' Two Marks euestions and Answers

1. What is mean by Frequenry and frequency ratio?

Frequency is number of times the motion repeated
in the same sense or altematively. It is the
number of cycles made in one second (cps). It
i" ar"o as Hertz (H2) named after the
inventor of the tenn. The circular frequency ro in "xp."s"ed ''
mits of sec-i i" giro by 2n;.
2.
What is ttre formula for free vibration response?
The corresponding equation under fiee vrhrations
can be obtained by substituting the
right hand side ofequation as zero. This gives

, mu+Cu+Ku=0
3. VYhat are the effects ofvibration?
i. Effect on Human Sensitivity.
ii.Effect on Structural Damage
4. What is mean by theory of vibration?
vibration is the motion of a particle or a body
or a system of concentrated bodies having
been displaced form a position ofequilibrium,
upp"a.ing as an oscillation.

. u]Yb'
^,, into
fell
was recogdzed.in mechanicar systems fust
the heading ..Mechanical Vibraiions,,
and hence the study of vibrations
as e*f, uJo* OZOO years ago.
5. Define damping.
Damping is a of
meas^1e dissipation in a vibrating system. The
mechanism may be .
of the frictional.elergy dissipating
form or vircou. forrr. In the former case, it
friction or column damping and in the ratter is c6 ed dry
case it is carled viscous damping. Danrping
structural system generally assumed to in a
be of viscous tlpe for mathematical convenience,
viscous
damped force (Fd) is prcportionar
to the velocity 1u; or a vibrating body. The corstant
proportionality is called the damping of
constant (C). Its units are NS/m.
6. What do you mean by Dynamic Response?
The Dynamic mav be d;fin1! simpry
as time varying. Dynamic load is therefore
which varies in its
magnitude, direction any load
uotr, iir, time. The structurar response (i.e.,
resulting dispracements and stresses)
to a".d.ynamic load is also time varying or dynamic
.

nature. Hence it is called dynamic response. in

PREPARED BY
s. AZHAOAP.SAMy rlrt.Tech, MfSTE
455T. PROFESSOR Deportment of Civil l,
Engg.

I'
 7. What is mean by free vibration?
A structure is said to be undergoing free vibrations if the exciting force that carred
the vibration is no longer present and the oscillating structure is purely under influence of its
own inertia or mass(m) and stiftress (k), Free vibration can be set in by giving an initial
displacement or by giving an initial velocity (by strfting with a hammer) to the structure d an
appropriate location on it.
8. What is meant by F orced vibrations?
Forced vibrations me produced in a structure when it is acted upon by the continuous
prcsence of an e*ernal oscillating force acting on it. The structure under forced vibration nomally
responds at the frequency ratio, i.e. (fin/ft) where ftn is the frequency ofexcitation and f,? is the Ddural
frequency of the structure.
9. \trrite a short note on
Amplitude.
It is the maximum response of the vibrating body from its mean positiorr
Ampiitude is genemlly associated with direction - v€rtical, horizontal, eE. It can be expressed in the
form of displacement (u), velocity (ri) or acceleration (i): In the case of simple harmonic motiorl
these terms are related though the frequency of oscilation (0.
If 'u' is displacemetrt amplitude, theD
Veloclty (*) 2zr f .u:
:
Acceleration (ri) QnD. Qt) : hr2 f2u
When acceleration is used as a measure of vibration itis measured in terrns of acceleration
due to gravity, g (9.81 m/sec2).

10. De{ine Resonance.

This phenomenon is characterized by the build -up area of large amplitudes of any
given structural system and aq such , it has a significance in the design of dynamically
loaded structures. Resonanoe should be avoided under all circumstances, whenever a structure is
acted upon by a steady state oscillating force (i.e., frn is constant).

The presence of damping, however, limits the amplitudes at resonance. This shows the
importance of damping in controlling the vibrations of structures. According to IS 1893 -1975-
Indian standard code of practice on Earthquake resistant design of structures, following
values of damping me recommended for design purposes.
11. What is mean by Degrees of freedom?
The number of degrees of freedom of system equals the minimum number o f independent
co-ordinates necessary to defrne the configuration ofthe system.

12. Define static force.

A push or pull or a load or many loads on any.system creates static displacement or
deflection depending on whethff it is a lumped system or a continues system; there is no
excitation and hence there is no vibration.
13. Write q slort motion.
nof,e on simple Harmonic
Vibration is periodic motion; the simplest form of periodic motion is simple harmonic.
More complex forms of periodic motion may be considered to be composed of a number of simple
harmonics of various amplitudes and frequencies as specified in Fourier series

PREPARED BY S. AZHAG AR.s AMY l,\.Tech, MISTE

ASSI. PROFESSOR Departhent o{ Civil Enqg.
 14. What is rhe response for impulsive load or Shock loads?
Impulsive load is that which acts for a relatively short dLrdion. Examples are impact of a
hammer on its foundation. Damping is not importanr in coryuting response to impulsive
loads
since the maximum response occurs in a very short time before darnfrng foices can absorb
much energy from the structr.rre. Tberefore, onlv the ,,rrl*mJ,ed reslronse to irnpulsive loads wifi
be considered.

