Elastic Solutions For Soil and Rock Mechanics - H. G Poulos E. H. Davis

CENTRE FOR
GEOTECHNICAL
RESEARCH
THE UNIVERSITY OF SYDNEY
ELASTIC SOLUTIONS
FOR
SOIL .AND ROCK MECHANICS
.........~~-·
by
H .G. Poulos
and
E.H. Davis
The University o! Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia. Telephone: (02) 692 2109 Telex: AA 26169
ELASTIC SOLUTIONS FOR
SOIL AND ROCK MECHANICS
SERIES IN SOIL ·ENGINEERING
Edited by
T. William Lambe
Robert V. Whitman
Professors of Civil Engineering
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Books in Series:
Soil Testing for Engineers by T. William Lambe. 1951
Soil Mechanics by T. William Lambe and Robert V. Whitman. 1968
Elastic Solutions for Rock and Soil Mechanics by Harry G. Poulos and
E. Davis. 1974
Soil Dynamics by Robert V. Whitman (in progress)
Fundamentals of Soil Behavior by James K. Mitchell (in progress)
The aim of this series is to present the modem concepts of soil

engineering. which Is the science and technology of soils and their
application to problems in civil engineering. The word "soil" Is Interpreted
· broadly to Include all earth materials whose properties and behavior
Influence civil engineering construction.
Soli engineer ing is founded upon many basic disciplines! mechanics
and dynamics: physical geology and engineering geology; clay mineralogy
and colloidal chemistry: and mechanics of granular systems and fluid
mechanics. Principles from these basic di.sciplines are backed by
experimental evidence from laboratory and field investigations and from
observati ons on actual structures. Judgment derived from experience and
engineering economics are central to soil engineering.
The books In this series are intended primarily for use in university
courses. at both the undergraduate and graduate levels. The editors also
expect that all of the books will serve as valuable reference material for
practicing engineers.
T. William Lambe
Robert V. Whitman
11
ELASTIC SOLUTIONS FOR
SOIL AND ROCK MECHANICS
H G Poulos
Reader in CMI Engineering

University of Sydney
E-H Davis
Professor of CMI Engineering

(Soil Mechanics)
University of Sydney
Originally Published in 1974 by:
JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC.
NEW YORK • LONDON · SYDNEY · TORONTO
Reprinted in 1991 by: ·
CENTRE FOR GEOTECHNICAL RESEARCH
UNIVERSITY OF SYDNEY
ll1
Details of original publication:
Copyright"@ 1974, by John Wiley & Sons. Inc.

All righiS reserwd. Published s imul-usly in Canada.
No part of this book may be ntproduced by any means,
nor transmitted. nor translaled into a maChine language
without the written permission of the publisher.
Ubraly of Congnt• CatalogiftO 1ft Publlcetlon Datal:

Poulos. H G 1940-
Elasti~ solutions for soil and ro~ meellanic:s.
Bibliography: p.
1. Soil m~anic:s-Problems. exercises. etc.
2. R~k -llanic:s-Problems. exercises, etci.
3. Elasticity-Problems. exercises. etc. L Davis.
· E. H.. joint authOr. IL Tille.
TA710.P67 624',1513 73-17171
ISBN 1).471-69565-3
Printed in the United States of Americ:a
10 a a1 s 5 4 3 2 ,
IV
PREFACE TO REPRINTED EDITION
The original edition of this book has been out of print for
several years, but there have been many requests for it
to be reprinted. The original publishers, John Wiley and
Son Inc, New York, have been gracious in re-assigning
copyright to the surviving author, and hence, the book is
now being reprinted through the Centre for Geotechnical
Research at the University of Sydney.
This reprinted edition contains a significant number of

corrections which were brought to the author's attention
by a number of users, in particular, Dr John T Christian,
Dr Peter T Brown, Professor M R Madhav, Mr J M Shen,
Sir Alan Muir Wood, Dr K J Cheverton, Professor
Michael J Pender, Dr I D Moore, Associate Professor J
C Small and Mr M A Adler. I am very grateful to these
persons for their interest in bringing the errors to my
attention. I am also grateful for the encouragement of
my colleagues within the Centre for Geotechnical
Research at the University of Sydney to prepare the
corrected edition, and to Ms Monica Martin, who
undertook the typing of the corrections and Miss. Kim
Pham for correcting the figures.
Harry G Poulos
August, 1991
v
PREFACE
The authors have attempted to assemble as comprehensive

a collection as possible of graphs, tables and explicit
solution of problems in elasticity relevant to soil and rock
mechanics. J.iany of these solutions are well known and ·widely
used in geotechnical practice, and are available in standard
references. However, new solutions of relevance appear at
frequent intervals and in diverse publications, and it is ~
difficult for the practising engineer to locate, or even to
know of the existence of, a solution which may be of interest.
The large majority of solutions are for an isotropic homo-
. geneous mass, but some important solutions are also included
for cross-anisotropic and non-ho=ogeneous elastic materials.
Because of the vast literature in the theory of elasticity and
the need to keep the book ~o a reasonable size, coverage of
solutions in this book is by no means exhaustive, and solutions
which my be considered of relevance by some people will doubt-
less have been omitted. In a number of instances, a reference
is given even though no ·solution is reproduced in the book.
It has not been found practicable to maintain a uniform
notation throughout the book; where there appeared to be valid
reasons for doing so, the original author's notation has been
adhered to, but particularly in the more basic material, a
common notation has been used. However, a uniform sign con-
vention has been used in that the following are considered as
positive: compressive stress, reduction in length or volume, ·
and displacement in the positive co-ordinate direction.
The authors have not attempted the immense task of a full
check of all the solutions they have reproduced, but a more
~imited check has been carried out by testing solutions for self-
consistency and consistency with other solutions and this has
uncovered a number of errors in the original solutions which have
• been corrected . However, it is probable that some further errors
will have escaped the authors' notice and any information on such
errors will be gratefully received by them.
The book is divided into essential,ly four parts:
(a) an introductory .summa.ry of tho basic equations and
relationships in elastic theory (Chapter l) and then basic
solutions for problems involving concentrated loads on
elastic media (Chapter 2);
(b) solutions for loading of simple geometrical areas, both
uniformly loaded and rigid (Chapters 3 to 9);
(c) solutions of a more complicated nature having relevance
to practical soil mechanics, rock mechanics and foundation
problems (Chapters 10 to lS);
(d) appendices containing complete solutions for various
cases of surface loading on an anisotropic or isotropic
elastic half space.
Vl
PREFACE
As a reference. for students, research workers and

pract,ising engineers, this book may be used in a number of
ways:
(a) as an i111111ediate source of solutions for use in
solving geotechnical problems;
(b) as a source of basic solutions from which 110re
complicated solutions may be evaluated by the user;
(e) as a soUTce of reference solutions against which
numerical computer solutions (e.g. from ihe finite
element method) may be cheeked.
Grateful achnowledgement is given to the great number
of persons and institutions, too numerous to list individually,
who have given permission for their solutions to be reproduced.
Special thanks are due to Dr. T. 'William Lambe; Edmund IC.
Turner Professor of Civil Engineering at M.I.T., for his
original encouragement of the preparation of the book; Dr. J.P.
Giroud of the University of Grenoble, France, for his generous
permission to reproduce many of his results, both published
and unpublished; Drs. J.R. Booker and P.T. Brown of the
University of Sydney for their co111111ents and advice, and Dr. C.
M. Gerrard and Mrs. W.J. Harrison for permission to reproduce
their papers in full as Appendices A and B. Finally, the
authors are greatly indebted to Mrs. M. Brown, who cheerfully
and patiently carried out the major task of typing the manu-
script, and to Mr. R. Brew, Mrs. H. Papallo and Hiss A.
Chittendon, who undertook the onerous task of preparing the
diagraiiiS.
H. G. Poulos
E. H. Davis
June 1973
vii
CONTENTS
OiAP"t!R 1 FUNDAMENI'AL DEFINITIONS AND RElATIONSHIPS

1.1 . Analysis of stress 1
1. 2 Analysis of strain 4
1. 3 Equilibrium equations 6
1.4 Str ain-displacement and compatability equations 8
1.5 Stress-strai n relationships 8
1.6 Differential equations of isotropic elasticity 10
1. 7 Convenient methods of considering loaded areas 12
1. 8 Superposition of solutions for various l oadings 14
1. 9 Equations of simple bending theory 15
OiAP"t!R 2 BASIC SOLUTIONS FOR CONCENTRATED LOADING
2. 1 · Point l oading 16
2.2 Line loading 26
2.3 Line loading-axial S)'llllllet ry 32
OiAPTER 3 DISTJUBUI'ED LOADS ON 1HE SURFACE OP A. SEMI-

INFINITE W.SS
3.1 Loading on an infinite st rip 36

3.2 Loading over half the infinite surface 41
3.3 Loading on a circular area 43
3.4 Loading on a r ectangular area 54
3.5 Loading on an elliptical area 74
3.6 Loading over any area. . 77
QW'l'ER. 4 DISTJUBUI'ED LOADING BENEA.'IH ntE SURFACE OF A

SEMI- INFINITE W.SS
4.1 . Vertical Loading on a horizontal area 92
4.2 Hor izontal loading ·on a vertical rectangle 97
4.3 Rectangles subjee~ed t o shear l oading 99
IX
CONTENTS
CHAPTER 5 SURFACE LOADING OF A FINITE lAYER UNDERU.IN

BY' A. RIGID BASE
5.1 Loading on an infinite strip 103
5.2 Load.i ng on a circular area 111
5·. 3 Loading on a rectangular area 113
.. 5.4 Vertical loading over any area 132
OtAPTER 6 SURFACE LOADING OF MULTI-lAYER SYSTEMS

6.1 Two-layer systems 138
6.2 Three-layer systems 145
6.3 Four-layer systems 162
6.4 Approximate solutions for multi-layer
systems 162
CHAPTER 7 RIGID LOADED AREAS

7.1 Infinite strip on a semi-infinite mass 165 .
7.2 Circle on semi-infinite mass 166
7.3 Circular ring on semi-infinite mass 167
7.4 Rectangle on semi-infinite mass 168
7.5 Ellipse on semi-infinite mass 169
7.6 In.f inite strip on finite layer 172
7.7 Circle on finite layer 178
7.8 Rectangle on finite layer 180
7.9 Rigid .areas embedded within a semi-infinite
mass 180
OtAPTER 8 STRESSES AND DISPLACEMENI'S IN CROSS-

ANISOTROPIC MEDIA
8.1 Concentrated loading on a semi-infinite mass 183
8.2 Strip on semi-infinite mass 184
8.3 Circle on semi-infinite mass 185
8.4 Loading on multi- layer systems 187
8.5 Particular cases of anisotropy 191
OtAPTER 9 STRESSES AND DISPU.CEMENrS IN A NON-HOK>GENEOUS

· ELASTIC MASS
9.1 Semi-infinite mass with linear variation of
modulus 193
9.2 Generalized Bou.s sinesq theory for non-
homogeneous semi-infinite mass 195·
9.3 Finite layer with linear variation of modulus 198
X
CONTENTS
CHAPT£1!. 10 STRESSES AND DISPLACEMENTS IN EMBANlOENTS

AND SLOPES
10.1 Embanlcment on rigid base 199
10.2 Embankmebt on elastic foundation 208
10.3 Infinite slope 226
otA.PTERll STRESSES AND DISPLACEMENTS AROUND

UNDERGROUND OPENINGS
11.1 Unlined openings 229
11.2 Lined openings 245
OiAPTER 12 RAFT FOI.JiDATIONS

12.1 Strip foundations on a semi-infinite mass 249
12.2 Circular rafts 255
12.3 Rectangular rafts 260
OtAPTER 13 AXIALLY LOADED PILES

13.1 Single incompressible floating pile 269
13.2 Single compressible floating pile 271
13.3 Single compressible end-bearing pile 278
13.4 Negative friction in a single end-bearing
pile 278
13.5 Floating pile groups 279
13.6 End-bearing pile groups 281
otA.PTER 14 PILES SUBJEC'I'ED TO LATERAL LOAD AND MCMENT

14.1 Single floating pile 283
14.2 Tip- restrained piles 287
14.3 Pile groups 291
OIAPTER
·. 15 MISCELLANEOUS PROBLEMS
15.1 Thick-wall cylinder in triaxial stress field 297
15.2 Cylinder with rough rigid end plates 297
15.3 Inclusion in an infinite region 304
15.4 Stiff plate subjected to moment and horizontal
load 304
15.5 Stresses in a _layer with a yielding base 305
15.6 Stresses -behind retaining walls 306
Xl
CONTENTS
APPENDIX A STRESSES AND DISPLACEMENTS IN A LOADED

OR'IHORHOMBIC HALF SPACE 309
APPENDIX B CIRCULAR LOADS APPLIED TO A CROSS-

ANISOTROPIC HALF SPACE 337
REFERENCES 399
A111'HOR INDEX
INDEX 407
Xll
Chapter 1
FUNDAMENTAL DEFINITIONS
AND RELATION.SHIPS
1.1 Analysis of Stress negative Cartesian direction while acting on a plane

whose outward normal points in a positive direction,
or, when directed in a positive Cartesian direction
while acting on a plane whose outward normal points
in a~ative Cartesian direction.
J . l.l BASIC DEFINITIONS AND SIGN CONVENTION
Equilibrium requires that
Since it is often convenient in soil mechaniC$
to consider compressive stresses as positive, this
conventional will be adopted here. The normal and
't=Y = Ty:
shear stresses acting on an element are shown in 'tyz = Tzy
Fig. l.l, the stresses all being of positive sign.
't= = 't:z
The normal stresses a:# ay# Cz are positive
when directed into the surface .
For the definition of stresses in other coordin-
The notation for the shear stress 'tij is as ate sys_tems , see Section 1. 3.
follows: ·
Tij is the shear stress acting· in the j 1.1. 2 STRESS COMPONENI'S ON AN'l PLANE
direction on a plane no~ to the i axis.
Referring to Fig.l.2, the stress components
The sign convention for shear stress is as Pn:.- Pny# Pnz on any plane with a directed normal n
follows.: · can be expressed in terms of the stress.e s in the
The shear stress is positive when directed in a =# y and z coordinates as
FIG.1.1
l
2 FUNDAMENTAL DEFINITIONS AND RELATIONSHIPS
ively) may be found as the roots of the equation

Pn: (1= Ty: Tz= cos(n~=J
Pny T a T
zy cos(n~y) • • • (1.1) • • • (1. 3)
= =Y y
Tn Tyz az cos(n~z)
Pnz
=a
where J 1
=+aY+az . = e(buZk stress)
••• (1.4a)
where cos(n~=J is the cosine of the J2 = a:z:y
a +ayz a -T:z:y2 -Tp 2 -Tz=2
a +az:z:
angle between the n and = ••• (1.4b)
directions, and similarly for
cos(n~y) and cos(n.z). J3 =aaa-aT 2 2 2
= y z :z: yz -aT
y z:z: -aT
z :z:y
+ ZT:z:yTyzTz:z: ••• (1.4c)
J 1 (or9)~ J2. J 3 are often known as the first,
second and third stress invariants, as they remain
constant, independent of the coordinate system.
In terms of the principal stresses,
(l.Sa)
z (l.Sb)
(l.Sc)
FIG.l.2
The directions of the normals to the principal

planes are given by
1.1.3 TRANSFORMATION OF AXES
If a new set of orthogonal axes 1
• y ~ z
1 1
= A.
are chosen, the stress components in this coordinate 1-
••• (1.6a)
system are related to the stress components in the cos(ni,•=J =
original =• y~ z system as follows: h_.2+B.2+C.2
1- 1- 1-
• • • (1. 2) B.
1-
cos(ni~y) = (1.6b)
where S 1 is the stress matrix with respect h .2+B .2+C .2
1- 1- 1-
to the : 1y 1z 1 axes,
S is the stress matrix with respect c.1.-
to the ~ y a axes, cos(ni.z) = • • • (1.6c)
A is the direction cosine matrix, h_.2+B.2+C.2
1- 1- 1-
i.e.,
where A. = (a -a.) (a ·-a .)-T T
-z. Y. -z. z -z. zy yz
A= cos(:z: 1.:z:) cos(:z: 1.y) qos(:z: 1.z)
cos(y ~:z:) cos(y'.y) cos(y'~z)
1 B. = 't' 't' . - 't' (a -a.)
-z. zy :z:z :z:y z -z.
cos(a ~:z:) cos(a '~y) cos(a '~z)
1
c.-z. = T
:z:y't'ya --r:z:z (ay-a.)
-z.
AT is the transpose of A.
and a{, are the principal stresses
1.1.4 PRINCIPAL STRESSES ({, = 1~2~3). ,
It is possible to show that there is one set of
axes with respect to which all shear stresses are
zero and the normal stresses have their extreme 1.1.5 MAXIMUM SHEAR STRESS
values. The three mutually perpendicular planes The maximum shear stress occurs on a plane whose
where this condition exists are called the pPincipaZ normal makes an angle of 45° with the a1 and a3
pl.anes, and the normal stresses acting on these directions.
planes are the principal stresses.
The principal stresses, ah a2 and a 3 (the

The maximum shear stress,
given by
't'mcz: at a point is j
maximum, intermediate and minimum stresses respect-
l
l
J
ANALrSIS OP S'rRESS 3
• • • (1. 7)
!.1.6 OCTAHEDRAL STRESSES

The octahedral normal stress <10 ct and the
octahedral shear stress · T 0 ct at a point are t.lte
stresses acting on the eight planes of an imaginary
octahedron surrounding the point, the normals to the
faces of the octahedron having direction cosines of
1;1/13 with the direction of the principal stresses.
The magnitudes of the octahedral stresses are
= at+Oz+O, = ~ = a:z:+eY +Oz • • • (1.8)

3 3 3
FIG.l.3
The maximum shear stress occurs on planes inclin-

= l.3 (fa:z:y -a J 2
-a J2+fay-az J2+(az:z: ed at 4S• to the principal planes and is of magnitude
+6fT 2+T 2+T 2 J),Y
;r;y :a yz
• • • (1.9)
(1.14)
(It should be noted that the sign of this maximum

1.1. 7 TWO-DIMENSIONAL STRESS SYSTEMS
shear stress is opposite on the two planes. in order
Many situations in soil mechanics ean be treated to conform to ·the sign convention ·given in Section
as two-dimensional problems in which only the stresses 1.1.1).
in a single plane need be considered. The most
important ease is that of plarle strain, in which the
strain (see Section 1.2) in one of the coordinate 1.1.8 l«>llttS CIRCLE OF STRESS
directions (usually the y direction here) is zero.
Anothe.r class of problems are those involving plans A geometrical solution for stresses in any dir-
s~s conditions, in which the stress in one of the ection is provided by Mohr's circle, shown in Fig.l.4
eooTdinate directions .(usually y here) is zero . for a two-dimensional stress systea. The circle is
drawn in relation to a set of orthogonal axes. one for
In two-dimensional stress situations, the stress normal stress (a) and the other for shear stress
relationships are considerably simplified in relation fT) . The seale of these two axes IIIUSt be equal.
to the general three-dimensional ease. . Referring to
Fig.l.3, the stresses on a plane making an angle 8 If the principal stresses a1. a, are known, the
with the z direction are circle ean be drawn with the centre at a=tfa1+as)
and of radius (a1-as)/Z.
If the normal and shear stresses are known , the

circle ean be drawn with the centre at a=Jifar~<Jy) and
passing through the points (a: T:a) and fa2.-T:z::a).
The radius of the circle thus con5trueted is
equal to the aaxillum shear stress Tm:z:z: (see Equation
1.14).
The principal stress.e s are given by
The angle 281 is twice the angle between the
a1
a,
} = 1-(a +0 ) -+1- (fa -a J.2 +4T 2 ) .Y
., :z: z ..., :z: z :z:z ••• (1 12)
•
:z:-3 coordinate axes and the axes corresponding to the
directions of principal stress (the l-3 axes in
Fig.l.4). The direction of rotation of the radius
from its original constructed position to where the
The principal planes are inclined at ~ angle circle intersects the normal stress axis is in the
same angular sense as the direction of rotation of the
axes for the :z:-3 axes to beeoae the principal 3-l
• • • (1.13) axes.
The stresses in any other directions :z: '• 3' · may
and siailarly be deterained by drawing a diameter, through
81+SO• to the z axis. the . centre of the circle. at an angle ze , to the
diameter describing the stress conditions on the
4 FUNIWIEN'l'AL DEFINITIONS AND RELATIONSHIPS
1.1.9 POLE CONSTRUCTION
<o> MOhr Circler
'b) Physecol Plane
FIG.l.6 Pole construction.

FIG.l.4 Mohr circle of stress.
:e -a axes wfiere e' is the angle between the :e-z

axes and the :e'-a' axes (see Fig.L4).
It should be noted that shear stresses are con- The pole construction is a useful way · ~£ linking
sidered positive if they tend to produce a clocKwise the stresses at a point in the physical plane (Fig.
rotation about a point, outside the eleaent, at the 1.6b) to the Mohr circle diagram for the stresses
plane on which they act (Fig.l.S) . This c~nvention (Fig.l.6a). The pole, P~ is the point on the circle
is consistent with that previously developed for such that the normal and shear stresses on any plane
three-dimensional conditions . a (perpendicular to the physica~ plane) :are.given by
the intersection with the Mohr c1rcle of a l~ne
through P parallel with the plan~ a. For e:xample
the stresses on vertical and horizontal planes are . as
indicated in Fig.l.6a and the ma)or princi~al plane
is inclined at the angle B above the ~or~zontal .
1.2 Analysis of Strain

1. 2.1 BASIC DEFI.NITIONS
Considering first the ease of two-dtmensional
strain (Fig. l.7), the normal strains &z and £ 3 are
FIG.l.S defined as
... (l.lSa)
ANALYSIS OF STRAIN s
e +e e -e y
••• (l.lSb) e 6 = .....=......!. + ...E:._2.. cos26 + ...=!. sin26
2 2 2
••• (1.18)
where Pz. Pz are the displacements in the and
z directions.. A positive normal strain corresponds
= and the shear strain is
to a decrease in·length.
The shear strain Yzz is the angular change in
a right angle in a material and is re.lated to the dis-
Ye = y
zz
cos26 - (e
=-ez J sin26 (1.19)
placements pz and Pz as
(Note that the above express'ions correspond to those
for the normal and shear stresses (Section 1~1),
ap ap
oz=- ai"z
except for a factor of~ in the last term).
Yry = - (1.16)
1.4.3 TRANSFORMATION OF AXES

A positive shear strain represents an increase in the If a new set of orthogonal axes ='• y'. z' are
right angle and a negative shear strain represents a chosen, the strain components in this coordinate
decrease in the right angle. system are related to the strain components in the
original =• y. z system as
Considering·the :y and yz pianes similarly,
the six strain components are related to the displace-
ments p%> Py• Pz in the =• y and z directions as Dt = AD AT • • • (1.20)
ap= _ ap= _ apY where D is the strain matrix in the

e =- ai"
= Y:y ay az ... (1.17a) =· y. z system.
i.e., e= lzrry lzyn
- apY - ~- apz ... (1.17b)
ey -- ay Yyz = az ay D = fly= ey lzYyz (1.21)
ap ap_ flz= flzy ez

apz
e =- - -
z Yz= = - ~--=-
az
... (1.17c)
az 0% D1 is the strain matrix in the
As for shear stresses yij = yji
='. y '. z ' system.
A is the direction cosine matrix

defined in Section 1.1.3.
AT is the transpose of A.
In matrix operations, it is convenient to use the

double suffix notation and to define lzrij as &f,J•
The strain matrix is then
t.da' is till: final position e= ery ezz

and c:cnfigurotion of till:
original right cngkl AOB. D eyz eyy eyz • • • (1.22)
a' Shtlar strom yxz =- 6t- e2
ap,.. t.z
az ez= eyz ezz
z
1.2.4 PRINCIPAL STRAINS
FIG.l.7 Analogous to the principal planes of stress, there
are three principal planes of strain. The shear
strains in these planes are zero and the normal strains
are the principal strains. The major and minor prin-
1.2.2 STRAIN IN A PLANE cipal strains are respectively, the greatest and least
normal strains at the point. For an isotropic
Considering again a two-dimensional strain situ- elastic material, the principal planes of strain can
ation, the normal strain ee in a plane inclined at be shown to coincide with the principal planes of
e to the = axis is stress.
6 FUNDAHENTAL DEFINITIONS AND RELATIONSHIPS
The principal strains are determined, in a simil- The diameter of the circle is equal to the maximum
ar manner to principal stresses, as the roots of the shear strain
equation y = he: -£ )2 + y 2
ma:r: :r: a :z:a
The pole construction as described for. the Mohr
(1.23) circle of stress may be adapted for the Mohr circle
of strain.
• • • (1.24a)
y 2
I2 = £ £ + £ £ + e: e: - ~
:r:y yz a:r: 4
2 2
~- Yz:r:
4 4
y
2
(1.24c)
I 11 I2 ; I 3 are the strain invariants, analogous to

the stress invariants.
In two-dimensional systems, the principal strains
Eb £3 are as follows.:
• • • (1.25)
and the principal planes are inclined at an angle 6 1

to the :r;. and z axes, where
£.
e1 = .;-tan
-1 Y:r:z
&::£ ... (1.26) "
e:,
:r: z
e:
1.2.5 MAXIMUM SHEAR STRAIN
FIG.l.S Mohr circle of strain.
Yma:e = £1 - £3 ... (1.27)
where £1 = m3.ximUm principal normal

strain,
£3 = minimum principal normal 1.3 Equilibrium Equations
strain.
1.3.1 CARTESIAN COORDINATES
Yma:r: occurs on a plane whose normal makes an angle of By considering the equilibrium of the element·
4S 0 with the £1 and £3 directions.
shown in Fig.l.l in the cartesian co.ordinate system,
the following equilibrium equations are obtained:
1.2.6 MOHR'S CIRCLE OF STRAIN
A geometrical solution for strains in any direct-
ion is provided by Mohr's circle of strain (Fig.l •.S).
The only difference between the .circle of strain and
••• (1.28a)
I
the circle of stress is that, in the circle of strain,
the ordinate represents only one-half the shear strain • • • (1.28b)
(i.e. the ordinate axis is y/Z). As in Fig.l.4, the
axes 1-3 represent the principal ·axes, :r:-a the
horizontal and vertical space axes and :r:'-z' the
axes in direction at an angle e ' to the ·:r:-a axes.
EQUILIBRIUM EQUA'riONS 7
3"C.zr 1 3Tez acsz 't.zr

-ar
-+-
r ae
+a.
- + -r • 0 ••• (1.29c:)
With axial s)'liiiDetry, these bec:ome

where z~ ~~z are the body. forces, per
unit volume, in the z~ y and acst' 3'tar csr-cse
z directions. ai' + a:i"" + - r- • 0 •• • (1.30a)
With an ordinary gravity field and the z dir-
ection vertieally downwards, X and · r are zero and
Z is the \mit weight, r~ of the material·. (1.30b)
1.3.2 C'!LINDIUCAL COORDiNATES

1.3.3. SPHERICAL COORDINATES
(Fig.l.l~)
z
FIG.l.lO
FIG.l.9 • • • (1.3la)
3"Cre 1 acse 1 3Tet 3Tre+fcse-o+Jcote

--a;- + r Te + rrin& at + r =
0
(1.3lb)
Considering the equilibriUII of the element in the
cylindrieal (r~z~ 8) coordinate systell shown in Fig.
1.9 , the equilibriUII equations are (neglecting body
forces)
(1.3lc)
3ar 3"Cr8 3Tzr CSr-CSd
- + -1- - + - - + - - = 0 (1.29a) For c:omplete spheric:al S)'llllletry these bec:ome
ar r ae aa r
• • • (1.32)
(1.29b)
8 FIJ1iDAJIENTAL l£FIIII'l'IOIIS AND REIA'riotiSHIPS
1.4 Strain-Displacement and

Compatibility Equa~ions
1. 4 .1 CARTESIAN COORDINATES
The strain - displacement relation~lips are given • •• (1.3Sa)
in equation (1.17). Since six s t rain components are
derived from only three displacements, the strains are
not independent of each other. Six further relation- ,.. _ __1_ ape -!~
ships, known as the compatibility equations, can be Ye' Nine at r ae
derived . These arc as follows: + p+c:ote
r
a1 e a1 e a:ty
,___£. + .__lL1 -.:.EL (1 .33a) •• • (1.3Sb)
ay2 a:c a:cay
Pr Pe
ate
_JJ..+ atez
__ alyyz
(1.33b)
&
+• - -r - -cote
r
a.zt ay~ "" ayaz
a1 ez a1 e:c aly=
(1.33c)
a:z:t + a~ = aza:c • • • (1.3Sc)
The compatibility equati'ons, for the case of axial

ate a . ayyz Clyz:c ay s~try , are quoted by L'ure (1964).
2(~
aye);: -=-(-
<l:c a:~:
+-+~
. ay az
(1.33d)
ate 1.5 Stress-Strain Relationships

2
a (ayyz - ay.z:c + ~
(aza~ ::-
ay a:c ay a.z
••• (1.33c) 1. S .1 LINEAR HOK>GENEOUS ISOTROPIC MATERIAL
Strains in terms of stress:
ate a (Clyyz + Cly.z:c- ~)
2 (a:a~ = -
az a:c ay az
• • • (1.33£)
e:c .., l (a - v(a + a JJ ... (1.36a)
E :e Y z
1.4.2 CYLINDRICAL COORDINATES

cy "" lE [CJ
Y
- v(a
:c
+ a J1
z
(1.36b)
ntc strain -· displaceJIICnt equations nre

c.z 1: lE [o~ N
- v(a
:1:
+ ay J 1 (1.36c)
1 apl' ape Pe
el' "" yre = -
l' -ae- - al'
- +. -l' )_T (1.36d)
y:cy - G :cy
••• (1.34a)
1 (1.36e)
Yyz = 7i Tyz
)_T (1.36£)
y z:c - G z:c
(1.34b)
where E =Young's IIIOdulus

v = Poisson's rntio
• • • (1.34c) G = shear JDOdulus
E
=--.-- •.•• . (1.37)
ntc corresponding compntnbility cquntions arc 2(1+V)
quoted by L'urc (1964)..
Also, volUIIIC strnin
1.4.3. SPHERICAL COORDINATES

(1.37) .
The strnin - displ:lceJIICnt equntions nrc:
where . cv = C:tfCy+&;:
. 0 = C:+Cy+O.z = bulk stress

STIU:SS-STRAIN RElATIONSHIPS 9
••• (1.43b)
K • bulk JDOdulus.
Stresses in terms of strains: Plane stress solutions which do not involve the
elastic parameters are therefore identical with the
corresponding pl~e strain solutions e.g. stresses
a= = A&v + 2G&: (1 . 38a) within a semi-infinite plate and stresses due to line
loading on a semi-infinite mass.
a:J = Aev + 2Gey (1.38b}
(1.38e) Sunma:ry of Relationships Be~en Elastic Pal'aiizeters
()y:z etc. (1.38d) G (or~) = _E_

2(1+v)
(1.44)
E'V
are Lame's parameters A = (l+v} (1-2v)
(1.45)
'VE
A= ••• (1.39a)
E ··- = 2(1+v)G
(l+vJ (1-2'V) K = (1.46)
3(1-2V) U1-2v)
G = _E_ = shear modulus E =
..lJ$Q. (1.47)
2(1+'V) ••• (1 . 39b) 3K+G
as~} . (3K-2G)
(G is also often denoted 'V = 2(3K+C}
(1.48)
For the special ease of plane stress ·e.g. in the
A.
:-z plane, ay=a in the above equations.
·G = 2L
l-2V
(1.49)
For the special ease of plane strain in the :-z
plane, e:y=O and hence Constrained modulus (1/mv in Soil !oleehanics)
(l•'V)E
••• (l.SO)
• • • (1.40)
Equations (1.36) then reduce to l.·S . 2 CROSS ANISOTROPIC MATERIAL

#
Stresses in texms of strairis:
(l+vJ (a (1-v} - w J · · (1 . 4la)
E : z cartesum coOrdir.ates:
= a& +b£ +c£
£
:1
= 0 (1 ~4lb)
a__
y= z
(l.Sla)
ay =. be:= + a£:1 + c&z (l.Slb)

£z = f1:!:2L
E
(a (1-v} - va l
z .: (1.4le) az = c&= + ce:11 + ckz. (l.Slc)
(1.4ld) ·= =
'zy
= . fe;:r:z
fi;ey
(l.Sld)
(l.Sle}
Solutions for a plane strain problem can be used ':r:y = (a-b)e::r:y (l.Slf}
for the corresponding plane stress problem provided
that the foll~wing equivalent values of E and 'V
are used in the plane strain problem:
- r be:9 +. ce:z
a& + (l.S2a)
::r
(1+2VJE
ar
Ee = (1+v)2.
(1.42a)
<Je = be:r + ae:e + ce:z ... (l .S2b)
'·
'V~ =~
l+'V
... (1.42b) az = ce:r + ce:e + ckz c1.s2c)
•rz = fe:rz . (l.S2d)

