PSY234: BEHAVIOR MEASUREMENT & ANALYSIS 1 (AY2016-2017)

SUPPLEMENTAL HANDOUTS

MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY

I. ARITHMETIC MEAN or simply MEAN (M or x )

* Grouped Data
Formula 1:

xf where: X = class mark

M = -------- f = frequency
n n = number of samples

** Steps:
a) Get the class mark of each class interval.
b) Multiply the class mark by its corresponding frequency to obtain the xf column.
c) Sum up the xf column to get xf.
d) Substitute the values of xf and n (the same as f) in the formula.

Example:
Tabular Computation for Mean
Class Interval Class Mark (x) Frequency (f) xf
90 – 94 92  184
85 – 89 87  522
80 – 84 82  246
75 – 79 77  616
70 – 74 72  360
65 – 69 67  134
60 – 64 62  620
55 – 59 57  171
50 – 54 52  208
45 – 49 47  141
40 – 44 42  168
Total (  ) 50 3,370

xf 3,370
M = ------------ = ----------------- M = 67.4
N 50

Interpretation: The mean score of the 50 students in their Statistics test is 67.4.

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II. MEDIAN (Md)

A. Ungrouped Data:
1) Arrange the data in increasing order.
2) Let n denote the number of pieces of data and locate the median using the formula

(n + 1) / 2

3) The value obtained from the formula points to the ordinal position of the median.
4) If the pieces of data is odd, Md = value exactly in the middle of the ordered list; If the pieces
of data is even, Md = mean of the two middle values in the ordered list.

B. Grouped Data

Md class pos - cf
Md = ll + -------------------------- i
f

where: ll = exact lower limit (lower class boundary) of the

class interval containing the median
Md class position = (n / 2) = one-half of the total number of cases/
samples
cf = cumulative freq’cy immediately below the ll
f = frequency of the class interval containing the
median

** Steps:
1) Solve for median class position using the formula (n / 2). The value that will be obtained
will identify the median class - the class where the median lies.
2) Determine the class size (i).
3) Compute for the cumulative frequency (cumulative frequency is obtained by getting the
frequency of the lowest interval and consecutively adding the frequencies in the following
intervals).
4) Locate (n/2) value on the cf column; if the exact value cannot be found, look for the nearest
higher value.
5) Get the cf of the class immediately below the median class. This indicates the sum of all the
frequencies below the median class.
5) Identify the ll. This is represented by the exact lower limit (lower class boundary) of the
median class.
6) Determine the f – the frequency of the median class.
7) Substitute all the needed values in the formula.

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Example

Table 3
Tabular Computation for Median
Class Interval (CI) Frequency Cumulative Frequency
(f) (cf)
90 – 94  50
85 – 89  48
80 – 84  42
75 – 79  39
70 – 74  31
 26 Median
(ll = 64.5) 65 – 69 f (contains the 25th item) Class
60 – 64  24 (cf)
55 – 59  14
50 – 54  11
45 – 49  7
40 – 44  4
Total 50

Initial computation: Md Class pos = (n / 2) = (50 / 2) = 25

i = 5

Md class – cf 25 - 24
Md = ll + [ ----------------- ] i = 64.5 + [ ------------- ] 5
F 2

Md = 67

Interpretation: Fifty percent (50%) of the scores fall below 67.

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III. MODE
>> types:
A) Unimodal
B) Bimodal
C) Inexistent

Example:
Class Interval Class Mark (x) Frequency (f)
90 – 94 92 
85 – 89 87 
80 – 84 82 
75 – 79 77 
70 – 74 72 
65 – 69 67 
60 – 64 62 
55 – 59 57 
50 – 54 52 
45 – 49 47 
40 – 44 42 
Total (  ) 50

Modal Class = 60 – 64

Mo = 62

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 MEASURES OF LOCATION

QUANTILE

(1) Median

Md = Q2 = D5 = P50

(2) Quartile

(3) Decile

(4) Percentile or Centile

* FIGURE FOR QUANTILES:

50%

25% 25% 25% 25%

Md

Q1 Q2 Q3

D1 D5 D9

C10 C25 C50 C75 C90

** Computation of Quantiles

A. Ungrouped Data:

1. Arrange the scores according to magnitude (highest to lowest or lowest to highest).

2. Compute for the position of the desired quantile using the formula:

pd (n + 1) where: p = position
p = ----------------- pd = desired position
Qn Qn = quantile used
(C = 100; D = 10; Q = 4)
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3. Starting from the lowest score, locate the score corresponding to the obtained position in the distribution.
4. If the obtained position is not exact, interpolate to get the score. In interpolating:
a) Get the 2 scores enclosing the position.
b) Get the difference between the 2 scores (higher – lower score).
c) Multiply the difference by the decimal point obtained in p.
d) Add the product to the lower score.
e) If the quantile is not a percentile, change the result to its percentile score.