15. Write a short note on single degree of Aeedom (SIX)F) systems.

, At any instant of time, tbe .mtioo of rhis srrstem cen be denoted by single co_ ordinate (x
in this case). It is represented by a rigid rne<sL resting on a spring of stiftiess .k, and coupled
through a viscous dashpot (representiag dr;r{ring) baving constant .C'. Here, tk
mass .m,
represents the inertial effects of damping (or energy disstqrbn) in the system- Using the dy6amic
equilibrium relation with the inertial force ircIuded to D,Alembert,s principle, it can be
written as
FI + ID + FS:P(O
(Inerti (Damp (EIas (Aop
Force force) force forc
This gives
rnx+Cx+Kx=P
x, x, x respectively denote the displacement, velocity and acceleration ofthe systern p (t)
is the time dependent force acting on the mass. The above equation ,"p."r"rr, the equation of
motion ofthe single degree freedom system subjected to forced vibrations.
16. Define Clcle.
' The movement of a particre or body from the mean to its exreme position
in the
diectiorl then to the mean and then another exr"-" position and back to the
mean is called a
Cycle of vibration Cycles per second are the unit Hz.

17. Write short notes or DrAlembert's principle.

According to Newton,s law F: ma
The above equation is in the form ofan equation ofmotion
of force equilibrium in which the
sum of the number of f,orce terms equal zero. Henie
if an imaginary force wrri"i is equar to ma
were applied to system in the direction opposite to the
acceleration, the system could then be
considered to be in equilibrium under the actibn
of real force F and the imaeinary force ma. This
ma is known as inertia force and the position of equilibrium
i3.1Y_3*"
equ rDnum.
is called dynamic
D'Alembert's principre which state rhat a sysrem
may be in dynbmic equiribrium by adding
to the extemal forces, an imaginary force, which
is commonly knr*r, *,fr"l""*'^]L""*'
18. Write the mathematicat equation for springs in parallel
and springs in series
Springs in parallel
k": k, k,
k. is called equivalent stiffness of the svstem

PREPARED BY s. AZHAaAq.s.AMy iril.Iech, r$fSTE

ASSL PROFESSOR Deportmant of Civil Engg.

t
 Springs in series
1:l*1
k. kr k2

19.Define logarithmic decrement method.

Logarilhmic decremeht is defined as the natural logarithmic value of the iatio oftwo adjacent
peak values of displacemont in free vibration. It is a dimensionless paramet6r. It is denoted by a
symbol d

20. Writeshort notes on Ilalf-power Bandwidth method.

Bandwidth is the difference between two fiequencies corresponding to the same amplitude.
Frequency response.curve is used to define the half-power bandwidtl. In which, the damping ratio is
determined from the frequencies at which tie response a:nplitude is reduced 1rly'2 times the
maximum amplitude or resonant amplitude.

21. Define Magnification factor.

Magnificati,on factor is defined as the ratio of dynamic displacement at any time to the
displacement produced by static application ofload.

22. Whet is the difrerence betweer a static and dynamic force? b*) tsocd$ ?'
ln a static problem, load is constant with respect to time and the dynamic problem is the time
varying in nature. Because bottr loading and its responses varies with respect to fime
Sratic problem has only one response that is displacement. But the dynamic problem has
mainly three responses such as displacement, velocity and acceleration.

23. Define critical damping.

Critical damping is defined as the minimum amormt of damping for which the systern will
not vibrate when disturbed initially, but it will retum tot the equilibrium posifion. This will result in
non-periodic motion that is simple decay. The displacement decays to a negligible level after one
nature period T.

24. List out the types of damping.

(1) Viscous Damping, (2) Coulomb Damping, (3) Structural Damping (4) Active
Damping, (5) Passive Damping.

25. What is meant by danping ratio?

The ratio of the actual damping to the criticai damping coefficient is called as damping ratio-
It is denoted by a symbol p and it is dimensionless quantity. It ca be written as

p = c/cc

PREPARED BY s. AZHAGAPSAMY /tA,Tech, MISTE

ASST. PROFESSOR Deportment of Civil engg. 5
 t{kso FiBbn
Now the whole of kinetic energy is converted into elastic energy
and this elastic energy again
brings the ball to the equilibrium, position. In this way, vibratory
inotion is repeated ioaen iiery-aoa
exchange of energy takes place. This motion which repeats
called vibrarion.
itself after certain interval
"f
ti;;;
27. V,lhat arc the main causes of vibration?
The main causes ofvibration are:
l' unbalanced centrifugal forcc in the syste,r due to faulty design and poor
manutbct,ring.
2. Elastic nature of system
3. Extemal excitation applied on the system
4' winds may cduse vibration of cerim system such
as electricity lines, terephr:ne
rines etc.
28. lYhat are the disadvantages of effects of
vibratiol?
Disadvantages harm_firl effects vibration:
Vibration causes excessive and unpleasant stresses
in the rotating system.
r' Vibration causes rapid wear and tear ofmaphine parts
such as gears and bearings.
Vibration causes loosening ofparts from the machine.
Due to vibrations locomotive.can leave the track
causing accident or heavy loss.
Earthquakes are the cause of vibration because
of whiih bu dings ,r*"*res (like
bridges) 1nay collapse. -i "ri".
r' Proper readings ofinstruments cannot be
taken because ofheavy vjbrations.
y' Resonance may_take prace if the frequency
of ex.itutro, mui"i"" J*,rr" **"r frequency of
system causing rarge amplitudes of vibration
thereby resulting in failure of system,
Bridges "; -

S.AZHAGARSAT y lil.Tech, itrtISTE

ASST. PROFESSOR Deportment of Civit
Engg.

