University of Duhok / Collage of Sciences part - 3

Dep. of Computer Sciences, 2nd Class Statistics

Measures of Central Tendency
 Measures of central tendency are measures try to find a single value that
attempts to describe a large set of data (observations) in a given population or
sample by identifying the central position within that set of data.
 There are five measures: Mean, Median and Mode are called simple averages
and geometric mean and harmonic mean are called special averages.
1. Arithmetic Mean (Mean)
For ungrouped (raw) data, the mean (𝑋̅ ) is defined as the sum of the observations
divided by the number of observations.
̅) is given by
for the variable X having n values ( x1, x2 … xn), then the mean(𝒙
𝟏
̅ = ∑𝐧𝟏 𝑿𝒊
𝒙 𝐧

(𝑿𝟏 + 𝑿𝟐 + 𝑿𝟑 + ⋯ + 𝑿𝒏 )
𝒙̅ =
𝐧
Note: The sum of the deviations of each value from the mean is always zero
‫مجموع انحرافات القيم عن وسطها الحسابي يساوي صفر‬
Example 1: Calculate the mean for 2, 4, 6, 8, 10
̅ ) = (2 +4 +6+ 8 +10) / 5 = 30/5 =6
Solution: The mean (𝒙
Example 2:
A student’s marks in 6 subjects are 75, 68, 80, 92, 56, and 67.
Find the average (Mean) for the student and prove that the sum of the deviations of
each mark from the mean is equal to zero
Solution: The mean (𝑥̅ ) = (75 +68 +80+ 92 +56+67) / 6 = 438/6 = 73
(75-73) + (68-73) + (80-73) + (92-73) + (56-73) + (67-73) = 0
(2) + (-5) + (7) + (19) + (-17) + ( -6 ) = 0
Example 3: Weighted Mean
The number of goals scored by Premier teams )‫ ) فرق الدوري الممتاز‬over a weekend was
recorded in a table. Calculate the mean
Goals (Xi) frequency ( Wi) Wi * Xi
0 2 0
1 4 4
2 8 16
42 3 3 9
̅ = 20
𝒙 = 2.1
4 2 8
5 1 5
Total 20 42
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University of Duhok / Collage of Sciences part - 3
Dep. of Computer Sciences, 2nd Class Statistics
Example 4: Weighted Mean
 Grade average (GA): Most colleges assign "weights" to the individual course
grades in the form of credits. example, suppose ALI took the following grades:
Courses Weight (credits) Grade
Calculus 4 74
Discrete. Math 3 66
English 3 82
Chemistry 4 57
Comp. Sci. 3 78
 To compute Ali’s GA, we multiply each course grade by the course credits, then
divide the sum by the total number of credits:
COURSE Weight Grade Weight * Grade
Calculus 4 74 4*74=296
Discrete. Math 3 66 3*66=198
English 3 82 3*82=246
Chemistry 4 57 4*57=228
Comp. Sci. 3 78 3*78=234
Sum 17 1202
GA (the Weighted mean or average) = 1202 / 17 = 70.706

 Mean for Grouped data:

If we have k classes in frequency table and ( x1 , x2 ,..., xk ) is the midpoint of these
classes, and ( f1 , f 2 ,..., f k ) are the frequencies for these class, the Mean will be:

Example 5: Grouped Data

During 3 hours at Heathrow airport 55 aircraft arrived late. The number of minutes
they were late is shown in the frequency table below.
Minutes Late (Classes) Frequency (fi)
0– 9 27
10 – 19 10
20 – 29 7
30 – 39 5
40 – 49 4
50 – 59 2

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University of Duhok / Collage of Sciences part - 3
Dep. of Computer Sciences, 2nd Class Statistics

Minutes Late (Classes) Frequency (fi) Midpiont (Xi) Xi * Fi

0– 9 27 4.5 121.5
10 – 19 10 14.5 145
20 – 29 7 24.5 171.5
30 – 39 5 34.5 172.5
40 – 49 4 44.5 178
50 – 59 2 54.5 109
Sum (Total) 55 897.5

Mean = ( ∑𝟔𝒊=𝟏 𝑿𝒊 ∗ 𝒇𝒊 )/ ∑ 𝒇𝒊 = 897.5 / 55 = 16.32

Example 6: Grouped Data

A group of University students took part in a race. The number of laps completed by
these students is given in the table below. Calculate the mean number of laps (‫)لفات‬.

