1-Volatile oil:

They give red color with sudan III and alkanna tincture.
2_Alkaloids:
These are basic (alkali-like) nitrogenous compounds present in the plants
and having marked physiological activity on man and animals.
They are present in the plants in either the Free State, or combined with acids to form salts. The
free bases are insoluble on water, soluble in organic solvent e.g. chloroform, while their salts
are soluble in water, insoluble in organic solvents.

3-Glycosides:
A glycoside is an organic compound usually of plant origin
consisting of a sugar part (glycone), and a non sugar part (aglycone, or genin).
When the sugar part is glucose, it is termed glucoside.
The linkage between aglycone and the sugar
oxygen-carbon linkage (O-glycosides),
carbon-carbon linkage (C-glycosides),

4-Flavonoid glycosides:
They occur in plants in both the free and glycoside forms.
Most flavonoids are yellow, and dissolve in alkalis giving yellow solution
, which become colorless on the addition of acids.

5-Antibiotics:
These are compounds produced by certain moulds and fungi, and giving
a bacteriostatic or a bactericidal action.

6-Vitamins:
Vitamins are organic compounds necessary for the normal growth of human,
present in plants and animals.

7-Flowers
Definition:
It is a modified leaf, highly specialized complex organ for production of seeds to keep the
continuity of the genus (fertile shoot, sexual branch).

8-Fruits
Definition:
They are developed and ripened ovary or ovaries of a single flower or a group of flowers.

9-The seed:
it is an ovule which is matured and enlarged as result of fertilization; the purpose is to insure the
continuation and distribution of the plant.

*Tannins
Tannins: are phenolic compound of high molecular weight. They are able to combine with
protein of animal hide prevent their putrefaction and convert them into leather.

Medicinal Leaves

* Digitalis leaf (foxglove)

dried leaved flowering
Digitalis purpurea
and
Digitalis lanata
family: Scrophulariaceae.

Uses:
Treatment heart failure.

* Senna leaf
: dried leaflet
Cassia acutifolia.
and
Cassia angustifolia

family: Leguminosae.

Uses:
Small dose is laxative
while
large dose is purgative.

* Jaborandi leaf
Origin: dried leaflets of Pilocarpus jaborandi

family: Rutaceae.
Uses:
1-Salts of pilocarpine are cholinergic and used as myotic action so uses as in treatment of
glaucoma.
2-Antidote of atropine.
3-Used in renal disease to eliminate both water and urea.

*Coca leaf
family: Erythroxylaceae.

Uses:
Cocaine HCl is a local anesthetic now it confined to ophthalmic ear, nose and throat surgery
due to their toxic and addictive properties.

*Eucalyptus and Guava

Eucalyptus globules
(Fam: Myrtaceae).
Uses:
_astringent
_Antiseptic activity.
_for asthma

*(1) Ginsing
root Panax ginseng

(family: Araliaceae).

Uses:
_immunomodulatory
_tonic and stimulant
_exteranlly used cosmetic

*Medicinal Barks
*- Cinnamon bark
dried bark of Cinnamomum zeylanicum
family: Lauraceae.

Uses:
1-Flavouring agent.

*Medicinal Subterranean

_root &rhizomes

*-Liquorice:: dried peeled or unpeeled root

and
rhizome of Glycyrrhiza glabra.
Family: Leguminosae.
Uses:
1-Flavouring agent, 2-demulcent
3- mild expectorant.
4- rheumatoid arthritis, 5-addison’s disease
6- peptic ulcer.

*-Ginger:: ginger is the scraped or unscraped rhizome

of Zingiber officinale

family: Zingiberaceae.

Uses:

-Condiment and carminative.

-Anti-emetic,.
-Anti-ulcer activity.
-Antibacterial and antifungal.
-Anti-rheumatic activity.
*-Ipecacuanha::
dried root or rhizome
of
Cephaelis ipecacuanha,
Cephaelis acuminata.
Family: Rubiaceae.

Uses:
1-Expectorant, emetic,
diaphoretic,cholagogue
and treatment of amoebic 2-dysentery..
3-Emetine has more expectorant and less emetic action than cephaeline.
4-Antitumour properties.

*-Senega :
dried rootstock and root of
Polygala senega.
Family: Polygalaceae.