\.
 29. How can you eliminate/reduce unnecessarT vibrations? .
Unwanted vibrations can be reduced by:
1. Removing extemal excitation if possible.
2. Using shock absorbers. And Dynamic absoibers.
3. : P.roper balancing ofrotating parts.
4. Removing manufacturing defects and material in homogeneities.
5. Resting the system on proper vibration isolators.
30. What arc thc advantages ofvibration?
1. Musical Instrum€nts like guitar.
2. In study of earthquake for geological reasons.
' 3. Vibration is usefirl for vibration testing equipments.
4. Propagation of sound is due to viblations.
5. Vibratory conveyors are basbd on concept ofvibration.
6. Pen&rlum clocks are based on the irinciple ofvibration.
31. DeIine the following:
l)
Periodic motion: A motion which repeats itself after certain interval of time is called periodic
motion.
2)
Time Period: it is time taker to complete one cycle.
' 3) Frequcnty: No's of cycles in one sec. Units : H
4) Amplitude: Ir{aximrmr displacement of a vibrating body from mean position is called
Amplitlde.
5) Naturel freqncnry: When there is no extemal force applied on the system and it is given a
slight disptacemeat the body vibrates. These vibrations are called free vibrations and
frequency offree vibration is called Natural frequency.
6) Fuadamental mode of vibration: Frmdamental mode ofvibration is a mode
32. Ctassify diftrent types of vibrations.
Types of Vibrations
I. Free and Forced
To and fio motion of the sygtem when disarbed initially without any extemal force acting on it
are called free vibrations. e.g. pendulum. To and fro motions of the system under the influence of
extemal force are called forced v.ibrations. E.g. Bell, Earthquake.
II. Damped and Undamped vibrations
Darnped vibrations are those in which amplitude of vibration decreases with time. These
vibrations are real and me alsb called transient vibrations.

rt
5t

Undamped vibrations are those in which amplitude of vibration remains constant. In ideal system
there would be no damping and so amplitude ofvibration is steady.

PREPARED BY S. AZH AGAR S.AMY A'l.Iech, lrlISTE

A55T. PROFESSOR Deportment of Civil engg. -7
 33. What is DrAIembert,s principle?
D'Alembert's princiPle that if the r€sultant fdce
-force is zero. then the body will states
he in static equilibrium
diEg on a body along with the inertia

Inertia force acting on the body is givcl by

F, : rn a, where
,r
= ma66 of tlre body and
a: Iinear acceleaticn of ttre ege of rc
Assuming that the resultant force acring on body is F, then the body sill tc i *,ra*q,-- ;1
F+Fr:0
Cud& fi8. 6e
rying fuce of lte bo@ IG is z.trng 4ry163 d,.d&1.tbh61r
-
is afu i amu
i
&ain- rb ,#g tusc is aig ha r-f hrrig
S s th Hy tu l{ * +L* t d,L bfrd d
ftdcfyirrbfr- -h -

f-
f-
tu2:2
,zi + Kr = O (D,Abmberds pr;ripte)

34. Classify different types of damping.

Types of Damping
[. Viscous
2. Coulomb
3. Structural
4. Non-linear, Slip or interfacial damping
35. What is meant by viscous damping?
when the system is arlowed to vibrate in viscous
medium the damping is caned viscous
viscosity is the property ofthe fluid by virtue
of lvhich it offers resistance to moment of one over
other. the

36. What is the importance of critical

damping?
out of the three modes the vibmting body which
has been displaced from its mean position
would come to state of rest in smallest possiule
time without overshooting i.e. without executing
oscillation about mean position in critical
damping mode.
So critical damping is. used for practical
applications in large g,ns so that after firing
retuming to original position in minimum the
time without vibrating and ready for next
delay' lf damping provided is overdamped firing without
or underdamped,, then there wrll be delay.
also design of an instrument. This properry is

PREPARED BY s. AZIHAOAP,SAMY M.Tech, MISTE

ASST. PROFESSOR Departrhent of Civil 8n99. I
 relative to a motionless

ratio of an
the time domain. The logarithmic decrernent is the natural log of the ratio of the
two successive peaks:

PREPARED BY S. AZHAGAF.SAIAY tiil.Tech, i ISTE

A55T. PROFESSOR DePortmeni of Civil En99. 9
 EI(AMPIE 2.1 A unss of ore kg is suspeaded by a
ryring hvitg a stiftess of lrlh.
fi: mas i* dirplrrced dowar*ad &on irs quiUmurn gfit; by;d;;;id;ffi 600
ffi
(a) fruuim of uodq d 6o rystom
(b) Ndrr.! fregacy of rbe jricren
(c) Ttc rcspoosc 0f &E syseD c a ftrncthn
(d) Tdd cE Ej, of Se sysrern.
of me

sb&dioB. Giveo,te.;t":
dr=ltC
r = 6{tr Nhr
&=OIll n
{a) ltc quafgr of mb b !ir6 by
d+k=0
li+6(Ilr=O
{b) ?be mrural freguacy is giveD b,

*=,ff=rry
= 2{.49 radA

/*&=3.s98 Hz

{e) Ragponse of $e:sysrem is glven by

r= 4sin{{r"{*S)

Amplitude, * Yrto.otll

= O.Ol *
pbrse anse s = r,n-r
Hf]=
ta.-, plu-?l3g]= *"<-r
= rl2
Rcspome ,r = 0.01 sb(24,a9 + (*/?))
tO Thc ml
eoerg1r is equal b thc naximum kinedc energy or uu:rtmrr:r poter ial srergy.
\ue bow rhar. pE* =1#=iemfo.oU.