Conversely, to use solutions for a plane stress
problem for the corresponding plane strain problem, 'ez : fe:ez (l.S2e)
the equivalent moduli are · . . ·
•re = (a-b) ere ... (1.52£}
E
E~ = ·-l--'V-2 (1.43a)
10 FUNDAHEN'l'AL DEFINITIONS AND RELATIONSHIPS
In some works (e.g. Urena et al, 1966) Vhv is

where a = denoted merely as Vv and the use of Vvh is avoid-
(1+vh)(1-vh-2vhvvvh) ed by using equation (1.54).
(l.S3a) The fact that the strain energy must be positive

imposes restrictions on the values of the elastic
Eh(vh+vhvvvh) parameters. For a cross-anisotropic material with.a
b = vertica~ axis of elastic symmetry, Hearmon (1961)
(1+vh)(l-vh-2vhvvvh) gives these restrictions as
• • • (l.S3b)
c = .a> 0 (1.56a)
d>O (l.S6b)
... (l.S3c)
f>O (l.S6c)
d = a2> b: (1.56d)
• • . (l.S3d) (a+b)d > 2c 2 (1.56e)

ad> c2 .., (1.56£)
and Eh = modulus of elasticity in the
horizontal direction
In terms of the Poisson's ratios, these restrictions
Ev = modulus of elasticity in the impose the limits
vertical direction
vh Poisson's ratio for effect (1.57a)

of horizontal stress on com-
plementary horizontal strain
(1.57b)
vhv = Poisson's ratio for effect
of horizontal stress on (1.57c)
vertical strain
vvh = Poisson's ratio for effect 1.6 Differential Equations of

of vertical stress on
horizontal strain. Isotropic Elasticity
It can be shown that 1.6.1 EQUATIONS IN TERMS OF STRESSES
Eh vhv Cazrtesian Coordinates
(l.S4)
Ev = vvh
The elastic constant f is a shear modulus and

v2a + _1_ a2e = _y_ ex + ar + azJ + 2 ax
cannot be expressed in terms of the Young's moduli or :z: l+v a:z: 2 . 1-v a:z: ay az a:z:
Poisson's ratios. f is often denoted as Gv· ... (l.SSa)
Strains in terms of stresses:
+ 2]!
e: = a:z: _ vhay _ vvhaz
... (l.SSa)
ay
:z: Eh Eh Ev ... (1.58b)
E:y
=- vha:z: + 5£.- vvhaz ••• (l.SSb) + 2 ..2!
. Eh Eh Ev
a.a
vmP:z: vhua az (1.58c)
. - - ...!!!UL + -
e:z = - -Eh • • • (l.SSc)
Eh Ev
2
T:Z:Z T:z:z v:-r + _1_ a e = ar + ..2! (1.58d)
= = • • • (l.S.5d) yz 1~v ayas as ay
€
= f Gv
€ Tyz' = TYZ ... (l.SSe)

yz = f Gv (!.SSe)
€ = k
(a-b)
=
f1+VJtJT:z:y = .':91. ••• (l.S5f)
:r:y 'Eh Gh
B(}rJA'riONS OF I SOTRfJPIC BLAS'riCI'rY ll
• • • (1.58£)
• • • (1.62e)
a2 a2 a2
"' - + - + -
a:c2 ay2 aa2 V2T - Tze +! iiTrz + _1_1 a2e = 0
ze r2 r ae 1+v r aeaz
0 a% +ay +az ••• (1.62£)
For constant or zero body forces, the first three For the general case of non-constant body forces,
equations of (1.58) reduce to the Laplace equation the corresponding equations, in tensor form, are given
by L'ure (1964).
• • • (1.59)
1.6.2 EQUATIONS IN TERMS OF STRESS FUNCTION ~
For the special case of pZane stress, the equat- ·
ions are the equilibrium equations Cartesian Coordinates
aa at (1.63)
-=..+--=.!.- X • 0 (1.60a)
az ilz where
aa
3 iltzz
-+ -- - z =O • • • (1.60b)
az a:~: For plane stress or plane strain ,
and
(1+V) ex
ilz
+ liZ)
ilz
• • • (1.64)
(1.60c)
and the stresses are rel ated to + as follows:
For plane strain, the first two of the above
three equations are again applicable .
equation is
The t hird
a
z = ilz2
n ... (1.65a)
0
:z: "'
r.t ... (1.6Sb)
a:r2
(1.61)
If body forces are constant, the equations for plane T
.. -<~2+ ... (1.65c)
stress and plane strain conditions are identical. :z:z a:raz
Cylindrical. Coordinates
cyZindricaZ Coordinates For axial symmetry,
With zero or constant body forces: (1.66)
. • • (1.62a)
The stresses ar e related to + as

(1.62b)
ar ..!. (vv 2 ~- ~ ... (1.67a)
az 3r2
v2a - ~a -a J + ! litre + _1_ (1 ae + 1 ~= o
e r e r r 2 ae 1+-.J r ar r ae 2
••. (1.62c) ae ..!. (vv2+ - 1 ~ ... (1.67b)
ilz r ar
-4 + _1_ ~ (1 a~ = o
~ [(2-v) V2+ - fi 1 ... (1.67c)
r 2 re l+v ar r ae C1
z az az 2
. • . (1.62d)
12 FUNDAHENTAL DEFINITIONS AND RELATIONSHIPS.
•. • (1.67d) where Xh X2 , x, x,. are the approp-

riate influence factors for
areas 1,2,3 and 4. for the
appropriate geomet ry of each
rectangl e.
1.6.3 EQUATIONS IN TERMS OF DISPLACEMENTS
Cartesian Coordinates
d£:
(').+G) __£ + (l'Jzp -X = 0 (1.68a) ~u
()z :1:
l
k
d£:
O..+GJ __£ + (l'J'lp 1 0 (1.68b) 1 I 2
- = > I
<ly y
~- -+OJ- -
d£:
{)..+G) __£
<lz
+ (l'J'lp
z
-z - 0 ... (1.68c) 3 I
(o) Intarior
•
Point
where )..,G ar e Lame's parameters
(b)Extclt'icr Point
&v = vol ume strain
= £:
:1:
+&y +&z FIG.l.ll
CyUnbica1. Coordinates
For axial symmetry.
For an exterior point OE (Fig.l.ll)
. a2pr 1 (lpr pr a2p a2p
()..+ZG) (- - + - - - - ) + G --2: + ().+G) __ z
a = pfX1 +2+l+~ - X2+'+ -K3+,. +X,.) ••• (1. 71)
3r2 r ar r2 <lz 2 araz
R (1.69a) For computer calculations, the superposition

principle can be stated as (see Fig. l.ll) :
a = J(TI,X) - J(TI- U,X) - J(fi,X- V) + J(TI- U,X- V)
).. -
a (a • • • (1. 72)
+ .- - (p rJ ) = z . •• (1.69b)
r az ar r
where J(m,n) = sign (mnJaflm!,lniJ
sign (mn) = 1 when mn > 0
where R,Z are the body forces in the -1 mn < 0
r and z directions.
On t he Z axis . (r=O) the rel evant equation is a(lml,ln!J = stress beneat h come~
of a rectangle m x n.
azp azp azp
().. +ZG) _ _ z + ZG ~ + Z()..+G) _ _r =Z Displacements_are cal culated similarly.
az 2 ar2 araz
••• (1.69c) For horizontal and shear stresses, care must be
taken t o take account of the sign of X for each
rectangle.
1.7 Convenient Methods of
Considering Loaded Areas
1.7.2 NEWMARK'S METHOD
1.7.1 SUPERPOSITION OF RECTANGLES This method was developed by Newmark (1935) and ·
I f the loaded area can be approximated by a rec- is a graphical method invol ving the use of an infl uence
tangle. or by a series of rectangles, and appr opr iate chart , examples of which are shown in Figs . 3.68- 3.78 .
influence factors for stress or displacement beneath A drawing is . made of the loaded area to a scale which
the corner of a rectangle are available, the stress i s marked on the chart. and this drawing is· so pl aced
or displacement at any point may be determined by on the chart that the or igin of the chart coincides
. superposition _of rectangles . with the point at or beneath which the stress or dis-
placement is required.
For the simple case of a single rectangle, the
stress beneath an interior point Ox (see Fig.l. ll) The number of bl ocks covered by the l o:Lded area
may simply be cal culated as is then count ed and multiplied by..an appropriate factor
(shown on the chart) and the applied loading to . gi ve-
a = p(Xl + Xz + Xs + X~) (1. 70) the require~ str ess or di spl acement .
METHODS FOR LOADED AREAS 13
When the area is not uniformly loaded, the charts

can still be used by considering the non-uniform load- (I - I J .oe
ing to be made up of several sets of uniformly loaded 81 82
areas . is the sector influence value at
the required depth for a mean
In using the charts, parts of blocks may be est- sector radius r 1 , and similar-
imated with sufficient accuracy -for practical purposes . ly for I 82 •
In general, the loaded area will be drawn on tracing
paper and laid upon the chart. The influence factor at OE for the whole loaded area
is
Several "Newmark Charts" for stresses and dis-
placements in a semi-infinite mass are given in
Section 3.6. For a finite layer, Burmister (1956) = (1.73)
bas prepared charts, but the use of these charts is
I l(I
81 - I 82 ) .69
more complicated as they must be used in conjunction
with a table of influence values (see Section 5 .4 .1). For the surface origin OI within the loaded
area, the influence factor for the whole loaded area
is
1.7.3 SECTOR METHOD
This method has been described by Poulos (1967a). I = !I81 .oe • • • (1. 74)
For any particular problem, a set of curve-s relating
the stress . or displacement influence factor beneath
the apex of. a uniformly loaded sector to the sector When evalua ing the influence factor for a stress
radius may be obtained by integration of the approp- or ·displacement :..:,i.ch is in a direction other than the
riate point load influence factors over a sector. Such z direction, the summation of sector influence
sets of curves are referred to as "sector curves", and factors must be vectorial . To calculate the horizon-
typical examples are given in Sections 3.6.2 and tal stress a% in the % direction at OE. both the
5.4.2. tangential and radial stress influence factors for
each sector are required, the influence value for the
whole loaded area being given by
Ia% = f{(ari81- aris2) . o9. oo829 +
+(aei81 .- a9I 82}o9.8in29} •• (1.75)
where Ia% is the influence factor for

due to the loaded area,
X are the sector influence fact-
ors for the radial stress, for
sector radii of r1 and r2
FIG.l.l2 Division of loaded area into sectors. respectively.
are the sector influence fact-
ors for the tangential stress,
for sector radii of rt, r2.
The influence factors for horizontal stress ay
in the y direction may be obtained similarly,
In order to use the sector curves for calculation
of the required influence factors for a loaded area of
any shape, a scale diagram of the area is drawn, and a I,. = r!f\orI 81 -,.I ).o9.ain29
number of relatively small-angled sectors are drawn to vy vl" 82
cut the loaded area, each sector · emanating from an apex
-which lies on the same vertical line as the point at • + Caei81 - aei82}o9.co829}
which the influence factor is required. The point on (1. 76)
the surface of the elastic solid through which this
vertical line passes will be termed the "surface In the same manner, it may be shown that the
origin". ln Fig.l.l2, typical sectors OE A2B2 and influence factors for the three shear stresses in the
OI A1B1 are shown in plan for surface origins OE Cartesian coordinate system are as follows:
outside and OI inside the loaded area.
For invariant stresses such as the bulk stress e, I
T:y%
and for the stress az and the displacement Pz• the
i~fluenee of the typical sector OE A2B: for the exter-
n•l surface origin Or; is .69.sin 9. 008 e} ••• (1.77a)
II
14 FUNDAJIENTAL DEFINITIONS AND RELATIONSHIPS
I
Tz.:
= I T:cz = H (TrzI Bt - <r I
':rz s2
) • cos e. oe For the horizontal stresses a
:r:
and a ,
y
••• (1. 77b)
= tr( I ·+ I ) (1.82)
I = I Tyz = I C•rzI 8 1- <r I ) • sine. oe . a:r sa ae sa
't'zy •:rz s2
••• (1. 77c) where a;risa. aaisa are sector
where Trzi81 , T:rzi82 are the sector influence factors for ae and
a:r for a sector radius equal
influence factors for radial shear to the radius of the circle.
stress, for sector radii of rt,
rt. The influence factors for all shear stresses and
for the horizontal displacements P:r: and Py are
For the displacements Pz and Py in the :r: zer9 in this case.
arid y directions for the surface orig1n OE, the
influence factors are 1.8 Superpositio·n of Solutions for
Various Loadings
IP:r: = Hp/st - P/s2).~.cose (1. 78a) Solutions are usually only available for relativ- .
ely simple types of loading. If the loading pattern
is complicated, superposition of solutions for simple
IP
y
HP:rI Bt - I
Pr
).oe.sine
82
••• (1 . 78b) loadings may frequently be employed·. Examples of
the decomposition of complicated loadings into simpler
loads have been given by Giroud (1968) in terms of
and IPy are influence fact~ four simple loading types, uniform vertical load,
ors for the displacements in linearly varying vertical load, uniform horizontal
the :r: and y directions load and linearly varying horizontal load. Fig.l.l3
due to the whole loaded area, shows the examples given by Giroud, the signs in each
case referring to the signs of the four simple loading
are the sector influence fact- types.
ors for radial displacement,
for sector radii of :r1 ,:r2 . The foregoing is exact for generalized linear
loading. The approach can be extended approximately
Having found the 1nfluence factor I for the to completely general non-linear loading by division
whole area, the stresses and displacements for OE of this loading into a series of general linear
and 0 due to uniform loading are given in all cases loadings.
by
a = 1L I (1.79)
21r
and, p = ...:2! • I • • • (1.80)

ZtrE
The accuracy of the influence factors calculated

by the sector method increases with the number of sec-
tors used, and the more irregular the shape of the ·
loaded area, the greater is the desirable number of
sectors. For the calculation of influence factors
for stresses and displacements which are neither in-
variant nor in the z direction, the sector angle
oe llllst' be small in order to preserve the accuracy of
both the ·magnitude and direction of the calculated
infl~ence factor.
St:ressu and Displacements Beneath the Cent:re of

a UnifomZy Loadd CircZe
Beneath the centre of a uniformly loaded circle,
the expressions fOr stresses and displacements reduce
to very simple forms.
For az, Pz and the invariant stresses,
Sim!N loaclingS:
(1.81)
WI !!IIIII! fth,. .-------·-·-,
.
f'.,.
-· ....=~----==-==---..;
. <l(f}
where I 8 a is the sector influence factor (I) (II) (Iii) Uvl
for a sector radius equal ·to
the radius of the circle. FIG.l.l3 Decomposition of loadinqs (Giroud,l968).
SIHPLE BENDING 'l'IIEORY lS
1.9 Equations of Simple Bending Theory 1.9.3 RECTANGULAR PLATE

1.9.1 fDRIZONI'AL BEAM
3.. p. + 2'~+ ~ = !l. • •• (1.89a)
EI <Pp = -M • • • (1.83) 3.:c.. a:zayz ay" D
d:J:'l
where EI = flexural rigidity i.e., V"p = q/D .. . (1.89b)
p = deflection (positive downwards)
= = distance along beam where q = intensity of load
H = bending moment ("sagging" . D = flexural rigidity of plate
moments positive, ''hogging" as before .·
moments negative)
The liiOlllents per unit length, H.:c and My• in the .:c
Slope e= dQ • •• (1.84) and y directions are
d.:c
Shear force V =· - d!! .•. (1.8Sa) M

.:c = -D (fi+v~
a:Z ay2
... (1.90a)
d.:c
= EI d P
d.:c3
3
(for constant EI) (1.8Sb) Hy = -D eze + v ~
ayz 3.:2
.... (1.90b)
Load per unit length p=--

<PH (1.86a)
a.:cz
= EI ~ (for constant EIJ • •• (1 . 86b)
a.:c"
1.9.2 CIRCULAR PLATE

For axially-symmetrical loading,
4:..2.. + ! 3
d o _ 1. <Pp + 1. ~ = !l. • • • (1.87)
az... r az.3 r2 dJ!l r 3 az. D
where p = deflection (positive down-

wards)
/.
l' = radial distance from centre
load intensity
q = load intensity
D = flexural rigidity of plate
3
Et
= --=~-
12(1-v1J
E = Young's
,, modulus of plate
v • Poisson··s ratio of plate
t = plate thickness
The bending moments Hr and Me per unit length in
the radial and tangential directions are given by
Hl' = • • • (l.SSa)
= -D(dQ + v dz~ 1:
(1.88b) I'
dl' dJ!l f.
'
Chapter 2
BASIC SOLUTIONS FOR
CONCENTRATED LOADING
2. 1.2 BOUSSINESQ PROBLEM

..,2.1 Point Loading Point load acting on the surface of a semi-
infinite mass (Fig.2.2}
2.1.1 KELVIN PROBLEM
Point load acting within an infinite elastic
mass (Fig.2.1).
p p
FIG. 2.1
J•
FIG.2.. 2
• • • (2.la)
•• • (2 . 2a)
... (2.lb) P [-a~ z + (1-ZvJR]

ar =--wz Rs R+a • ••. (2.2b)
P(l-2'\JJ
aa ::r - 8tt(l- V)
z
iif' . .. (2 .1c) (2.2c)
&
· p
- 8Tr(1- 'IJ) •
2(1+'1J):&
RS ... (2.ld) e (l+'IJ)
ttRS
Pz
(2.2d)
Tl'a =
p
8Tr(1-'IJ)
r'
1[1' [3;: + (1-2\1)] ... (2.1e} • • • (2.2e)
Pa . P(l+'V)
8Tr(1-'V)BR [3-4'\J+Rz]
z. ... (2 . 1£) n
~a
= P(l+v) [ Z(l- )
ZnER 'IJ + RZ
a
2
)
• • • (2 .2f)
P(l+'IJ)
Pr ,. - 8ttl1-vJB • 'iii
r-z
... (2.lg) Pr •
P(l+'IJ) ( rz
'2'ttEif' iiF -
(1-2'\J)r)
R+a ••• (2.2g)
16
POIN'Z WADING
1'7 ·
2.1.3 CERUTTI'S PROBLEM 3(3-4vJ:z:2 fz-cJ-6cfz+cJ£(1-2vJz-2vcJ

Horizontal point load acting along the surface R~
of a semi-infinite mass (Fig.2.3).
4(1-v}(1-2vJ x
R (R +z+c)
1 2
p
:z:'l. :} ]
x (1 - R {Rz+z+c) -
2
~~
'1.
(2.4a)
ri:G. 2.3
••• (2.3a)
2
a . -P:r: [ -3:1 1-2v ( 2 2 21bl ,]
:z: Z1rRl ~ + (R+z)2. R - Y - R+;J
•• ~ (2.3b)
1
-P:r: ( -i1l 1-Zv ( ..2 '1. ZR:z: l]
zTrR3 R'l. + (R+z)i 3.tc - :z: - R+%J
z
(2.3c)
(1+V)'P:r:
e = TrR·3
(2.3d)
=· ~3 (- 3:z:'l. + (1-2vJ. (-~+ :z:'l.+ ZR:z:2~J

ZTrR R1 (R+z) 1 R+z FIG. 2.4
(2.3e)
a = -P [ (1-2v)(z-c) _ 3!/fz-c)
(2.3£) y 8Tr(l-v) R3
1
ns1
(2.3g) + (1-2v)(3 (z-c)-4v ( z+c)J

R3 .
2
P(1+V)
[ :!_ + (1-Zv):z:] ••• (2.3h)
Pz ::r ~ R'l. R+z _ 3(3-4V)y 2 (z-c)-6c(z+c) £{1-2V)z-2Vcl
Rs
2
P(1+V} : 2 R . : 2
P:z: = 2iER ( 1 + ij2 + (1-ZV) (R+z - 7R+ZJ1)) 4(1-V)(1-ZV) X
(2.3i) R (R +z+c)
2 2
:JJ_ _ (1-2V}:f!{]
[ R'l. (R+z)Z
(2.3j) • •• (2 .-4b)
2 . 1.4 · MINDLIN'S PROBLEM N0. 1

Vertical point load P acting beneath the surface a = -P [ _ (1-ZV)(z-c) /.:.ofl:_-..:::ZV..;.:J:...!(..:::z-...:c;;!.J_
of a semi-infinite ·mass . (Mindlin, 1936) . (Fig.2.4). z 8Tr( 1-v) R3 Rl
1 2
3( z-cJ 3 3(3-4vJz(z+cJ 2 -3c( z+c) (Sz-c)

-P ( (1-ZVJ ( z-c}
a... ::r R~ .R~
... IJrr(l-v) R{
+ (1-2V)£3(z-c)-4v(z+c)J
... (2.4c)
Rs
2
18 CONCEN'l'RA'l'ED WADING
-Pit [ 1-2\1 · 1-2\1 3(a-c) 2

81f(1-v) - -R, + /i3 - R5
1 2 1
2
--r
{1- ZVJ + 1-2v
1
-;r-
2
3{a-c)
Rs
1
3{3-4v)z(a+c)-3c{3z+c)
R!
(2.4i)
3{J-4v)a{z+c)-3c{3z+c) _ 30cz(a+c) 2 ]
Rs R7
2 2
••• (2.4d)
Pr
Pzt
.. 16'1fG(1-vJ
[ z-:
R;
+ {3-4v) ( z-c)
~
4{1-vJ(l-ZVJ + 6cz(z+cJ
R (R +z+c) Rs
(2.4j)
2 2 2 2
3(3-4vJz(a+c)-3c(3z+c) 30ca(z+c)
R21 .
(2.4e)
-P:y [- 3(z-c) _ 3(3-~V)(a-c)

:r 8Tr(l-V) Rs Rs
1 2
(2.4k)
Influence factors for a8 , and a~ and a on

the axis have been tabulated by Geddes (1966) • e
30ca(a+c)
• •• (Z.4£)
R?
1
2.1.5 MINDLIN'S PROBLEM N0.2.
l
•
-P
8'1f( 1-vJ
[ (1 -2v){z-c) _ (1- ZV){z+?c)
R ~
Horizontal point load Q acting beneath the
surface of a semi-infinite mass. (Mindlin, 1936) .
(Fig.2.4). l
1
1
a -9: [- (l -2V) + {l-2\I}{S-4V) 3:
1
i
+ 4 {1-\1) (1-2\1) - 3r (z-c) : = B'lf(l-v) R3 R'
1
- ~
1 1
R (R +a+c) Rs j
2 2 1
3(3-4v):2 4{1-v) {l-ZV) x
Rs
2
R/Rfa+c) 2 j
~ ( 3 _ :trsRt+z+cJ ) J.
H1{R +a+c)
••• (2.4g) 2 2 1
1
-P{1-2v) [ a-c (3-4v)(z+c) -6c

+ Sc
Ri ( 3c - {3-ZV)(z+c) + s:r:22 a )]
R2
l
.. h(l-V) Rs1 + R3 • • • (2 .Sa~
2 f
Sc(z+c) 1 6c1 ( z+c} }
l
a - Q: [ {1-2\1) + {1-2\1) {3-4\1) _ ~
+ Rs - (1-ZVJ Rs
1 1 Y 81f{1- V) R: R~ · R~
••• (2.4h)
3{3-4V)y 2 4{1-V)(1-2\I) X
R: R2 (R2 +a+c) 2
( 1 - y2{3RJ+a+c)) (Cont'"ued)
X Rt (Rt+B+c) ...
19
1
6
+ ~ (c - (1-Zv) (z+c) + sy1z ) ] f'y =
R~ . R1
{2.Sb)
_ 4(1-V)(1-2V) 1 (2.5h)
R (R +z+c) 2
a = =9= ( (1-Zv) _ fl=M _ 3(z-c) 1 2 2.
z 8w(1-v) R~ R~ Rf
3(3-4v) (z+cJ 1
R:
~ (c + (1-2v)(z+C) + Sz(z+c)
1
·1 6cz(z+c) + 4(1-v)(1-Zv) ]
(2 .5i)
+
Rs
1
1 )
R1 . R: R/R1 +z+c) ·
... (2.5c)
2.1.6 POINT LOAD ON FINITE LAYER

-Q::y [- 3(z-c) _ 3(3-4v){z+c)
T = Vertical point load acting at the surface of a
yz 8n(1-V) R15 R15 layer underlain by a rough rigid base (Fig.2.5). This
problem has been studied in detail by Burmister
(1943,1945).
(2.5d)
T:&:1: = _i?~-
8n(1-V)
r- (:1-Zv){z-c) + (1-Zv)(z-c)
R13 R23 p
-!! (z( z+cJ-( 1-2vJz2- sz2~t+cJ)] h

r-
... (2.5e)
~»?7?7777777777////77
FIG. 2.5
Numerical values for the stresses and displace-

3(3-4vJr _ 4(1-vJ (1-ZvJ x. ments in. this problem have been tabulated by Poulos
1
R: R1 (R1+z+c) (1967b), and are given in TABLES 2. 1 to 2.7.
x( 1- z1(3Rg+z+c))- ~
J?i(R1+z+cJ R:
( 1- S:l:'l.
· R~
l]
2.1.7 OTHER SOLUTIONS
.. • (2.5£) (a) Point Loads I71Bids an Inj'inits !lWo Layez>
system - Solutions for stresses and displace-
ments have been given by Plevako (1969) fOr
both vertical and horizontal point loading.
(b) Point Load J.Jithin an E'Zasti.c Layez> - A
formal solution for stresses and displacements
1
has been given ty Shekter and Prikhodchenko
+ ~ ( 1 _ 3: )+ 4(1-V)(l-2V) X (1964); but no numerical values are evaluated.
R; R~ R 2 +z+c
(2.5g)
~
C)
TABLE 2.1
INFLUENCE FACTORS Ia FOR VERTICAL STRESS a
a a
POIJili' ·LOAD
a =I IY/2nh2
z aa
I~ h 1.0 0.9
lcJ0 for Pol110il 0 1 laUo Y • 0,0
0.8 0.7 0.6 o.s 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1
~· h 1.0
lo. for Poluon' 1 llltlo v . 0.4
0, 9 0,8 0,1 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.) 0,2 0.1
~:~~ r;:~: ~?o~

o.o 4 . 422 4.993 5.179 9.017 12.50 19.10 )),SS
0.1 4.)08 4.844 5.sn 8.448 11.)1 16.45 z5.n o.o 4.454 S.U9 6.11) 7,))0 9.297 12.13 u .~s . )),64 n.u )00,0
0.2 ).989 4.4)1 5.005 s.n6 7.022 8,1)8 11.05 u.u U.l6 5.400 0.1 4. )29 5.091 5.887 6.990 8. 711 u.s8 16. 60 zs.n 4).08 Sl,07
0. ] ).52) ) . 8U 4.2U 4.71) 5.)16 5.970 6.426 6.067 4 .021 0.980 0.2 ),980 4,626 ),210 6 .09) 7.257 1.926 11.18 I),SJ 1).40 ).404
0.4 2.982 ),118 ),)16 ).601 ).782 ) .821 ).534 2.741 1.419 0.280 0.) J , Hl ),96) 4.416 4.911 S.S02 6.121 6 . Sl6 6.1H •.osa 0.981
0.5 2.4)% z.528 2.606 2.642 2.595 2.)97 1 .917 1 ,)2) 0.594 0.112 0,4 2.890 3.221 ).496 ),1)4 ).910 ) .936 ),6)4 2.191 1.440 0.279
0.6 1.92) 1.947 1.943 1.816 1.141' 1.499 1 .1)2 0.690 o.ue O,OSJ o.s 2. )06 2.son 2.619 2.705 2.665 2. 461 2.026 1. ,, 0,605 0,108
0.1 1.411 1.460 1.412 1 .)19 1.165 0.944 0 .669 0.)14 ·o . us o.oJS 0.6 1.175 1.865 1.912 1.888 1.767 1.sn I.Ul 0.702 0.290 o.on
o.e 1 . 114 1.070 1.006 0.910 o. 770 0.591 0.404 0.2U 0.089 o.ou 0.1 I. 323 I. 34) I,))~ I. 216 1.UJ 0.9)5 0 . 666 o. )81 o.uo 0,021
0.9 o.8u 0.768 0.702 0.615 0.504 0.)76 o.us 0.1)1 o.osz o.ou 0.8 0,9)9 0,9)6 0.90 0.8)) o.no O,S6J o. )82 0.209 0.079 0.014
1.0 0.59) 0.541 0.481 0.408 0.324 0.2)) 0.146 0.075 0.029 0.010 0,9 0.671 0.6)2 0,587 o.52l 0,4)6 0.)21 0.212 0.109 0,0]9 0,001
~
1.2S 0.2)8 0.201 0. 164 0.127 o.o9o 0.056 0.028 0.010 0.001 0.001 1.0 0.466 0.412 0,)65 0.312 0.248 0.111 0.107 o.oso o.ou 0,002
1.2S 0.16) 0.116 0.080 o.oso 0.02S 0.007 •0.007 -o.o12 0.010 ·0.00)
1.5 0.074
~:oss
00)
0.0)6 0.020 0.006 0.006
0,02)
o.ou o.ou 0.010 0.007
1.5 0.04) 0.016 •0.007 ·0.022 •0. 0)1 -0.004 -0.031 -0.02) 0,013 ·0.004
I
1. 75 0.007 ·0.011 ·0.018 ·0.021 0.022 0.018 0.014 0.010
2.0 0.017 0.020 ·0.02) ·0.025 -o.ozs o.ou 0.020 0.017 o.ou 0.010 1.7S 0.009 -0.007 ·0.020 -0.028 •0,0)1 ·0,0)0 •0.02S -0,017 0.009 -0.002
2.5 o.ou 0.018 ·0.018 ·0.016 o.ou o.ou o.ou 0.009 0.007 0.006 2.0 0.00) -0.006 -0.013 -0.011 ·0.018 •0,011 •0.014 -0,009 o.oos 0.001
) ,0 0.010 0.009 0.008 ·0.007 0.006 0.005 0.004 0.00) o.ooz o.o·o1 2.) 0.007 o.oos 0.003 0,001 0.001 -0.000 0 .000 0.001 0,001 0.002
),5 0.004 0.00) 0.002 -0.002 0.001 o.ooo o.ooo 0.001 0,001 0.001 ).0 o.oo8 0,007 0.006 o .oos o.oos 0.004 0,003 0.003 0.003 0.002
4.0 o.ooo 0.000 0.000 0 .001 0.001 0.001 0.002 0 .002 0.002 0.002 ) ,S 0.006 0.006 o.oos 0.004 0.004 0,00) 0,00) 0.002 ·0.002 0.002
6.0 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0 .001 0.001 4.0 0 ,004 0,00) 0,00) 0.003 0.002 0.002 0,001 0.001 0.001 0.001 ~
8.0 o.ooo o.ooo o.ooo o . ooo o .ooo 0.000 0.000 o.ooo o.ooo o.ooo 6.0 o.ooo 0.000 0.000 o.ooo o.ooo -0.000 -o.ooo ·0.000 0,000 -0.000
8.o -o.ooo ·0,000 ~0 .000,-0.000 ·0.000 ·0.000 -o.ooo ·0.000 o.ooo -0.000
~~
10.0 0.000 0.000 0.000 0 . 000 0 . 000 o.ooo o.ooo o.ooo o.ooo 0.000
10.0 -0.000 .o. oooi -o ooo -o. ooo -0 ,000 -0.000 -o.ooo -0 .000 0.000 ~o .ooo
I~
101 fof Pote eon'• Jt.aUo " . 0.2
I~
10 ._ f or Poia• on• e katlo V • o. .s
h 1.0 0.9 o.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.] 0.2 0.1 . I;')
~ 0.1 0.9 0,8 0.7 0.6 o.s 0.4 0,) 0,2 o.1 1
4.)58
::~~~ u .u ~t~~ ~t:: ~;:~: ;;~o:
o.o 5 .028 S,ISJ 7.089 U.S1
0.1 4.24) 4.874 5.640 6.761 o.o 4,69) 5.603 6.4S7 7.6)1 9.SU 12.91 19.39 )).7) 75.26 300.0 '
0.2 ),919 4.448 5.060 5.894 7.089 8.797 11.10 U.S2 1).)8 5 . 415 0.1 4.556 5.417 6.21S 7.279 8.9H 11.76 16.7) 26.01 43. 11
),447 4 ,76) 53.11
0.3 ).840 4.259 5.)69 6.018 6.466 6 .098 4.050 0.994 0.2 4.111 4,90S S.5S4 6.)45 7.46) 9. 080 11.29 13.64 n.u 5.438
0.4 2 .902 3.U7 ),)99 ) ,6)0 3 .817 3 .862 ),SIS 2.766 1 . 437 0.29) 0.) J,6U 4.11S 4,6)8 5.118 ).666 6.241 6.610 6 . 167 6.0SJ 0.947
o.s 2.)52 2 .UO 2 .597 2 .651 2.6U 2.418 1.998 1.)41 0.069 o.u4 0.4 2.974 ) , 359 ),649 ),816 4. 021 4.019 ),679 2.79S 1.40) 0,205
0.6 1.844 1.898 1.918 1.818 1.750 1.507 1.14) 0.701 0.298 0.067 o.s 2,)41 2.571 2,726 2.791 2.738 2.S12 2.049 1.)64 O.S61 0,032
0.7 1.407 1 .405 1 .)16 1.298 1 .U5 0.941 0.611 0.389 0.161 0.041 0.6 1.110 1.eu 1,94S 1 .927 1.80) 1.549 1.162 0.692 0.257 -0.001
0.8 1.048 1 .015 0.964 0,879 o. 752 0.586 O.l99 0.222 0.091 0.026 0.7 1. 29 1 1.)21 1. )29 1.279 1.152 0.943 0.669 0,)78 O.U9 0.010
0.9 0.764 0.716 0.659 0 . 581 0.480 0.360 0 .2)5 0.126 0.051 0.016 0.8 0,911 0.891 0.869 0. 81) 0.110 0.561 0.385 0.215 0.089 0.029
1.0 o.su 0.494 0 .439 0.374 0 . 297 0.214 o.u3 0.061 o.ozs 0.001 0.9 0.623 0,)16 0 .540 0.490 0.41~ 0.)\9 0,216 0,124 0,066 o.ou
1.25 0.21) 0.172 o . us 0,099 0 .066 0 . 0)6 o.ou 0.001 0.007 0.006 1.0 0.412 O, JSS 0.314 0.212 0,22) 0.166 0.111 0,069 O.OH 0,046
1.5 0 .067 0.042 o.on 0.004 0.010 o.ou o.ou o.on 0.011 o.ou 1.2S 0.123 o.on 0,0]7 o.ou o.ooo -0.007 ·0,007 o.ooo 0.014 0.029
1.75 0.010 0.00) 0.014 ·0.022 0.026 0.021 0.026 o.ozz 0.017 o.ou l.S 0.023 ·0.011 -o.o,. -0,048 -o.os2 ·0.048 •0.039 -o.ou 0,010 0.00)
2.0 o.ooe 0.014 o. ou ·0.022 0.024 0.02] 0.020 o.op o.ou 0,010 1.15 -0.00) -0.02 ·0.037 ·0,046 ·0.048 ·0,046 ·0.039 ·0.0)0 0.021 -o.ou
2.5 o.ooe 0.009 o.oo9 · 0.010 0.009 0.009 0.007 o.oo6 0.005 0.004 2,0 -o.oos -0.016 ·0.024 ·0.0)0 •0.032 ·O.OJ) -0,030 -0.026 0.021 -0.018
],0 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 o.ooo o.ooo 0.001 2.S 0,004 · 0.012 -0.002 -o.oos •0.007 -0.008 ·0.009 -0.010 0.010 -0.011
),S . 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.002 0 .002 0 .002 0.002 o.ooz 0.002 0.002 ),0 0,008 0.007 o.oos -0.00) 0.002 0.001 ·0.001 -0.002 0,00) -0 ,003
4.0 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0 .002 o.ooz 3.S 0,008 0.007 0.006 o.oos 0,006 0.003 0,002 0,001 0,001 o.ooo
6.0 o.ooo o.ooo 0.000 o.ooo o.ooo o.ooo o.ooo o.ooo o.ooo 0.000 4.0 0.006 0.006 o.oos 0,006 0,00) 0,003 0.002 0.002 0,002 0.002
8.0 o.ooo o.ooo 0.000 · 0.000 o.ooo 0.000 0.000 o.ooo o.ooo o.ooo 6.0 0.002 o.o~~ o.oo1 0.001 o.oo1 0.001 0.001 o.oo1 0.001 o.oo1
10.0 o.ooo 0.000 0.000 ·0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 o.ooo 0.000 o.ooo 8.0 0 .000 o,O::c o.ooo o.ooo 0 .000 o.ooo 0.000 o.ooo o.ooo o.ooo
·10.0 •0,000 -o.oo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.~o -~ooo I).()OO -o.ooo
...· . . - - - - · · · - - - - · - - - - - - - - - · ... _ . , _ _ _ _- J " _ _ _ _ _ _~ ----- -'- - ---- "' -