Uses:
_Stimulant expectorant in chronic bronchitis.
_emetic

*-Valerian: the rhizome, stolons and root of Valeriana officinalis

family: Valerianaceae.

Uses:
-Calmative in hysteria..
-Nervous disorder.
-Antispasmodic.

*-Colchicum:
it consist of the fresh and dried corms of Colchicum autumnale.

Family: Liliaceae.

Uses:
-Treatment of Gout.
-Anti-inflammatory against -rheumatic pain.
-Anti-tumor properties.
*Curcuma: dried rhizome of Curcuma domesrica.

Family Zingiberaceae.

Uses:
-As aromatic stomachic and diuretic.
-treatment of jaundice and hepatitis.
-Colouring agent and condiment.

*Medicinal fruit

*Capsicum dried ripe fruits of

Capsicum frutescent
Capsicum annum
Capsicum minimum
(family: Solanaceae).

Uses:
Diarrhea
Toothache
Fever
Blood clots
Nausea
Cramps
Malaria

*Star anise
The dried rip fruits

family( Illiciaceae.)
Uses:
1- Carminative
2-Flavouring agent
3-lice
4-coughs
5-spasms
6-scabies
7-runny nose
8-intestinal gas
9-upset stomach

Medicinal flowers
*Clove
dried flower buds

family: Myrtaceae.

Uses
* Aromatic stimulant.
* Carminative and antispasmodic.
* Locally as toothache
* For preparation of vanillin.
* As antiseptic and antihistaminic

*- Saffron The drug consists of the stigmas of

Crocus sativus

(family: Iridaceae).
Uses:
Internal uses
_Anti inflammatory for digestive system
_spasmolytic for gastro-inestinal spasms
*external uses
_Used cuts and wounds
_astringes the capillaries
_anti-inflammatory
_anti-fungal and bacterial

*Medicinal herbs

*_Vinca alkaloid
(Vinca rosea)

family: Apocynaceae
Uses:
_Anticancer and antineoplastic activity.
_Vinblastine is uses in neoplasma and choriocarcinoma.
_Vincristine use in leukemia in children.

*Lobelia

fam. Campanulaceae.

Uses:
_Used in spasmodic asthma and chronic bronchitis.
_Expectorant. And diaphoretic.
_In large dose toxic produce vomiting has paralytic effect.

● Medicinal seeds

*-Colchicum:
it consist of the fresh and dried corms of Colchicum autumnale.

Family: Liliaceae.

Uses:
-Treatment of Gout.
-Anti-inflammatory against -rheumatic pain.
-Anti-tumor properties.

*- Nux-vomica
dried seeds of Strychnos Nux-vomica
family: Longanaceae.
Uses:
_Bitter stomachic,
_ tonic.
_Stimulate intestinal muscles
_Large dose cause convolutions.

.
Medicinal dried juice
*Aloe

family: Liliaceae.

Uses

1. -Purgative (anthraquinone).
2. - Antimicrobial.
3. - Heal burn, skin care, protect against sun burn
4. - Antiviral against herpes simplex.
5. - Eye inflammation.
6. - Syphilis.

COFFEE
family Rubiaceae.
Uses
1. flavoring agent,
2. stimulant, nervine and diuretic,

*COCOA

family Sterculiaceae
Uses
1. cosmetic ointments
2. preparing suppositories.
3. soften and protect chapped hands and lips.

*COLA

Fam.sterculiaceae

Uses
1. _Preparation of aerated beverage and stimulant

EPHEDRA
family Ephadreaceae.
Uses
1. antiallergenic,
 2. antiasthmatic, antispasmodic,
3. treat angina.
4. CNS stimulant

TtCOLCHICUM
family Liliaceae.
Uses
1. -Treatment of Gout.
2. -Anti-inflammatory against -rheumatic pain.
3. -Anti-tumor properties.

TOBACCO
family Solanaceae.
Uses
1. Sources of caffeine
2. CNS stimulnt &diuretic

Ergot
Fam.hypocreceae
Or clavicipitaceae
Uses
1. _ ergonovine
2. _ergotamine
3. _ergotoxin

*Black pepper
Fam. Piperaceae
Uses
1. _gonorrhoea
2. _chronic bronchitis
3. _condiment

*Long pipper
Fam.Piperaceae
Uses
1. _anti.atherosclerotic