= 0.03 l.I/m
,<e*. =ir* =
im(atr,)2 =,I
x rx ( ?A.4sxa.1tt'
0.03 N/m
PEn*. = gg** = 0.03 lrt/nr
.'. Toral eoergy = 0.0j Nlm

S. A)$\EA\SNi) )i -T ec}, Nrf.SrE

ASST. PROFESSOR Deporiment of Civil Engg.
I
i
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=7139Yff
= 125 lril
E$&htr of r'{im is .t = 4 &(q,r t f) = 2l I *e{3?.n + l5}

PREPARED BY s. AZHAaAP,5,AMY il.Tech, tlilISTE

ASST. PROFESSOR DePortment of Civil Engg.

27
 DI(Aildtl,,E ai
A rr€fiirlrl c:6tc 3 m hry tai.a arua of 4 J *..*
a rynighr of j0 kN. wbsr f,,i[ b he p",i"d-cross-M
ddt
*o*f n"qp.."y il t
8= 2,1 x l06l(8/cE2. "f frilJ
Sotrr$orrl Giya der',ik:
rl=4m2
r=n)kll
rr, 50x ld
.=;:lJ_=505.818
E=?-t x 16 *9tu1
S[&ss , AE 4x2-txtff
.=7=--E-=nnokC/ca
= 7I)0 x $l = e*Of x tS ftm
lee *gaocy, * lk l6.fftrnf
q={;={ffi
= 367 radifs

Na!{m! }e*iod, -2a

*.?
I
= o.l? s
I
ergnffiy / =; rlz (or) cpo
= 5'E4
I
ffi*1u*,e$8tr,ffik"1ffi* r rri6rc*s $r I N,h*
:SaMalr,. Givca dctails:
i; I lrl/mr = 1000 !{/p
r'l= I kg
l'limial frcqnoncy
' * -r#,.tff=31'62ratue '

r=fr-=s.or nz
Stuic ftfkcfion {,
Wc honr thal 0n*

f* =;f =9,31x1s-int=9^BI ErEr

EXfA}l?t E 25 A camitey€r beam _3 m toao o**

tl.uffi
uB ufimil Fiod ,*ljj l:** :yry*-:-"e*
and oa,*ir,"q,#,i
D€iod u*a
-
;T $
iTTfdkffif;f#
joo
tg Is upper €r4 r/iE t
ar
",",-, ilHffi
61, L b osrivabntti **{-T-}
r *-.i-_J
Fjc{rn ?,rl

PREPARED BY
s. AZH AGAp.sAMy ti\.Tech, MISTE
AS5r. PROFESSOR Deportment of Civil
Engg. 28
t\

hftit.-{rp,bce, **pr* 3x2.1xId

(3mf
x 1300

= 308 rSlcm = 3SJ x 981 lrVqm

* 2-97 x td l.l/cm

I*.trl ftcgcocy
IF lz.vtxtd
=rh={=m-
',
= 7l.37 rtds
(r f =9;lla
"2E "*
I.falud p.dod 7=l=3I=o.zr,
TD.,
E:t{nr!r,E 2f, A cantil*ar beam AS of hDS&Lk{tackd{or{trhg}d*srBr.r,a,
dprn is ICgs"aIe {l) Frm es Gquadotr of m!{ioc rtrd {b) fu
tr qppsrig er tb
of swfioo.

Hgs,i 1r2
S&rinr.'
(a) E+uion of motion

$tiftns duo o Sc tpp€Bd mrss lts is O=X='#

TU8 gi&ecr fr b actiry pfiaud to t
.', eqoirahm spriBE 3lifut8s & = tr + t
9El 3w.+kE
=V+r =**?-
Tls ffer*miel quation of motisn is
mi- -k.x

PREPARED BY s. A4IAA AP,SArliY lrl.Tech, AtrSTE

455T. PROFESSOR DePortment of Civil Engg.
21
 *-ffi1=o

ffiAlrlil, 17 M b e{ esileJl of 6! g !|r dron h E!ilE a*h:!t&

&lptri
tffi* f!. aq q?ated sr.rb[} is shoflr ia 3lEsc ZJd
Abo Ariqgs ll ad { al iD p.Etlcl
ESrtedd fficts rtr = *r + lz aXX) + 2{IX)
=
x 40d)'t{/m
&lo htu .qtiy.hsr sp*iag is pedbl ; fs
; E@ralom cffics*