Notes:
 The class with largest frequency is called Modal class, in this example the 6th
class (26-30) is the Modal class
 for frequency table:(k : number of classes)
k
 ( xi  x) f i  0
i 1

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University of Duhok / Collage of Sciences part - 3
Dep. of Computer Sciences, 2nd Class Statistics
Example 7:
The following data represent the number of trucks that crossed the Ibrahim Khalil
border point during the five days. calculate the average number of trucks that crossed
during these days:
40, 38, 45, 52, 32
1
𝑥̅ = 𝑛 ∑𝑛𝑖=1 𝑋𝑖
̅ = (40+38+45+52+30) / 5 = 41.40
𝒙
Example 8:
The following table shows the distribution of the weights of 40 students; find the
mean for these students
Weights classes 32-34 34-36 36-38 38-40 40-42 42-44
Frequency (f i ) 4 7 13 10 5 1
Sol:
classes f Midpoint (Xi) Xi * fi
32-34 4 (32+34)  2=33 4  33=132
35-37 7 36 7  36=252
38-40 13 39 13  39=507
41-43 10 42 10  42=420
44-46 5 45 5  45=225
47-49 1 48 1  48=48
Sum 40 1584

The Mean:
6
 xi f i 1496
𝟏𝟓𝟖𝟒
x i 1
= =39.5
37.4 k.g
6
40
𝟒𝟎
 fi
i 1

Mean disadvantages.
1. Difficult to be calculated in the case of open frequency tables

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University of Duhok / Collage of Sciences part - 3
Dep. of Computer Sciences, 2nd Class Statistics
2. The Median (Med)
A Value that falls halfway between a set of values arranged in an ascending or
descending order,
 If the number of values is odd, median value is exactly in the middle of the list.
𝒏+𝟏
The order of the median is
𝟐
 If the number of values is even, median is computed by averaging of the two
numbers located in the middle of the list, having the following two orders.
𝒏 𝒏
+ 𝟏 And
𝟐 𝟐
Example 1: An Odd Number of observations
For the following 11 observations: What is the median?
107, 99, 100, 103, 103, 105, 120, 111, 115, 100, and 131
First the values must be sorted (ascending or descending order):
Since there are an odd number of observations, the median order after sorting is
(11 +1)/2= 6, that’s mean the 6th value (105) is the median
99, 100, 100, 103, 103, 105, 107, 111, 115, 120, and 131
Example 2: An Even Number of observations
20 cats are weighed. Their weights, in pounds, are given by:
5, 5, 5, 6, 6, 7, 7, 8, 8, 9, 10, 10, 10, 4, 11, 12, 12, 13, 6, 7
Sort the values: 4, 5, 5, 5, 6, 6, 6, 7, 7, 7, 8, 8, 9, 10, 10, 10, 11, 12, 12, 13
In this case the orders of median are the 10th (20/2) and 11th ((20/2) +1) observations
(7 and 8) data values. the median we calculate the mean of these two values.
Med = (7+8)/2 = 7.5
 The median for Frequency Tables (grouped data)
1. From the frequency table, create the upward Cumulative frequency
2. Find median class:
n  f 
A. Find fm:  =  
 2


2  
B. In the Cumulative frequency determine the value greater than fm
3. Find the following:
A. fm-1: Cumulative frequency for the class before the median class
B. L: the true lower class limit for the median class
C. K: frequency for median class
fm − fm-1
D. W: class length Med = L + *w
4. Use the following formula to calculate the median k

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University of Duhok / Collage of Sciences part - 3
Dep. of Computer Sciences, 2nd Class Statistics
Example 3: fined the median for the following frequency table
Classes Frequency (fi) upward Cumulative frequency
5-15 3 3
16-26 5 8
27-37 12 20
38-48 25 45
49-59 35 80
60-70 20 100
Total 100
Sol:
𝟏𝟎𝟎
fm = = 50
𝟐

Because the upward accumulation of the fifth class is larger than the fm (50), thus the
fifth class contains the median and its lower limit is 49, therefore, the true lower limit
is 48.5. The median:
fm − fm-1
Med = L + *w
k

 L = 48.5  fm-1 = 45  fm = 50
 K = 35  w = 11
50 − 45
MD = 48.5 + * 11
35
= 48.5 + (5/35) × 11 = 48.5+ 1.57=50.07

Example 4: fined the median for the following frequency table

Classes Frequency (fi) upward Cumulative frequency
1-10 8 8
11-20 14 22
21-30 12 34
31-40 9 43
41-50 7 50
Total 50

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University of Duhok / Collage of Sciences part - 3
Dep. of Computer Sciences, 2nd Class Statistics
fm=50/2=25, the median class is the third class (21-30)
fm-1 = 22 L=20.5 K=12 W=10
fm − fm-1
Med = L + *w
k