POIN'r LOADING 21
~ -:~~~;~:t•:;:=::~33<;S;ggg
~N-·Hft~HO·~~HH~---~~0
oo:
0 ...o ••••••••.• 0 •• 0 .......
~~-~~-0000000000000000
---~-~·~~~"•••-~o•~-o
..,.•
0
~ o"'•••rot"•••""••-o••-ooo
y2
• . . . . . . . ,... ....... "" ... ""'NN ... .-OOOOOO
::.;.;..;..;..;oooooooooooooo
r-: .. ................. " ....... 0 . . . . . ~-·"""8
~ 1!:..,~~~::;:=:~~;:!:~;:::;~~~~88o
o ~ .:.-\ .,;..; ..;.;..;...;ooooooooo oo oo
~ ~:::~~=!!:!55~~~35~5888
o f.O~...;~.;.;..;..;...:ooooooot?oooo
~ ~E!ia~=~:~sa~~=~~g~ggg
0 ••••••••••••• 0 • • • • • • • •
OOHNNHHHH ... oooooooooooo
~
t>
(/)
(/)
~
f-o
(/)
~
<
....
~
cr:
..
.z::
I=
~
N
0 C\:1
c-i llo 0
~ ll:-
ei ~t>s. .... f-o t>~
% ~
~ 0
c. •
:2
~
<Z>~
-
0
ft
w ..
0
~
w
:3 ...
llo 0 ES~!~iE~5S5S8888888881
7;...;...;.;..;..;oooooo;;~oooooo
....
%
.. .. 71o...;ft..;..;oooooooo;oooooo
0
0 ~a::s:~i2i;~i~sasssgss
•
> "' ~5S~!R55~§i~E8~88§88§§
0 79oo...;..;..;ooooooooo~ooooo
..
!
...
.
~
:. ..
"c
0
""""-•~oo""• • """~~"'""'282
:=~:::::~=~~
~9~ooooooooooooo;;oooo
... 22
... ~085o~8o~
...
0
0
H~·~~--·~=~~0·~~222•
:~=~=~a~.~:==oas~~~ss~
~~;ooooooooooooo;9oooo
0 2
~
.. • ss~!a:::!~:=Eii888§8§§
:!
.. 0 ;oo ooooooooooooo~yoooo
~ ~:=~~!~~=~~=~~a§i8§88§
0 ••••••••••••••••••••••
oooooooooooooooooooooo
I I
~
TABLE 2. 3
INFLUENCE FACTORS I FOR TANGENTIAL ·STRESS a6
06
POI NI' LOAD
a ;, I 2
e a6 P/2nh
~ I~
108 for Poiu on'o btio Y • 0.0 loa tor Poileon• e Ratio v • 0.4
h 1.0 0.9 o.e 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0. 3 0.2 01,1 0,9
h 1.0 0.8 0.1 0.6 o.s 0.4 0. 3 0.2 0.1
0.0 0 -o.444 .0,795 -1.150 -1.5,98 -2.213 •3.460 -5.960 - 12.99 · 501.61 o.o 2.970 1.78S 1.024 O.U2 0.073 -0.318 -o. ns -1.487 -3.121 · 10. 91
0.1 0 -0.4)1 •0.769 -1. 1()4 · 1.513 ~2 .101 -3.054 - 4,7$8 -7.822 -6.674 0. 1 2.886 1.742 1.004 0, 487 0,082 -o. 287 ·0.69S •1.24S -2.082 ·2.US
0.2 0 -o.394 ..0.697 -o.no · 1. 293 •1,681 · 2 ,161 -2.600 -2.002 4. 276 0.2 2,6S) 1.621 0. 94S 0.470 0.103 ·0.214 - O. S18 •0.807 -0.903 0.099
0.3 0 -o. 341 ·0.59S -0.810 -1.014 -1 . 200 -1.299 -1.064 0.206 3.849 0.3 2.31S 1.440 o.8ss 0.440 . 0.123 ·O.U4 -0. 348 -0.489 -0.439 O.OSl
0.4 0 -0.281 -0.482 - 0.633 -0,743 -o. 788 -0.691 -0.279 0 . 757 2. 738 0. 4 1.926 1.221 0.74S o. 397 0.134 -0.072 ·0.228 -0.319 -0.298 -0.120
o.s 0 - 0.222 -o.37J -0.472 -o.su -o.486 -0.324 0,062 0, 788 1. 913 o.s 1.S38 1.006 0.62S 0.345 0.131 -0.033 -o.is6 -o. U4 -0.256 -0.226
0,6 0 ..0.169 ·0 . 279 -0,339 -0 . 346 -0.283 -0.119 0.190 0.681 I. 3S3 0. 6 1. 18) 0,796 O.S07 0.288 0. 118 - 0 .014 -0.116 -0.189 - 0. 238 - 0.213
0.7 0 •0.124 -0.201 -o.u5 • 0.2ZJ -G.1S4 -0.011 0.221 0.5S4 0.912 0. 7 0,882 0.610 o. 398 O. Ill 0.099 - 0.007 ·0.09) -0. 162 -o . 221 -0.26)
0.8 0 -0.089 •0 . 141 -o.u8 -0.137 -0.073 o.ou 0.213 o.uo o. 708 0. 8 0.640 0,454 o. 303 0.179 0.071 -0.007 -0.079 -0.142 -o. 202 -0.269
0.9 0 •0.062 -0.096 •O, l03 -o.o8o -o.ozs 0,065 0,190 0.346 o. 522 0.9 0. 4S2 0,329 O. U3 0,1)3 O.OS6 - 0.010 -0.069 ·0.124 -0.180 - 0.244
1.0 0 -o.ou -0.064 -0.064 ..0.042 0.003 o.ou 0. 162 0.211 o. 388 1. 0 0.311 0.232 0.160 0.096 0.038 ·0.014 - 0.061 ·0.107 -0 . 1S6 -o.nz
1.2S 0 - 0.014 -0.018 -0.013 0.003 o.oae 0.062 0.103 0.148 0.192 1.2S 0.108 0.086 0.061 O.O)S 0.009 -0.017 - 0.04) - 0.010 - 0. 099 ·0.132
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1. 75
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0.046
0.099
0.052
1. S 0 . 030
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0,009
0.002
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2.5
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0.003
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0.01S
0,007
0.003
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0.009
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0.006
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100 for Po.h eon' • Ratio v • O.S ~
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h 1 ,0 0.9 0,8 0.7 0.6 o.s 0.4 0. 3 0.2
h 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.1 0.6 o.s 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1
o.o 1.089 0.407 -o.ou •0, 4S2 -G.84S • 1,341 -2. 14 3 • 3.72) - 8.033 -3c;:n: o.o 4.69S 2.981 1.902 1.184 0.274
0.1 1.060 0.400 -o.OS1 -G.U9 - o. 797 • 1.245 •1.900 -4.929 0.672 -0 . 067
-0.393 -0.733 -1.101
-3.003 •4 .. 342 0.1 4.SS7 2 .90S 1.8S9 1.1S9 0.6S8 0.267 -0.069 -0.391 - 0.729 -1.100
0.2 0.979 0.378 -0.039 -0.368 -0.672 ·0.996 •1.36S -1. 70S • 1,430 2.. 2)7 ! 0.2 4.111 2.690 1. 736 1.08J 0. 618 o. 248 -0.074 -o. 38S
0.3 0.861 0. 344 -0.014 -0.287 1, 996 I - 0.716 -1.089
-G.H6 -o . 712 -0.847 -o. 779 -0.097 0. 3 3.61) 2.31) 1.• SSI 0. 980 O. SSl 0.218 -0.080 -0.313 -0.688 • 1.056
0. 4 0.7U 0.302 0.009 - 0.207 -0.367 -o.471 •0.482 •0,)03 0.246 1,.349 0.4 2.97S 2.001 1. 330 0.849 0.482
0.5 O.S87 0,257 0.183 - 0.086-o. 3S3 -0.644 -0.9U
0.025 -o.u8 - 0. 241 ·0.296 -0.261 -0.090 0.279 0 .. 877 o.s 2. 341 1.618 1.096 0.101 0.401 0.14S -0.090 -0,326 -0.$86 -0.896
0.6 0.460 0.211 O.O)S ·0.086 -o.U9 -o.181 -o . 136 ..0,006 0,231 o •.s66 0.6 1.170 1. 2S9 0,811 0. 568 0.3U
0.7 0.3H 0.108 - 0.092- o. 294 -O.H1 - 0. 780
0. 169 0.038 -o.oso -0.100 •0.108 •0.070 o. ou 0.171 0 .. 363 o. 7 1. 291 0.946 0. 668 0.440 0.247 0.074 -0.09 1-0.2S9 -0.443
0.8 0. 261 0.131 0.036 - 0.027 • 0,061 -o.064 -0.03$ 0,027 0. 119 o. 231 - 0. 658
0.8 0.912 0.688 0.496 0.330 0.182 0.04S -0,087 -0.223 - 0. 371 -0.540
0. 9 0.190 0.099 0.031 •0,014 -o.037 -0.0)9 ..0,018 o.ou 0.079 0 .. 144 0.9 0.623
1.0 0,136 0.013 0.02S •0.007 -o.ou 0. 48S 0.3S6 0.238 0.128 0. 023 -0.082 •0.189 ·0.30S - 0.434
-0.024 -o.010 0.016 o.oso 0.087 1.0 0.41) 0. 331 0.241 o.us o.oas o.oos -0.07S -0.158
1. 2S O.OS3 0.030 0.011 -0.002 -0.008 - 0.010 -o.oo6 0,002 o.ou 0.018 -0.241 - 0.343
1.2S 0.124 0.107 . 0.083 O.OS3 0.019 · 0. 011 -O.OS6 -0.096 -0. 138 - 0.181
1. S 0.016 0. 009 0.002 • 0.003 -o.oos -o.006 -o.oos ..0.004 -0.002 -0.002 1. s 0.023 0.02) 0,011 0.008 -o.oos •O,OS4
1.75 0 .002 0.002 -o.ooa -o,003 -o.oo4 -o.oos -o.oos -o.oos -o.oos -0.006 ·0.020 -0.037 -0.012 -0.089
1. 7S -0.003 -0.001 -0.002 -o.oo5 · 0,009 ·0.014 -o.ou -0.027 -0.034 -0.040
2.0 -0.002 -0. 002 .0.003 -o.003 -o.003 -o.004 -0.004 -o.004 -o.oo4 -o.oos 2.0 -0.004 -o.oo -0.00] -0.004 -o.oos -0.001
2.5 -0.002 -0.002 -0.001 -o.001 -0.001 -o.oo1 -o.oo1 -o. oo1 - 0.001 ·0.001 -0.009 - o.ou -o.ou -o.ou
2. S o.oos o.oos 0.004 0.004 0,004 o.oos 0.00! o.oos 0.006 0.007
3.0 -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo o.ooo 0.000 0.000 o.ooo o . ooo 0 .. 001 3.0 0.009
3.5 0.001 0,001 0.001 0,001 0. 008 0.008 o.oo8 0. 008 0.008 0,009 0.009 0.010 0.011
0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 3.S 0.008 0,008 o.oo8 0.008 0.008 o.oo8 0.009 0,009
~:~~
4 .0 0. 001 0,001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0 •.001 0.010
4.0 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.001 0.007 0,007 0.007 0.008 0.008
6.0 o.ooo o.ooo o.ooo o.ooo 0 . 000 o.ooo o. ooo o.ooo o.ooo o. ooo 0,002
8.0 -o.ooo - o.ooo -0.000 -o.ooo -o.ooo 6.0 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0,002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002
-o.ooo -o.ooo -o . ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo 8.0 0.001 0,001 0,001 0,001 0. 001
10.0 - o.ooo -o.ooo -0.000 -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.Q90 0.001 0.001 0 . 001 0.001 0. 001
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TABLB 2 .5
INJlLUCNCC JlACTOHS I FOR SIICAR STRESS T
Tl'.ll :1'.11
POINT LOAD
t· =- I P/2rrh 2
:r.a T:ra
~ ~
ltra f or to~eeoa'• btlo "'. o.o lt I for roleion' e btlo 'U • 0. 4
h 1,0 0.9 o.a 0.7 0,6 o.s 0,4 0.3 0.2 0;.1
..:..
h 1 .0 0.9 o.8 0.7 0.6 o.s 0.4 0.) 0.2 0.1
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 () o.o 0 0 0 0
0.1 o.ue o.uz 0.462 0.731 1.204 2.093 ),9)7 8.480 u.u n.o1 0.1 0.416 0.~75 0.470 0,71) 1.175 2.~60 J . :u 21~40 52~99
0.2 0.473 0.564 o.eu 1.246 1.9S7 3. 154 ).230 8.750 U .ll 10.1>9 0. 2 0.106 0.617 0.1)4 1 . 216 1.904 ).091 s.us 1.68P u.u 10.65
O.l 0. 616 0.719 0.99J 1.456 2.138 3. 116 4.416 5.n5 ).791 2.781 0. ) 1.064 0.196 1 .0]7 1 . 42] 2.069 ) ,0)2 4.327 S.649 s . 717 2.727
0. 4 0.671 0.774 1.025 1.408 1.916 2.517 3.080 ) . 262 2,540 0.!121 0.4 1.19S 0.99$ 1,015 1 .311 1 .14J 2.4U 2.976 ).161 2.450 o.8u
0.5 0.611 0.747 0,939 1.211 1.S27 1.120 1.966 l .Ja) 1.164 0. 347 0.5 l.2U 1 .001 1.024 1.198 1 . 459 l.7Zl 1 .156 1 .67S 1.065 0.27)
0.6 0.614 0.668 0.796 0.96) 1.118 1.212 1.199 0 .962 o.su O.JU4 0.6 1.14 ~ 0 .941 0.904 0.969 1.07) 1.142 1 .091 0.1)1 0,4)9 0.045
0. 1 o.n9 0,564 o.u8 0.7U 0.791 0.191 0.706 o.sos 0,294 0.027 1.0])
0.7 o.eu o.76s 0.752 0.75] 0.720 0. 607 0.)91 O.U9 • 0.052
0.8 0.4)5 0.455 0.490 0.)23 0.532 0.49S 0.398 0.249 0.086 ..0.1>16 0. 19)
0. 1 0.730 0.631 O.S10 O.S14 0.4)5 0. 3U O.lS2 ·0.001 ·0.094
0.9 0.344 O.J.Sl 0.363 0,365 0.345 0 ,194 0,209 0. 104 0.008 -o.1u5 0.9
0.750 0,616 o.su 0.428 0.346 0.252 o.uo 0.020 -0.078 •0. 109
1 .0 0.262 o.zu 0.261 0 ,246 0,214 0. 163 0.09S 0,02) -o.ou ..0.1141 1.0
0.616 o.no 0. 412 0.322 0.232 0.1]9 o.ou -0.047 · 0.107 -o. u o
1.25 0.111 0,111 0.098 O,OU o.ou 0,011 -0,022 -0.046 -o.on -o.1u 2 I.ZS O. U2 0.301 o.us 0. 164 o.ou o .ou ·0.038 ·0.012 -0. 102 - 0.081
~
1.S 0.032 0.032 o.ou 0.009 ·0,009 · 0.026 - 0.038 ·0.044 · 0.036 •0,1~ 14 t .s 0 ,191 0.170 o . us 0 .091 0.04) 0.002 -0.0)4 · O,OS9 -0.068 -0.060
1. 7S ..0.004 ·0.002 -0.006 -o.ou -0.020 · 0.026 -0.029 -0.026 -0.017 0.1~1 1.7) 0. 102 0.096 0.079 o.oss 0.030 0.004 • 0.017 -0.0)2 ·0.040 ·0.040
2.0 0.016 -o.ou -o.ou ..0.014 • 0.016 -0.017 -o.ou ·0.010 •0,002 0,1)11 2.0 O.OS6 o.oss 0.041 0.036 o.ou 0.001 -o.oos -0.016 0.02] •0.028
2.) -o.ou -0.011 -o.ooa -0.006 ..O .OOJ -o.ooo 0 ,004 0.009 o.ou 0. 1~21 2.5 0,020 0.020 0.019 0.016 o.ou 0.006 0.001 ·0.006 -0.012
i
•0.019
3.0 0.007 ..0.004 -0.001 0.002 o.oos o.oo~ o.ou o.ou 0,0190.1)23 3.0 0.009 0.001 0.007 0.006 0.004 0 .001 -0:00] -0.007 -o.ou -0. 016
3.S 0.002 0.001 0,00) 0.006 0.008 o.ou o.ou 0,017 0.019o.ou J,S 0.00] 0.002 0.001 0.000 -0.001 -o·.oo3 0.006 0.001 -o.ou -o.ou
4.0 0.001 0.00) o.oos 0,007 0.009 o.ou 0.014 0.016 0.0180.1020 4.0 -o.ooo -0.001 0.002 -0. 00] -0. 004
~
-0.006 -0.007 -0.009 o.ou -o.ou
6 .0 0.001 0,003 0.004 0,005 0,006 0.007 0,008 0,009 0.01~ 0,1011 6.0 ·0.004 -0.004 o.oos -o.oos -o.oos ·0.006 0.006 0.007 ..0.007 -o.ooe
8 .0 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.002 0,003 0,004 0.004 o.oos o.oos 0,•006 1.0 ·0.00] -0 .004 0.004 -0.004 - 0.004 · 0.006 -0.006 -0.004 ·O.OOS -o.oos
10.0 0.000 0.001 0,001 0.001 0.002 0.002 0 .002 0,003 0.003 0.•003 10.0 ·0.002 •0 .003 0.003 -0 .00) ·0.00) •0,00] -0.003 -0.00)
I
•0.003 -0.00)
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l tra for Pollton'• Ratto II • 0,5
~
ltra for Poheoll 'l ,_tlo v • 0.2
h 1.0 0,9 0.8 o. 7 0 ,6 o.s 0.4 0.3 0.2 0,1 1;'1
h 1.0 0.9 0,8 0,7 0.6 o.s 0.4 0. 3 0.2 0.1
o.o 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
53~01
0
0
0, 1
0
0.))0
0
0 , )42
0
0.472
0
0.731
0
1.199
0
2.086
0
),949
0
8.472
0
21.42 n.oo
0 0.1 O.SlO o.~u 0,459 0.690 1.141 2.on J , IOS 1.uo 21.40
0.2 0.980 0.721 O.llS 1.17] 1.15] J.OU s . u8 1.661 u.u 10.67
0,2 0.607 0.623 0.135 1.241 1.949 3. 141 5 ,2U 1.734 u.u 10.61 0.) 1.294 o.u1 1 .017 1.367 2.001 2.965 4.270 5.610 S.702 2. 739
0,) 0.797 0 , 104 1.0)2 1 .462 2.Ut 3.099 4.395 3.713 3.771 2. 765 0.4 1.456 1.074 1.07~ 1.322 1 .766 ).101
2.340 2.901 2.412 o.an
0,4 O.llt 0.810 1.071 1.420 1.909 2.499 3.056 J .U7 2.SU 0.909 o. s 1.411 1.094 1 .02 • 1.144 1 .310 1.636 1. 771 1.599 1 .007 0.241
0. 3 0.196 0.868 0.996 1 .2)1 1,524 1.104 1.t4) 1 .751 1.UI 0.326 0.6 1.406 1.044 0.915 0.927 1 .002 1.057 1.004 0.769 0.)72 0.007
0. 6 O. tlt 0.791 0.864 o . tt2 1.U1 1 . 220 1 . 178 o.tn 0.513 0.102 0.1 1 . 268 0.9S2 0.791 0.726 0.696 0.646 O. S27 0.322 0.075 ·0.017
0.7 0.746 0.697 0.7U 0.761 0.101 0. 790 0.619 0. 4t2 0.215 0. 005 0.1 1 . 102 o.a41 0.671 O.S62 0.476 0.)71 0.149 o.ou -o .ost
0,6)6 -0.111
0.1 0.586 0.370 0.566 0.3SO 0.495 0.316 0,229 0.064 ..0.038 0.9 0.932 0.72) O.S6S 0. 431 0 . ]21 0.216 0.096 0.02] -o.uo -0. 119
o.t 0. 526 0.410 0.446 0. 413 0.368 0.299 0.202 0 ,088 -o.ou -0.056 1 .0 0.773 0.616 0.474 O.lU 0. 2]4 0. 124 -0 . 119
0 , 17) 0 ,011 •0,048 0.020 0.068 •0,105
1.0 0.424 0.384 0.343 0,297 0, 242 o. on -0.061 1.2S 0,46] 0.)94 o. 309 0.219 0.1]2 O.OSJ o.ou -o.osa 0.075 • O,OS7
1.2S 0,229 0,206 0,170 0. 127 0 .019 0.031 -o.ou • 0,049 -o.ou ..0.049 1 . $ 0.274 0 .251 0.209 o·. u 8 0. 105 o .ou
1. 5 0.114 0 ,024 ..0,045 ..0,0)1 0.056 o.ou 0.024 ·0.020
0.103 o. ou 0.054 -o.oo5 -0.029 -o.ou 1.75 0.161 0 . 164 0.146 o.uo 0.091 o.on 0.031 o.ou 0.006 0.001
1.75 O.OS4 0.050 0,0)9 0.024 0.007 ·0.008 -o.o2o -0.027 ..0.026 -o. ou 2.0 ,0.1 11 0. 11] 0.106 0.094 0.071 0 .0)2
-0,008 o.ou 0.046 0.020 0.009
2.0 o.ou 0.024 0.019 o.ou 0.004 -0.004 -0.010 -o.ou -o.ou 2. S o.ost 0.061 0.060 o.on 0.05) 0.046 0.0)9 0.030 0.021 0.011
2,) 0.007 0.007 0.007 0,006 0.004 0.003 0.001 0.000 -o.ooo -o. ooo ) ,0 0.0)1 0.0)8 0.0]7 0.0)6 0.0]) 0.0]0 0.026 0.021 o.ou 0 .001
3.0 0.004 o.oos 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.004 0.004 0.003 0 .002 0.001 J .S o.ozs o.ozs O.OZ4 0.023 0.021 o.ou 0.016 o.ou o.oot 0 .005
J .S 0.004 0.004 0.004 0,004 0.004 0.004 0.003 0.00) 0.002 o.oo1 4.0 0.017 0.017 o.ou o.ou 0.014 o.ou 0.010 0.001 0.006 0.00]
4.0 0. 004 0.004 0.004 0. 003 0.00] 0.003 0 .00] 0.002 0.002 0.001 6.0 0.004 0.004 0.004 0.003 0.00.] 0.00)
6.0 0.002 0 .002 0.001 0.001
0 .002 0 .001 0 . 001 0,001 0.001 0,001 0.001 0,001 o .ooo o.ooo
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a.o 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.000 o.ooo o.ooo
1,0 0,001 0.001 o.ooo o.ooo o.ooo o.ooo o. ooo o.ooo 0.000 o. ooo 10.0 0.001 o.ooo o.ooo o.ooo 0.000 0.000 0 .000 o.ooo
10.0 0,000 o.ooo 0.000
0.000 0.000 o.ooo o.ooo o.ooo 0.000 0 .000 o.ooo
TABLB 2.6 TABLE 2. 7
INFLUENCE VALUES FOR SURFACE DISPLACEMENTS INFLUENCE VALUES FOR SURFACE DISPLACEMENTS
POINr LOAD POINl' LOAD
p = I rf/2nhE p • IpP/2nhE
VERTICAL DISPLACEMENT Pz RADIAL DISPLACEMENT Pr
' (Tal1or • 1962} 'Tal1or! 1962)
\) \)
0 0.2 0.4 0. 5 'l'/h 0 0.2 0.4 0.5
'l'/h
0.05 37 . 580 35.921 31,052 27.351 0. 05 19.959 14.362 5.559 -0.041
0. 1 17.586 16.728 14.260 13.360 0.1 9. 948 7.124 2.723 -0.078
0. 2 7. 624 7.162 5.891 4.914 0.2 4.896 3.455 1. 250 -0.156
0. 3.
0.4
4.327
2.720
4. 016
2. 478
3 .. 154
1.827
2.480
1.320
0. 3
0.4
3.183
2.308
2.184
1.523
0. 716
0.426
-0.225
-0.288 ~
0.5 1.792 1.599 1.•092 0. 699 0.5 1. 773 1. 064 0. 232 -0.326 :j
0.6 1.212 1.048 0.635 0.290 0.6 1-..277 0. 824 0. 102 -0.376
0.7
0.8
0.823
0.560
0. 690
0. 450
0,352
0.168
0.051
-0.079
0.7
0.8
l.t>OO
0.789
0.620 0.008
0.465 -0.063
-0.405
-0 . 420 ~~
0.9 0.373 0.286 0.053 -0 . 160 0.9 0.627 0.349 -0 . 111 -0.421 a
1.0 0.250 0.182 -0.011 -0.183 1.0 0.499 0. 259 -0.141 -0.417
1.25 0.080 0 ,031 -0.085 ..0. 194 1.25 0.292 0. 150 -0 . 175 -0.380
1.5 0.013 -0.002 -0.077 -0.156 1.5 0. 167 0. 048 -0. 163 -0.315
1.75 -0 . 007 -0.007 -0.048 -0.123 1. 75 0.097 0.012 . -0 . 134 -0.250
2.0 -0 . 012 -0 .011 -0.039 -0.083 2.0 0.060 0. 002 -0. 109 -0.195
2.5 · -0.004 -0.017 -0 . 025 -0.036 2. 5 0.027 0 . 003 -0.070 -0.118
3.0 -0.003 0.001 -0 . 008 -0.025 3.0 0.010 -0.002 -0 . 038 -0.072
3.5 -0 . 003 0.000 -0.004 -0.018 3.5 0. 003 -0 .008 -0 . 022 -0.046
4.0 -0.001 0. 000 -0.003 -0.012 4.0 0.002 -0.000 -0.014 -0.029
6.0 -0. 000 -0.000 -0 . 001 -0.002 6.0 0.000 -0 . 000 -0.002 -0.002
8. 0 -0.000 -0.000 - 0.000 -0.000 8.0 0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0 . 001
10.0 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 10.0 0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000
~
26 CONCENTRATED LOADING
2.2 Line Loading

~
1r
z2z
R.. ... (2. 7a)
~ zl ... (2. 7b)

1r R..
In sub- sections 2.2.1 to 2. 2.7, only· solutions
for stress are presented. Displacements due to line
loading on or in a semi- infinite mass are only mean-
ingful if evaluated as the displacement of· one point
a
y
~z
-rr T ... (2. 7c)
relative to another point, both points being located
neither at the origin of loading nor at infinity. 2
~ zz
'11' . R.. ... (2. 7d)
2. 2.1 INFINITE LINE LOAD ACTING WITiiiN AN
INFINITE SOLID (Integ~~ted Kelvin
problea).(Fig.2.6) . Principal Stresses:
al = OR ~ .!...
1r R2
... (2.8a)
p 1unit lqngth
X
~·
a2 aljl = 0 ... (2.8b)
E. z
R z ma:z: = 'If R2
'f (2.8c) ·
Loci of constant C11. 02 and Tma:z:

FIG, 2.6 are circles tangent to x-axis at O•
a 12 .!... [ ( 3-Zv) - :&

z = 21r(l-'J) R2
2
] ... (2.6a) Trajectories of 01
are radial lines through 0.
Z R2
Trajectories of 02
a: = Ztr(l-v) E .!... [ - (l- Zv) + :
R2 Z
2
R2
] ... (2.6b) are a family of semi-circles,
centres at 0.
Trajeetories .of.Tma:
ay = ..e.
Ztr
'J
(;:;j ]if'
z ... (2.6c) are two orthogonal families of equi-
angular spirals intersecting the radial
lines at t45°.
T:&Z = 12
21r(l- 'J)
:&
]if'
[ ~+
z. z2]
]if'
.... (2.6d) For the case of a vertical line load of finite
length, influence values for C1z are tabulated by
Lysmer and Duncan (1969). ·
2.2.3 HORIZONTAL LINE LOAD AcriNG ON SURFACE

2. 2. 2 INFINITE VERTICAL LINE LOAD ON TiiE OF SEMI- INFINITE MASS (Integrated
SURFACE OF A SEMI-INFINITE MASS Cerruti Problem)(Fig.2.8).
(Integrated Boussinesq probl~m)(Fig.2.7).
q 1unit l~ngth
p I unit ~ngth /.
FIG. 2.7
·rs\ x
.FIG. 2.8
(x,y,z)
LINE LOADING 27
az
~
1IR"
... (2.9a)
2
Zqz' (2.9b) + Bdz( d+zJ } + !!!:! ( 1 _ 1 + 4z( d+z}}]
az "" TIR~ r'2 4m 71 72 r"2 7
••• (2 . 10c)
ay = Zqzz 2
nR'
... (2.9c) where
1-'V
m~'~-.
'V
T%% =
Zq:z:r:z,
TIR'
... (2 .9d) 2.2.5 MELAN'S PROBLEM II
Horizontal line load q/unit length acting beneath
the surface of a semi-infinite mass (Fig.2.9).
2.2 . 4 MELAN'S PROBLEM I

Vertical line loading p/unit length beneath the _ m-1 { 1... _ 1... _ 4z(d+z) }] •• • (2.lla)
surface of a seMi-infinite mass (Fig.2.9) . 4m r1 r 22 r"2
a
:1: ~[
·m- 1
+ - (2 .llb)
4m
2 2
9. [ m+1 { ·rz-dJz + (Zdz+:z: }(d+z)
lT 2m r~ r~
_ Bdz ( d+z} z2 } + !!!:! f!,- d + 3z+d _ 4 z ( d+z~]

r~ 4m "r~ r~ r~
l •• • (2.llc)
2.2.6 VERTICAL LINE LOADING ON QUARTER-SPACE

· (Figure 2.10).
FIG. 2.9
• •• (2.10a)
z
FIG. 2.10
Solu~ions for the stresses within the quarter-

space have been given by Shepherd (1935). Hetenyi
• • • (2.10b) (1960) has obtained solutions for the stresses on the
boundaries due to both a vertical and a horizontal
Hne load.
CONCENTRA'l'BD LOADING
28
Values of stresses obtained by Shepherd are