S. AZHAOARSAI^y .rirt.Tech, MISTE

AssT. PROFESSOR Deporthent of Civil
Engg.
3o
 q={&=B

;
rBlhZ{{

fi: ffm
Nsrural ft$queEj!
'.:'ffi={ ro
= 26.t16 rad/s

ot I =*=a-il*tz
7n

EXAMPLB aB Cossid.E ihe sysEm sho$s iB Figtrc 2.15.

lf *r = ffi tqrn, *4* 1500 lrtrh, *r, S80 N/* aad Ia = *3:r 50d Nh' tu tb re tr
tia sJEeD hac * tmd Eeqcacy of l0 I:l&

s.AZHAGAR'ATAY M.Tech, AATSTE

A55T. PROFESSoR DePqrtment of Civil Engg'
 rqEE l,'lc E$rfilaer{ ryfi{,
!+ fu s 1666.67 |,1/m

r:!9L
'br
o\EZf',ti}rEgA,
!+ ah = 6z*8:l rarf*

BIr @-=.1*
fF
Y,'l
.+
@l=-
m

:g+
*- Lffitrl
,'l=-+E.---+
(dx w
;?.6.J2*

s. AZHA6AS,5.AiAY ilA.Tech, iAfsT€

ASST. PROFESSOR Deportment of Civil Engg.
32-
 3g
hr a d*cr tqn, th. *ifhaa.is 4=?=

ko ={+&. =4xfd +6xtd

= f0 x ld Nrtr

€o t@ r los tltn*

4*f*fOEfUrr

F$r. at,

BS

4 * tLfi x lS N/m.

= 4956 rad/s

PREPARED BY S. AZ;HAGAF.5,AMY rll.Tech, tltlISTE 3z

A55T. PROFEsSOR Deportment of Civil Engg.
 il

fiSull a{8

frur L19.
. ..BxZlxld x 0.833
-
rran-.-,,-..'....'_!
000r
= 8+ kdsn
Tb two sprirgr tr and & a]lc io strr€s, EE equrvslEnt siifr€ss of th
ths co[iForqd rying k
Aiym ty
fE=J*J=a*..1
& &
E4rfl)
:+ *. * 45.65 Wcm
= 45.65 x 981
= 0..lrl8 x I# N/c{tr

Narural frequcncy al, =

= 12.22 .rad/s

PREPARED BY S. A*lAeAP.s.At,.Y A^.Tech, /vllsrE

455T. PROFESSOR Deporlmenr of Civil Engg.
 a

(iii) Frequency: No's of cycles in one sec. Units: H

(iv) Amplitude: Ma.ximum displacement of a vibrating body from mean position
is called
Amplitude.
(v) Natural fr'equenry: whe, there is no extemal force applied on the system and it is given
a
slight displacement the body vibrates. These vibrations are called free vibrations and
Aequency offree vibration is called Natiral frequency.
'(vi) Fundamental mode of vibration: Fundamental mode ofvibration is a mode
(vii) Degree of freedom:

r- SegbdegEe
drhcGdoln-'

2. T!*o da!*ce
dtpedgn'

. 3. Ttlree degte
oflteedom

The minimum no's of co-ordinates required to specifi motion of a system at any instant is
called degree of freedom.
(viii) Simple trIarmonic Motion (S.ILM,): The motion of a body "to" and "fro" about a fixed
point is called S.H.M. S.FLM.. is a periodic motion and it. is firnction of ';Sine" or *Cosine".
Acceleration of S.H.M. is proportiirnal to displacement from the mean position and is directed
towards the centre.
r =Asinarl
Difdeien tiate wj.t. 'Y
x t, Aot ccso.lt
dilferentiate w s.t-' t'
i = -A rpg sin t,llt
lAcc. * iI
[u, =rJ
PREPARED BY S. AZH AO ARS A tAY,lt\. Tech,,IAISTE
A55T. PROFESSOR Deportment of Civil Engg.
9. Explain different methods ofvibration analysis?
Different methods ofvibration analysis are:
Energr method: According to this method total energy of the
system remains constant i.e.
sum ofkinetic energy and potential energy always
remains coostant.

*:5. =
| *i,
1
P.E =; #
K,B+P.E" *c
l**r*|*2""

Dlff€rcErgating w'i.f, r
,rr* i"r K* j =0

FIs. 1.4 I(r =0

Let ',i+ ' x - A sinarl
. i - - Aarzsln arl
i = -a2x
Puttins in (I) we get
rnx(-rr2r)+Kr =0

PREPARED BY s. AZH AGAP.S AMy .Tech, MrsTE

455T. PROFESSOR Deportment o f Civil Engg. 34
 temt is

, f;n1l*f-l*'

H$ t.5

:
Accordiag to this mettod the sum of. forces and moments acting on the syStem is zero if no
e:rtemal fqce is applied on the system.
Consider fig. I
' ar3 +c,+xlt =0 (If rro gcsrna! furtn ls appL:ed)
mi tci +Xx =F (If ecdend'fqce Pb applied)