Example: Locate the position of the score corresponding to C20 (20th centile).

Step 1: Score (x)

92 * Since, the position is not exact (it
87 is between the 1st & 2nd position):
82
77 Step 3/4a: 1st position = 72
72 2nd position = 77

Step 2: 20 (5 + 1) Step 4: Interpolation

p = ---------------- b. 77 – 72 = 5
100 c. 5 (.02) = 1
d. 72 + 1 = 73
20 (6) 120
p = --------- = -------- C20 = 73
100 100
Interpretation: 20 % of the cases
p = 1.2 fall below the score 73.

B. Grouped Data:

Qn pos - cf
Formula: Qn = l.l. + ----------------- i
f

where: Qn = desired quantile

Qn pos = (p/qn) = position of quantile used: it may be any of the ff:
Quartile: (p / 4) / Decile: (p / 10) / Centile: (p / 100)

1. Solve for the quantile position using n (p/qn)

2. Locate the obtained n(p/qn) value under the cf column. This is the class interval where your desired
position lies.
3. Get the exact lower limit of the interval where your desired position lies. (l.l.)
4. Get the cf value immediately below the class interval. (cf)
5. Get the frequency of the class interval. (f)
6. Determine the class size. (i)
7. Solve for the desired quantile by substituting all the needed values in the formula.

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 Example:

CI f cf
90 – 94 2 50
85 – 89 6 48
80 – 84 3 42
75 – 79 8 39
70 – 74 5 31
Centile Class 65 – 69 2 26
60 – 64 10 24
55 – 59 3 14
50 – 54 4 11
45 – 49 3 7
40 – 44 4 4
Total 50

Example: Solve for the thirtieth percentile (C30)

Qn pos - cf
Qn = l.l. + ----------------- i
f

** Centile pos = n(p/qn) = 50 (30 / 100) = 15

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 MEASURES OF VARIABILITY/DISPERSION

I. RANGE (R)

(a) exclusive range -

(b) inclusive range -

II. STANDARD DEVIATION ( / sd or s)

>> Formulae:

Ungrouped Data:

X2 - [(X)2 / n]
sd = -----------------------
n-1

Example:

X X2
72 5184
73 5329
76 5776
76 5776
78 6084
 =

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Grouped Data

 x2f - [ ( xf )2 / n ]
sd = -----------------------------
n-1

Example:

Tabular Computation for Standard Deviation

CI CM (x) f xf x2 x2 f
90 – 94 92 2 184 8464 16928
85 – 89 87 6 522
80 – 84 82 3
75 – 79 8
70 –74 5
65 – 69 2
60 – 64 10
55 – 59 3
50 – 54 4
45 – 49 3
40 – 44 4


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III. QUARTILE DEVIATION (Q)

IR
50 %

Md

(lower SIR) (upper SIR)

½ ½
of the middle 50%

** Formula: Q3 - Q1
Q = ---------------
2

Example:

CI f cf
90 – 94 2 50
85 – 89 6 48
80 – 84 3 42
Q3: ll = 74.5 75 – 79 8 39
70 – 74 5 31 cf
Md: ll = 64.5 65 – 69 2 26
60 – 64 10 24 cf
Q1: ll = 54.5 55 – 59 3 14
50 – 54 4 11 cf
45 – 49 3 7
40 – 44 4 4
Total 50

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 A. Look for Q3:

n (p/qn) - cf
Qn = l.l. + ----------------- i
f

B. Look for Q1:

n (p/qn) - cf
Qn = l.l. + ----------------- i
f

Q3 - Q1
Q = --------------- =
2

Analysis and Interpretation of Q: Md ± Q

(n / 2) - cf
Md = ll + ---------------- i
fi

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