given in Table 2. 8. Polar coordinates are used as
the problem originally considered was that of an 2.2. 7 LINE LOADING AT THE APEX' OF AN
infinite sector. INFINITE WEDGE (Fig . 2.11)
TABLE 2.8
STRESSES IN A QUARTER-SPACE
(After Shepherd. 1935)
FIG. 2.11
Stress r/a 0.358 0.504 0.710 1.0 1.409 1.985 2. 796
eo
0 0 0 0 ... 0 0· 0
Hichell (1900) giv~s the following solutions:
15 0.02 0.29 2.63 14.83 1.30 0.09 -0.06
30 0.13 1.12 4.46 6.59 2.30 0.27 0.01 ~ [ cosB cose + sinS sine )
45 0.29 1.36 3.03 3.36 1.52 0.34 0.04 (J1'
r Za + sin2a 2a - sin2a
2wa 60 0.19 0.84 1.56 1.53 0.80 0.21 0.01 (2 .l2a)
p0'9 75 0.10 0.23 0.41 0.36 0.22 0.05 -0.06
90 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ae 0. (2.i2b)
T~ 0 (2.12c)
0 -0.88 -1.26 -1.61 ... -1.96 -1.90 -1 . 70
15 0.04 0.75 1.37 -1.06 3. 03 0. 63 -0.31
30 0.22 0.31 -0.42 -0 . 32 1.93 1. 46 0.69
45 0.04 0.03 -0 . 24 0.48 1.74 1.85 1.25
21ra 60 0.02 0.09 0.46 1.16 2.09 2.18 1.89 2. 2.8 VERTICAL LINE LOAD ON FINITE LAYER
p a r 75 - 0.16 0.35 0. 45 1.56 2.55 2.79 2.47 (Fig. 2.12)
90 - 0.64 -0 . 48 0.23 1.45 2.60 3.11 2.99
Values of stresses and displacements are given in
TABLES 2.9 to 2.13 (Poulos, 1966) .
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
15 -0.09 0.26 2.33 -2.49 -2.95 -0.77 -0.35
30 0.05 0.48 0. 70 -2.88 -3.31 -1.45 -0 . 69
21ra 45 0.02 0.01 -0. 90 -2.46 -2.74 -1.59 -0.84
-T 60 0.01 -0.38 -1.20 -1 .80 - 2.01 -1.35 -0.75
p re 75 -0,01 -0.28 -0.79 -1.19 -1.15 -0.81 -0.43
90 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
p f unit length
z
h
FIG. 2.12
LINE WADING 29
TABLE 2.9
INFLUENCE VALUES I 0z FOR VERTICAL STRESS az
LINE LOAD
p I:~.4 v=o.
V=().S
21
az = 1rh Iaz
z
:z:/h 1.0 0.9 0.8 0. 7 0.6 0.4 0.2
0 2.634 2.566 2. 787 . 2. 759 2.980 2.975 3.249 3.256 3.641 3.653 5.157 5.127 9.891 9.899
2.539 2.580 ·2.787 2.865 3. 025 3.113 3.312 3.391 3.704 3.772 5. 201 5.234 9.905 9.911
0 1 2.573 2.503 2.713 2.682 2.885 2.877 3.118 3.122 3.443 3.452 4.516 4.505 5.946 5.952
• 2.471 2.508 2.702 2.774 2.920 3. 001 3.171 3.243 3.498 3.562 4.585 4.586 5.957 5. 960
0 2 2.400 2.331 2.505 2.471 2. 627 2.614 2.774 2.773 2.948 2.954 3.251 3.217 2.341 2.347
• 2.291 2.312 2.477 2.528 2.642 2.703 2.810 2. 867 2.990 3.040 3.283 3.305 2.351 2.343
0 3 2.144 2.075 2.203 2.162 2. 261 2.240 2.311 2.302 2.335 2.333 2.099 2.081 0.918 0.922
• 2.021 2.023 2.145 2.170 2.245 2.279 2.318 2.349 2.352 2.383 2.117 2.128 0.923 0.907
0 4 1.840 1.774 1.855 1.810 1.857 1.828 1.830 1.812 1.751 1. 741 1.301 1.257 0.407 0.409
• 1.711 1.689 1.773 1.766 1.810 1.815 1.808 1.815 1.744 1.755 1. 307 1.307 0.409 0.389
0 5 1.525 1.462 1.504 1. 455 1.465 1.429 1.391 1.365 1.265 1.247 0.803 0.774 0.205 0.204
• 1.389 1.350 1.397 1.365 1.387 1.365 1.338 1.320 1.231 1.223 0.792 0.786 0.201 0.187
0 6 1.223 1. 168 1.179 1.130 1.117 1.077 1.024 0.993 0.889 0.867 0.497 0.443 0.110 0 . 107
• 1.092 1.039 1.061 1.008 1.021 0.978 0.951 0.916 0.837 0.814 0.476 0.466 0.105 0.099
0 7 0.954 0.906 0.898 0.850 0.827 0.785 0.733 0.698 0.611 0.584 0.308 0.270 0.062 0.056
• o . 830 0.111 o . 774 0.111 0.718 ·o.661 o.644 0.594 o.543 o.509 o.276 0.264 o.053 o.058
0 8 0.721 0.683 0.661 0.619 0.592 0.553 0.508 0.473 0.408 0.379 0.185 0.124 0.032 0.024
• 0 . 615 0.553 0.547 0.478 0.485 0.421 0.416 0.360 0.335 0.294 0.150 0.137 0.023 0.035
0.9 0.536 0.507 0.479 0.443 0.417 0.380 0.345 0.311 0.267 0 ~ 237 0.108 0 . 066 0.015 0.006
0.447 0 . 390 0.375 0.309 0.314 0.251 0.254 0.195 0.192 0.149 0.070 0.057 0.005 0.020
0.254 0.224 0.199 0.169 0.144 0.116 0.045 -0.020 -0.000 -0.011
0.167 0.106 0.117 0.062 0.075 0.032 0.010 -0.005 -0.007 0.005
1 25 0.121 0.123 0.091 0.082 0.062 0.047 0.035 0.018 0.013 -0.005 -0.016 -0.057 -0.014 -0.024
• 0.111 0.079 0.059 0.020 0.020 -0.023 -0.010 -0.055 -0.028 -0.064 -0.037 -0.057 -0.015 -0.021
1 5 0.010 0.027 -0.005 0.003 -0.018 -0.016 -0.028 -0.031 -0.033 -0.040 -0.035 -0.097 -0.019 -0.026
• . 0.043 0.026 0.011 -0.013 -0.014 -0.042 -0.031 -0.064 -0.040 -0.070 -0.035 -0.061 -0.011 -0.034
1 75-0.030 -0.006 -0.036 -0.019 -0.040 -0.029 -0 . 042 -0 . 036 -0.039 -0.038 -0.032 -0.064 -0 . 017 -0.019
• 0.024 0.018 0.005 -0.006 -0.010 -0.027 -0.021 -0.046 -0.026 -0.049 -0.021 -0.047 -0.005 -0.034
2 0 -0.042 -0.014 -0.042 -0.019 -0.041 -0.022· -0. 039 -0.026 -0. 035 -0 . 026 -0.025 -0.131 -0.013 -0.•011
• 0.025 0.024 0.015 0.010 0.006 -0.003 -0.001 -0.014 -0.005 -0.020 -0.005 -0.026 0.002 -0.025
2 5 -0.025 -0.003 -0.022 -0.004 -0.019 -0.004 -0.016 -0.004 -0.013 -0.004 -0.006 -0.042 0.000 0.002
• 0.027 0.034 0 . 022 O.D27 0.018 0.020 0.014 0.001 0.011 0.009 0.007 -0.000 0.006 -0.006
3 0 -0.010 0.004 -0.007 0.004 -0.005 0.004 -0.003 0.004 -0.000 0.004 0.003 0 . 005 0.006 0.006
• 0.022 o.032 o.019 o.028 0.011 o.o23 o.014 o.o15 · o.o12 o.015 o.oo8 o.oo8 o.oo5 o.oo3
4 0 0.006 0 . 005 0.006 0.005 0.007 0.004 0.007 0.005 0.008 0.005 0.009 0.005 0.009 0 . 004
• 0.008 0.019 0.006 0.017 0.005 0.015 0.004 0.013 0.003 0.011 0.001 0~008 0.000 0 . 007
6 0 0.005 0.000 0.005 0.000 0.005 0.000 0.005 0.000 0.005 0.000 0.005 0.000 0.005 0.000
• 0 . 000 0.006 -0.000 0.005 -0.000 0.004 -0.001 0.004 -0.001 0.004 -0.001 0.003 -0.001 0.002
8 0 0.002 -0 . 000 0.002 -0.000 0.002 -0.001 0.002 -0.001 0.002 -0.001 0.002 -0.001 0.002 -0.001
• -o._oo1 _0.001 -o.oo1 . ~~ ooo -o.oo1 o.ooo -o.oo1 o.ooo . -o.oo1 o.oqg _-o.ool :.o._ooo ..::o.oo1 -Q.001 .
JO. CONCENTRATED LOADING
TABLE 2.10
INF~~CE VALUES Ia FOR BULK STRESS e
LINE LOAD
p
e = wh Ia
:1
z/h 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.4 0.2
0 2.634 3 . 789 2.546 3.567 2. 569 3.508 2.706 3.611 2.986 3.902 4.29.2 5.419 8. 885 10.92
5. 923 7.739 5.419 6.933 5.145 6.433 5. 120 6.217 5. 322 6.295 6.846 7. 709 13. 02 14.12
0 1 2.573 3.707 2 . 492 3. 499 2. 512 3. 441 2.637 3.530 2.887 3 . 786 3.975 5.04~ 6.647 8.230
• 5.766 7.524 5.294 6.761 5.012 6.291 4.9.97 6 . 075 5.162 6.121 6.390 7.217 9 . 880 10.76
0 2 . 2.400 3. 436 2.338 3. 267 2. 352 3.214 2.444 3.272 2.620 3.445 3. 253 4.165 3.759 4.764
. 5.346 6.936 4.960 6.318 4.726 5.903 4.673 5.683 4.755 5 . 651 5.371 6.116 5. 848 6.432
2.144 3.063 2.107 2.947 2. 115 2.900 2.166 2.920 2.256 2.997 2. 458 3.206 1 .961 2.605
0 3
• 4.716 6.068 4.447 5.632 4.216 5.315 4.188 5.106 4.176 4.997 4.226 4.875 3. 326 3.737
1.840 2.559 1.829 2.538 1. 832 2.504 1.847 2.492 1.862 2.490 1 . 770 2.363 0 . 970 1.413
0 • 4 3.992 5.068 3.847 4. 840 3.718 4.620 3. 635 4 . 434 3.553 4.272 3.239 3.803 1.952 2.275
1.525 2:142 1.536 2. 129 1.536 2.107 1.524 2.075 1.489 2. 021 1.239 1 .716 0.423 0.754
0 • 5 3.240 4.050 3.206 3.992 3.112 3.882 3.057 3. 739 2.937 3. 565 2.452 2. 947 1. 183 1.476
0. 6 1 .223 1.685 1.249 1. 709 1 . 249 1.701 1.221 1.662 1.157 1.583 0.844 1.220 0. 107 0 . 370
2.548 3.117 . 2.599 3.203 2.568 3. 175 2.517 3.079 2.390 . 2.919 1.868 2.308 0 . 754 1.045
0 7 0.954 1.302 0.989 1.349 0.989 1.352 0.955 1.313 0.879 1.228 0.559 0.867 -0.070 0 . 153
• 1.937 2. 314 2. 045 2. 484 2.037 2.533 2.026 2.486 1.910 2.362 1.423 1 . 820 0.499 0.808
0. 8 0.721 0.949 0 . 759 1.008 0.760 1.019 0.724 0.987 0.647 0.909 0.350 0.590 -0.175 0.020
1.436 1.661 1.575 1.890 1.612 1.979 1.608 1.973 1.514 1.887 1.100 1.462 0.360 0.679
0. 537 0.696 0.574 0.756 0.575 0.773 0.541 0.747 0.470 0.679 0.207 0.409 -0.224 -0.044
0 •9 1.044 1. 171 1.195 1.409 1.230 1.533 1 . 263 1 . 560 1. 194 1.514 0 . 858 1.191 0.279 0.610
0. 357 0.394 0.390 0.451 0 . 392 0.472 0 . 362 0.457 0.300 0.409 0.080 0 . 213 - 0.258 - 0. 098
1 · 0 0. 686 0 . 724 0.837 0.972 0.901 1. 105 0.936 1.160 0.895 1. 150 0 . 651 0 . 956 0. 234 0.565
1 25 0. 121 0 . 079 0.142 0. 112 0.142 0.128 0. 122 0.127 0 . 082 0. 109 -0 . 052 0 .029 - 0. 242 -0.090
• o. 258 o.238 0.373 0 .417 0.411 0 . 547 o.484 o:619 o.483 0.666 0 . 389 o.634 0 .212 0 .514
1 5 0.010 - 0 . 014 0.020 0.002 0 . 018 0.011 0 . 004 0 . 013 -0.020 0.009 - 0 . 09 7 - 0.017 -0 . 200 - 0 . 056
• 0. 101 0. 079 0. 176 0.229 0 .214 0.299 0.268 0. 353 0.285 0.405 0 . 272 0.475 0 . 222 0.465
1 75-0.030 - 0.021 - 0. 027 - 0.015 - 0.030 - 0 . 011 -0.039 -0.009 -0.053 -0.009 -0.095 -0.014 - 0.148 - 0.0 20
• 0.056 0.055 0.102 0.141 0.142 0. 200 0.170 0 . 252 0.191 0.299 0.211 0.376 0 .217 0.419
2 0 - 0.042 -0.022 - 0.043 - 0 . 018 -0.047 - 0.015 - 0.052 -0.013 -0.060 -0.012 -0.081 -0.013 -0.105 - 0.013
• 0.058 0 . 072 0 . 084 0.118 0.110 0.163 0.130 0.205 0.149 0.243 0~179 0.311 0.206 0.368
2 5 -0.025 - 0.. 005 - 0.027 - 0.004 -0.030 - 0.003 -0.033 -0.001 - 0.036 - 0.000 -0.041 0 . 002 - 0.045 0.005
• 0.062 0. 102 0.073 0. 124 0.086 0 .147 0 . 097 0.170 0.108 0.193 0.131 0.238 0.152 0 . 281
4•
-0 . 010
3 • 0 0.052
O 0.006
0.018
o.005
0.097
0.007
0.058
- o.o12
0.058
0.005
0.021
o . oo5
0.111
0.007
0.064
-0.013
0.064
0.005
0.026
o.oo5
0.125
0.007
0.070
-0.015 · o.oo6
0 . 073 0.139
0 . 004
0.027
0 . 007
0.075
-0 . 016
0 . 079
0.004
0. 029
o.oo1
0.154
0.007
0 . 081
-0.017 o.oo9
0.093 0. 182
0.004
0 . 034
0.007
0.091
-0. 019
0. 105
o.o13
0.208
-0.000 O.C08
0.037 0.101
I
6 0 0.005 0.001 0.005 0.001 0.005 0.001 0.005 0 . 001 0.005 0 . 001 0.005 0.001 0.003 0.000
• o.ooo 0.011 o.oo1 o . o18 o . oo1 o . o2o o.oo2 0.021 · o. oo3 0 . 022 o.004 o.o25 o.oo4 ·o.o27
8 0 0.002 - 0.001 0.002 -0 . 001 0 . 002 - 0.001 0.002 -0 . 001 0.002 -0.001 0.002 - 0. 001 0 .002 - 0.001
• - 0.002 0.002 -0.002 0.002 -0 . 002 0 . 003 -0.001 0.003 -0.001 0.003 -0.001 0.004 -0. 001 0.004
LINE LOADING 31
TABLE 2.11
INFLuENCE VALUES IT:r:z FOR HORIZONTAL SHEAR STRESS T:a
T
L.INE LOAD
=Lr
I 'PO I'J=O. 2
'J=0. 4 . '1)::(), 5
.:z nh T.=z
z/h 1.0 0.9 0.8 0. 7 0.6 0.4 0.2

.=/h
0 0 0 0 0. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0.1 0.143 0.195 0.164 0.19.3 0. 219 0.234 0.309 0.315 0 . 447 0.448 1.031 1.026 2.914 2.906
o.266 o.330 o.223 o.25o o.242 0.248 o.310 o . 307 o.436 o.427 1.oo8 o.999 2. 888 2.88g
0 ? 0.265 0.364 0.300 0.357 0.391 0.422 0.536 0.550 0. 744 0.747 1. 441 1.432 2.230 2.215
·- 0. 496 0 . 617 0.416 0.468 0.439 0.453 0.542 0.537 0.725 0.710 1.396 1.380 2.181 2.178
0 3 0 . 348 0. 485 0.388 0.470 0.490 0.536 0 . 643 0 . 665 0 . 843 0.849 1.322 1.309- 1.224 1.203
. 0.666 0.830 0 . 554 0.630 0.563 0.588 0.657 0.655 0.820 0.803 1.260 1.238 1. 155 1.147
0 4 0.391 0.554 0.427 0.529 0.517 0 . 578 0.645 0 . 676 0 . 792 0.802 . 1.008 0.994 0 . 638 0 . 612
• 0.766 0.960 0.635 0.732 0 . 616 0.655 0.671 0.677 0.771 0.757 0.936 0.911 0.553 0.541
0 . 5 0.391 0.572 0.421 0.539 0.489 0.561 0.576 0 .615 0.660 0.676 0.694 0.680 0 . 32S 0.295
0.799 1.007 0 . 660 0. 775 0.610 0.666 0.617 0.634 0.646 0.640 0.617 0.594 0.227 0.215
0 6 0.367 0.552 0.385 0.514 0.427 0.510 0.476 0.524 0.510 0.532 0.448 0.435 0.155 0.122
• 0.780 0 . 993 0.644 0.774 0.571 0 . 643 0.534 0.567 0 . 508 0.516 0.372 0.358 0.050 0.045
0.319 0.506 0.332 0.465 0.353 0.442 0.370 0.424 0.370 0.397 0.270 0 . 258 0.059 0.025
0 7
• 0.724 0.933 0.600 0.740 0.511 0 . 599 0.444 0 . 494 0.380 0.404 0. 198 0.198 0.048 -0.042
0 . 268 0.446 0.271 0.407 0.273 0.372 0.275 0.335 0 .256 0.290 0.150 0. 141 0. 008 -0.027
0 8
• 0.649 0.849 0.540 0.688 0.447 0.550 0.363 0 . 432 0.280 0 . 324 0.086 0.105 -0.100 -0.077
0 9 0. 212 0.383 0.215 0.348 0.210 0.307 0.197 0.261 0.169 0.205 0.072 0.066 -0.018 - 0.054
• 0.567 0.757 0.475 0.627 0.385 0.500 0.295 0.380 0.205 0 . 267 0.018 0.055 -0.124 -0.084
1 0 0.152 0 . 303 0. 148 0.274 0.139 0 . 234 0.119 0.185 " 0.090 0.129 0.014 0.010 -0.030 -0.066
• 0.460 0 . 636 0.392 0.544 0. 312 0.438 0.226 0.329 0.139 0 . 222 -0.028 0.034 -0.120 -0.070
1 25 0. 055 0.177 0. 054 0.161 0.046 0 . 131 0.030 0.092 0.010 0.049 -0. 026 -0.028 - 0.020 - 0.059
• 0.285 0.440 0.252 0.401 0.199 0.338 0.136 0.263 0.069 0. 186 -0.050 0 . 049 -0. 112 -0 . 022
1 5 0.012 0. 098 0.004 0.090 0.003 0.073 -0.004 0.048 -0.012 0.021 -0 . 020 -0.025 0.006 -0.038
• 0. 170 0.311 0.157 0.300 0.127 0.268 0.087 0.223 0.043 0.174 - 0.038 0. 080 -0.085 0.020
1 75- 0.014 0.053 - 0.015 0.051 - 0. 011 0.042 -0.010 0 . 028 -0. 009 0.013 -0.000 -0.013 0.031 -0.019
• 0.099 0 . 228 0.094 0.228 0.079 0.213 0.055 0.189 0.028 0.159 -0.025 0.095 -0.064 0.041
2 0 0.011 0.029 -0.018 0.029 - 0.010 0.026 - 0.004 0.020 0.003 0.013 0.021 0.000 0.052 - 0.005
• 0 . 054 0.172 0.053 0.175 0.045 0.169 0.033 0.156 0 . 017 0.139 -0.018 0.096 -0.051 0.050
0.002 0.017 -0.005 0. 018 0.005 0.018 0.015 0 . 016 0.025 0.014 0.048 0.010 0.073 0.005
2 5
• 0.016 0.116 0 . 015 0.1~8 0.011 0.114 0.005 0.109 -0.003 0 . 100 - 0.023 0 . 075 - 0 . 048 0.042
3 0 -0.004 0.015 0.005 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.026 0.015 0.036 0.014 0.057 0.011 0.079 0.007
• - 0.000 0.087 - 0.003 0.087 -0.006 0.084 - 0.011 0.079 -0.016 0 . 073 -0. 031 0 .056 - 0.051 0 .031
4 0 0.007 0 . 012 0.015 0.012 0.023 0.011 0.030 0.010 0.038 0.009 0.054 0.007 0-070 0.004
. - 0.020 0.045 -0.022 0.043 -0.025 0.040 ~0.028 0.037 -0.021 0.034 -0.039 0.025 -0.049 0.014
6 0 0.007 0.007 0.012 0.006 0 . 017 0.005 0.022 0.005 0.027 0 . 004 0.037 0.003 0.047 0.001
• - 0.026 0 . 015 -0.028 0.014 - 0.029 0.013 - 0 .030 0.012 -0.032 0.010 - 0.035 0.007 -0.038 0.004
8 0 0 . 004 0.004 0.007 0.003 0.011 0. 003 0.014 0.003 0.017 0.002 0.024 0.001 0.030 0.001
• -0.028 0.006 -0.024 0.005 -0.025 0. 005 -0.026 0.004 -0.026 0.004 - 0.028 0.003 -0.030 0.001
32 CONCENTRATED LOADING
TABLE 2.12 2.3 Line Loading-Axial· Symmetry

INFLUENCE VALUES I p:r: FOR SURFACE DISPLACEMENTS
2.3.1 UNIFORM VERTICAL RING LOADING ON
LINE LOAD
SURFACE OF SEMI-INFINITE MASS
p eLI (Fig. 2.13)
:r 1tE p:r
HORIZONTAL DISPLACEMENT p=
\1 0 0.2 0. 4 0.5
:r/h
0.1 1.366 0.952 0.316 - 0.094
0.2 1.246 0.834 0 . 217 -0.184
0.3 1.130 0. 727 0 . 127 - 0.269
0.4 1.019 0. 613 0 . 042 -0.342
0.5 0.872 0.518 -0.033 -0.407
0.6 0.749 0.436 -0.097 -0.460
0.7 0.646 0.353 -0.151 -0.499
0.8 0 . 556 0 . 288 -0.194 - 0.524
0.9 0.476 0.227 -0.223 -0.538
1.0 0.390 0.180 -0.247 -0.537 ·FrG. 2.13
1.25 0.257 0.084 -0.261 - 0 . 509
1.5 0.167 0.026 -0.241 -0.448
1. 75 0.111 0.005 -0.211 -0.384 On the axis (r=O),
2.0 0.074 0.001 -0 . 175 - 0.308
2. 5 0.034 - 0.002 -0 . 114 - 0.210
3.0 0.012 -0.015 -0.067 -0.135 3pz 3 a • • • (2 .13a)
4.0 0.002 -0.002 -0.026 -0.053 (a2+z2Js!z
6.0 0.000 0.000 -0.005 - 0.007
8. 0 0 . 000 0.000 -0.000 -0.000
TABLE 2.13
e 2p(l+v)za
INFLUENCE VALUES Ipz FOR SURFACE DISPLACEMENTS (2.13c)
( a 2+z 2J 3/2
LINE LOAD
Pz =1fE' Ipz ,.l"% - 0 • • • (2 .13d)
VERTICAL DISPLACEMENT Pz
\1 0 0.2 0.4 0.5

:r/h
0.1 3.756 3.466 2.633 1.926
0.2 2.461 2.222 1.558 0.973 pl" = 0 ••• (2.13£)
0.3 1.730 1.533 0.964 0.458
0.4 1.244 1.069 0.583 0.132
0.5 0.896 o. 749 0.324 -0.079
0.6 0.643 0.511 0.145 -0.217 2.3.2 UNIFORM VERTICAL SUBSURFACE LINE LOAD
0.7 0.453 0.347 0.045 -0.299 (Fig. 2.14)
0.8 0 .313 0.218 -0.057 -0.344
0.9 0.212 0.141 -0.101 -0.358
1.0 0.126 0.059 -0.139 -0.359
1.25 0.023 -0.006 -0.146 -0.315
1.5 -0 . 012 -0.024 -0.112 -0.254
Surface
1.75 -0.023 -0.023 -0.086 -0.198
2.0 -0.017 -0.015 -0.071 -0.134
2.5 -0.010 -0.009 -0 . 034 -0.085
3.0 0 Total IO<ld
-0.008 -0 .001 -0 . 014 -0.057 p z
4.0 - 0.002 -0.000 -0.007 -0.025
w
6.0 -0.000 -0.000 -0 . 002 -0.004
8.0 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 - 0 . 000
FIG. 2.14
LINE WMJING - AXIAL Snuti!'I.'RY 33
Geddes (1966) evaluated the following express-

ions for the stresses from Mindlin's equat ions :
. ';/
·-zz
= a
z p
rr - -1
h(1-'J)
[- 2(2- 'J)
A
- 1(1- 'J}'{l-Zv){ ...L-
Pffll
_ 1_
Bffll+1
} ]
m m 1
2(2-v) + 2(1- 2\J) n ( n + n)
+ ••• (2. 14c)
B
1 2.
(1- Z'V) 2 {.!!)
n;.... +
_ _ __.;,: !L +
1 4m1 -4 (1+V} (.!!) m1
n Dz (1-Zv)~- 1)
X_,= T
-n n n n
p As pl ... r z -P •
BTr(l-v) [ A
1
4m(1+'J) (m+1) (.!!. + 1) -
2
( 4m2 -HJ )
+ n n
as
6m2.(.!!It~~ " ) 6m(mnz - - z [m+1 ] s)]
1
+ + n
pS 8s
. • • (2.14a)
Bs
x_= a - ""
D2 -1 [ (1 ~ Z'V)
..Ill ' (-1 ) -2(1-Z'V) ~
6(-)
•• r P 8Tr(1-V)
n n n
+
p
(7-Z'V)- 12(1-V) !!!. (.! + l_)
+ n n n
B
2
4(2-'J)-12(1- 'J) (.!.) 2
:.t n } - !L • • • (2.14d)
F As
2
4n 2 - Zm 2+2(1+2v} f.!J m1 On the axis with 7FO and rri>l.O,
+ n
pS X • -1 [ 4(1-'J) 2(2- 'J) 2{2- v)
za lhr( l-'J) - - - (iii:1) + -,;;;:;rr
- - m
3n2 -2m 2+2(1+2v)!!!.{m+1) 2
n
f.!n + 1.)
n}
-{
B' 4m(2- v) 4m 2 ]
+ (Trl'l'l)Z - (m+l) 5 . ••• (2.14e)
1
6[n~ 2 -m"f.iJ l
+ n
pS
1 1 K =X ,. -1 [- 2+2v(1- 2v) + (1-Zv)

+ 4(1- v)'(1-2'VH
· -Pffll
- - -Bffll+- 1 } J rr ee BTf(l- vJ m ~
(2.14b)
-1 [ (1A- 2v) (2.14f)

8Tr(l-'J)
Xrz =0 (2.14g)
+
s- r1- 2vJ r 3-4VJ+6 rr-2vJ!!!.{.!
nn
+ l..J
n where n = r/D, m = z/D
B r=n + m 2 2
t(l-Z'V) 2 -6(1- Z'V) (!!./- 6 A2 = [n 2 + (m-1) 2 ]

+ n . 8 z... [nz + (m+l) : 1•
p
2m 2-4vn 2+2C 1+2'V)!!!.(m+l) 2 (.!. + l_) Kza throughout the 118.SS, and Krr and Kee on the
+ n n n axi.s , are tabu lated by Geddes (1966). ·
as
r
I
34 CONCENTRA'l'BD LOADI NG
ms
2(5+2'V) ~+ 4(5-v)mn 2
2.3.3 LINEARLY VARYING SUBSURFACE LINE LOAD
(Fig. 2.15) p3
~
6mn~(m 1 -n 1)-12f.!J (m+1) 5
+ n
Bs
Surlaccz
z
.
0
~
+' {(1- 2'VJ2.- s}Zog (B;:l ·)
FIG. 2 . 15 + U1- vU1-2'VJ' { m-_1 -

B-~m+1
.2!!....}]
F+tJt
The following expressions for stress have been • , • (2.15b)
Obt ained by Geddes (1966):
-1 [ (1-2'V)
a D~ = -1 [-2(2- v) 4Tr(1-V) -A- -
z P 4n(l- v) A
2.
~ (l-2'V)(3- 4v)+6(1- 2'V)f.!J (m+1)+6(2m-1)
2(2-V) ( 4m+1J-2(1-2VJ (.!!.) (mi-l) - n
+ n B
B
3
m3 f1(1- 2'V) ~+12m
2(1-2V) """i" - 8(2- v)m 2 ( + - - -..:!...- -
+ n + mn + m-1) 3
p
p As
~ 2(m+1J 3+4mn2- 2(!!!) 2. (m+lJ 3
4vn~m3'-15n~m-2( 5+2V) (.!!.) (m+lJ 3+(m+1) 3 - (1- 2v) { n }
+ n B3
B3
2.
~ 2(m+l) 3+6mn 2 - 2m 3-6f-!.J (m+1)3
2(7-2v)mn~-6m 3+2( 5+2v) f-!.J m3 + n
+ n Bl
p3
5
2 (2m 3 +4mn1-2 !!!-) (1- 2:\JJ
6mn~(n~-m 1 )+12f!!J (m+1) 5 + -------:n~2.=---
+ n p3
Bs
2.
12f!!) m 5+6mn~(n~-m 1)
n
., _ (B~l, ( . { m- 1 m ]
• ~ge - P:"-
.,..... r 2 1- v}{l-2:\JJ -B~l - -P'lm }
- 2(2-V) Zoge (A;.:1 • B-;:13 J
••• (2.1Sc)
. • • • (2.15a)
x_ = a_ DPz = -1 [(1A-2'V) and.

= -n [ 2(2-V}+(1-2V);~rm-1)
.... ...
.
4n(l-v)
~
'[
l'Z -.p
D2
4n(1-V) A'
(7- 2'VJ-12m+l2f1- v) f-!.J (m+lJ .. 3
+ n 6f.!) 2(2-V)+(l- 2'VJ!!!2 (m+1) - 6 ~m+lJ
B _ _2L_ n
3 p B
l2m-lt(1-v) ~
+ n
p
LIN1I LOADING - AXIAL S~RY 35
. s
(3-4v) t?(m-~-l) '-~m 2 1+2~ 2-n2-+1Z ;.r~~H-21 3
+ n
. pS
B'·
2"(1- ~) m2 +4(5-v)m2 +1Z m,.

n
'
• • • (2.1Sd)
On the loading axis with m>2.0
X ., -1 [z _Z(Z-v)m + 6(2-v}m _ 2(7-~)m 2
aa 4tr(1-v) (m-2) (m-~-2) (m-t-2):
4m 3
+ (m~-2) s - Z(Z-v) Zog e {
m2-1
m2 }
]
.•• (2.1Se)
m .: m
+ (1-~) (m- ) +[(2-~r -18]
2
y,;;;:rr
.•• (2.1Sf)
(2.1Sg)
where n = ro/D, m =z/D

P:a .n:+ m2
A2= [n2+ (m-1)21

B2= (n2+ (m~-1)2]
'
Values of Xza throughout tiie mass, and X%"!'
and Xee on the axis, are tabulated by Geddes (1966).
I.
Chapter 3
DISTRIBUTED LOADS ON THE
SURFACE OF A
SEMI-INFINITE MASS
3.1 Loading on an Infinite Strip Trajectories of a 1 are a family of confocal hyper-

bolas, foci at 0 1 and 0 2 • These
curves bisect the angle, a, at all
points.
3.1 . 1 UNIFORM VERTICAL LOADING (Fig.3. 1) Trajectories of 02 are a family of confocal
ellipses, foci at OJ and 0 2 •
Tr~jectories of Tma:r are two orthogonal families:
equiangulnr spirals intersecting the
ellipses under 45°.
~bximum 'Tma:r =p/11, occurs at all points of the semi-
circle through 01 and 02.
~bximum OJ = p, occurs at points (:,OJ, -b<~b.
Minimum a 3 =
,
Cx.z)
0~ " " (:, 0). - b>.e>b.
z Val ues of a:. a2 , <:z, Ot a, and <m= are

tabulated in Table 3.1, and contours of a3 and
Tmar arc given in Fig.3.2 (Jurgenson, 1934).
FIG.3.1
As for line loading, displacements due to strip
loading on or in a semi-infinite mass are ·onl y mean~
ingful if evaluated as the displacement of one point
a
z ~ [a + sina cos{a+26J] (3.la) relative to another point, neither point being located
at infinity. The vertical displacement at the sur-
face, relative to the centre of the strip, is given
a:t ~ [a - sina cos{a+26J] (3.lb) by
ay ~va (3.lc)
11
'T
:1:%
;: ~ sina sin(a+26) (3.ld)
al ~ [a + sina ) (3.le)
a3 = E.11 [a - sina ) (3.Jf)
'Tma:z:= ~ sina (3.lg)
Loci of constant Ot and Oz are circles passing through t .....

Ot and 02 . -p- p
p!STAIIW!ION OF STAE;;,SES UNtl€A A lONG FOOTING
r
Loci of constant Tma:r are circles pnssing through OJ
and 02. FIG.3,2 Stresses beneath a strip (Jurgenson,l934 ) .
36
I
INFINITE STRIP 37
3 .1.2 UNIFORM HORIZONTAL LOADI NG

P (z,O) - P (0,0) = ~(1-v ): {(z-bJR.n l z-bj
2
2 2 (Fig.3.3).
11E
-~:J:+bJR.nl=+bl + 2b.2nb}
(3.2)
(See plot in Fig.9.2a, Chapter 9) 2b
TABLE 3. 1
.I
X
STRESSES BENEATH A UNIFORMLY LOADED STRIP
(Jurgenson, 1934)
z/b z/b az~p CJ/P T~p B Tmcu/P a lip CJJ/p

z
0 0 1. 0000 1. 0000 0 0 0 1. 0000 1. 0000 FIG.3. 3

.5 .9594 .4498 0 0 . 2548 .9594 .4498
1 .8183 .1817 0 0 .3183 .8183 .1817
1.5 ·.6678 .0803 0 0 .2937 .6678 .0803
2
2. 5
3
.5508 .0410
.4617 .0228
.3954 .0138
0
0
0
0
0
0
. 2546 .5508 .0410
. 2195 .4617 .0228
.1908 .3954 .0138
a
:J: ;. [loge m--
2
sina ·sin(a+2oJ] (3 . 3a)
3.5 .3457 .0091 0 0 .1683 .3457 . 0091
4 .3050 . 0061 0 0 .1499 . 3050 .0061 az i [sina sin(a+2oJ] (3.3b)
0.5 0 1. 0000 1. 0000 0 0 0 1.0000 1.0000
.25 .9787 .6214 .0522 8°35 1 .1871 .9871 .6129 T:J:Z i [a-sina cos(a+2oJ] ... (3. 3c)
.5 .9028 .3920 .1274 13°17 1 .2848 .9323 • 3629
1 .7352 .1863 .1590 14°52 1 .3158 .7763 .1446
1.5 .6078 .0994 .1275 13°18 1 .2847 .6370 .0677 Values of az!q have been tabul ated and are
2 .5107 .0542 . 0959 11°25 1 .2470 .5298 . 0357 given in Table 3.2. It should be noted that a2 jq
2.5 .4372 .0334 .0721 9°49 1 .2143 .4693 .0206 values are equal to the corresponding values of Tzz/p
for uniform vertical loading •
1 .25 .4996 .4208 . 3134 41°25 1 .3158 .•7760 .1444
.5 .4969 .3472 • 2996 37°59 I .3088 .7308 .1133
1 . 4797 .2250 . 2546 31°43 1 .2847 .6371 .0677
1.5 .4480 .1424 • 2037 26° 34 I .2546 .5498 .0406 TABLE 3.2
2 .4095 .0908 .1592 22°30 1 .2251 .4751 . 0249 VALUES OF Oz/q FOR UNIFORM IIORIZOI'lfAL LOADING
2.5 .3701 .0595 .1243 19°20 1 .1989 . . 4137 .0159 OVER STRIP
.2079 .0606 73~47 1 .1128 .2281 .0025 (Scott, 1963)
1.5 .25 .0177
.5 .0892 .2850 .1466 61°50 1 .1765 .3636 .0106
1
1.5
2
. 2137
.2704
.2876
.2488
.1807
.1268
. 2101
.2022
.1754
47°23 1
38°44 I
32°41 1
.2115
.2071
.1929
.4428
.4327
.4007
.0198
.0184
.0143
~
z/b 0 0.5 1.0 2.0 4.0
7..5 .2851 .0892 .1469 28°09 1 .1765 .3637 .0106 0.0 0.00 0. 70 0.60 0 .33
0.2 0.00 0.62 1.16 0 . 68 0.32
2 . 25 .0027 . 0987 .0164 80°35 1 . 0507 .1014 .0002 0. 5 0.00 0.39 0.60 0.57 0.32
.5 .0194 . 1714 .0552 71°59 I .0940 .1893 .0014 1.0 0 . 00 0.13 0.26 0.39 0.28 .
1 .0776 .2021 .1305 58°17 1 .1424 . 2834 .0052 1.5 0.00 0.06 0.12 0.24 0.25
1.5 .1458 .1847 .1568 48°32 1 .1578 .3232 .0074 2.0 o.oo 0.03 0.06 0.15 0.20
2 .1847 .1456 .1567 41°27' .1579 .3232 .0073 3.0 0.00 0.01 0.02 0. 06 0.14
2.5 .2045 .1256 .1442 36°02 ' .1515 .3094 .0064 5.0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.05
2.5 .5 .0068 .1104 .0254 76°43' .0569 .1141 .0003

1 . 0357 .1615 .0739 65°12' .0970 . 1957 .0016
1.5 .0771 .1645 .1096 55°52 1 . 1180 .2388 . 002~
2 .1139 .1447 . 1258 48°32 1 .1265 .2556 .0036 The expression for the horizontal displacement of
2.5 .1409 . 1205 .1266 42°45' .1269 .2575 .0036 a point on the surface, relative to the centre of the
strip, Pz(z,O)-P_z(O,O), is identical with the express-
3 .5 . 0026 .0741 .0137 79°25' .0379 .0758 . 0001 ion for ·the relative vertical displacement due to
1 .0171 . 1221 .0449 69°42 1 • 0690 .1384 . 0005 uniform vertical load in equation (3.2) .
1.5 .0427 .1388 .0757 61°15' .0895 .1803 .0012
2 .0705 .1341 .0954 54°12' . 1006 .2029 .0018 1-
2.5 .0952 .1196 . 1036 48°20 1 .1054 .2128 .0020 j
3 .1139 .1019 .1057 43°22' .1058 .2137 . 0020
/'·:
·B is angle between direction of OJ and
the vertical. /.
1.
38 SURfACE LOADS ON SEHI-INFINITE HASS
3.• 1. 3 VERTICAL LOADING ·INCREASING LINEARLY 3.1.4 HORIZONTAL LOADING LINEARLY INCREASING
(Fig.3.4) (Max. loading = q, Fig.3.4)
2
a:r: = f; [ b3za + :r:b loge
R
~ - cos26 - 5]
2 (3.6a)
a
21
= i; [1 + cos26 - ~. a) (3.6b)
R2
T%% • ~[~.a -~log
e Rz
+ ein2o) =f (3.6c)
The expression for the horizontal displacement of

a point on the surface , relative to ~o. is identical
with the expression for relative vertical movement due
z to vertical loading (equation 3.5).
FIG.3.4
3.1.5 SYMMIITRICAL VERTICAL TRIANGULAR LOADING
(Fig.3.5, Gray, 1936)
az "' fir [~a - si':12o] (3.4a)
a:r: .. ..E.. :r: z Rt