PREPARED BY S. AZHAOAP5.AMY lt^.Tech, rlilXSTE

A55T. PROFESSOR Deportment ol Civil En9g. Z7

L
 9. Classify differenf types ofvibrations.
- Ans. Types of Vibmtions

rTo and
ao motion of the sys[em when dishrbed initially without any extemal force
actiag on
it arc called free vibratioos. e.g. pendurum. To and fio motions of the system under the influence
ofextemal force are called forced vibrations. E.g. Bell, Earthquake.
IL Linear and Non-linear vibrations
. Liiear vibrations: The linear vibrations are those which obey law of superimposition.
If ar
and a2 are the solutions ofa difflercntial equation, the,
al + o2 5tror16 ulso be the solution.
i +ci +k =fr{0
,ni+ti+k=fr{r)
a , mi+g,itkx-Fr{r)+fz{4
Non-linear vibrations: when ampritude of vibrations tends
towards large varue, then
vibrations become non-rinear in nature. They do
not obey raw of superimposition. iil. Damped
and Undamped vibrations

II. Damped and Undamped vibralions

Damped vibrations are those in which ampritude
of vibration decreases with time. These
vibrations are real and are also called transient
vibrations.

undamped vibrations are those in which

ampriiude of vibration remains consiant. In ideal
system there would be no damping and
so amplitude ofvibration is steady.
1V. Determiiistic and Random vibrations
(Non_Deterministic).
Deterministic vibrations are trat whose
externar excitation is known or can be
detemrined whereas Random vibrations
are those whose extemar excitation cannot
determined. e. g. Earthquake be

V. Longitudinal, Transverse and Torsional yibrations

PREPARED BY
S.AZHAGAqSAI y Art.Tech, i{fSTE
ASST. PROFESSOR Deportment of Civil
Engg. 56
lO Ew cru we make a system vibrate in one of its natural node?
' Wh a system is displaced slightly from its equilibrium position and allowed to vibrate
then these are called free vibrations and the system is said to vibrate m its natural mode without
any exterml force impressed on it.
4

.11. What do you mean by undamped free vibrations?

If the body vibrates with intemal forces and no exterilal force is included, it is further
during vib,rations if there is no loss of energy due to friction or resistance, it is known as

.12. What is D'Alembert's Principle?

D'Alembert's principle states that ifthe resultant force acting on a body along with the
inertia force is zero, then the body will be in static equilibrium.
Inertia force acting on the bbdy is given by
F, = rrl a, where,
ar = ErasF df the body. and
a = *near agreleration of tlre ctrtke sf mass

Assuming that &e resultant force acting on body is F, then the body will be in static
equilfuium if
F+F, =0
Consid€r fig. the spring force of the body Ik is acting upwards and acceleration of the
body i is acting in downward direction. The accelerating force iS acting downward so iirerlia
force is actirg upwards, so the body is

M static equilibrium rmder'the action of the two fories Kx and mi. Mathematically it can
be writlen as

lx"
t..
l'*
Frig, 2.,:t .

4X +K*: 0 (tfahrnberfs principte)

PREPARED BY AZHAOAP,SAMY *\.Tech, II\XSTE

5.
A55T. PROFESSOR Deportrnent of Civil Engg.
3n
 0er2* #-#
m.+53*E
,stiffness of thA spring
can be celcul,eUd as
l.T
r''- ?-r \ rr

.',- *tbk
.lr = ErZ0 N/ni

,,
Tftneperio{fft.* aec.
rE

t-*rF 3ec.

So 7r *szs= %r^E

_ = zzli
', E5t/?
tTZ -s.Sr xo.ol
- O.22 sec.

PREPARED BY S. AZHA6,AR SAMY rtrt. Tech, rtilrSTE

ASSI. PROFESSOR Depdrtheni of Civil Engg.
 Siiflhos(*):

* :Nlm-3?,
= 1m0x931 x ld N/m

Natural frequency of spring-mass system in vertical position is given by

fn=*F^
-1
tn bt
ln = L878llz
16. Find the natural frequency of the system shown in Fig.
Gh t1 - dQo !$eF-& -ts =,1500 lrlAq lrl = 1o ks;

Sincc fu lLEe +ings ae in paallell tteir equivalent sfess can be calculated

1.-4* b+ ts=1m0+'1500+ 1500

={00N/m
1E 1lffi-
Na|rlt kqelry'f, Ztllrl urtl to
'fo =3-7Al1z^

PREPARED BY aZHiEARSAAY il.Tech. rllISTE

S.
A55T. PROFESSOR Depariment ol Civil engg.

L
 Q. 18. A mass is. snspended
suspendbd from a
3 spring system as showr in figure 2,13, Determine lhe
trrtural of .the system.

fe = Srrrp r\l/m; & - &s - 0000 fv,[l;'a'- ZE tg

Srnce qpa:ag k2 and k3 are corulected in parallel l so
their equivalent t- given as k = +
k is
k3. fuain k and kl are connected in serieq so the equivaleat
ke i, gir"ok - -
1.
k" =1+1=--]--++
k' ,\ kz+k. \
+
11 +
8000+8fr)0 5000
----.1-
.k, =3s0e.52N/m -

The natural frequency

1 lt<- ll3soe52
Jn
Lzlm 2zI 25
I = 1 96172

fb. at3

PREPARED BY
S.AZHA€ARSAr1,\y &.Tech.
_
ASST. PROFESSOR Deportment
m5;1€-
o Civil f &g
t

(:onsk *l< 't etcsr sfioI,rr in fi3$r€ 214

Q. 19.
; & =r&g#e&=lrr€{r@
*f = Slq6f/cnt f. * *s = oi lqfcn
$ g'-
E'*f""t f* " rr€hrat
trL {reqte"cy of
stild rtt*fE$w
Alt* SPrtngP q , fu trid *r r'c ir selis

.. erluivelenl stiftu* t'171

=4-q'q
'l

= |*ft"! = r.+n Fr! at.

