
 Mitigation Reaction:
◦ Driving away wild animals

◦ Removing problem animals

◦ Killing problematic animals

◦ Law enforcement
 Preventive methods:

◦ Creation of physical barrier. (Wall & Fencing)

◦ Habitat enrichment

◦ Preventive Spatial separation (By wall formation)

 “Conservation is the
application of common sense
to the common problems for
the common good.”
bye