211 [b a- b lege 1 + sin26
R2
2
] (3.4b)
T:c:z
.. ..E.. [ 1 + cos26 -
h Z: ] ... (3.4c)
Values of az/p have been tabulated' by Scott

(1963) and are given in Table 3.3.
TABLE 3. 3
VALUES OF a2 / p FOR LINEARLY -INCREASING
LOAD ON STRIP FIG.3.5
(Scott, 1963)
~-3.0 ~2.0 -1.0 0 1.0 2.0 3.0 5.0
0.0 0.00 o.oo 0 . 00 0.00 0. 50 0.50 o.oo 0.00 az ... ~ [fat+az) + ~(at-azJ] . •• (3. 7a)
0.5 0.00 0:00 0.00 0.08 0.48 0 .42 0 .02 0.00
1.0 o.oo o.oo 0.02 0.13 0.41 0.35 0.06 0.00
2;o 0 .01 0.03 0. 06 0.16 0.28 0.25 0.13 0.01 o:z: : ~ (fat+a2J + ~(a1-a2J - 2z l RtRz )
Ti oge R2
3.0 0.02 0.05 0.10 0.15 0. 20 0.19 0.12 0.04 0
4.0 0.03 0. 06 0.09 0.13 0.16 0.15 0 . 11 0.05 (3. 7b)
T:r:z
E!.
= -lib fat-az) (3 :7c)
The vertical .displacement of a point on the

surface, relative to the value at ~o. is given by
:r: 2 %1
--
2 tnr+(--
2 2b'-Jtnl2b-:r:l+b:r:}
.
(3.5) ~ [ fati<Xz) + ~fat-az)- ~loge Rk~2 ]
- E!.b
11
(log 2
e
1 2
RRo
~ + (at-azJ 2 )~ ••• (3 . 7e)
INFINI'l''E S'l'RIP 39
TABLE 3.4 (Cont.)
Stresses have been tabulated by Jurgenson (1934)

and are given in TABLE 3.4.
1.0 1.0 .2048 .1338 .1476 38•14' .1518 .3211 .017S
Contours of cr and •ma:c are shown in Fig.3.6 1.2S .2148 .1033 .1343 33°43' .1454 .3045 .0137
2
(Jurgenson, 1934). l.S .2159 .0794 .1189 30°04' .1371 .2848 .0106
1.75 .2048 . 0471 .0903 29•2s• .1199 .2459 .0061
2.5 . • 1874 .0298 .068S 20°30' .1044 .2130 .0042
TABLE 3.4
STRESSES BENEATii A STRIP WITH SYMMETRICAL 1.25.25 .0155 .1278 • 0399 72°.1 8' •0689 .1406 :oo28
TRIANGULAR LOADING .5 . 0580 .1668 .0899 60°35' .1051 .2175 .0073
(Jurgenson, 1934) .75 .1002 .1599 .1169 52°10' . • 1207 .2508 .0094
1.0 .1319 .1379 .1256 45°41' .1256 .2605 .0093
1.25 .1526 .1137 .• 1232 40°30' .1247 .2579 .0085
1.5 .2S .0046 . 0840 .0186 77°27' .0439 .0882 .0004
0 &'1. 0000 1. 0000 0 0 0 1.0000 1.0000 .5 .0250 .1294 .0540 67°01' .0751 .1523 .0021
.2S . 8440 .3931 0 0 .22SS .8440 .3931 .75 .0545 .1396 .0828 58°37' .0934 .190S .0037
.5 .7048 1925 0 0 .2562 .7048 .1925 1.0 .0824 .131S .0992 51•58 ' .1022 .2092 .0048
.75 .5904 .102S 0 0 .2440 .S904 .102S h25 .1049 .1156 .1053 46°28' .1054 .2157 .0049
1.0 .sooo .0588 0 0 .2206 .5000 .0588 1.5 . 1211 .0981 .1044 41°51' .1050 . 2146 .0046
1.25 .4296 .0359 0 0 .1969 .4296 .0359 2.0 .1375 .0681 .0929 34°45' .0992 .2020 .0036
1.5 .3744 .0234 0 0 .175S .3744 .0234 2.5 .1403 .0470 .0781 29°33' .0910 .1847 .0027
LiS .3305 .0158 0 0 .1574 .3305 .0158
2.0 .2952 .0111 0 0 .1421 .29S2 .0111 2.0 .5 .0064 • 7773 .0222 74°02' .0'420 .0000 .0841
2.S .2422 .0062 0 0 0 .2422 . .0062 1.0 .0332 .1041 .0572 60°54' .0673 .1360 .0014
1.5 .0636 .0955 .0763 50•55' .o78o .1576 .0016
.25 0 .7SOO .7500 0 0 .7500 • 7500 2.0 .0862 .0761 .0791 43°10' .0793 .0019 .1605
. 2S .7196 .3874 .11Sl 17°22' .2021 .7556 .3514 2.5 .0985 .0581 .0741 37°23' .0768 . 0015 . 1S51
.s .6344 .2026 .1146 13°S9 t .2444 .6629 .1741
.7S .5462 .1138 .0951 11•53• .2361 .5661 .0939
1.0 .4711 .0681 .0756 10°17' .2152 .4848 .0544
1.~ A1ft1...
. .,.v nA't?
•V·""YoJ._
nc:o"7 o•n1 • .1930 .4197 .0337
•Vei<JI "" v•
0.5 0 .5000 .sooo 0 0 .5000 .5000

.2S .4949 .33S7 .1S25 31°13' .1720 .5873 .2433
.5 .4714 .2152 . 1762 21•oo• .2178 .5611 .12SS
.7S .4350 .138S . 1570 23°19' .2160 .5028 .070!
1.0 .39SS .0913 .1299 20°1S• .2000 .4434 .0434
1.2S .3S77 .0617 .lOSS 17°45' .1817 .3914 .0280
l.S .3238 .0433 .08S8 lS 0 44' . 1644 .3480 .0192
2.0 .2682 .0229 .0582 12°42• .1358 .2814 .0098
2.S .2266 . 0130 .041S 10°37' .1146 .2344 .OOS2
0~ 75 0 .2SOO .2500 0 0 .2500 .2500

. 2S .2620 .2620 .1476 4s•oo• .1476 .4096 .1144
.s .287S .2162 .1810 39.0 26• .1845 .4364 .0674
.75 .3000 . 1611 .173S 34•os• .1869 .417S .0437
1.0 .2980 .1167 .1528 29°39• .1777 .3851 .0297
1.2S .2869 .0847 .1309 26°10' .1654 .3512 .0204
1.0 0 0
.2S .0766
.5 .1393
.75 .1813
0
.1956
.2005
.1693
0 ..., 0·
.0959 6o•s4' .1129 .2490
.1414 51°06' .1447 .3146
.1534 43°S3' .1S35 .3288
0 0
.0232
.02S2
.0218
a.-- ·75
FIG.3.6 Stresses beneath strip with triangul.a.r

loading (Jurgenson, 1934).
t · OC> 1·25
B is angle between vertical and direction

a1.
40 SURFACE LOADS ON SEHI-INPINITE HASS
3.1.6 ASYMMETRICAL VERTICAL TRIANGULAR LOADING

(Fig.3.7, Gray, 1936)
b
Q b
pfurot ~a
z
FIG.J.S
z
C11} = " (
.1;.-rr
:J:C1
B + -+ z
-Zog R,
.......
PIG.3.7 C13 a a e R2
a = R [a + a+l>-: B] • • • (3.8a)
z '11' a b
• • • (3.9d)
a
:J:
Influence factors for a2 beneath the edge of
(3.8b) the loading have been published by Osterberg (1957)
and are shown in Fig.3.9.
1?!. [~- ~] (3:8c)
'11' a b
a1 = R [=.a+ a+b-: B +!. Zog R1 +!. Zog !!1..]

'11' . a b a e Ro b e R2 t(z · -
~~iii
v-
+ 1?!. (rl. Zag Rl + 1. Zag !!.1.;2+ (~- ~;z"f f: _~:-.....

'11' a e Ro b e Rz a b
..• (3.8d) i> z~1·Q-
:::: ::: ~'~
.......
~lj
v
R [:J:Cl a+b-: z !!J.. z !!J.. ] ~ -"", ~
I
a3 '11' a+ - b- B +a loge Ro + b Zoge Rz ,/
~
,..... -"",
,/
1?!. t rl. Zag !!1.. + 1..b Zage R1 ; 2 + r!! _ ~J 2 "f ,.; .... / I
/
v
1r ~ a e Ro Rz a b .
•• • (3.8e)
v~
v ll I
Zag Rt + l Zag Rl)'l+ (!!- ~J2)"~

- ~
~ llII
vII 1
T = 1?!.
ma: '11'
f(l
\:a e R0 b e R2 a b ~
•• • (3.8f) co
l!
to-
7 v
v I 0
IA11111111
b
PI
f
~ / J
3.1.7 VERTICAL "DIBANXMENT'' LOADING :s lo-y I) ! J
I
(Fig.3.8, Gray, 1936) 0
/
Uz •l·p
l-1 1'
- ~
;. [e + ~ - ~ r:-bJ] .•• (3.9a) l
R [ B +a+ z2 (:-b) + ~ Zog Rl )

2
0 ()01 2
~
4
...
6 801 2 4 6 81·0 2 "4
Ill
681()0
'11' a R
2
a e Ro aJz
(3.9b)
FIG.3.9 Influence chart for vertical st:ess due to
embankment loadinq (Osterberg, 1957).
(3.9c)
.taAllS OW:.R 1lALF INFINI'rB SURFACE 41
3.2.2 LINEARLY INCREASING VERTICAL LOADING

3.2 Loading over Half the Infinite (Fig.3.11, Gr ay. 1936).
Surface
3.2.1 UNIFORM VERTICAL LOADING
(Fig.3.10. Gray, 1936).
z
· FIG.3.ll
FIG.3. l0
az * (8 + ?-) (3.10a) az
Po
'Ira
[:8 + %] (3.1la)
a::: = 12. (8 - :rz~ (3. 10b) a= • -Po

n-a
[:8- z - 2z leg R)
e
(3.1lb)
1r R2.
Po
z s • • • . (3.11c)
·= =-12.
'IT
sin 2 S (3.10c) T
= n-a
- - 0:1 •i (8 +sinS) ... (3.10d) at Po

}= ira (:::8 -
p z
z Zog6 R) t ..!L. [(1+ Zog R) 2+ S 1 l~
a, 1ra e
(3.lld)
a, • 12.
1r
(8 - sinS) (3.10e) pz
'T ==
ii&ZiZ
~a [(1+ ZcgeR)z + az]~ (3. lle)
T
ma: =E. sin8
'If
(3.10f)
Loci o~ constant ~and a 3 are radial lines, OR. 3.2.3 VERTICAL "EMBANDIENT'' LOADING
(Fig.3.12, Gray, 1936) .
Loci of constant Tma: are radial lines, OR.
Trajector ies of a 1 are a family of confocal parabolas*.
Focus at 0. Hor izontal axis.
Traj eetories of a 1 are a family of confocal parabolas*.
Focus at 0. Horizontal axis.
The two families are orthogonal .
Trajectories of Tma: are two orthogonal families of
-
P/unit
X·
parabolas •. Focus at 0.
Vertical axis. ' .
MaXimum Tma:a p/Tr1 occurs at poi nts (O.z), z>O.
Maximum O:t =PI II II II
(:::.0). :::>0. FIG.J.l2
Minimum o:s = 01 II II II
C:c.o). :z:<O.
*These curves bisect the angle,S, at all
az = !cz [aS+ :a] (3.12a)
point s.
a:: .,. ;fa [.aS+=+ 2z Zcg6 ;: ) ••• (3.12b)
42 SURFACE LOAns'. ON SEKI-INFINI't'E MASS
't
= = - Lna za • • • (3.12e) TABLE 3.5 Continued
'(Jl} = .2.. [{aB + m + z Zoge

R2
R Jtz (Zog2 ~z1 + a2'f l z/a z/a C1zip 0-::fp 'z:tP so•-a 'ma:z/P oJ!p' a,;p
a, va 1 e
(3.12d) 0.75 0 .7500 .7500 0 0 .7500 .7500
.25 .7357 .6076 .1619 55°47' .1741 . 8458 .4976
t 77r%Z= E!. (Zogz R2 + a 2 )~ (3 . 12e)
.5 .6978 .5457 . 2302 54°08' .2424 .8642 .3794
va e R1 .75 .6619 .5217 . 2643 52°26' .2734 .8652 .3184
1.0 .6341 .5114 .2828 51°07 ' . 2894 .8622 .2834
1.25 .6133 .5065 .2936 50°09' .2984 .8583 .2615
Values of stresses, presented originally by
Jurgenson (1934), are t~ulated in TABLE 3.5. .Q.7S 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
. 25 . 0023 .1302 .0143 6 6 18 1 .0656 .1319 .0007
.5 .0147 .2382 . 0493 11 •54 • . 1222 .2487 .0043
TABLE 3.5. 1.0 0 1. 0000 1. 0000 0 90•oo• 0 1. 0000 1. 0000
.25 .9220 .6973 .1055 68°24 ' .1541 . 9638 . 6556
STRESSES DUE TO SEMI-INFI NITE EMBANJQ.IENT LOADING .5 .8524 .5962 . 1762 63°01 1 .2178 .9421 .5065
(Jurgenson, 1934) . 75 .7951 .5512 .2214 59°26' .2528 .9260 . 4204
1.0 •7500 . 5294 .2500 56°54' .2732 .9129 .3665
1.25. 7148 .5178 . 2685 55°05' .2860 . 9023 .3303
z/a z/a CJZ/p az iP 'z:/P so•-a •ma:::IP atfp a,!p
1.5 .6871 .5117 . 2807 53°41 1 . 2941 .8935 .3053
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2.0 .6476 .5054 .2952 51°47 ' .3036 .8801 .2729
2.5 . 6211 .5032 .3028 50°31' .3085 .8707 .2537
.25 .0780 .3034 .1055 21°33' .1544 .3451 .0363
.5 .1476 . 4038 .1762 21•oo~ .2178 .4935 .0579 -1.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
.15 . 2048 .4487 .2214 30°35' .2528 .5796 .0740 .5 . 0083 . 2031 .0348 9°50 1 .1034 .2091 .0023
1.0 .2500 .4706 . 2500 33°06 1 .2732 .6335 . 0811 1.0 .0452 .3369 . 1024 17°33 1 .1782 .3693 .0129
1.5 . 0967 .4092 . 1621 23°02 ' .2252 .4782 .0278
1.25 .2852 . 4821 • 2685 34 •56 1 .2860 .6697 .0977 2.0 .1475 .4465 .2049 26°57 1 .2536 .5506 .0434
1.5 .3129 .4883 • 2807 36 •2o I . 2.941
• .6947 .1065 2.5 .1915 . 4674
.3524 .4946 .2343 29°45 ' .2719 .6014 . 0576
2.0 .2952 38°14 1 .3036 . 7271 .1199
2. 5 .3789 . 4968 .3028 39°30 1 .3085 .7464 .1294 1. 2S 0 1. 0000 1. 0000 0 9o•oo~ 1. 0000 1. 0000
0
.25 .9803 . 77.63 .0461 77•51 • .1120 .9903 .7663
0 . 25 0 . 2500 .2500 0 0 . 2500 .2500 . 5 . 9367 .6570 .1157 70°13' .1816 .9785 .6153
~ 25
.5
.2643 .3924
. 3023 .4544 .2302
. 1619 34°13' . 1741
35~52' .2424
..
.5025 . 1543
, ,,...,
.O.O:UO ,.L.)OU
. 75 .8844 .5923
1.0 .8370 .5569
. 1692 65°24' .2235 • 9619 .5149 .
.2072 62°02' .2501 .9471 .4469
.75 . 3381 . 4784 . 2643 37°34 ' . 2734 . 6817 . 1349 1.5 • 7632 .5247 .2528 57°38 1 .2795 .9235 .3645
1.0 .3659 .4885 .2828 38°53 1 . 2894 .7166 .1378 2.0 .7123 .5124 .2763 54°57' .2938 .9062 .3186
1.25 .3867 .4935 • 2936 39'51 I .2984 .7385 .1417 2.5 .6765 .5069 .2896 53°10 1 .3018 .8935 .2899
.(\. 25 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.5 0 1. 0000 1. 0000 0 9o•oo• 0 1. oooo· 1. oooo
.25 . 0161 .2201 .0468 12°19 1 .1123 .2304 .0058 .25 .9949 .8357 .0237 81°42 1 .0829 . 9982 .8234
.5 .0633 .3430 .·1157 19°48 I .1816 .3848 .0216 .5 .9714 • 7152 .o138 75•o2• .1478 .9911 .6955
.75 .1156 .4077 .1692 24°36 1 . 2235 . 4852 .0382 • 75 .9350 .6385 . 1239 70°03 1 .1932 .9800 . 5936
1.0 .1630 . 4431 .2072 27°59' . 2501 .5532 .0530
1.25 .2032 .4634 .2339 30°28 1 .2677 .6010 .0656 1.0 .8955 .5913 . 1653 66°19 1 .2246 .9680 .5188
1.5 . 8238 .5433 .2214 61°11' .2621 .9457 . 4215
o.s 0 .5000 .5000 0 0 .5000 .5000 2.0 .7682 .5229 .2537 57°54 1 .2818 .9274 .3638
.25 .5000 .5000 .1762 45•oo• .1762 .6762 .3238 2.5 . 1266 . 5130 .2129 55•41 • .9128
.2500 45•oo• . 2930 .3268
.5 .5000 .5000 .2500 .7500 .2500
.75 .5000 .5000 .2807 45°00 1 . 2807 .7807 .2193 2.0 0 1. 0000 1. 0000 0 9o•oo 1 1. 0000 1. 0000
1.0 .2952 45•oo • 0
.5000 .5000 .2952 .7952 .2048 .25 .9989 :8919 .oo96 84°55 1 .0543 .9997 .8911
1.25 .5000 .5000 . 3028 45•oo• .3028 .8028 .1972 .5 .9916 .7968 .0348 8o•1o• . 1034 .9976 .7908
1.5 .5000 .5000 .3012 45•oo• .3012 .8072 .1928 1.0 .9548 .6631 .1o24 12•28' .1781 .9871 .6309
2. 0 .5000 .5000 . 3119 45°00 1 .3119 .8119 ;1881 1.5 .9032 .5908 .1621 66°59 1 .2252 .9722 .5218
2.5 .5000 .5000 .3144 45•oo• .3144 .8144 . 1856 2.0 .8524 .5534 .2049 63°04 1 .2537 .9566 .4492
2.5 .8085 .5325 .2343 60°15 1 .2719 .9424 .3986
-o.5 o 0 0 0 0 0 0
.25 .0051 .1642 . 0237 8°19 1 .0829 . 1676 .0018
.5 .0286 . 2847 . 0738· 14°59 1 . 1478 .3045 .0089
.75 .0650 .3614 .1239 19°57' .1932 .4064 .0200
1. 0 .1045 .4086 .1653 23°42' . 2246 .4812 . 0320
1.25 .1422 . 4381 .1972 26°41 1 .2465 .5367 .0437
1.5 .1762 .4566 .2214 28°50' .2621 .5785 . 0543
2.0 . 2317 .4771 . 2537 32°06' . 2818 .6362 . 0126
2.5 . 2734 .4869 . 2129 34°19 1 .2930 .6732 .0872
CIRCULAR AREA 43
A C08plete tabulation of stresses , strains and

3.3 Loading on a Circular Area deflections for all values of v has been presented by
by Ahlvin and Ulery (1962) and is given in Tables 3.6
to 3.13. The key t o the use of these Tables is shown
below. '
{Fig. 3.13)
Bulk stttess
e = 2p(1+v)A ~ a +a +a = e -1L- • • • (3.14a)
z r 6 1- Zv
a .
Vertical. stress
P/Unil 01'90 a = p[A + Bl (3.14b)
_...__.~+-'-....L...J'--- r
Radial. horizontal stress

or • p ( 2VA + C + (1-Zv)Pl {3.14c)
e (r,z)
Tangential. horizontal stress

PIG.3.l3
a = p(ZVA - D + (l-2v)E 1 l ... (3.14d)
6
Verticat-radial shear stress

Trz= Tzr .. pGl .. .' (3.14e)
Bulk strain
On the axis (r=oJ~
e = p Z(1+V) ( 1- 2v)A = £ +£ +£ =e 1- Zv
E z r 6 E
a =P [1 - { 1 2}s/z.] ••• {3.13a) (3.14 f)
z · 1 + (a/z)
Verticat. strain
£z ""p l;v({1-2v)A + Bl (3.14g)
a "'a =E. [(1+2\>) - 2(1+v)z + z3 ]
r e 2 (a2+z2 ,~ ( a2+z2) 3h
(3.13b) Radial. horizontal. strain
1 ••. (3.14h)
£r • p ;v ( {1-2v)P + Cl
e
Tangential horizontal. strain
wZ,pa~{.:;l-;;.:V:_2t_J ( / 1 + (z/a)
• 2
£
8
.: p 1 ;v ( {1-2V) E 1 - D] • . • (3 . 14i)
--- - z/a)
E
+ · z/a ] • • • (3.13d)
[1 ... (3 . 14j)
• 2(1-vJl1 + (z/a) 2
General expressions and tabulated values for all Vertical. dej'Zection

stresses, strains and displacements are given in l+V
p = p - a ( .:.t + (1- v)R) • • • (3.14k)
§
Appendix B, as a special case of the values for an z E a

anisotropic material.
Values of Oz, Or~ ae, 'trz and Pz for V=O. 5
Radiat. horizontal. dej'Zection
1+V
have been presented in graphical form by Foster and Pr = P E (- r J [{1- 2vJ& - D)= - r. Ee
Ahlvin (1954) and are reproduced i,n Figures 3.14 to (3.141)
3.18.
Tangential. horizontal. dej'Zection
Pe- o (3.14m).
44 SURFACE LOADS ON SEHI-INFINI'rE KASS
Sims in Prunt or S...loce Contact Pres...-•