. t. =0657kt'/dt
Springs l. ,rrd *s arc in pwal!*l
.'. equiealert *titrers, *., -t,i&- O.S*OS-r f67<*.
again &r, and i., are inparalkl-
.'- 6ek quivelest fuq l, = kr+ &,=0.517+ 1.0

-7&ZWr:a- !.66? x 1f P7-

IF
',r{r,to- t h-ffixlm'
!i*, -f, - z"r w/'gsr
W = a.1{ N

f.s'briderlt-g?
. DatiE is fu reslmce offered by a body to thi motion of a vibratory system-
. Ib rsirc cly be applied to liquid or solid internally or extemally at the start of the
vih'y min tte amplitude of vibration is maximum wkij6es on decreasing with time.
Tb rae of &creing mplitude depends upon the amount of damping-

2. Clesd$ ffircnt types of damPing-

Types of Damping

5. Viscous
6. Coulomb
7. Structural
8. Non-line'ar, Slip or interfacial damping

1. Viscous damping: When the system is allowed to vibrate in viscous medium 'the
damping is called viscous Viscosity is the property of the fluid by virtue of which it offers
resistance to moment of one over the other.

S.AZHAGARS,AMY rr .Tech, A rsTE

A55T. PROFESSOR DePortment ol Civil Engg.
15
 The force F required to maintain the velocity x
ofplatc is given by:

Marirfg Phb V= *

Fls 3.t

. F = ni" 6,ie*rons law of visc6r.g) -.-o)

A+ area ol plate
r _. thickness of fluid film
I - coefficient of dynamic viscocity-
:
The force F can also be wriften as:
F = ci
Where c is called viscous damping coefficient ...(2)
from (l) and (2),
ttA
The main components of vir"J* au.per are cylinder, piston and viscous fluid.

The damping resistance depends

upon pressure difference on both
medium' The cleararrce is left between sides olpiston in viscous
pirt"" -d wdls. More rle. clearance more will
ress wilr be the varue of";li;;;;
be the velocity of piston and
vi""o* ou.ping
"oefficient.

Ftst 33 YrDcr a.inS

PREPARED BY
s-Az{r6arsl|IyLTGGI-rr.srE-
ASST_ PROfESSQ Dcfrr-'* of O: Er. 4+
 Equation of Motion
r,!.i+c.t +Kf,=0
Errt$t disi?ad in vistous damping per rycle (AE)
AF. =raoA2

g = $;*no*'f = max. K.E. of sysem

E
B : specific damping capacity

2' Coulomb DamPitrg: When a body is allowed to slide over the other body the surface of o
offers resistance to the movement ofglod over it. This resisting force is callcd force offriction.

F!,€e (eFlisrt)

Flgr t 4

. FtcR11
F = p Rp; where p =

Coelficient of friction
Some ofthe energy is wasted in friction and amplitude ofvibrations goes on decreasihg. Such
type of damping is called coulomb damping.

3. Structural danrping: This type of tlamping tniscs because of iltemrolecular friction beti- thc
molecules of structure which opposes its movement. The magnitude of this damping is very small as
compared to other damping. Elastic materials during loading and unloading from a loop or sfess
strain curve known as hysteresis loop. The area of thii loop gives the amount of energy dissipated in
one cycle during vibratiorts. This is also called hysteresis damping.
The energy loss per cycle is given as;

St 83

FEr A5

E = xldA2
A * Amplitude of vi$ration
t - dimensionless damping factor and .is i€laEd to property of rnaerial
tl - represents shape, size and property of matrrlal
B * xll"

MEP.NED BY s.AzHAGARsAl Y M.Tech. MISTE

A55T. PROFESSOR DePqrtment of Civil En99.
46
 Ifenerry dissipated is treated equar to energy dissipated by viscous damping then;
E = BA2
=ttcr,lA2
B
,ta)

The damping'force, F :
_ B.
'
' f--x
lt(r) I " -*"*-,
snl r'1"*,.:tu
F = ---'-7-.
zl0 I
The amplifude decay is ofexponential nature.
4' Linear & non-linear or IntBrfacial damping: Machine elements are connected th.gugh
various joints and microscopic slip occurs over the joints of machine
elements which usdisspoint of
energy when machine elements are in contact with fluctuating
load.
The energy dissipated per cycle depends upon coefficient of fiiction, pressure
at contacting
surfac-e and amplitude of vibration. There is aa optimum
value of contact pressure at which energi
dissipated is maximum for different amplitudes.

