MSSOUO)Y Commun lisotqpes cine! daair OSES General eo q Unity Coreen egteaal SciencesHighyschoollThe Atomic Theory 1. Democritus: all matter consists of very small, indivisible particles, which he named atomos (means uncuttable or indivisible). 2. John Dalton: PARSE coe Rec gs Reo cae PO Ene eC CBC CM AZ RRL RS TASC MEELICEE Poe CME Ste Cree ek ce eek Maret of all other elements. 2.3. Compounds are composed of atoms of more than one element. In any Pt Ce COa cr eae oa mC Cia Cie PCS Ro eUB nis Roem) CB icity Pe anc ELMS MU CMELS tc Mm et Co OS Pec Money ee we UR Lonma cto Mame Cina Cot (oiThe Atomic Theory 3. Joseph Proust: law of definite proportions 3.1. different samples of the same compound always contain its Crdetiataetsotmo (selec B red sCRs reel celeeaste Moy merit ie 3.2. the ratio of the atoms of these elements in the compound also must be constant. 4. John Dalton: law of multiple proportions 4.1. if two elements can combine to form more than one compound, the masses of one element that combine with a fixed mass of the other element are in ratios of small whole numbers ERC) CVC Dm el tal mr Lg 5.1. matter can neither be created nor destroyedStructure of the Atom 1. Atoms are made up of even smaller particles called subatomic Bt Cale 1.1. The Electron - negatively charged particles Beeler e Moonset Le wknd pe Rey CP elt y - positively charged particles - mass of an electron = 1.67262 x 10-4 g Srey CMS Cady Bao one tocliymetaptecc lm ertaato (cyModels of the Atom PEC TCS CBT CED Besa Mar M CM yee Bully 2. J.J. Thomson’s model: Plum Pudding model Ree BC COB TT Baio Table 4. Niels Bohr’s model: Planetary model 5. Erwin Schrédinger’s model: Electron Cloud Model/Quantum ModelAtomic Number. Mass Number. and Isotopes 1. Atomic Number (Z) = number of protons in the nucleus of each atom of an element. The chemical identity of an atom can be determined solely pices UeopeetComeleteelel sad 2. Mass Number (A) = total number of neutrons and protons present in the PORE TeE Roe M sl seld 3. Isotopes = atoms that have the same atomic number but different mass numbers mass number atomic numberThe Periodic Table 1. elements are arranged by atomic number 2. Horizontal Rows known as periods 3. Vertical Columns known as groups or families 4. Divided into three categories: 4.1. Metals - good conductor of heat and electricity 4.2. Nonmetals - poor conductor of heat and electricity 4.3. Metalloids - properties that are intermediate between those of metals and nonmetals. Peery ie FW eli Beles 6. Group 2A - alkaline earth metals 7. Group 7A — Halogens 8. Group 8A — Noble GasesISOBARS RIT) OD) Potassium (3k) (16p , 24n) (9p, 21n) Atomic Mass = 16p+24n Atomic Mass = 19p+21n ee] = 40u Calcium (Ca) Chlorine (“ci) Argon(Ar) (20p , 20n) (CREED (18p , 22n) PN wt arr Atomic Mass = 20p + 20n Atomic Mass= 17p + 23n een eel) een)Important/Common Isotopes fsotope Sodium-24 Injected into limb to detect blood cloth Cobalt-60 Detect and Treat Cancer/ use to kill bacteria lodine-131 Phosphorous-32 Detect functions of Thyroid Gland Added to fertilizer to study plant processes Nitrogen-15 Cesium-137 Added to fertilizer to study plant processes Use to kill bacteria Flourine-18 Gallium-67 Carbon-14 Use for diagnosis and treatment of diseases Use for diagnosis and treatment of diseases Carbon dating ProcessMolecules and Ions 1. Molecule - aggregate of at least two atoms in a definite arrangement held together by chemical forces. Molecules are electrically neutral 2. Ion - an atom or a group of atoms that has a net positive or negative charge 2.1. Cation - ion with a net positive charge 2.2. Anion — ion with a net negative charge 3. Ionic Compound - formed from cations and anions 4. Monatomic Ions - they contain only one atom 5. Polyatomic Ions - two or more atoms that combine to form an ionFormula of Ionic Compounds 1. For ionic compounds to be electrically neutral, the sum of the charges on the cation and anion in each formula unit must be zero. 2. To make the formula electrically neutral: the subscript of the cation is numerically equal to the charge on the anion, and the subscript of the anion is numerically equal to the charge on the cation