oe 1-o eo 100
r-., -
01 ~ 0-4 06 2 4 6 8 10 20 40 60
0
~ I:'"_'M2-o-
Ni ~ 1·2~
,, .. 1-- 1·~
I~ ......... o-o FIG.3.l4 Vertical stress a beneath uni£o:z:m circular
~ ~0·
.f_ f)()
r- ... ~0 i'-~ 1 2!$
load (Foster and Ahlv~ . 1954).
2 ' '
., /
3
""~'--~so ~ \ ""' I
~~~
Q-75
4 " i'NI \ ;{~ ~

~
;:;
0
"'s '~90
'\ 8-Q \
1\
/11ftf1 I
I~ 1\ !AlA ~ !!i
7\\ \
~~>-
6 Note: Numbers on curves
7 •ncfocat• offset distoncn
I \
t
tn rodii
8
I I i Ill I
Ij dl
9
1\ I ( r l
I \\ vIIJ' 11 11 I
FIG.3.1S Horizontal stress a beneath unifoxm

circular load (\1=0.5) (Foiter and Ahlvi.n,l954) .
Str•ss il'l Perc•nt ol S..-race Contact Pressure

02 0~ 0608\oO 2 4 6 810 20 40 60 80100
1
.......
I ) IJ.U ~-~~_;;~r+Hf-H
2- ~
~ .. _.1·! Sv ...-:::::::;~-m
,_. •!
I~ FIG.3.l6 Hor izontal stress ae beneath un~foxml954)
3/V'l~ :;,.
....... / 1
,, t
circular load (\1=0.5) (Foster and AhlVl.n, •
i0 ... ~
~jiilll"'
Not•
·II II
, . _ s on Curvn
s"'
lndicatc offset d istonc:.es
110
a. 6
' in radii
II I
•
0
8
Ill
9
I I I
I II .
45
Stress in Pll'ccnt of Surfocc Contact Pressure

0-4 Q-608~0 2 4 6 8 ~ 20 40 EO 80100
2
--. . . r----6<>
-
r--
I"--
~
1
I
It
4-()
II"'-..
3·0 r- 2
·':::1-- 2-0'"';:j
h ~~.-1 ~ ·~
rF\) ,.v FIG.3.17 Shear stress T beneath uniform eircular
load {Foster and Ahlifn, 1954).
"-e-o ~'\. 1'ij
7
. I....-·.. 9'~ ,.....~
i~
~
' \ ~w~i
3
' \ 9<! \
~ ~<>,
~ ~~
v. ~ v
,y / J I. ~ ,. Note : N~S 01\ OIMfOS
7
1/ ~ indiCate offset distances
in I"'dil
8 I I vt
9 1 i/ 'II M1/
·i I
~
IIJ !Vl ~ u l
Ocf..ction Foetor
o-e Q-2 0·3 a.. 0~ oe 1-0 ,~ 2<> 3
i\
\ \
~ -~ 0~ ~ 0-2,
1-()
! ·25 FIG.3.18 Vertieal deflection p beneath uniform

r\ ~·'l ~ eireular load {Poster and ihlvin, 1954).
2
3
\
4-()
1/i.~~~ 0-Q Note: Numbers on curve.s
indicate offset dis\anccs
\ in radii
s~IL l I A Def~tlon.
s.rtoc• Cofttoct Press,... x
11
7-() Radius ,. Oefloction Roctcr
I I lh - of ElaSticity
7 -e-o
8 1 J/JJ ~
/, (
9
1/ 'I.
I
10
Vlh
46 SURFACE LOADS ON SEHI-INFINI'rE HASS
TABLE 3.6
FUNCTION "A" (Ahlvin and Ulery, 1962)
PIZ
at,<Z 0 0.2 o.• 0.6 o.a 1.2 1.5 s 6 7 a 10 u 14
0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 .s 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0.1 .90050 .197•1 .11679 .16126 • 71797 .•.sots .09M5 .02787 .00156 .00211 .oooa. .ooo•2
0.2 .10381 .79124 .111M .7~83 .6.1014 .38269 .t5•33 .05251 .01610 .00419 .00167 .00083 .00048 .000.10 .00(!20
0.3 .71265 • 70511 .6&316 .62690 .52081 -~375 .179M .07199 .02440 .00622 .00250
0.4 .62861 .62015 .59241 .53767 .4.329 .31041 .18709 .0&593 .03111
o.s .55279 .54403 .51622 .46&41 .31390 .21156 .US56 .09.99 .03701 .01013 .00407 .00209 .oou8 .00071 .00053 .00025 .00014 .00009
0.6 .41550 . 47691 .45078 .40427 .33676 .25511 .17952 .10010
0.7 •• 2654 ••1174 .39.91 .3~21 .29833 .21727 .17124 .1022a .04558
o.a .37531 .36&32 .~729 .31245 .26511 .21297 .16206 .10236
0.9 .33104 .52.92 .30669 .2no1 .23132 .19•11 .15253 .10094
1 .2928ll .21763 .27005 .2.697 .21461 . 17861 .14329 .09S.9 .05115 .017U .00761 .00393 .00226 .00143 .00097 .00050 .00029 .00011
1.2 .23171 .22795 .21662 .19190 .17626 .15101 .12570 .09192 .05260 .01935 .00171 .00459 .00269 .00171 .00115
1.5 .16795 .16552 .15177 .14104 .1~36 .11192 .10296 .01041 .05116 .02142 .01013 .00541 .00325 .00210 .00141 .00073 .00043 .00027
2 .•10557 . 10453 .10140 .09M7 .09011 .08269 .07471 .06275 .04496 .02221 .01160 .00659 .00399 .002M .00110 .00094 .00056 .00036
2.5 .07152 .07091 .06947 .06691 .06373 .05974 .05555 .04180 .03717 .02145 .01221 .00732 .00463 .00.101 .0021. .00115 .00061 .00043
3 .05132 .05101 .05022 .04186 .0.707 .04417 .042•1 .03139 .03150 .01910 .01220 .00770 .00505 .00~6 .002•2 .00132 .00079 .00051
4 .02tl6 .02t76 .02907 .02102 . 02832 .02749 .02651 .02490 .02193 .01592 .01109 .00761 .00536 .oosa. .00282 .00160 .00099 .00065
s .o1t•2 .01931 .01835 .01573 .ou•t .~9 .00701 .00527 .00394 .ooaa .00179 . 00113 .00075
6 .01361 .01.107 .01161 .00913 .00795 .00621 .00492 .oo3a. .00299 .00111 .00124 .oooa.
7 .01005 .00976 .00194 .00714 .00661 .00~1 .00445 .00360 .00291 .00193 .00130 .00091
•
9
.00772
.00612
.00755
.00600
.00703
.00566
.00635
. 00520
•:005~
.00466
.00472
.00409
.00391
.00353
.00332
.00.101
.00276
.00256
.00189
.00184
.001~
.00133
.o~
.00096
10 .004n .00465 .00431 .00397 .00352 .00326 .00273 .002U
)
l
TABLE
FUNCTION "B"
3. 7
(Ahlvin and Ulery, 1962)

i
PIZ
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.1 1.2 1.5 4 5 6 7 I 10 12 14
ala
0
0.1
0
.09152
0
.1o140
0
.11131
0
.1~2•
0
.11796
0
.o55aa
0 0 0 0
-.o1m -.02672 -.ooa.5 -.00210 -.00014 -.00042
0 0 0 0
i
l
0.2 .ua57 .19.106 .2on2 .23524 .25913 .01513 -.on59 -.0444& -.o1593 -.00412 -.00166 -.oooas -.00024 -.ooo15 -.00010
0.3 .26362 .26717 .21011 .29413 .27257 .107$7 -.04316 -.04999 -.02166 -.00599 -.00245
0.4 .32016 .32259 .32741 .32273 .26925 .12404 -.00766 -.04535 -.0252%
o.s .35n7 .35752 .35323 .33106 .26236 .13591 .02165 -.05455 -.02651 -.00991 - .oosaa -.00199 - .oou6 -.00073 -.00049 -.00025 -.00014 -.00009
0.6 .37131 .37531 .36301 .32122 .25411 .14440 .04457 -.02101
0.7 .31487 .37962 .36072 . 31929 .2.631 .14916 .06209 -.00702 -.0232t
o.a .38091 .37401 .n1S3 .30699 .23779 .15zt2 .07530 .00614 1
o.t
1
.36962
.35355
. 36275
.54553
.337~
.32075
.29299
. 27119
.22191
.21971
.1~04.
.15355
.01507
.09210
.01795
.02814 -.01005 - .01115 -.00608 - .00~4 - .00210 •.00135 -.00092 -.00041 - .00028 -.00011 l
1.2 .31415 • .107.10 .2. .11 .24136 .20113 .14915 .10002 .04371 .00023 - .00995 -.00632 -.00311 - .00236 -.00156 -.00107
1.5 .25602 .25025 .23338 .20694 .17361 .13732 .10193 .05745 .01315 -.00669 -.00600 -.00401 -.00265 -.00111 - .00126 -.00068 •.00040 -.00026 1·
2 .17119 .11144 .16644 . 15191 .13375 .11331 .09254 .06371 .02136 .00021 -.00410 •.00371 -.00271 -.00202 •.00141 •.00014 • • oooso •• oooss
2.5 . 12107 .12653 .12126 .11327 .10298 .09130 .07869 .06022 .0342t .00661 -.00130 •.00271 -.00250 •.00201 ' -.00156 -.0009. •.00059 •,00039
3 .09417 .09394 .09099 .08635 .o10ss .07325 .06551 .os3~ .03511 .01112 .oo1s1 -.001~ - .00192 -.00179 -.00151 -.00099 -.00065 ·.00046
4 .os101 .o5666 .05562 .o5su .o5t4S .04n3 .04532 .oms .03066 .ots1s .oos9s .00155 • • oooa - .00094 -.00109 -.00094 -.00068 •• oooso
5 .03~2 ,03760 .03314 .0247. .0152% .00110 .00~71 .00132 .110013 -.00043 -.00070 -.00061 •.00049
6
7
•
.02666
.01910
.01526
.01212
.o2•61
.01161
.01•59
.01170
.01961
.oun
.01279
.010~
.o13ao
.01204
.oto~
.00867
.ooa.2
.oom
.00111 .00705
.00496 .002~
.oo~7 .00332
.oosu .00372
.00533 .00316
.00110 .oooza -.00037
.00115 .00093. -.00002
.oo236 .00141 .00035
.00265 .00171 .00066
-.00047
-.oooa
•• ooooa
.00012
-.00045
-.00037
- .ooo25
•.00012
r
'
10 .00924 .00&79 .0076& .00631 .00501 .00312 .00281 .00199
'J
l
l
CIRCULAR AREA 47
TABLE 3.8
FUNCTION "C" (Ahlvin and Ulery, 1962)
ria 0.2 0.4 0.6 o.8 1.2 1.5 6 10 l2 14

o/4 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0.1 - .04926 -.05142 -.05903 -.07708 -.12108 .02247 .12007 .04475 .01536 .00403 .00164 .00082
0.2 -.09429 -.09755 -.10872 -.12977 -.14552 .02419 .14896 .07892 .02951 .00796 . OOS25 .00164 .00094 .00059 .00039
0.3 -.13181 -.13414 - . 14415 -.15023 -.12990 .01988 .13394 .09816 .04141 .01169 .00483
0.4 -.16008 -.16188 -.16519 -.15985 -.11168 .01292 .11014 .10422 .05067
0.5 -.17889 •• J7U5 -.17497 -.15625 -.09833 .00483 .08730 .10125 .05690 .01824 .00778 .00399 .00231 .00146 .00098 .00050 .00029 .00018
0.6 -.U915 -.18664 -.17336 -.14934 -.08967 -.00304 .06731 .09313
0.7 -.19244 -.18U1 -.17393 -.14147 -.o8409 -.01061 .o5ozt .08253 .06129
o.a -.19046 -.18481 -.16784 - . 13393 -.08066 -.01744 .03582 .07114
0.9
1
1.2
::g:~! ::g~:! :::~~!: :::~::: ::~~:~ ::~m;
-.15742 -.15117 -.13467 -.10763 -.07289 - .03575
:::m
-.00245
::::~~.05429
.03107 .04522
.02726
.02791
.01333
•• 01467
.00726
.00824
.OQ433
.00501
.0027&
.00324
.00188
.00221
.00098 .00057 .00036
1.5 -.12801 -.12277 -.11101 -.09145 -.06711 -.04124 -.01702 .01088 .03154 .02652 .01570 .. 009!3 .00585 .00386 .00266 .00141 . ooou .00039
2 -.08944 -.08491 -.07976 •.06925 -.05560 - .04144 -.02687 -.00782 .01267 .02070 .01527 .0101S .00671 .00462 .00327 .00179 .00107 .00069
2.5 -.06403 -.06068 -.05839 -.05259 -.04522 -.03605 -.02800 -.01536 ,00103 .OU84 .01314 .00987 .00707 .00506 .00369 .00209 .00128 .00083
3 -.04744 - . 04560 -.04339 •.04089 -.03642 -.OSI30 •• 02587 -.01748 -.00521 .00792 .01030 .00818 .00689 .00520 .00392 .00232 .00145 .00096 .
4 -.02154 -.02737 -.02562 -.02515 - .02421 -.02112 -.01964 -.01516 -.00956 .00038 .00492 .00602 .00561 .00476 .00389 .00254 .00168 .oon5
5 -.01186 -.01110 -.01568 -.00939 -.00293 -.00128 .00329 .00391 .00380 .00341 .00250 .00177 .00127
6 -.01333 -.OlliS •.00819 • .00405 -.00079 .00129 .00234 .00272 .00272 .00227 .00173 .00130
7 -.00990 -.o09o2 -.00678 -.00417 -.oouo -.o0004 .oo1u .00174 .00200 .00193 .00161 .00128
•
9
10
- .00763
-.00607
-.00699
-.00423
-.00552
- .00452
-.00381 -.00373
-.00393
-.00353
-.00314
-.00225
-.00235
-.00233
-.00077 .00029
-.00111 - .00027
-.00137 - .00063
.00096
.00037
.00030
.00134
.00012
.00040
.00157 .00143
.00124 .00122
.00120
.00110
TABLE 3. 9
FUNCTION "0" (Ahlvin and Ulery, 1962)
1'/ 4
04
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.2 1.5 6
• 10 12 14
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0.1 .04926 .04991 .05235 .05716 .06687 .07635 .04108 . .OU03 .00691 .00193 .ooo8o .00041
0.2 .09429 .09552 .09900 .10546 .11431 .10932 .07139 .03444 .01359 .00384 .00159 .00041 .00047 .00029 .00020
0.3 .13181 .13305 .14051 .14062 .14267 .12745 .09078 .04817 .01982 .00927 .00231
0.4 .16008 .16070 .16229 .16288 .15756 .13696 .10248 .05887 .02545
o.s .17889 .17917 .17826 .17481 • 16403 .14074 .10894 .06670 .03039 .00921 .00390 .00200 .00116 .00073 .00049 .00025 .00015 .00009
0.6 .18915 .18867 . 18573 . 17187 .16489 .14137 .11186 .07212
0.7 .19244 .19132 .18679 .17712 .16229 .13926 .11237 .07551 .03801
0.8 .19046 .18927 .18348 .17306 .15714 .13548 • 11115 .07728
0.9 .18481 .18349 .17709 .16635 .15063 . 13067 .10866 .07788
1 .17678 .17503 .16886 .15824 .14344 .12513 .10540 .07753 .04456 .01611 .00725 .00382' .00224 .00142 .00096 .00050 .00029 .00018
1.2 .15742 .156U .15014 .14073 .12823 .11340 .09757 .07484 .04575 .01796 .oous .00446 .00264 .00169 .00114
1.5 .12801 .12754 .12237 .11549 .10657 .09601 .08491 .06833 .04539 .01983 .00970 .00532 .00320 .00205 .00140 .00073 .00043 .00027
2 .08944 .09010 .08668 .08273 .07814 .071a7 .06566 .05589 .04103 .02091 .01117 .00643 .00398 .00260 .00179 .00095 .000$6 .00036
2.5 .06403 .06565 .06284 .06068 .05777 .05525 .05069 .04486 .03532 .02045 .01183 .00717 .00457 .00306 .00213 .00115 .00061 .00044
3 .04744 .04834 .04760 .04548 .04391 .04195 .03963 .03606 . 02983 .01904 .011a7 .007$5 .00497 .00341 .00242 .00133 .00080 .00052
4 .02154 .02921 .02996 .02798 .02724 .02661 .02568 .02408 .02110 .01552 . 01087 .007$7 .00533 .00382 .00210 .00160 .00100 .00065
5 .01186 .01950 .01816 .01535 .01230 .00939 .00700 .00523 .00392 .00299 .00110 .00114 .00077
6 .01333 .01351 .01149 .00976 .00781 .00625 .00481 .00381 .00301 .00190 .00124 .00016
7 .00990 .00966 .00199 .00787 .00662 .00542 .00445 .00360 .00292 .001~2 .00130 .00092
'io
9
.00763
.00607
.00759
.00746 .
.00542
.00727
. 00601
.00506
.00641
.OOSS3
.00450
.00534
.00470
.00391
.00477 .00402
.00415 .00358
.00364 .00319
.00332
.00303
.00271
.00275
.00260
.00239
.00192
.00117
.00131
.00133
. 00096
.00099
i .
48 SURFACE LOADS ON SEMI-INFINITE HASS
TABLE 3.10
FUNCTION "Et" (Ahlvin and Ulery, 1962)
., .. 0.4 0.6 0.1 1.2 1.5 2 3 6 7 14

•t.a 0 0.2 10 12
0 .5 .5 .5 .5 .5 .5 .l4n2 .22222 .12500 . 05556 .03125 . 02000 .01319 .01020 .00711 .oosoo . ool47 . 00255
0.1 . 45025 .44949 .44698 .44173 .43001 .39191 .30445 .20399 .11106 .05362 .03045 .01959
0. 2 .40194 . 40043 .39591 .31660 .36791 .32802 .26598 .11633 .11121 .05170 J)2965 .01919 .01342 .00991 .00762
0.3 .35633 . 35421 .33809 .33674 .31571 .21003 .23311 .16967 .10450 .04979 .02886
0.4 . 31431 . 31214 .30541 .29291 . 27243 .24200 .20526 .15421 .09801
0.5 .27639 .27407 .26732 .25511 .23639 .21119 .18161 .14021 . 09180 . 04601 . 02727 .01800 . 01272 .00946 .00734 . 00475 .00332 .00246
0.6 .24275 .24247 .23411 . 22219 .206l4 .11520 .16155 .12759
0.1 . 21327 .21112 .20535 .19525 .11093 .16356 .14421 .11620 . 08027
0.1 .18765 .18550 .11049 .17190 . 15977 .14523 .12921 .10602
0.9 .16552 .16337 . 15921 .15179 .14161 .12954 . 11634 .09616
1 .14645 .14413 .14610 .13472 .12611 .11611 .10510 .01165 . 06552 . 03736 . 02352 .01602 . 01157 . 00114 .00613 .00450 .00318 .00237
1.2 .11519 . 11435 .11201 . 10741 . 10140 .09431 .01657 .07476 .o5na . Ol425 .02201 . 01527 . 01113 .00147 . 00664
1.5 . 01391 .01356 .08159 . 07885 .07517 .07088 . 06611 .05171 . 04703 . 03003 . 02001 . 0141.9 .01049 .00806 . 00636 .00425 . 00304 .00221
2 .05279 .05105 .05146 . 05034 . 04850 .04675 .04442 .04.071 . 03454 .02410 . 01706 . 01:i48 . 00943 .00731 .00590 .00401 . 00290 .00219
2.5 . 03576 .03426 .03419 . 03435 .03360 .03211 .03150 .02953 . 02599 .01945 .01447 . 01096 .ooa5o .00674 . 00546 .00311 .00276 . 00210
3 .02566 .02519 .02470 . 02491 .02444 .02319 .02330 .02216 . 02007 .01515 .01230 . 00962 . 00763 .00617 . 00505 .00355 .00263 .00201
4 .01493 . 01452 .. 01495 . 01526 .01446 .01418 .01395 . 01356 . 01281 . 01014 .00900 . 00742 .00612 .00511 .00431 . 00313 .00237 .00185
5 .00971 .00927 .00929 .00873 .00774 . 00673 .00579 .00495 .00425 .00364 .00275 .00213 .00161
6 .00610 .00632 .00629 .00574 .00517 .00457 .00404 . 00154 . 00309 .00241 . 00192 .00154
1 .00503 . 00493 . 00466 . 00431 .00404 .00370 .00330 .00296 .00264 .00213 .oo1n .00140
I .00386 .00377 .00354 .00344 .00325 .00297 .00273 .00250 .00228 .00185 . 00155 .00127
9 .00306 .00227 .00275 .00273 .00264 . 00246 .00229 . 00212 .00194 .00163 . 00139 . 00116
10 .00210 .00220 .00225 .00221 . 00203 .00200 . 00111 . 00171
TABLE 3.11
FUNCTION "F" (Ahlvin and Ulery, 1962)
:r/cz 0 0. 2 0.4 0.6 o.a 1.2 1.5 4 6 1 a 14

10 12
0 .5 .5 .5 .5 .5 o -.l4722 -.22222 -.12soo ·.05556 -.03125 -.02000 ••01319 - . 01020 -.00111 -.oosoo -.ool47 - . 00255
0.1 .4~ .44794 .43981 .41954 .35719 .05117 -.20800 -.17612 -.10950 - .05151 -.02961 -.01917
0.2 .40194 .39711 .31294 .34823 . 26215 .05466 • .11165 •.U511 -.09441 -.04750 •.02791 -.01135 -.01295 •.00961 •.00742
0. 3 .35633 .35094 .34501 .29016 .20503 .06372 •.05l46 -.09761 -.01010 •.04356 •.02636
0.4 .31431 .30101 .28611 .24469 .17016 . 06148 -.01111 -.06135 -.06614 . .
0.3 .27639 .26997 .24890 .20937 .14752 .07037 .00311 -.04529 -.05479 - .03595 - . 02320 -.01590 - . 01154 - . 00875 -.00611 -.00450 -.00318 -.00237
0.6 .24275 .23444 .21667 .11131 .13042 .07061 .01797 -.02749
0.7 .21327 .20762 .11t56 .15903 .11740 .06963 .02704 -.01392 •.Ol469
o.a .18165 .11211 .16679 .14055 .10604 .06774 .03277 -.00365
o.t .16532 .16151 .14747 .12521 .09664 .06533 .03619 .00408
1 .14645 .14280 . 12395 .11225 . 08850 .06256 .03119 .00914-.01367 -.01994 - . 01591 - . 01209 -.00931 -.00731 -.00587 - . 00400 - .00289 -.00219
1.2 . 11519 .11360 .10460 .09449 .07416 .05670 :o39u .01716- . o0452 -.01491 - .01337 -.01061 -.ooa« -.00676 -.00550
1.$ .08391 .01196 .07719 .06911 . 05919 .04104 .OS6U .02177 .004U • .00879 •.00995 ·.00870 • . 00723 ·.00596• . 00495 - . 00353 -.00261 • .00201
2 .05279 .05348 .04994 .06614 . 04162 .03593 .03029 .02197 .01043 -.00189 •.00546 -.00589 -.00544 - . 00474
- . 00410 -.00307 •.00233 -.00183
2.$ .03576 .03673 .03459 .03263 .03014 .02762 .02406 .01927 .01188 . 00191 -.00226 -.00364 -.ooSI6 - . 00366
-.00332 -.oo263 - .oo208 •• oo166
s .02566 . 02516 .02255 .02395 .02263 .02097 .01911 .01623 .01144 .00396 -.00010 -.00192 - .00258 ·.00271·-00263 -.00223 -.00113 -.00150
4 .01493 . 01536 .01412 .01259 .01516 . 01331 .01256 .01134 . 00912 .00508 .00209 .00026. -.00076 - . 00127
-.00148 -.00153 •.00137 - . 00120
5 .01»71 .01011 .00905 . 00700 .00475 .00277 .00129 .00031 -.00030·-00066 •.00096 -.00099 -.00093
6 .00610 .00675 . 00531 .00409 . 00278 .00170 . 00088 .00030
-.00010 -.00053 -.00066 -.00070
7 .00503 .00413 . 00428 .00346 . 00251 . 00178 .00114 .00064 . 00027 - . 00020 - . 00041 -.00049
•
9
10
.00386
.00306
.00380
. 00374
. 00350
. 00291
.00267 .00246
.00291
.00247
.00213
.00229
.00203
.00176
.00174
.00163
.00149
. 00125
.00124
.00126
.00012 . 00048
.oooa .00062
.00092 .00070
.00003
.ooozo
- .00020
- .oooo5
• . 00033
- .00019
49
TABLE 3.12
FUNCrtON "G 1" (Ahlvin and Ulery, 1962)
l'/G 0.4 0.1 . 1.2 1.5 3 4 6 7 10 14
0 0.2 0.6 5 12
0 0 0 0 0 0 .31131 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0.1 0 .00315 .00102 .01951 .06612 .31405 .05555 .00165 .00159 .00023 .00007 .00003
0.2 0 .01163 .0217·7 .06441 .16214 .30474 .13592 .03060 .00614 ·.00091 .00026 .00010 .00005 .00003 .00002
0.3 0 .02301 .05475 .11072 .2U65 .29228 .11Z16 .05747 .01302 .00201 .00059
0.4 0 .03460 .07113 .1"77 .23442 .27779 .20195 .oa253 .021SS
0.5 0 .04429 .09611 .16426 .23652 .26216 .20731 .10U5 .030SS .00521 .00151 .00063 . 00030 .00016 .00009 .00004 .00002 .00001
0.6 0 .04966 .10729 .11192 .22!U9 .24574 .20496 .11541
0. 7 0 .05414 .11256 .17126 .21772 .22924 .19140 .12373 .04711
0.1 0 .05590 .11225 .16534 .20SS1 .21295 .18953 .12135
0,9 0 .05496 .10156 .15621 .11904 .19712 .17945 .21111
1 0 .05266 .10274 .US66 .17419 .11191 .161M .12745 . 06434 .01646 .00555 .002SS .00113 .00062 .00036 .00015 .00007 .00004
1.2 0 .04515 .01131 .12323 .14615 .15401 .14755 .120SS .06967 .02077 .00743 .00320. .00159 .00017 . 00051
1.5 0 .03413 .06611 .09293 .11071 .11904 .11130 .10477 .07075 .02599 .01021 .00460 .00233 .00130 .00071 .00033 .00016 .00009
2 0 .02102 .04069 .05721 .06941 .onsa .01067 .07104 .06275 .03062 .01409 .00692 .0036!1 .00212 .00129 .00055 .00027 .00015
2.5 0 .01293 .02534 .05611 .04414 .05119 .05509 .05661 .05117 .03099 .01650 .00116 .00499 .00296 .00115 . 00012. .00041 .00023
3 0 .00140 .016SS .02376 .02994 .03415 .osau .04124 .0403!1 .02116 .01745 .01022 .00610 .00376 .00241 .oouo .00057 .00032
4 0 .oosa2 .00772 .01149 .ou10 :o1764 .02004 .02271 .02475 .02215 .0163!1 .01111 .00745 .00499 .00340 .00167 .00090 .00052
5 0 .00214 .00992 .01343 .01551 .01601 .01364 .01105 .00782 .00560 .•00404 .00216 .00122 .00073
6 0 .00602 .00145 .01014 .01141 .01012 .00917 .00733 .00567 .00432 .00243 .00150 .00092
7 0 .00396 .00617 .ooaso .00142 .00770 .00656 .0055!1 .00432 .00272 .00171 .00110
I 0 .00270 .00411 .00612 .00656 .00631 .00561 .00492 .00413 .00278 .00115 .00124
.00177 .00347 .0045!1 .00515 .00515 .00485 .00451 .00381 .00274 .00192 .001SS
'
10
0
0 .00199 .00251 .00551 .00407 .00420 .00411 .oosa2 .00346
TABLE 3. 13
FUNCTION ''H" (Ahlvin and Ulery, 1962)
l'/G
0.4 0.6 0.1 1.2 1.5 2 4 6 7 I 10 12 14
11/G 0 0.2
0 2.0 1.97917 1.!11751 1.10575 1". 62553 1.27319 .93676 • 71115 .51671 .SSS15 .25200 .20045 .16626 .14315 . .12576 .09911 .08346 .07023
0.1 1.10991 1.79011 1.72116 1.61961 1."711 1.11107 .92670 .70111 .51627 .33794 .25114 .20011
0.2 1.63961 1.62061 1.56242 1.46001 1.30614 1.09996 .90091 .70074 .51SS2 .33726 .25162 .20072 .16611 .14211 .12512
0.3 1.41106 1.47044 1 . 40979 1.32442 1.19210 1.02740 .16726 .61123 .50966 ; 336SS .25124
0.4 1.35407 1.SSI02 1.21965 1.20122 1.09555 .96202 .13042 .672SS .50412
.90291 .79301 .65429 . 49721 .SS295 .24996 .19912 .16661 .14273 .12495 .09996 .01295 . 0712S
0.5 1.23607 1.22176 1.17194 1.10130 1.01512
0.6 1.13251 1.11991 1.0U50 1.02154 .94120 .14!117 .756SS .65469
0.7 1. 04131 1.03037 .99794 .91049 .87742 .10030 .72145 .61442 .41061
0.1 .96125 .95175 .92516 .87921 .82136 .75571 .61109 .595!11
0.9 .19072 .88251 .15156 .82616 .77950 .71495 .65677 .57361
.67769 .62701 .55364 .45122 .31177 .24516 .19675 .16516 .14112 .12394 .09952 .01292 .07104
1 .12145 .asoo5 .10465 .76109 • 72587
1.2 .72410 .71112 .70570 .67957 .64114 .61117 .57329 .51552 .43015 .31162 .24070 . 19520 .1636!1 .14099 .12350
.57635 .55559 .53138 .50496 .46379 .5!1172 .29945 .23495 .19053 .16199 .14058 .12211 .09876 .08270 .07064
1. 5 .60SSS .602SS .57246 .08196 .07026
2 .47214 .47022 .44512 .45656 .44502 , 45202 .41702 .5!1242 .35054 .27740 .22411 .11611 .15146 .13762 .12124 .09792
.37601 .36940 .36155 .S$243 .33698 .30913 .25550 .21201 .17891 .155!15 .13463 .11921 .09700 .08115 .06910
2.5 .SS511 .SS403 .38091 .11694 .09551 .01061 .06197
.3 .32457 .32403 .52114 .51187 .31464 .30969 .30511 .29364 .27453 . 23417 .19977 .17154 .14919 .13119
.24161 .23932 .25661 .23164 .22111 .19908 .17640 .15596 .15164 .12396 .11172 .09300 .07864 .06141
4 .24620 .24511 .24120 .25121 .07675 .06695
.19455 .11450 .17010 .15575 .14130 .1%715 .11615 .10SIS .oan5
5 .19105 .19715 .01562 .07452 ·.06522
6 .16554 .16326 .15750 .14161 .13142 .12792 .11771 .10136 .09990
.1.4077 .13699 .13097 .12404 .11620 .10143 .10101 .09SS7 .OIIt7 .07210 .06377
7 .14%17 .07100 .06928 .06200
I .U441 .12352 .12112 .11610 .11176 .10600 .09976 .09400 .08148
.10919 .10154 .10541 .10161 .09702 .09234 .08714 .08291 .07407 .06671 .05976
'10
.11079
. 09900 .09120 .09510 .09290 .01910 .oasoo .01110 .07710
,_
50 SURFACE LOAnS' ON SEKI-INFINITE MASS
3.3.2 CONICAL LOADING

Distributions of a3 down the axis (Harr and
Lovell, 1963) and ar al ong the axis (Schiffman,
1963) are shown in Figs. 3.19 and 3.20. ·
crzJp
()-2 0·3 <>-• ()-!1 ()-8 ()-7
2
/
,.- -- ~~ FIG.3.l9 Vertical stress a on axis due to
%
conical. loadinq (Rarr and Loveli, 1963).
%3 I
I Jp A~
~ z
.-~
6 l I
3.3.3 UNIFORM HORIZONTAL LOADING

As pointed out by Barber (1966), the vertical
stress due to a uniform horizontal load is the same as
the shear stress due to a uniform vertical load.
0
n.•
v•
1'\
v v-
-- -- -- .-
·•·n T.hus, these stresses
· in Section 3.3.1.
=ar be evaluated frc= the values
/: t::2;--
~
Vertical and horizontal normal stresses presented
1·0 I by Barber {1963) are reproduced in Figs. 3.21 and

3.22.
Charts for determining the normal stresses at
z any point due to horizontal loading on any shape of
0 loaded area are given in Section 3.6.
General expressions and tabulated values for all
Aflh:Jp- stresses, strains and displacements are given in
Appendix B.
~
3.3.4 INWARD SHEAR LOADINGS
For uniform inWard shear on a circle, values of
3·0 a3 presented by Barber (1963) are shown in Fig.3.23.
General expressions and tabulated values for all
FIG.3.20 Radia'l stress a on axis due to c:onic:al stresses, strains and displacements are given in
loadinq (Schiffman, rl963). Appendix B.
For non- uniform inward shear on a circle, values
of a3 presented by Barber (1963) are shown- in
Figure 3.24.
CIRCULAR ARBA Sl
PIG. 3.21 Stresses due to horizontal loading on circle.

z/a•l, v-o.s. (Barber, 1963).
00 0.1 1.0
~
N
5f 0.5 FIG.3.22 MaXimum stress at different depths due to

~ horizontal loading on circle. (Barber, .1963).
q on craJcT aeo
11.0
...J 3 v'o
'0
!l 1.5
~
~2.0
~
l3 .,~ z/o = ~
5 "" r=05z r=OB2z
&- · Locus of Pont of Momun Stress
3.0
Radius of 10001<1 ~
dividad by Oolpth,% • A
FIG.3.23 Vertical stress a due to uniform inward
shear on circle (Barbei, 1963).
-o~,ro~=:~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
-O· 0 ()-!5 1·!5 2 2-!5 3
Aodlol OIStQIIQI Fran Olntrelino OllllCIOc:l by OopUI, !:z
52 SURFACE LOADS ON SEKI-INFINITE MASS
FIG.3.24 Vertical s tress a on axis due to various

shear loads on circle z (Barber, 1963).
Z : Zfa
Formula:
C'z/~·
2 2
2·4Z 2·16Z
.cz •.,J;:i2 -.;;::u2
3.3.5 UNIFORM VERTICAL LOADING ON A PERFEcrLY (r/a > l)

ROUGH C.IRCULAR AREA (Fig. 3.13)
T
ra = 0 ... (3.16b)
This problem was considered by Schiffman (1968),

who obtained general solu~ions for stresses and dis- The radial distribution ~f Trz beneath the surface
placemenu. of the circle is shown in Fig.3.26 for various values
of 'Q,
Along the axis, the stresses are as follows:
The surfac.e displacements are as follows:
s/1
a
z
= p[l - {
1
+ ~)1
} - 11~ K2 (0,~J]
a o a
1 z (3.1Sa) Pz = pa(~+v) [4(1-vJE(r/aJ - (~:;"12 •
;1 - (~J11 (r/a < 1) ••• (3.17a)
P = 4p(1-v2 )'l' [Et~J - ('l'2-a2 J K(~J]

-n{(1+v)K~ (0, ~) - 2~ K~ (0~~)}]
z ~E 'l' 'l' r
(r/a > l) (3.17b)
(3.1Sb)
(r/a < 1) (3.17c)
T = 0 (3.1Sc)
rz
rihere K1 (O,z/a) • 1271f[tan-1 (a/z) - z/a ]
0 (1+(~2) (l+V)(1-2v)pa [.!:. si£ 1 ~) + (1 + ~~]
Eli a 'l' 'l'
(r/a > lJ (~.17d)
The distributions of ar and az along the where K(k) is the complete elliptic integral of the
axis are shown in Figs. 3.2Sa and 3.2Sb for v:=O and first kind,
0. S. Also shown are the corresponding distributions E(k) is the complete elliptic integral of the
for a frictionless or smooth surface. For v:=O. 5, second kind.
friction has no influence on the stresses.
Along the surface (z=O) , the shear stress is Surface displacement profiles are shown in Fig.
3.27 for both a frictionless and fully rough circular
areas. For V=O. 5, friction has no influence on
(1-2\1) pr displacement.
Tra = (r/a < 1) ... (3.16a)
(1-v)Tr la2-r2
The influence of v on the central vertical
surface displacement is shown in Fig.3.28.
53
RocSiol Oistonce r/o

02 04 0& 08
-f /
V;
Adllllsion(V•O~v
/
F'ric:tioniU$
1·0 $ut10CII -
~ I(OIIV)I
/ Mhesion (V• 0 ·5) _
-~~
2·0
v ~p
s
p 0 ·4t---1----l---~~-4l-4--'-l
! UUIIIU ,.
3·0
I
z
1'/0•0 ~
_ _.ai.IJ!IL.Lii!-I*I..IIIL.L
I P_ _ ,.
0 ·6
~
~/0 • 0
5 •0
I FIG.3.26 Distribution of shear stress T
surface (Schiffman, 1968). rz
along
(a) Vertical. stress a

%
Radial Distance rf o
CTj/p 3·0
1•0 2·0
0 02 04 06 0·8 1·0
Adi~~
I,; (V•OSur1oca l I ............::: t=
(V• O) F'l'ictlonlus 0 ·2
v
~
I Surfoca (V•05) -
v y.dheslon (V •0·51
1·0 -~; v
II I 0 •6
~IC$$.1/
I/! I
I
SurfOCC'\
(Va0-5)
I I
I
i
~
IUUUUP ,. Alm fJ
t-- (V•O·~
I
I
! t-¥1
lllllllllp
1'/0•0
lz
VA
I
! ~/0· 0 ,-
i
I
I I
I
1·4
v VI t- F'rictiOntC55
Surfoca (V• O)
I
~I
'
I I 1·8
I 2·0
/
(b) Radial. stress ar 2·2
FIG.3.25 Distribution of stress on axis of circle. FIG. 3.27 Vertical displacelllllnt profile along surface.
(Schiffman, 1968). (Schiffman, 1968).
54 SURFACE LO/IDS ON SEJII-INPINITB lfASS
Beneath the corner of the rectangle (see Fig.

Fl::>isson's Rotio v 3.29), Holl (1940) gives the following expressions
0·1 0·2 0·3 04 OS for stresses for v = 0.5:
~
IIlii II II p r
I (3.18a)
l
%
rfo•O
(3.18b)
1·6 z/o•O - (3.18c)
(3.18d)
1·7
\. I (3 . 18e)
~f'---.. . /
/ L[
2 1 + -z
11" : R3
1 +· -1 ) ]
- z(-
R1 R2
• • • (3.18f)
,._
where R1 = (t 2 +z 2 )~
1·8 R2 = (b 2+z 2 )~
FIG.3.28 Influence of v on pz at surface on axis. R3 = (t 2+b 2+z 2 )~
(Schiffman, 1968) .
Influence factors for the norm3l stresses have
been presented by Giroud (1970). These stresses are
expressed as fol l ows:
3.3.6 OTHER TYPES OF LOADING
Under the corners:
(~) Parabolic loading - see Harr and Lovell
(1963) and Schiffman (1963). (3.19a)
0
z = PKo
(ii) Linearly varying vertical stress
- see Appendix B. ex "' p (Kz- (1-2V)K~] (3.19b)
(iii) Linearly varying torsional stress
- see Appendix B. cy - p (Lz- (1-2vJLh (3.19c)
The influence factors K0 (: I in Fig.3.30J, Kt,~!,

L2 ,L2 are reproduced in Tables 3.14 to 3.18.
Influence factors for Oz beneath the corner are
3.4 Loading on a Rectangular Area shown in Fig.3.30(Fadum, 1948). For points other
than the corner, the principle of superposition may
3.4.1 UNIFORM VERTICAL LOADING be employed. ·
Beneath the corner of a rectangle (see Fig.3 . 29),
Harr (1966) quotes the following expression for
vertical displacement at depth z:
(3 . 20)
Uniform vartlcol
strass pfunlt orczo. where A