Zton"on*,^*

6, Differentiate between Coloumb and Viscous

damping.
I ' In case of viscous damping ratio of
any two successive amplitudes is constaot qaereas in
coulomb damping difference between ,*o ,u"""r.iu.
amplitudes is constant.
2' ln viscous damping enverope of the maximize
in displacement-time plot is aD
curve here as in coulomb darnping envelope ",ryone,,ial
of maximize of dispracement-time prot is a *aigtt
line-
3' In case of viscous damping the body once disturbed
and from equ,iuirm pcition wilr
come to rest in equilibrium position although
it make theoretically infinite time bao so whqcas in
case of coulomb damping the body may finaliy
come to res in equilibri,rn positin or m fis!,r,ccd
position depending upon initial amplitude
and amount of ftiction present

PREPARED BY 5. AZHA6ARSAMy M.Tech, I{I5TE

4SST PROFESSOR Department of Civil Eryg. 4b

il '.
 20. A cantilever beam of negligible rnass is loaded with mass 4m' at the free end. Find the
natural frequeucy of the mass m'.

Flg. Z.r5

Ar. Deflectim of catilever beam loaded at one end can be given as

FP
cbflecticn =;,
dtbtfue Siftess of beam can be calculated as

Force
t-m'= F 3E I
Flr3Er:15-
Gdc;rftdminfuwde-fed Aee vibration is given as

rri +lr =0
3EI

r z7+-r=O
IJ

@r-
ISEI
,-
raatare,c
lmf
@
t- n
J" - a -.r

1 J3EI
ui;Fn',
PREPARED BY 5. AZHAG ARSAMY M.Tech, l[rSTE
ASST. PROFESSOR Deporlmenl of Civil En99' 47
t

t
 ra.A vfbmhg cylbm
_Q. is dfu by
*]3 *:.r'olryhq,
A*etrtac
e = 3 rv- sEeh

*,Ttrw;ffi*****,
s}
{4lrynh&d;;
rk ifrngra..iqr

l3*1! :. turJrtive aryfttldes

"
thu*,ot-ored;-'=*u*
f-q criri:rl d.e;rry
atrs" Criti:rl d.ep&E O-ffiffi
o mriSinararrplEaae tsredrcsd baper ."*
c"=:.ffi -: .trS'x3 *Sst.6{N-eE/sr
(e)
" =i=#=n'*
tbt
E-(o.oE6f;

=/Sr'ffi =5.Eta#s
5.75

_. p- 11.to Iepring
.tfached
horizaard-rpr@ aass ay&s rrir! coloocrb d@*g bar am oG$ *g
of rd#ffi 9S0I-{&i. Il oeffr&nt of fri{brr f" CIUS, ..td.*i
(., frc$effy of frqa osdlhHor
p) the nu$er of cy*r cmespodiug to S16 redn*ton ia amplltade tr fn* t*irl
r*pllt:trde is SJt trr
(c) the tlmc ralr'en to lchteec ifilr 30Q6 rsdorficn,
Anr. For horiaonh.l syr@m the folte b glven os; I*prrg rr o;E.x E x g{I1 = 1,226 N

(a) Thenaturatitequency,.r-,#=ff =raradls

h- Y-* =2.:sH2
(b) A$plitude dfrer S0% reduction is half of *re inirial
. -*-"l',* ",qptitlde i.a 0.S3i m
Reduq,tion in anrpllrude per -ft !r# - sxr$scr .

"O"
' Cycles completed in 50% reduction - ff - , .r"*
(r) Tinre talen to achieve SOjE redrrcdon = No. of ryclec x
2s
lt

zJt
=5). i =Lary'

PREPARED BY s- AzlreAesAt*y t^.Tech, mrSTE

455T. PROFESSOR Deporimenr of Civil En99. 49
 t - V.* t cir/f, * tr0"2 eilf
f r C.r
,0Gt.e xI(!*2
f h O? Irl,rseclm

""
- r jRfr 4.fffi-fiE - 6ii.tr*F N*ec/m

'- {=651*omte
r4l,ftEdffi*ur-6.ffffi
,rlillB
f -!1 n'
r l-al

ort$ - ltr5-
J lr"+l

t-
o:olttrt- i. lc

3_
lc -lltx s. .1
rl -e*EP

PREPARED BY S-AZHA6AR5AI|Y M.Tech. l,lISTE

ASST- PROFESSOQ Deportmeni of Civil En99.

41
 :trfil'fl ryd.!.crytu re6lru a{fr*
,
rf6pE rtE afliardr'dry crr*o. Lau.irfut eglca*or ir dcfioad et ttrc
_
relrrt&trgtHffik rCDc of rh rsiD o{ r}'o a#er$ ,edk vrlB of '-- - lo *.e d$ffi:t
{*mriou lt;s d dimcrgioDhrs flrdrrlr$r. lr is d&oarl 6,y u.yr.rtd * ' - - -:
d*lc&
-tr
Itr r** of ndel&r|ped sJfite$" thi *onemi sIrta*i${r {s gird* tf
. *.y.r-*tt{sinalrl +6}
.t
Lc &r air$iaromcm wi$lirt $rE *yGIE is .b.
. = fif-&
,tsFihodc.rb
l.'a4 is ltrc Aifumu lfir mc cych
AEfft&4e.E-rqE+li,
.l & = rq-f#
:r :r*{r+f,r}
' e'fa't'
?eg}t@m rr bodr S{rct
rwf = rar,g
:-

$= pa,{r = i*,.n =
fr*a
6= -1* r
2.o"'

utm Iv*
@"it * p'

d= .- 3;r
bo ot",fi - 1t:

^ 2Eo

Jt -p'

5o