25 − 22
Med = 20.5 + * 10
12
= 20.5 + (3/12) × 10 = 20.5+ 2.5=23

3. The Mode:
Mode is Refers to the highest frequently occurring number in ordered set of
observations.
Example 1: The following is the number of problems that Mr. HAVAL assigned for
homework on 10 different days. What is the mode?
8, 11, 9, 14, 9, 15, 18, 6, 9, 10
Solution: Ordering the data from least to greatest, we get:
6, 8, 9, 9, 9, 10, 11 14, 15, 18 The mode is 9 ( Unimodal).
Example 2: In a crash test, 11 cars were tested to determine what impact speed was
required to obtain minimal bumper damage. Find the mode of the speeds given in
miles per hour.
24, 15, 18, 20, 18, 22, 24, 26, 18, 26, 24
Solution: Ordering the data in any order, we get
15, 18, 18, 18, 20, 22, 24, 24, 24, 26, 26
Answer: Since both 18 and 24 occur three times, the modes are 18 & 24 miles per
hour. This data set is Bimodal because it is with two modes. The data set with more
than two modes is called Multimodal

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University of Duhok / Collage of Sciences part - 3
Dep. of Computer Sciences, 2nd Class Statistics
 Estimating the Mode for Grouped Data
Classes Frequency
51 - 55 2
56 - 60 7
61 - 65 8
66 - 70 4
A. Find the modal class (the group with the highest frequency), which is 61 - 65
B. Fined the Mode using the following formula:
fm − fm-1
Mode = L + *w
(fm − fm-1) + (fm − fm+1)
 L is the true lower class limit of the modal class (= 60.5)
 fm is the frequency of the modal class (= 8)
 fm-1 is the frequency of the class before the modal class (= 7)
 fm+1 is the frequency of the group after the modal class (= 4)
 w is the class length (= 5)
8−7
Estimated Mode = 60.5 + *5
(8 − 7) + (8 − 4)
= 60.5 + (1/5) * 5 = 61.5

Example 3: fined the mode for the following frequency table

Classes Frequency (fi)
1-10 8
11-20 14
21-30 12
31-40 9
41-50 7
Total 50

The class with highest frequently (14) is the second class (11 – 20)
L= 10.5 fm=14 fm-1=8 fm+1=12 W=10
14 − 8
Mode = 10.5 + * 10
(14 − 8) + (14 − 12)
= 10.5 + (6 / (6+2)) × 10 = 10.5+ 7.5 = 18

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University of Duhok / Collage of Sciences part - 3
Dep. of Computer Sciences, 2nd Class Statistics
General Example: You grew fifty baby carrots using special soil. You dig them up
and measure their lengths (to the nearest mm) and group the results:

Length (mm) Frequency

150 - 154 5
155 - 159 2
160 - 164 6
165 - 169 8
170 - 174 9
175 - 179 11
180 - 184 6
185 - 189 3
Sol :
upward
Classes Midpoint (Xi) Frequency (fi) Cumulative Fi*Xi
frequency
150 - 154 152 5 5 760
155 - 159 157 2 7 314
160 - 164 162 6 13 972
165 - 169 167 8 21 1336
170 - 174 172 9 30 1548
175 - 179 177 11 41 1947
180 - 184 182 6 47 1092
185 - 189 187 3 50 561
Totals: 50 8530

1. Mean
8530
Estimated Mean = = 170.6
50

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University of Duhok / Collage of Sciences part - 3
Dep. of Computer Sciences, 2nd Class Statistics
2. Median
Because the upward accumulation of the fifth class is larger than the median
rank (25), thus the fifth class contains the median and its true lower limit is 169.5
50
Fm = = 25
2

fm − fm-1
Med = L + *w
k

L = 169.5 fm-1 = 21 fm = 25 K=9 W=5

25 − 21
Med = 169.5 + *5
9
= 169.5 + 2.22
= 171.72
3. Mode
The Modal class is the one with the highest frequency, which is 175 - 179:
 L = 174.5 (the lower class boundary of the 175 - 179 class)
 fm-1 = 9  fm = 11
 fm+1 = 6  w=5
fm − fm-1
Mode = L + *w
(fm − fm-1) + (fm − fm+1)

11 − 9
Mode = 174.5 + *5
(11 − 9) + (11 − 6)
= 174.5 + 1.43
= 175.93

 Relation Between Mean, Median and Mode

The three measures of central values i.e. mean, median, and mode are closely
connected by the following relations (called an empirical relationship).

2Mean + Mode = 3Median

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University of Duhok / Collage of Sciences part - 3
Dep. of Computer Sciences, 2nd Class Statistics

Questions for Training

Q1: The following observations represents the ages of 15 people enrolled in
nursing training course: find the Mean, Median and Mode
33, 24, 19, 39, 48, 45, 26, 35, 38, 23, 34, 29, 37, 25, 33
Q2: for the following frequency table Estimate the Mean, Median and Mode
Classes fi
30 - 39 6
40 - 49 8
50 - 59 14
60 - 69 7
70 - 79 2

Q3: The next frequency table indicates the number of patients visiting a hospital in a
month. Find Mean, Median and Mode of patients visiting the hospital in a day.
Number of patients Number of dayes visiting hospital
0 -10 2
11 – 20 6
21 – 30 9
31 – 40 7
41 – 50 4
51 – 60 2
Total 30

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