/1 .+ m~ + n~ + 1 )
+ m1 in/ 2 2
1 + m1 + n1 - 1
FIG.3.29
RECTANGUlAR AREA 55
)'ABLE 3.14
VAWES OF Ko (Giroud, 1970)
o/E 0 0.1 0.2 1/3 0.4 0.5 2/3 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 5 10 CD
z/R.
0 0. 000 0.250 0 . 250 0.250 0.250 0.250 0.250 0. 250 0.250 0.250 0. 250 0 . 250 0. 250 0.250 0.250
0.2 0.000 0.137 0.204 0.234 0.240 0.244 0. 247 0.249 0.249 0.249 0.249 0.249 0 . 249 0.249 0.249
0.4 0.000 0.076 0.136 0.187 0. 202 0.218 0. 231 0.240 0 .243 0.244 0.244 0.244 0 . 244 0 .244 0.244
0.5 0.000 0.061 0.113 0.164 0.• 181 0.200 0.218 0.232 0.238 0.239 0.240 0.240 0.240 0 .240 0.240
0.6 0. 000 0.051 0.096 0.143 0.161 0.182 0. 204 0.223 0.231 0.233 0.234 0.234 0.234 0.234 0.234
0.8 0.000 0.037 0.071 0.111 0.127 0.148 0.173 0.200 0.214 0.218 0.219 0.220 0. 220 0.220 0.220
1 0.000 0.028 0.055 0.087 0.101 0.120 0.145 0.175 0.194 0.200 0.202 0 . 203 0.204 0.205 o:2os
1.2 0.000 0.022 c.043 0.069 0.081 0.098 0.121 0.152 0.173 0.182 0.185 0 .187 0.189 0.189 0.189
1.4 0.000 0 . 018 0.035 0.056 0.066 0.080 0.101 0.131 0 . 154 0.164 0.169 0.171 0.174 0 . 174 0.174
1.5 0.000 0.016 0. 031 0.051 0.060 0 . 073 0.092 0.121 0.145 0.156 0.161 0.164 0.166 0 . 167 0.167
1.6 0.000 0.014 0.028 0.046 0.055 0 . 067 0. 085 0.112 0.136 0.148 0.154 0.157 0.160 0.160 0.160
1.8 0.000 0 . 012 0.024 0 . 039 0 . 046 0. 056 0.072 0.097 0.121 0.133 0.140 0. 143 0.147 0.148 0.148
2 0.000 0.010 0. 020 0.033 0.039 0.048 0.061 0.084 0 . 107 0.120 0 . 127 0. 131 0 . 136 0 . 137 0.137
2.5 0.000 0.007 0.013 0.022 0. 027 0 . 033 0.043 0.060 0.080 0. 093 0.1Ql 0.106 0.113 0. 115 0.115
3 0.000 0.005 0.010 0.016 0.019 0 . 024 0.031 0.045 0.061 0.073 0.081 0.087 0.096 0.099 0.099
4 0.000 0.003 0 . 006 0.009 0.011 0.014 0.019 0.027 0.038 0. 048 0. 055 0.060 0 . 071 0.076 0 . 076
s 0.000 0.002 0 . 004 0.006 0.007 0.009 0.012 0.018 0. 026 0.033 0.039 0.043 0.055 0 . 061 0.062
10 0.000 0.000 0.001 0. 002 0. 002 0.002 0.003 0.005 · 0.007 0.009 0.011 0.013 0.020 0.028 0.032
15 0. 000 0.000 0.000 0. 001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.004 0.005 0.006 0.010 0.016 0.021
20 0.000 o.ooo 0.000 o.ooo 0.000 0 . 001 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.002 0.003 0.004 0.006 0.010 0.016
so 0.000 0.000 o.ooo 0.000 0.000 0.000 o.ooo 0.000 0.000 0. 000 0.000 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.006
TABLE 3.15
VAWES OF K2 (Giroud, 1970)
0 0.1 0. 2 1/3 0. 4 0.5 2/3 1 1. 5 2 2.5 3 s 10 CD
z/1.
0 0. 000 0.250 0.250 0 . 250 0.250 0.250 0.250 0.250 0.250 0.250 0.250 0.250 0.250 0 . 250 0.250
0.2 0.000 0 . 069 0.116 0.149 0. 159 0.169 0.177 0 . 184 0.187 0.188 0 . 188 0.188 0 . 188 0.188 0.188
0.4 0. 000 0.031 0.058 0.085 0.095 0.106 0.118 0.128 0.133 0.134 0. 134 0.134 0 . 135 0.135 0.135
0.5 0. 000 0.022 0.043 0.064 0. 073 0.083 0.094 0.105 0.110 0.112 0.112 0.112 0.113 0 .113 0 . 113
0.6 0.000 0 . 017 0.032 0.049 0.056 0.065 0.075 0. 086 0 . 091 0.093 0.093 0.094 0 . 094 0.094 0.094
0.8 0.000 0.009 0.018 . 0.029 0.034 0.040 0.047 0 . 057 0.062 0.064 0 . 064 0.065 0.065 0.065 0.065
1 0.000 0.006 O.Oll 0.018 0.021 0.025 0.030 0.037 0.042 0.044 0.045 0 . 045 0.045 0 .045 0 . 045
1.2 0.000 0. 003 0.007 0.011 0.013 0.016 0.020 0. 025 0.029 0.031 0. 032 0.032 0 . 032 0.032 0.032
1.4 0.000 0 , 002 0. 004 0.007 0.008 0.010 0.013 0.017 0.020 0.022 0. 023 0 . 023 0.023 0.023 0.023
1.5 0.000 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.007 0.008 0.011 0.014 0.017 0. 019 0.019 0.020 0.020 0.020 0 . 020
1.6 0.000 0.001 0.003 o.oos 0.006 0.007 0.009 0 . 012 0 . 015 0.016 0.017 0.017 0.017 0.017 0.017
1.8 0.000 0.001 0. 002 0.003 0.004 0.005 0.006 0.008 0. 011 0.012 0.012 0.013 0.013 0.013 0.013
2 0. 000 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.003 0. 004 0.006 0.008 0.009 0.009 0. 010 0.010 0.010 0.010
2.5 0.000 0 . 000 0.001 0.001 0.001 0 . 002 0.002 0.003 0.004 0.005 0.005 0.005 0 . 006 0.006 0.006
3 0.000 0.000 0 . 000 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.002 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003
4 0. 000 0.000 0. 000 0 . 000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0. 001 0.002 0.002
s 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 o.ooo 0. 001 0.001 0.001 0 . 001 0.001
10 0.000 0 . 000 0.000 o . ooo 0.000 0. 000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 o.ooo 0.000 0 . 000 0.000
15 0. 000 o.ooo 0.000 0.000 0.000 o.ooo 0.000 0.000 0. 000 0 . 000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
20 0. 000 0.000 0.000 o.ooo · o.ooo 0.000 0. 000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 o.ooo 0.000 ·o. ooo 0 . 000
so 0.000 o.ooo 0. 000 o.ooo 0.000 0. 000 0.000 0 . 000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0 . 000 0 . 000 0.000 0.000
56 SURFACE LOADS ON SEHI-INFINI'I'E /tASS
TABLE 3.16
VALUES OF K; (Giroud, 1970)
b/1 ...
z/1 0 0.1 0.2 1/3 0. 4 0.5 2/3 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 5 10
0 o.ooo 0. 234 0 . 219 0.199 0.189 0.176 0.156 0. 125 0.094 0.074 0 . 061 0 . 051 0 . 031 0.016 0.000
0.2 0.000 0.059 0.097 0.118 0.121 0.122 0.118 0 . 103 0.082 0.067 0.056 0.048 0.030 0.016 o.ooo
0. 4 0. 000 0.026 0.048 0 . 069 0.075 0. 082 0.086 0.083 0.071 0.060 0.051 0.045 0.029 0.015 o.ooo
0.5 o.ooo 0. 019 0.036 0.054 0.060 0.067 0.073 0.074 0.066 0.056 0.049 0 . 043 0.028 0 . 015 0 . 000
0.6 0. 000 0.015 0.028 0.043 0.049 0. 056 0.062 0 . 066 0.061 0 . 053 0. 047 0.041 0.028 0.015 0.000
0.8 o.ooo 0.009 0.018 0.029 0.033 0.039 0.046-0 . 052 0.052 0.047 0.043 0.038 0.026 0.015 0 . 000
].' o.ooo 0.007 0.013 0.021 0 . 024 0.029 0 . 035
0 . 042 0. 044 0.042 0.039 0.035 0.025 0.014 o.ooo
1.2 o.ooo 0.005 0.009 0.015 0 . 018 0.022 0 . 027
0.034 0. 037 0.037 0.035 0 . 032 0.024 0. 014 0.000
1.4 0.01)0 0. 004 0.007 0.012 0 . 014 0.017 0.021 0.027 0.032 0 . 033 0 . 032 0 . 030 0.023 0.014 0.000
1.5 0.000 0.003 0.006 0.010 0 . 012 0.015 0.019 0.025 0.029 0.031 0.030 0 . 029 0.022 0 . 014 0.000
1.6 0.000 0. 003 0 . 006 0.009 0.011 0.013 0.017 0 . 023 0.027 0.029 0.028 0.027 0.022 0.013 0.000
1.8 0. 000 0.002 0 . 005 '0.007 0.009 .0.011 0 . 014
0.019 0.024 0.025 0.026 0.025 0.021 0.013 o.ooo
2 0.000 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.007 0.009 0.012 0.016 0.020 0.023 0 . 023 0. 023 0.020 0.013 o.ooo
2.5 0 . 000 0.001 0.002 0 . 004 0. 005 . 0-.006 0.008 0.011 0.015 0.017 0. 018 0 . 019 0 . 017 0.012 0.000
3 0.000 0.001 0.002 0 . 003 0.003 0.004 0.006 0.008 0. 011 0.013 0. 015 0.015 0.015 0.011 0.000
4 v.OOO o.ooo 0.001 0.002 0 . 002 0. 002 0.003 0.005 0.007 0.008 0. 010 0.011 0.012 0.010 0.000
5 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.002 0.003 0.004 0 . 006 0.007 0.008 0.009 0.009 0.000
10 0 . 000 0. 000 0.000 0.000 o.ooo 0.000 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.002 0 . 002 0.003 0. 005 0.000
15 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0. 000 0 . 000
0 . 000 0.001 0 . 001 0.001 0. 001 0.002 0 . 003 0.000
20 0.000 0.000 o.ooo 0. 000 0 . 000 0. 000 o.ooo 0. 000 0.000 0 . 000 0.000 0.001 0.001 0. 002 0 . 000
so o.ooo 0.000 0.000 o.ooo o.ooo 0.000 0.000 0.000 0. 000 0.000 0 . 000 0.000 0 . 000 o.ooo 0.000
TABLE 3.17
VALUES OF L2 {Giroud, 1970)
bit
z/1 0 0. 1 0. 2 1/3 0.4 0.5 2/3 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 5 10 Cl)
0 o.ooo 0.250 0.250 0.250 0.250 0.250 0.250 0.250 0.250" 0.250 0.250 0 . 250 0 . 250 0.250 0.250
0.2 0.000 0.010 0.045 0. 094 0.112 0. 134 0.158 0.184 0. 201 0.208 0.211 0.214 0.217 0.218 0.219
0.4 0.000 0.002 0 . 010 0. 032 0.045 0. 064 0.091 0.128 0. 156 0.169 0.176 0.179 0.186 0.188 0.189
0.5 o.ooo 0.001 0 . 006 0 . 020 0. 029 0.044 0.068 0.105 0.136 0.151 0.159 0.164 0.172 0.175 0.176
0.6 o.ooo 0.000 0.003 0.013 0.019 0.031 0.051 0.086 0. 118 0.134 0.144 0.149 0. 158 0. 163 0. 164
0.8 o.ooo 0.000 0.001 0.006 0.009 0.016 0.029 . 0.057 0.087 0. 106 0.117 0 . 124 0. 135 0 . 141 0. 143
1 0.000 0.000 0.001 0. 003 0.005 0.009 0.017 0.037 0 . 0640. 083 0.095 0.103 0.116 0.123 0.125
1. 2 0 . 000 0. 000 0.000 0.002 0.003 0. 005 0.011 0.025 0.047 0.065 0.077 0.085 0.100 0. 108 0 . 111
1.4 o.ooo 0.000 0.000 .0 . 001 0.002 0.003 0.007 0 . 017 0 . 0350.051 0.062 0 . 071 0.087 0.095 0 . 099
1.5 0.000 0.000 o.ooo 0.001 0.001 0. 003 0 . 005 0 . 014 0.030 0.045 0. 056 0.064 0.081 0.090 0.094
1.6 0.000 0. 000 0.000 0. 001 0.001 0.002 0 . 004 0.012 0.026 0.040 0.051 0 . 059 0.076 0.085 0. 089
1.8 0.000 0.000 0. 000 0.000 0 . 001 0.001 0.003 0.008 0.020 0.031 0 . 041 0 . 049 0 . 066 0.077 0 . 081
2 0.000 0.000 o.ooo 0.000 0 . 001 0. 001 0.002 0.006 0.015 0.045 0.034 0.041 0.058 0 . 069 0.074
2.5 0.000 0.000 0 . 000 o.ooo 0.000 0.000 0.001 0 . 003 0.008 0.014 0 . 021 0.027 0.043 0 . 055 0 . 061
3 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0 .000 0. 000 0 . 000 0.002 0.004 0.008 0.013 0.018 0.032 0.045 0 . 051
4 o.ooo . 0.000 o.ooo 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0. 001 0.002 0.003 0.006 0.008 0.018 0.031 0.039
5 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0. 000 0 . 000 o.ooo 0.000 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.004 0.011 0.022 0 . 031
10 0.000 o.ooo 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 o.oo.o 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.006 0.016
15 o.ooo 0.000 0.000 o.ooo o.ooo 0.000 0.000 0 . 000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0 . 000 0 . 000 0.002 0.011
20 o.ooo 0.000 0 .000 0.000 0 . 000 0.000 0 . 000 o.ooo o.ooo 0 . 000 o.ooo 0 . 000 0.000 0.001 0.008
so 0.000 o.ooo 0.000 0.000 o.ooo 0.000 0. 000 0.000 0.000 0 . 000 0 . 000 0 .000 0.000 0.000 0.003
RECTIINGULAR AREA 5'1
TABLE 3.18
VALUES OF L~ (Giroud, 1970)
z/1 0 0.1 0. 2 1/3 0.4 0.5 2/3 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 s 10 ...
0 0.000 0.016 0.031 0.051 0.0610.074 0.094 0.125 0.176
0.156 0 . 189 0.199 0 . 219 0.234 0.250
0.2 0.000 0.013 0.025 0.041 0.0490.060 0.076 0.103 0.130
0.148 0.160 0.169 0.188 0.203 0.219
0.4 0.000 0.010 0.020 0.032 0.0390.047 0.061 0.083 0.122
0.106 0.133 0.141 0.159 0 . 174 0.189
0. 5 0.000 0.009 0.017 0.029 0.0340.042 0.054 0.074 0.096 ·
0 .111 0.121 0 . 129 0.146 0.161 0.176
0. 6 0.000 0.008 0.015 0.025 0.0300.037 0.048 0.066 0.086
0.100 0.110 0.118 0 . 134 0.149 0.164
0.8 0.000 0.006 0.012 0.020 0.0230.029 0.037 0.052 0.082
0.069 0.091 0.098 0.114 0.127 0.143
1 0. 000 o.oos 0.009 0.015 0.0180.023 0.029 0.042 0.067
0.056 0.075 0.082 0.097 0. 110 0 . 125
1.2 0.000 0.004 0.001 0.012 0.0150.018 0.024 0.034 0.046
0.056 0.063 0.069 0.083 0.096 0 . 111
1.4 0.000 0.003 0.006 0.010 0.0120.015 0.019 0.027 0.038
0.046 0.053 0.058 . 0.072 0.084 0.099
1.5 0.000 0.003 0.005 0.009 0.0110.013 0.017 0.025 0.035
0 . 043 0. 049 0.054 0.067 0.079 0 . 094
1.6 0.000 0.002 0.005 0 . 008 0.0100.012 0.016 0.023 0.039
0.032 0.045 0.050 0.062 0 . 074 0.089
1.8 0.000 0.002 0. 004 0.007 0.0080 . 010 0 . 013 0.019 0.033
0 . 027 0 . 039 0.043 0.055 0.066 0.081
2 0.000 0.002 0.003 0.006 0.0070.008 0.011 0.016 0.023
0.029 0.033 0.038 0.048 0.059 0.074
2. 5 0.000 0.001 0.002 0.004 o.oos 0.006 0.007 0 . 011 0.020
0.016 0.024 0 . 027 0. 036 0.047 0.061
3 0. 000 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.003 0.004 0.00~ 0.008 0.012
0.015 0.018 0.021 0.028 0.038 0.051
4 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.0030.002 0.002 0.002 0.005 0.007
0 . 009 0.011 0.013 0.018 0.026 0.039
5 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.0020 . 001 0.001 0.002 0.003 o.oos 0.006 0.007 0.009 0.013 0.019 0.031
10 o.ooo o.ooo o.ooo · o.ooo o.ooo 0.001
0.000 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.004 0.007 0.016
.15 0.000 o.ooo O.QOO 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.003 o'.Oll
20 o.ooo 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 o.ooo 0.000 0.000 o.ooo 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.()08
so 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 o.ooo 0.000 0.000 o.ooo 0.000 0.000 0.003
n1 m1
0
= - tan-1
~~
I I I II l_:s; B
21r
I II II
II
2-~ ~ nt h + mf + rlf
im• ~"z
~
0·22~ ~ :2
~ n·~ 1/ mt = 1/b
•. J II P-
:ll_
c..t n1 .. z/b
lc
- IOZ • pl
I II '(//
'//
~·
I II r// Explicit expressionS and influence factors for
0
.Note: m and n oro l~f/ the vertical displacement at the surface (z=O) have
YIAII/ / been evaluated for four points beneath the rectangle,
10·14 I tiKI. ... and for the mean displacement~ by Giroud (1968).
v
-- -1/A
IIIJ v
These influence factors are shown in Fig.3. 31 and are
tabulated in Table 3 . 19.
"""'
........ v
-- For all points,
(3.21)
--
..,.,_
where b is the length of the shorter side
~ M is the centre of the longer side
I( N the centre of the shorter side
0 ).01 3 456 80.1 2 1.0 ~.0
' C the corner
n
0 the centre oft the rectangle

FIG.3.30 Vertical stress beneath corner of uniformly
loaded rectangle. (Fadum, 1948). m the mean
58 SURPACE LOADS ON SEHI-INFINITB MASS
TABLE 3.19
INFLUENCE FACTORS FOR VERTICAL SURFACE DISPLACEMENI' BENEATII RECTANGLE
(Giroud, 1968)
.t .t
m a=b Ic
a=F I c. Il1· IN. Io. I IM IN Io I
m
1 0. 561 0.766 0.766 1.122 0. 946 15 1. 401 2.362 1.621 2.802 2.498
1.1 0.588 0.810 0.795 1.176 0.992 20 1.493 2.544 1.713 2.985 2.677
1.2 0.613 0.852 0. 822 1.226 1.035 25 1.564 2.686 1.784 3.127 2.817
1.3 0.636 0.892 0.84'7 1.273 1.075 30 1.622 2. 802 1.842 3.243 2.932
1.4 0.658 0.930 0.870 1.317 1.112 40 1.713 2.985 1.934 3.426 3.113
1.5 0.679 0.966 0.892 1.358 1.148 so 1.784 3.127 2.005 3.568 3.254
1.6 0.698 1.000 0.912 1.396 1.181 60 1.842 3.243 2.063 3.684 3.370
1.7 0.716 1.033" 0.931 1.433 1.213 70 1.891 3.341 2.112 3.783 3.467
1.8 0.734 1.064 0.949 1.467 1.244 80 1.934 3.426 2.154 3.868 3.552
1.9 0.750 1.094 0. 966 1.500 1.273 90 1.971 3.501 2.192 3.943 3.627
2 0.766 1.122 0.982 1.532 1.300 100 2.005 3.568 2.225 4.010 3.693
2.2 0.795 1.176 1.012 1.590 1.353 200 2.225 4 . 010 2.446 4. 451 4.134
2.4 0.822 1.226 1.039 1. 644 1.401 300 2.355 4. 268 2.575 4.709 4.391
2.5 0.835 1.250 1.052 1.669 1.424 400 2.446 4.451 2.667 4.892 4.574
3 0. 892 1.358 1.110 1.783 1.527 500 2.517 4.593 2.738 5. 034 4.717
3. 5 0.940 1.450 1.159 1.880 1.616 600 2. 575 4.709 2.796 5.150 4.833
4 0.982 1. 532 1.20i . 1.964 1.694 700 2.624 4.807 2.845 5.248 4.931
4. 5 1.019 1.604 1.239 2.038 1.763 800 2.667 4.892 2.887 5.333 5.015
5 1.052 1.669 1.272 2.105 1.826 900 2.704 4. 967 2.925 5.408 5.092
6 1.110 1.783 1.330 2.220 1.935 103 2.738 5.034 2. 958 5.476 5.158
7 1.159 1.880 1.379 2.318 2.028 10 .. 3. 471 6.500 3.691 6.941 6.623
8 1. 201 1.964 1.422 2.403 2.110 10 5 4.204 7.966 4.424 8 . 407 8. 089
9 1.239 2.038 1.459 2.477 2.182 10 6 4.937 9.432 5.157 9.874 9.555
10 1.272 2.105 1.493 2.544 2.246 ... ... ... ... ... ...
For a point on the centre-line of the rectangle ,

1 5 10 15 20 distance : from the centre (Fig. 3.32), Giraud (1969)
0
II I II I I IMI lei II I I I I I I IIa•\ e() N
gives the following expression for the horizontal
,.;;,w....~o.'""""
.... -&~,. .... <JJ:'•----·- n-•
,. ... ,. ,•.
A.;cn l<:~,.,.,.Yft Pinf"
" .
·~
1\'
~
'\
' ·-
r...
~
-r-
-t- ~
Ic
IN
p
:
= (1+'J){1 - 2v) pR. [lL tn 4(R......:J2.+b2.
2TrE
:
21 4:~ b2.
b _;:; b 1
I J
"""
r-.. I I
~
+ 2(1 - rJarctan 2(1.-:) - t:t arctan 2:
2
"" ......
...... i'~
xJ
3
.......
....
I'
-~
~
:--;- .....
I I
-- t--
r- -~
From this expression,the solution for P:
•• • (3.21)
beneath the corner of a rectangle of proportions

may be obtained by taking half the value of' P:
zg.
I obtained from eqllation (3 .21) when :~;=1.•
10 100 103
4~-H~~~~~#-~~~~~~-H~
I "I
5~-H~~~r+~~~~~~~~~
6~~~+-~~-H~~~ b/C?Z :!< /
7~~~+-~~-H~~~~
8~-H~+-H+r+-H#-~~-r~~~+H
LL_----1/L.. X
9~-H~~~r+~H-~~~~~~CH
101~~~._u.~~~~~~~U-~~
/ '
FIG.3.3l Influence factors for vertical surface FIG.3.32
displaceme.nt beneath rectanqle. (Giroud; 1968) .
RECXIINGULIIR AREA 59
At the corners
(l-v2JpR. I
3.4.2 LINEARLY VARYING VERTICAL LOADING
p
z -= E c if b~R. (3.24a)
(Fig. 3.33) .
or if ~b (3.24b)
= ~
1f
[a - IJ.+a2 + R.n. l + a~]
and a= b/R.
I' =
c
!{ !. + ll+a2
1f .a a
+ R.n~a + h+atJ]
·
and a= 1./b (3. 24d)
At N.
FIG. 3. 33
._.. (3. 24e)
or
The normal stresses are expressed as follows by (l-v2Jpb I '
Giroud (1970) : if ~b (3.24£)
E N
Pz = 0 at points M and 0 (3.24g)
Under the corners :

TABLE 3.20
C1 = & p Mo (3 . 22a) INFWENCE FACTORS FOR VERTICAL SURFACE DISPLACEMENT
z
DUE TO LINEARLY VARYING COMPRESSION TO TENSION
(3 . 22b) LOADING (Giroud. 1968)
C1
:J: = & p[ M2 - (l-2vJMiJ
b~R. R.~b
1
= & q[ N2 - (l~2v)N2) (3. 22c) I' I'
ay b/R. Ic IN R./b I'
c I'
N R./b
c N
Under the centre: C1

z = 0 (3 . 23a) 1 0.149 0.263 1 0.149 0.263 15 0.785 0.995
1.084
1. 1 0.150 0.269 1. 1 0. 162 0.282 20 0. 872
a:& = 0 (3.23b) 1. 2 0. 151 0.• 274 1.2 0.174 0.300 25 0.940 1. 154
1. 211
1.3 0. 152 0.279 1.3 0. 187 0.317 30 0.995
ay = 0 (3.23c) 1.4 0. 153 0. 282 1.4 0.198 0.334 40 1 084 1. 301
1.5 0 ~ 154 0. 286 1. 5 0. 210 0. 349 so 1. 154 1 ~ 371
1. 6 0.154 0. 289 1.6 0.221 0. 364 60 1. 211 1. 429
where & =+l at C1 and cL and, 1.7 0.155 0.291 1.7 0.232 0.379 70 1.259 1. 478
1 1.8 0.155 0.294 1.8 0.243 0.392 80 1.301 1. 520
-l at C2 and C2, 1. 9 0.156 0.296 1.9 0.253 0.406 90 1.338 1. 557
Mo,M2,MLN2_.ni are influence 2 0.156 0.297 2 0.263 0.418 100 1.371 1. 590
2.2 0. 157 0.300 2.2 0.282 0.442 200 1.590 1.810
factors which are given in 2.4 0.157 0. 303 2.4 0.300 0. 465 300 1.719 1.939
Tables 3.21 -io-3.25. 2.5 0.157 0.304 2. 5 0.309" 0.475 400 1.810 2.031
3 0.158 0.308 3 0.349 0. 524 500 1.881 2.101
Influence factors for the vertical surface dis- 3.5 0.158 0.310 3. 5 0. 386 0.566 600 1.939 2.159
placement beneath various points have been obtained by 4 0.158" 0.312 4 0.418 0. 603 700 1.988 2. 208
Giroud (1968). and are tabulated in Table 3.20. 4.5 0.159 0.313 4. 5 0. 448 0. 636 800 2.031 2. 251
Explicit expressions for the displacements are given 5 0.159 0.314 5 0.475 0.666 900 2.068 2.288
by Giroud. 6 0. 159 0.315 6 0. 524 0.719 103- 2.101 2.322
7 0. 159 0.316 7 0. 566 0.765 10" 2.834 3.055
8 0. 159 0.317 8 0. 603 0.804 10 5 3.567 3. 788
10 0. 159 0.317 9 0. 636 0. 840 10 6 4.300 4.521
CD 0. 159 0. 318 10 0. 666 0.872 CD CD :D
RECTANGULAR AREA 61
TABLE 3.23
VALUES OF M~
(Giroud, 1970)
R.
zl.t 0 0.1 0. 2 1/3 0.4 0.5 ·2/3 1 1.5 2 2.S 3 s 10 co
0 0.000 0.161 0.11S 0.077 0.063 0.048 0.031 0.015 0.006 0 . 003 0.002 0.001 0.000 0 . 000 0.000
0. 2 0.000 0.026 0.037 0.036 0.033 0.028 0.021 0.011 0.005 0.002 0.001 0.001 0.000 0.000 0 . 000
0 .4 0.000 0.007 0.012 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.012 0.008 0.004 0.002 0.001 0.001 0.000 0.000 0 . 000
o.s 0. 000 0.004 0.008 0.010 0. 010 0.010 0.009 0 . 006 0.003 0.002 0.001 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.000
0.6 0.000 0.003 0.005 0.007 0.007 0.008 0.007 0.005 0.003 0.002 · 0.001 0.001 0.000 o.ooo 0 .000
0.8 0.000 0.001 0 . 002 0.003 0.004 0.004 0.004 0.003 0.002 0.001.;, 0.001 0.001 o.ooo 0.000 0.000
1 0.000 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0. 001 0 . 001 o.ooo 0.000 0.000 0.000
1.2 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.002 0.001 0.001 0.001 o.ooo 0.000 0.000 o.ooo
1.4 0.000 0.000 o.ooo 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0. 001 0.001 0.001 0.000 0.000 0 . 000 0.000
l.S 0. 000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.000 0 . 000 0.000 o . ooo o.ooo
1.6 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0 .000 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0 . 000 0 . 000 0.000 0.000 0.000
1.8 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.001· 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
2 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0 . 000 0.000 0.000 0 . 000 0.000 0.000 0.000 G-:000 0.000
2.S 0.000 0.000 0 .000 0.000 0.000 o.ooo 0.000 0.000 0 . 000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 o.ooo 0. 000
3 0.000 0.000 0.000 o.ooo 0.000 o.ooo 0.000 0.000 0 . 000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 o.ooo
4 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0. 000 0.000 0.000 0.000 o.ooo 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
s 0.000 0.000 0.000 o.ooo 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
10 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 o.ooo 0.000 o.ooo o . ooo 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
1S 0. 000 0.000 o.ooo 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 o·.ooo 0.000 0.000 o.ooo 0.000 0 . 000 0.000 . 0.000
20 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0 . 000 0.000 o.ooo 0.000 0.000 o.ooo o.ooo
so 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 o.ooo 0. 000 0.000 0.000 0 . 000 o.ooo 0.000 0.000 0 . 000 0.000
<.
TABLE 3.24
VALUES OF N2
{Giroudz 1972}
b/1 0.4 o.s 2/3 1 1.5 ·2.S
z/R.. 0 0.1 0.2 1/3 2 3 5 10 co
0 0.000 o.2SO 0.2SO 0.250 0.2SO 0.2SO 0.2SO 0.250 0.2SO 0.250 0 . 2SO 0.2SO 0.2SO 0.2SO 0.2SO
0.2 0.000 0.008 0.034 0.067 0.078 0.090 0.101 0.110 0.114 0.114 0.11S 0.115 0.115 0.11S 0.115
0.4 0.000 0.001 0.006 0.018 0.024 0.033 0. 044 0.056 0.061 0.062 0.063 0.063 0.063 0.063 0.063
o.s o.poo o.ooo 0.003 0.010 0.014 0.020 0.029 0.040 0.04S 0.047 0.048 0 . 048 0.048 0 . 048 0.048
0.6 0.000 0.000 0.002 0.006 0 . 008 0.013 0.019 0.028 0.034 0.036 0.036 ·o.037 0.037 0.037 0.037
0.8 o.ooo 0.000 0.000 0.002 0.003 o.oos 0.009 0.015 0.019 0.021 0.022 0 .022 0.023 0.023 0.023
1 0.000 o.ooo 0.000 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.004 0.008 0.011 0.013 0.014 0.014 0.015 0.01S 0 .015
1.2 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.004 0.007 0.008 . 0.009 0.009 0.010 0.010 0.010
. 1.4 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 .0.001 0.002 0 . 004 o.oos 0.006 O.Q06 0.007 0 . 007 0.007 I
1.5 0.000 o.ooo o.ooo 0.000 0.000 o.ooo 0. 001 0.002 0.003 0 . 004 0.005 0.005 0.006 0.006 0.006
1.6
1.8
2
0.000
0.000
o.ooo
o.ooo
0.000
o.ooo
o.ooo
0. 000
0.000
o.ooo 0.000
0 . 000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000
0.000
o.ooo
0.001
0.000
o.ooo
0.001
0.001
0.000
0.003 0 . 004
0.002 0.002
0.001 0 . 002
0.004
0.003
0 .002
0.004
0.003
0.002
0.005
0.004
0.003
0.005
0.004
0.003
0.005
0.004
0.003
I
. 2. 5 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 o.ooo 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.001 o.ooi 0.001 0 . 001 0.002
3 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 o.ooo 0.000 0.000 o.ooo 0.000 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001
4 0.000 o.ooo 0. 000 0.000'- 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 o.ooo 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 o.ooo o.ooo
5 o .ooo 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 o.ooo o.ooo 0.000 0.000 0 . 000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
10 0.000 o.ooo 0.000 o.ooo -o.ooo 0.000 0.000 0. 000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0 . 000 0.000' 0.000 0.000
r5 0.000 o.ooo 0.000 0 . 000 0.000 -0.000 o.ooo -0.000 o.ooo o . ooo 0.000 0.000 0.000 o.ooo o. ooo
20 0.000 o.ooo 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 o.ooo · 0.000 0.000 o.ooo 0.000
so 0.000 o.ooo 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -0.000 0.000 o.ooo· -o.ooo 0 •.000 0.000 o.ooo 0.000 0.000
.I
1.
r.
I:
l
I
62 SURFACE LOADS ON SEHI-INFINI'l'E MASS
TABLE3.25
VALUES OF N~
(Giroud, 1970)
z/1 0 0.1 0.2 1/3 0.4 0.5 2/3 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 5 10 CD
0 0.000 0. 039 0.135 0.173 0.187 0.202 0 . 219

0.235 0.244 0.247 0.248 0 . 249 0.250
0.250 0.250
0.2 0.000 0.022 0.042 0.062 0.010 0.079 0.103
0.091 0.110 0.112 0 . 113 0.114 0~115
0.115 0.115
0.4 o.ooo 0.009 0.018 0.028 0 . 033 0.038 0.045
0.054 0 . 059 0. 061 0.062 0 . 063 0.063
0.063 0.063
0.5 0.000 0.006 0.013 0.020 0.023 0.027 0.040
0.033 0.044 0. 046 0 . 047 0 .047 0.048
0.048 0.048.
0.6 0.000 0.005 0.009 0.014 0 .017 0.020 0.024
0.029 0.033 0. 035 0.036 0.036 0.031
0.031 0.037
0.8 0.000 0.002 0.005 0.008 0.009 0.011 0.013
0.017 0.020 0 . 021 0.022 0.022 0 . 023
0.023 0.023
1 0.000 0 . 001 0.003 0.004 0.005 0.006 0.008
0.010 0.012 0.013 0.014 0 .014 0 .015
0.015 0.015
1.2 0.000 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.003 0.004 0.006
0.005 0.008 0.009 0.009 0.009 0.010
0.010 0.010
1.4 0.000 0. 000 0.001 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.004
0.003 0.005 0.006 0 .006 0.006 0.001
0.001 0.007
1.5 o.ooo 0.000 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.002 0.003
0.002 0.004 0.005 0. 005 0.005 0.006
0.006 0.006
1.6 o.ooo 0.000 0.001 0. 001 0.001 0.001 0.003
0.002 0.003 0.004 0.004 0.004,., 0.005
0.005 0.005
1.8 0.000 0 . 000 0.000 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001
0.002 0.002 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.004
0.004 0.004
2 0. 000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.001 0.001
0.001 0.002 0.002 0 .002 0.002 0.003
0.003 0.003
2.5 o.ooo 0.000 o.ooo o.ooo 0 . 000 o.ooo o.ooo 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001
0.002 0.001
3 0.000 0.000 o.ooo o.ooo o.ooo 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001
0.001 0.001
4 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 o.ooo o.ooo 0.000 0.000 0.000 0 . 000 0.000 0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
5 0.000 0. 000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0. 000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
10 0.000 0.000 0.000 0. 000 0.000 o.ooo 0.000 o.ooo o.ooo o.ooo o.ooo o.ooo o.ooo 0.000
0.000
15 0.000 o.ooo o.ooo o.ooo o.ooo o.ooo 0.000 o.ooo 0.000 0.000 o.ooo 0.000 0 . 000 0.000 -0.000
20 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 o.ooo 0.000 0 . 000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -0.000
so 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0 . 000 0.000 - 0.000 0.000 0.000 - 0.000 0.000 0 . 000 0.000 0.000 -0.000
For a point at a distance =

from the edge 3.4.3 VERTICAL EMBANI:MEN1' LOADING
ctac1 on the axis . NON (Fig.3.33), Giraud (1969) (Fig.3.34)
gives the following solution for the horizontal
I
Vertical surface displacements Pz have been
displacement P:: evaluated for several points by Giraud (l968b).
Influence factors xo~ XC etc for the seven
points marked in Fig.3.34 are shown in Figs. 3.35 to
3.41. '.
- ~:r (1- =rJ (at'Ctan ]i"

.:1: b b
+ arctan 2(1-:) ) In all cases
b1 2: 2(1-=) b ] • •• (3.26)
+ TP ran:tan T + arctan - b- J - r
(3·.25)
Expressions for the influence factors KO(centre)
in Section 3,4.1, the solution for the
As and Kc(corner) are as follows :
corner of a rectangle of proportions 21/b may be
obtained by taking half the value of P.z: for :c=1.
IJ.+o.2 )
1
J
= L.[
1
K
0
£ "-
Z1r 8...,.
(at- + g_
8
Rn
a /ii;.2
+
The results in this section can be cCIIIbined with
those in Section 3.4.1 to give the results for a 1 1
I.
trapezoidal distribution of loading. For the par- (2 - 28) 1
Rn a-28 + /(2 - 28) + (a- 28)
ticular case when the loading varies linearly across
the rectangle to zero at one edge, expressions and
a 2-2a
graphs for the vertical stress are given by Gray (a-28~ 1 in 1- 28 + /(2-28) 1 + (a-28) 1
(1943,1948), expressions for the horizontal and shear 8
stresses by Ambraseys(l960) and graphs and expressions a-28
for vertical displacement by Stamatopoulos (1959).
I.
REC'l'ANGULAR A.RE.'A 63
(a-lJ 2 ~-1<1+1 · ] For the point A~
- li a Rn lzfl-2aJ 2+2fa:..2aJ 2 -4~+1

(3.27a)
= .1.. [ L Rn (2a~J + 2a2 Rn 1~
KA 211 2a a 2a
.1..[1 Rn (~) + g_2 Rn 1 + .n:;;;,z _ _ 1_ Rn hr1-28J 2+B8 2 +4B-2

21r a 8 a
u2a li.: 2
+e £n 8-a+~2+(a-8J2 (2~2) 2 lzr1-2aJ 2 +8fa-aJ 2+4B-2a-2·

2 2
1-a+la +f2-8J - 2/Za £n h(2+4a 2 J.:(l+ZaJ
_ _1_ £n ha 2 +2f1-BJ 2 + 2s-1 r2-28J 2 14a2+f2-28J 2 -2a

2a Rn . lf2-2aJ 2+4fa-aJ 2+2fB-aJ
/Za 12- 1
_ 2fa-BJ 2 Rn 2(a-BJ
_ a 2 Rn hs2 +2(a-BJ 2 +28-a
a lrl-2BJ 2 +4fa-BJ 2 +2a-1
rza a(/2-2)
ia-1) 2 12£2-8J 2+2fa-8J 2+2B-~1

- /Ze Rn lzr1-1<12 J-(2-~<XJ
.. . .(3.27c)
In the above expressions,
a= b/a
8 = a/a.
_ r~8J 2 £n l8 2 +(a-SJ 2 -B
8 /(1-BJ 2 +(a-8) 2 +B-1
+ 26 Rn(1+1i'J] (3.27b)
"' 8
o()
(
t(
v '\.
-
FIG.3.34
64 SURFACE LOAL\S ON SBHI-INPINITE MASS
10 15 20 ~0
0·5 1- - - f- - - 1-
~ 1::-....
FIG.3.35 Displacement Influence
Factors x • (Giroud, 1968) .
- - ·--· -- - - - · - ·- - - 0
'' ~ ~ 8: t::: r--
~.
~~ ~ ~ r- - 1---.:..- t::::
--
~
t:2 - t--t - ;:.: - 1-- - t- t--i>:!? f-- r--

1 ·5 "-':.: C/A•O·!S
~ ~ ~::::
~ ~ t::::: =::::: ~ 1:::- r::: - t-- 1--
2 1- ~
.......
b.. t--
~ t2F: r:::- ;:.:I==: - t-- -
- - .. - F= -- O·~
0·35
t t:::- r---I=:
0 ·3
~ f--<!:....~
-
2·5
!""
r.::::
t-
-
1--
~- - 1--
~~
.,., - r-- -·
1--
r-- 1=-: ~
I
·- r--
Ko
5 10 15 20 ~0
-·1--+---+--1- ·- - ·- - - - - -- ·-
- - -1- - - ------ --· ·- .. - .. -·
1'\~ 1- . - -- - -.,.-- ·- - - ·
f--1~~ -·- --· --- - .. .. FIG. 3. 36 Displacement Influence
0·5 -~~~~~ :-=--::: - - - --- .. Factors ~· (Giroud, 1968).
:....\:. ~
1\" "< .""::... '"" 1:-- -
t':: r-:..... --~ t--r-- -
'Yo • O ·!S
0·~ - - · -. - ---- - -- -
0 . 10 15
0
0 ·5
~ - - - - 1- - · -···- ·- ---- -- - -
~
\~ ~ ~ ~ r.::-
1\" ~ ~ ~ t-... t::: 1-- '=
FIG.3.37 Displacement Influence
Ka·
'\
~~ & t::: t:-
.::::- t::::
~ - C/o • O·!S
- ... .. - . . --. -- -- Factors (Giroud, 19b~).
f:::::: ~ ~~- t::.:: r- ~ ~

r - t--
!": t::: ~ 1-- · f-- --
r-- '--
- - r-- ~ - -- - -- --
1--:-.
1 ·5
t" ~ r.::::: t--=: f::: f::: r-
t-- ·= ;;:::::. -~
1-- --
1'-- r- r-.::- ~-; t--
r:-r-- - r-- -
2 t- ,_ 0 - 1- 1--
2·5 - ·- -·· ·-- -- -- .. .. .. - -- 1--t---

1- t--
t-=::
RECTANGULAR AREA 65
0 0 5 10 15
~
PIG. 3.38 Displacement Influence
~
~"!--...
~~ ~ ~ t-=:::: t-- ,._ I Factors xc. (Giroua, 1968).
0 ·5
[~ .:--; ~ t..::
- - ,._-- --- -- •
L\' K.' .: " ..... t-.
r-
,:::::t--t--
1', r--...' ...... I" ~--- t--.. I - 1--
t--
Y'a • 0 ·5
~-- ~~
r- - -·
-L-
"' - -
.......
["-...
·- --
- ....... 1--- - l
o-~
0 •3
1 ·0 I"
'r....
• ... r......
r- - t - - -
r-.....
.......
1"--. ~
..... r--4-- o:i=
0 ·21
~"---~ -
r- - ,- ......_ - -
~
-- - -,._ -- - -
~
1--
o-JS
0.1
I~
f-- 1--
l<c
--- t-- i 0 1-- t--
00 5 10 15 20 b'/
a
I
I
I
i I FIG.3. 39 Displacement Inf~uence
0 ·5 I Factors X,. 1
• (Giroud, 1968) •
I
.I
I
~
I
I i
,......_
&~ II
"' - :--=:::---::::.....::: ---J.::::-

~ ~~ ......... r- I
~ ~~ !
~ ~ 1--"::::
...
-+- -· i . c;/o • o-5
0 •1.,..
~~
..... ~ ~ -t:::: ~-
--!--- I -;-- ,....:-
-- -.L~
0···=
~
1 ·5
----- i - - -...:...~-~-~-
; -L._
~~:r-:
0'3 I
-
,-
;
I -..:4f~~
0·1
I 0
1<,.;
00 15 20 %
0 ·5
~
~~ FIG. 3.40 Displacement Influence
Ka •.
' ~§~ ~ Factors (Giroud, 1968) •
t:::t--
~ r::- ~
~ ~ F::: :::::-
-t;:: r=:.C::.::: -
~
~
-!*:"'
%•C>-5
.:;--- .L ·- - r---
!"'= ~
~ t::-~ ~ ~ -- !--
-:-- ....... -L:·'-Il:.!:
- -
2
t-=:::: ~ ""'
o:;- ...._
ln. 2
f-- .......
0
66 SURFACE LOADS ON SEHI-INFINITE lfASS
00 10
. %
FIG. 3. 41 Displacement Influence

Factors X:c'. (Giroud, 1968) •
f&.
~
.'\ 0-.
'"" ~ r-....
~ ~ t::,.,. r-- t-- I
I
-- - --
r--. ~ t:-,. _
........
t'---.... r:::..-1 c/o •C>-5
-
I
....
b t:::::::
~
:::t: - - ()o.C:I
i 0
1·5
. I ()-2
Kc'
3.4.4 UNIFORM HORIZONTAL LOADING

(Fig.3.42) (3.28d)
(3.28e)
-r=' = L [.tn fR,+tUR,-tJ + ir.l..- .1..;)

-., 2Tr z!l,_ ..R3 R1
... (3.28£)
where R1 = (12+z 2 J~
'
R: = (b'-+z 2 )~ j
R3 = (1'-+b'-+z 2 J~ t
It should be noted that the values of T:z~ Tyz
and az for unifom horizontal loading correspond to
l
FIG.3.42 the values of a:.. -r:ry and T.:z:z for unifom vertical
loading (from the reciprocal theorem).
The principle of superposition may be appli~d to
detel'llline the stresses at points not beneath the
/
corner of the rectangle.
Holl (1940) gives the following solufions for
the stresses beneath the comers Cz and C1 of the Influence factors for the normal stresses have
rectangle: been obtained by Giroud (1970). The stresses are
expressed as follows:
a = .!L [£. _ z:b ] ••• (3.28a) Under the corners,
%
21r Rz R1 Ra =e q K 1
a:z. (3.29a) i
I
R1 (b+~) t'-b )
~ a: =e: q [K3 - (1-2vJKh {3.29b)
a::z: = 1f
[tn - -] (3.28b)
z(b+R3 ) ~R, =& (1-,2v)K 1 ]
R1 (b+R,_)
ay q [Ks - 5 (3.29e)
.
i.
a
y =~ [tn 1 1 J]
- b(--- (3.28c)
2rr z(b+R3 ) R2 R3
RECTANGULAR AREA 67
where e: = +1 at C: and c~ (see Fig. 3.42) Under the centr e,

1
and -1 at Ct and Ct. az = o
.1 1
Kt , Ka, K,, Ks, Ks are influence factors a:z: = o
which are gi ven in Tabl es 3.26 to 3. 30. ay = o.
TABLE 3.26
VALUES OF Kt (Giroud, 1970)
b/t
z/1. 0 0. 1 ·0 . 2 1/3 0.4 0.5 2/ 3 1 1.5 2 2. 5 3 5 10 co
0 o.ooo 0.159 0.159 0.159 0 . 159 0 . 159 0.159 0 . 159 0.159 0.159 0.159 0. 159 0 . 159 0 . 159 0 .159
0.2 0.000 0 . 071 0.111 0. 135 0 . 140 0.145 0 . 149 0.152 0.153 0.153 0. 153 0. 153- 0 . 153 0.153 0 •.153
0.4 0 .000 0 .037 0. 067 0.095 o·.1o5 0.115 0. 125 0 . 133 0 . 136 • 0 .137 0.137 0 . 137. 0. 137 0.137 0 . 137
0. 5 o .ooo 0.028 0 . 054 0.079 0 . 089 0.100 0. 111 0.121 0. 125 0. 127 0 . 127 0.127 0. 127 0 . 127 0 .127
0.6 0.000 0 . 023 0 .043 0 . 066 0.075 0 . 085 0. 097 0 . 109 0.115 0 . 116 0.117 0. 117 0 . 117 0 . 117 0. 117
0 .8 o .ooo 0 . 015 0.029 0.046 0 . 053 0.062 0. 073 0 . 086 0.093 0 . 095 0. 096 0.097 0 . 097 0.097 0 . 097
1 0. 000 0.010 0 . 020 0.032 0 . 037 0 . 045 0. 054 0 . 067 0 . 075 0 . 077 0 . 019 0.079 0 . 079 0. 080 0 . 080
1. 2 0.000 0.007 0 . 014 0 . 023 0.027 0.033 0 . 040 0.051 0.059 0.062 0. 064 0 . 064 0 . 065 0. 065 0.065
1.4 0. 000 o.oos 0 . 010 0.017 0 . 020 0.024 0.030 0 . 040 0.047 0.050 0. 052 0 . 053 0 . 054 0 . 054 0. 054
1.5 o.ooo 0 . 004 0 . 009 0.014 0 . 017 0. 021 0 . 026 0.035 0.042 0 . 045 0.047 0. 048 0.049 0.049 0 . 049
1. 6 0.000 0.004 0 . 008 0 . 013 0.015 0.018 0 . 023 0 . 031 0.038 0. 041 0 . 043 0. 044 0.045 0. 045 0 . 045
1. 8 0.000 0 . 003 0.006 0 . 010 0. 011 0 . 014 0. 018 0 . 024 0 . 030 0.034 . 0.035 0.036 0 . 037 0. 038 0.038
2 0 . 000 0 . 002 0.004 0 . 007 0.009 0.011 Q.014 0.019 0.025 0.028 0.029 D.030 0. 032 0. 032 0 . 032
2.5 0. 000 0 . 001 0.003 0.004 0.005 0 . 006 0.008 0.011 0 . 015 0 . 018 0. 019 0 . 020 0 . 022 0.022 0 . 022
3 0.000 0 . 001 0.002 0 . 003 0. 003 0 . 004 0.005 0 . 007 0.010 0.012 0.013 0 . 014 0 . 015 0.016 0 . 016
4 o. ooo 0.000 0.001 0. 001 0.001 0. 002 0.002 0.003 0.005 0 . 006 0 . 007 0 . 007 0.009 0 .009 0.009
5 . 0 . 000 0 . 000 0.000 0 .001 0.001 0 . 001 0.001 0.002 0.003 0 . 003 0 . 004 0 . 004 0 . 005 0.006 0 . 006
10 0. 000 o.ooo 0.000 ·o . ooo 0. 000 0.000 o.ooo 0.000 o . ooo 0.000 0.001 0.001 0 . 001 . 0. 001 0 . 002
15 0. 000 0 . 000 0.000 0 . 000 o.ooo 0 . 000 0 . 000 o. ooo 0.000 0.000 o . ooo 0. 000 0.000 0 . 001 0 . 001
20 0.000 o.ooo 0. 000 0.000 o.ooo o.ooo 0. 000 0 . 000 0. 000 0 . 000 0. 000 0.000 0. 000 0 . 000 0.000
so o.ooo 0.000 0.000 0. 000 0.000 0 . 000 0.000 0.000 0. 000 0.000 0 . 000 o . ooo 0.000 0.000 0. 000
TABLE 3. 27
VALUES OF Ka ~Giroud 2 19702
b/1. 0.1 0.2 'l./ 3 0.4 .0 . 5 2/3 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 5 10 co
zt_l. 0
0 o.ooo co ... ... ... ... co ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
0. 2 o.ooo 0 . 107 0 . 189 0 . 259 0. 282 0.307 0.332 0 . 353 0.362 0. 364 0.365 0.365 0. 365 0 . 366 0 . 366
0.4 0.000 0 . 037 0. 069 0. 104 0. 117 0.133 0. 150 0 . 167 0. 175 0. 177 0.177 0 . 178 0. 178 0.178 0 . 178
0.5 0 . 000 0 .023 0. 045 0 . 069 0.079 0.091 0.104 0 . 118 0.125 0 . 127 0. 128 0.129 0 . 129 0. 129 0 . 129
0 .6 o. ooo 0 . 016 0.030 0.047 0.054 0.063 0. 074 0.085 0.091 0.093 0.094 0 . 094 0 .094 0.095 0 . 095
0.8 o.ooo 0.007 0.014 .0.023 0.026 0 . 031 0. 038 0 . 045 0.050 0 . 052 0. 052 0 .052 0 . 053 0.053 0 . 053
1 0.000 0.004 0.007 0.012 0.014 0.016 0. 020 0. 025 0.028 0 .030 0 . 030 0 . 030 0 . 031 0. 031 0.031
1. 2 0. 000 0. 002 0. 004 0 . 006 0 . 007 0 . 009 0 . 011 0.014 0. 017 0.018 0. 018 0.018 0. 019 0.019 0.019
1. 4 o.ooo 0 . 001 0. 002 0 . 004 0 . 004 0 . 005 0 . 006 0.009 0.010 0.011 0 . 011 0. 012 0 .012 0.012 0 . 012
1.5 o. ooo 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.003 0. 004 0 . 005 0. 007 0.008 0.009 0 . 009 0. 009 0. 010 0.010 0.010
1.6 o . ooo 0.001 0. 001 0. 002 0.003 0 .003 0.004 0.005 0.006 0. 007 0.007 0. 008 0.008 0 .008 0.008
1.8 0.000 0 . 000 0.001 0 . 001 0. 002 0.002 0. 002 0.003 0. 004 0.005 0 .005 0.005 0 . 005 0 . 005 0. 005
2 o. ooo 0 . 000 0. 001 0 . 001 0. 001 0.001 0.002 0.002 0.003 0 . 003 0.003 0 . 004 0 . 004 0.004 0.004
2.5 o. ooo 0 .000 0. 000 o . ooo 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.002 0 . 002 0 . 002 0. 002
3 0.000 o.ooo 0. 000 o . ooo 0.000 . 0.000 0 . 000 o.ooo 0.001 0.001 0.001 0 . 001 0 . 001 0 . 001 0.001
4 o.ooo o . ooo 0.000 0.'000 0.000 0. 000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0 . 000 0 . 000 0. 000 0.000 o.ooo
5 o. ooo 0 . 000 o.ooo 0.000 o. ooo 0.000 0. 000 o . ooo 0. 000 0 ~000 0.000 o. ooo 0.000 0.000 0 . 000
10 0. 000 o.ooo o.ooo o.ooo 0.000 0.000 o.ooo o . ooo o . ooo 0. 000 o . ooo 0. 000 0.000 0 . 000 o . ooo
15 0.000 0.000 0. 000 0.000 o.ooo 0.000 0.000 0. 000 0.000 0.000 o . ooo 0.000 0 . 000 o:ooo 0 .000
20 0.000 0 . 000 0 .000 0 . 000 0.000 0 . 000 0.000 0 . 000 0 . 000 0.000 0 . 000 0.000 0.000 0 . 000 0 . 000
so 0.000 -0. 000 - 0.000 -0.000 - 0 . 000 - 0. 000 0 .000 -0 . 000 -0 . 000 0.000 o.ooo - 0.000 0.000 0.000 0 . 000
. -·.
68 SURFACE LOADS ON SEHI-INFINITE HASS
TABLE 3.28
VALUES OF K! (Giroud, 1970)
1
z/1 0 0.1 0.2 1/3 0.4 0.5 2/3 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 5 10 CD
0 0. 000 0.143 0.128 0.109 0.100 0.088 0.071 0.047 0.027 0. 017 0. 011 0.008 0.003 0 . 001 0.000
0.2 0.000 0.025 0.040 0.048 0.049 0.048 0.044 0.033 0 . 021 0.014 0.010 0 . 007 0.003 0.001 0.000
0.4 o.ooo 0 . 009 0 . 016 ) .023 .0 . 025 0.026 0.026 0.023 0.016 0. 011 0.008 0 . 006 0.003 0 . 001 o . ooo
0.5 0.000 0 .006 0 . 011 0.016 0.018 0 . 020 0.021 0.019 0.014 0.010 0.008 0 . 006 0.003 0.001 0.000
0. 6 o. ooo 0.004 0.008 0.012 0 . 013 0 . 015 0.016 0.016 0.012 0.009 0.007 0.005 0.002 0.001 0.000
0.8 0. 000 0.002 0.004 0 . 007 0 . 008 0.009 0.010 0 . 011 0. 009 0.007 0.006 0.005 0.002 0. 001 0 . 000
1 0.000 0.001 0.003 0.004 o~·oo5 0 . 006 0.007 0.008 0.007 0 . 006 0 . 005 0.004 0 . 002 0.001 0.000
1.2 0.000 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.003 0.004 0.005 0 . 006 0.006 0 . 005 0 . 004 0.004 0.002 0 . 001 0.000
1.4 0 . 000 0. 001 0.001 0.002 0 . 002 0.003 0.003 0 . 004 0.004 0.004 0.004 0.003 0.002 0. 001 0.000
1.5 o.ooo 0.000 0.001 0. 002 0.002 0.002 0 . 003 0 . 004 0.004 0.004 0.003 0.003 0.002 0.001 0.000
1.6 0 . 000 0.000 0.001 0.001 0 .002 0.002 0.002 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003 0 . 003 0.002 0.001 0.000
1. 8 o.ooo 0 . 000 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.002 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.002 0.001 0.001 0.000
2 o.ooo 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.001 0. 001 0 . 001 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0 . 002 0.001 0 . 001 0.000
2.5 0.000 0 . 000 0.000 0. 000 0.000 0.001 0.001 0.001 0 .001 0. 001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0 . 000 0.000
3 0.000 0 . 000 0.000 0 . 000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.000 0.000
4 0.000 0 . 000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0 . 000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0. 000 0.001 0.001 0 . 001 0.000 0.000
5 0.000 0.000 . 0.000 0.000 0.000 0 . 000 0.000 0 . 000 o . ooo 0 . 000 0 . 000 0 . 000 0. 000 0.000 0.000
10 0.000 0.000 o.ooo 0.000 0.000 0.000 0 . 000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
15 0.000 0.000 o.ooo 0.000 0.000 0 . 000 0 . 000 0.000 0 . 000 0.000 0 . 000 0 . 000 0. 000 0.000 0.000
20 0 . 000 0.000 0 . 000 0.000 0.000 0.000 o.ooo 0.000 0 . 000 0. 000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
so 0 . 000 -0.000 0 . 000 0.000 -0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
TABLE 3. 29
VALUES OF K~
' Giraud 19i0'
b/1
z/1. 0 0.1 0.2 1/3 0.4 o.s 2/3 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 5 10 CD
0 o.ooo CD CD CD CD CD CD CD co CD CD CD CD CD co
0.2 0.000 0. 005 0. 027 0.066 0.085 0 . 109 0.142 0.185 0.218 0.234 0.242 0. 247 0.255 0.258 0.259
0.4 o.ooo 0.001 0.005 0.017 0 . 025 0.038 0.059 0 . 091 0. 118 0.133 0 . 141 0.145 0. 153 0. 156 0.15&
0.5 0.000 o.ooo 0.003 0.010 0.015 0.024 0.039 0 . 065 0 . 090 0 .104 0.111 0 . 116 . 0.123 0.127 0.128
0.6 0.000 0. 000 0.002 0. 006 0.009 0.015 0.026 0.048 0.070 0.082 0.089 0.094 0.1.01 0.105 0.106
0.8 0 . 000 0.000 0. 001 0 . 002 0.004 0.007 0.013 0.026 0 . 042 0.053 0 . 059 0.063 0.070 0.074 0.075
1 0.000 0.000 0.000 0 .001 0.002 0.003 0 .007 0 . 015 0.027 0.035 0.040 0.044 0.051 0.054 0.055
1.2 o.ooo 0.000 0.000 0. 001 0.001 0 . 002 0.004 0 . 009 0.017 0.024 0.028 0.032 0.038 0.041 0 . 042
1.4 0 . 000 0.000 o. ooo 0.000 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.005 0.011 0.016 0.020 0.023 0.029 0.032 0.033
1.5 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0. 000 0.001 0 . 002 0.004 0.009 0.013 0.017 0.020 0.025 0.028 0. 029
1.6 o . ooo o.ooo 0.000 0 . 000 0.000 0.001 0. 001 0.003 0.007 0. 011 0.015 0 . 017 0 . 022 0.025 0.026
1.8 0.000 0;000 0.000 o.ooo 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.002 0.005 0.008 0.011 0 . 013 0.017 0. 020 0.021
2 0.000 0 . 000 0.000 0.000 o.ooo 0.000 0.000 0 . 001 0. 003 0 . 006 0.008 0 . 010 0. 014 0.017 0.018
2.5 0.000 o. ooo 0.000 0.000 0 . 000 0.000 0.000 0.001 0 . 001 0.003 0 . 004 0.005 0.008 0.011 0.012
3 0. 000 0.000 0 . 000 0.000 0.000 0.000 o.ooo 0.000 0.001 0. 001 0.002 0.003 0. 005 0 . 007 o.oos
4 0.000 0.000 0.000 0 . 000 o.ooo o . ooo 0 . 000 0.000 0.000 0. 000 0. 001 0.001 0.002 0.004 0.005
5 0. 000 0 . 000 0 . 000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0. 000 0.000 0.000 0.001 0 . 002 0.003
10 0.000 -0.000 0.000 0 . 000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 o.ooo 0.000 0.000 0 . 000 0.000 0.000 0.001
15 0.000 -0. 000 -0 . 000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 . 0. 000 0.000 0.000 0 . 000 0.000
20 0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0 . 000 0.000 0.000 0.000 o.ooo 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0 . 000 0.000
so . 0. 000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 - 0. 000 0.000 -0.000 - 0.000 0.000 0.000 0 . 000 0 . 000 0 . 000 0 . 000
RECTANGULAR AREA 69
TABLE 3.30
VALUllS OF K~ (Giroud 2 19701
b/R.
z/1 0 0.1 0.2 1/3 0.4 0.5 2/3 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 5 10 00
0
0.2
0.000
o.ooo
00
0.036
00
0.069
00
0.105
00
0.120
00
0 .139
00
0. 164
00
0.197
00
0.223 0.236
00 ..
0.244
00
0.248
00
0.255
00
0.258
00
0.259
0.4 0. 000 0.016 0.031 0.049 0.058 0.069 0.085 0.107 0.127• 0,137 0.143 0.147 0.153 0.157 0.158
0.5 0.000 0.011 0.023 0.036 0.043 0.051 0.064 0.083 0.100 0. 109 0.115 0.118 0.124 0. 127 0.128
0.6 0.000 0.009 0.017 0.028 0.032 0.039 o.oso 0.065 0.080 0.088 0.093 0.096 0.102 0.105 0.106
0.8 0.000 0.005 0.010 0.017 0.020 0.024 0.031 0.042 o. os3 0 . 059 0.063 0 . 066 0.071 0.074 0 . 075
1 0.000 0.003 0.007 0. 011 0.013 0.016 0.020 0.028 0.036 0 . 041 0.045 0.047 0.052 0.054 0.055
1.2 0.000 0.002 0 .004 0.007 0.009 0.011 0.014 0.019 0.025 0,030 0.033 0.035 0.039 0.041 0.042
1.4 0 . 000 0.002 0.003 o.oos 0.006 0 . 007 0.010 0.014 0.018 0.022 0.024 0.026 0.030 0.032 0.033
1.5 0.000 0.001 0.003 0. 004 0.005 0.006 0.008 0.012 0.016 0.019 0 .021 0.023 0.026 0 .028 0.029
1.6 0.000 0.001 0.002 0.004 0.004 0.005 0.007 0.010 0. 014 0.016 0.019 0.020 0.023 0.025 o.o26
1.8 0.000 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.003 0.004 0.005 0.008 0.010 0.013 0.014 0.016 0.019 0. 020 0.021
2 0.000 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.002 0.003 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.010 0.011 0 .012 0.015 0.017 0.018
2.5 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.002 .0.002 0.003 o.oos 0 . 006 0 . 007 0.007 0.009 0.011 o .•o12
3 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.001 0.001 0 .001 0.002 0,003 0.004 0.004 0.005 0.006 0.008 0.008
4 0.000 o. ooo 0.000 0.000 o.ooo 0.000 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.003 0.004 0.005
5 0.000 0.000 o.ooo o.ooo 0.000 0.000 o . ooo o.ooo 0.001 0 . 001 0 . 001 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.003
10 0.000 0.000 0. 000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0 . 000 o.ooo 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.001
15 0.000 0.000 o.ooo 0 . 000 0.000 0.000 0. 000 0.000 0.000 o.ooo 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0 . 000
20 0.000 o.ooo 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 o.ooo 0.000 0.000 0.000
so 0.000 o.ooo 0. 000 0.000 0.000 0.000 o.ooo 0.000 0 .000 o . ooo o.ooo 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
1
Explicit expressions and influence factors for or ±(1+v)(1-ZV)q 1 IB
b >1
vertical displacement Pz beneath the points C1, C2, E
81 and B2 of the rectangle have been evaluated by
• • • (3.3lb)
Giroud (1968) and are given in Table 3.31 (refer Fig.
3.42 for definition of 1 and b).
Giroud (1969a) gives the following expression
At c2} P = ±(1+v} (1- ZV)q b Ic if 1 ~ b for the horizontal displacement Px of a point on
c1 z E the centre-line B1Bz (Fig.3.42), distance x from
... (3 . 30a) Bt:
1
or ±(1+v}(1-Zv}q 1 Ic if b ~ 1 = (1+v} q1 [ 2(1 - v){(l - ~}in b+i4(R.-xJ2 + b2
E p% TIE 1 2(1-x}
('3.30b)
1 11+<:!. 2 + ~ 111 ~} + £. 1n 2(R.-x)+/4(1-x) 2 +l1]
where Ic =- [arctan a+ a1n - - ] (3.30c) i 2lxl 1 -Z:c + ~
2TI a
and a =b/1 ... (3.32)
For the corners C1 and C2, Giroud (1969b)

11+<:~. 2 ]
1
I
c
= .£!..
Z'IT
[arctan 1. + 1. 1n
a a .. . (3.30d) gives
and a= 1/b. = (l+vJ q1 [rl-vJR.n b+.fi2,;:b2+ £. 1n 1+.42#]

p% TIE R. 1 b
(3.33a)
At B2 - ±(1+v)(1 -2V}q bIB if 1 'b Py = ±v(1+v}
TIE
q(1+b-/1z+b2) (3.33b)
Pz - E '
Bt }
• • • (3.31a) (+ for c~ and c2
- for C1 and cV.
70 SURFACE LOADS ON SEHI-INPINI'l'E HASS
TABLE 3.31 Influence factors for the nonaal stresses have

been obtained by Giroud (1970) • The stresses are
INFLUENCE FACTORS FOR VERTICAL SURFACE OISPLACEMENI' expressed as follows:
DUE TO UNIFORM HORIZONTAL LOADING
(Giroud, 1968) Under the corners:
b ~ .2. .2. > b a2 =-q M1 (3.34a)
1
b/1. I I I I .2./b Ic IB 1./b Ic IB a:~: = -q(H, - (1- 2V)M, J (3.34b)
c B
1
1 0.180 0. 276 1 0.180 0.276 15 0.590 0.701 ay = -q [Ms - (1- 2V)HsJ (3. 34c)
1.1 0.185 0.288 1. 1 0.192 0.290 20 0. 636 0.746
1.2 0.190 0.299 1.2 0.204 0.303 25 0.671 0.782
1.3 0.194 0.309 1.3 0.214 0.315 30 0.701 0.811 Under the centre,
1.4 0.197 0. 318 1.4 0.225 0.326 40 0.746 0.857 cs2 = 2q(K1 - H1J (3.35a)
1.5 0.200 0.327 l.S 0.234 0.337 so 0.782 '0.892
1 1
1.6 0.203 0.335 . 1.6 0.243 0.347 60 0.811 0.921 C1 = 2q [K,- M,-(1-2V) (K,- M,) J (3.3Sb}
0.356 70 0.835 0. 946 %
1.7 0.206 0.342 1.7 0.252
1.8 0.208 0.348 1.8 0.260 0.365 80 . 0.857 0.967 a = 2q£Ks- Ms-(1-2\I}(K~- ~)J (3. 35c}
1.9 0.210 0.355 1.9 0.268 0.373 90 0.875 0.986 y
2 0.212 0.360 2 0.276 0.381 100 0.892 1.002 The influence factors H1,M3 ,Ml,Ms,M! are given
2.2 9.215 0.371 2.2 0.290 0.396 200 1.002 1.113 in Tables 3.32 to 3.36 . K1 ,Khxl,Ks,x! are given in"'
2.5 0.219 0.384 2.4 0.303 0. 410 300 1.067 1.177 Tables 3. 26 to ·3.30.
3 0.224 ·0.401 2.5 0.309 0.416 400 1.113 1.223
3. 5 0.228 0.413 3 0.337 0.445 500 1.148 1.259 Explicit expressions and influence factors for
4 0.230 0.423 3.5 0.361 0. 469 600 1.177 1.288 Vfrtical displacement Pz beneath the points O,A,Ch
4.5 0.232 0.431 4 0.381 0.491 700 1.202 1.312 C1,B1,C2,cl,B2 of the rectangle have been evaluated
5 0.234 0.438 4.5 0 .400 0.509 800 1.223 1.333 by Giroud (1968) and are shown in Table 3.37.
7 0.239 0.455 5 0.416 0.526 900 1.242 1.352 Influence factors for the mean settlement An are
10 0.242 0.468 6 0.445 0.555 103 1.259 1.369 also given.
15 0.245 0.479 7 0.469 0.579 10" 1.625 1.735
20 0.246 0.484 8 0.491 0.601 ' 10 5 1.991 2.102
= -(1+vH1-2VJq1Ic if b ~ 1
40
CD
0.248
0.250
0.492
0.500
9
10
0.509
0.526
0.619
0.638
10'
... 2.358
...
-
2.469
Pz E
1
••• (3.36a)
or -(1+vJ (1-2VJq b Ic if 1 > b

3.4 . 5 LINEARLY VARYING HORIZONTAL LOADING E -
(Fig.3 .43) ••• (3.36b)
and similarly for points B2 and B1 1
2
Jt. [-1 + aarctan
21f
1.
a
+ 1n .h.+a
a
]
••• (3.36c)
and a = b/1
L21f [-1 + 1.
a arctana + .tnl1+a ]
2
(3.36d)
and a z 1/b
(1+v) f1 - 2V)q 1 Io
At 0, Pz = E
if b ~ .2.
••• (3.37a)
.o B:t b (1+v)(1-2v)qb Ih if 1~b
or
E
.
••• (3.37b)
and similarl y for point A and the mean
r-~
J
A settlement Pm•
Giroud (1969b) gives the following expressions

for the horizontal displacements at the corners of the
rectangle:
FIG.3.43
RECTANGULAR AREA
7l
= f(l+V) [b 1n .t + ~ ±v(l+V) q [b - £_2 1n .t + ~ J

p:r trE q b py -
nE 1 b
- (1+v) ~ r/.t 1+ b 2 - bJ] •• • (3.38a) ... (3.38b)
C+ for Ct and cl. - for Cz and ci) {+for Cl and Cl, -for C1 and C2).
TABLE 3.32
VALUES OF Mt
(Giroud, 1970)
b/9.
z/1 0 0.1 0.2 1/3 0.4 0.5 2/3 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 s 10 ..
0 0.000 0.159 0.159 0.159 0.159 0.159 0.159 0.159 0 . 159 0.159 0.159 0.159 0.159 0.159 0.159
0.2 o·.ooo o.o43 o.065 o.o75 o.o76 o.o78 o.o78 o.o78 o.o78 o.o78 o.078 o. o78 o.o78 o.078 o.o78
0.4 0.000 0.012 0.021 0.027 0.029 0.030 0.031 0.030 0.030 0.030 0 . 030 0.030 0.030 0.030 0.030
o.s 0.000 0.006 0.011 0.015 0.016 0.017 0.017 0.016 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.015
0.6 o.ooo 0.003 0.005 0.007 0.007 0.008 0.007 0.006 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.005 . 0.005 0.004 0.004
0.8 o.ooo -0.000 -0.000 -0.001 -0.001 -0 .002 -0.003 -0.004 -0.006 -0.006 -0.007 -0.007 -0.007 -0.007 -0.007
1 0.000 -0.001 -0.002 -0.003 -0.004 -0 .005 - 0.006 -0.008 -0.010 -0.011 -0.011 -0.011 -0.011 -0.011 -0.011
1.2 0.000 -0.001 -0.002 -0.004 -0.004 -0.005 -0.007 -0.009 -0.011 -0.011 -0.012 -0 . 012 -0.012 -0.012 -0 . 012
1.4 0.000 -0.001 -0.002 -0 .003 -0.004 -0.005 - 0.006 -0.008 -0.010 -0.011 -0.011 -0.012 -0.012 -0.012 -0.012
1.5 0.000 -0.001 -0.002 -0.003 -0.004 -0.004 -0.006 -0.008 -0.009 -0.010 -0.011 -0.011 -0.011 -0.011 -0.011
1.6 0.000 -0.001 -0.002 -0.003 -0.003 -0.004 -0.005 -0.007 -0.009 -0.010 - 0.010 -0.011 -0.011 -0.011 -0.011
1 .8 0.000 -0.001 -0.001 -0.002 -0.003 -0.003 -0.004 -0~006 -0.008 -0.009 -0.009 -0.009 -0.010 -0.010 -0 .010
2 0.000 -0.001 -0.001 -0.002 -0.002 -0.003 -0.004 -0.005 -0.007 -0.007 -0.008 -0.008 -0.009 -0.009 -0 .009
2.5 0 .000 -0 .000 -0.001 -0.001 -0.001 -0.002 -0.002 -0.003 -0.004 -0.005 - 0.006 -0.006 -0.006 -0.006 -0.006
3 0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.001 -0.001 -0.001 -0.001 -0.002 -0.003 -0.004 -0 .004 -0.004 -0.005 -0.005 -0.005
4 0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.001 -0.001 -0.001 -0.001 -0.002 -0.002 -0.002 -0.003 -0.003 -0.003
5 0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 - 0.000 -0.001 -0.001 -0.001 - 0.001 -0.001 -0.002 -0.002 -0.002
10 o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo - o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o . ooo -o .ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.oo1
15 0. 000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000
20 o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo - o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo
so o.ooo -o.ooo -o . ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo
TABLE 3.33
VALUES OF Ms (Giroud, 1970)
b/9.
z/9. 0 0.1 0.2 1/3 0.4 o.s 2/3 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 5 10 ..
0 0. 000 .. co .. .. co co co co co co co co co co
0.2 0.000 0.013 0.017 0.012 0.008 0.002 -0.006 -0.015 -0.019 -0.020 -0.021 -0.021 -0.021 -0.021 -0.021
0.4 0.000 -0.006 -0.012 -0.020 -0.024 -0.028 -0.035 -0.042 -0.046 -0.047 -o.047 -0.048 -o.048 -0.048 -0.048
0.5 0.000 -0.006 -0 . 012 -0.019 -0.022 -0.026 -0.031 -0.037 -0.041 -0.042 -0.042 -o.043 -o . 043 -0.043 -0.043
0.6 0. 000 -0.005 -0.010 -0.015 -0.018 -0.021 -0.026 -0.031 -0.034 -0.035 -o.036 -o.036 -0.036 -0 . 036 -o.036
0.8 0.000 -0.003 -0 . 006 -0.009 -0.011 -0.013 -0.016 -0.020 -0.022 .0.023 -0 . 023 -0 .023 -0.024 -0 .024 -0.023
1 0.000 -0.002 -0.003 -0.005 ~0.006 -0.008 -0.009 -0.012 -0.014 .0.014 -o .o15 -o.o1s -o·.o15 -o.o15 -o.o1s
1.2 0.000 -0.001 -0.002 -0.003 -0. 004 -0.004 -0.006 -0 . 007 -0 . 009 .0.009 -0.009 -D.010 -0.010 -0.010 -0.010
1.4 0.000 -0.001 -o.001 -0.002 -0.002 -0 . 003 -0.003 -0.004 -0.005 -0.006 -o.oo6 -o.oo6 -o.oo6 -o.oo6 -o.oo6
1.5 0 . 000 -0.000 -0.001 -0.001 -0.002 -0.002 -0.003 -0 . 004 -0.004 -0.005 -o.oo5 -o.oo5 -o.oo5 -o .oos -o.oo5
1.6 0.000 -0.000 -0.001 -0.001 -0.001 -0 . 002 -0.002 -0 .003 -0.004 -0.004 -o.004 -0.004 -o.004 -0.004 -0.004
1.8 0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.001 -0.001 -0.001 -0. 001 -0 . 002 .0.002 -0.003 -o.003 -o.003 -o.003 -0.003 -o.003
2 0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.001 -0 .001 -0.001 -0.001 -0.002 -0.002 -o.002 -o.002 -o.002 -0.002 -0.002
2.5 0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0 .000 -0.000 -0 . 000 -0 .000 -0.000 -0 .001 -0.001 -o.001 -o.001 -o.001 -o:001 -o.001
3 0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 .0.000 -0 .000 -o.ooo -o.ooo -o. ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo
4 0 . 000 -0.000 -0.000 - 0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo
5 0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0 .000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo
10 o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.opo -o.ooo - o.ooo -o.ooo .o . ooo .o.ooo .o.ooo -o . ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo o.ooo
15 0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0 . 000 -0 .000 -0.000 -0.000 .0.000 -0.000 -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo o.ooo
20 0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -o.ooo -o . ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo o.ooo
so 0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0 . 000 -0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -0.000 0.000 -o.ooo o.ooo o.ooo o.ooo o.ooo
l
·:
b/ 1
TABLE 3.34
VAWES OF M!
(Gircud, 1970)
l
z/9. 0 0.1 0.2 1/3 0.4 o.s 2/3 1 1.S 2 2.S 3 s 10 00
0 0.000 0.080 0.043 0.017 0.009 0.001 -o.006 -o.009 -0.007 -o.oos -0.003 -0.003 -0.001 -0.000 0.000
0.2 0.000 0.004 O.OOS 0.001 -o.001 -o.003 -o.006 -o.007 -0.006 -0.004 -0.003 -0.002 -0.001 -0.000 0.000
o.4 o.ooo -o.ooo -o.oo1 -o.oo2 -o.oo3 -o.oo3 -o.oo4 -o.oos -o.oo4 -o.oo3 -0.003 -o.oo2 -0.001 -o.ooo o.ooo
O.S 0.000 -0.001 -o.001 -o.002 -o.003 -0.003 -o.004 -o.004 -0.004 -0.003 -0.002 -0.002 -0.001 -0.000 0.000
0.6 0.000 -o.001 -0.001 -0.002 -o.002 -o.003 -0.003 -0.004 -0.003 -0.003 -0.002 -0.002 -0.001 -0.000 0.000
o.8 o.ooo -o.ooo -o.oo1 -o.oo1 -o.oo2 -o.oo2 -o.oo2 -o.oo3 -o.oo3 -o.oo2 -o.oo2 -o.oo1 -o.oo1 -o.ooo o.ooo
1 o.ooo -o.ooo -o.oo1 -o.oo1 -o.oo1 -o.oo1 -o.oo2 ·o.oo2 -o.oo2 -o.oo2 -o.oo2 -o.oo1 -o.oo1 -o.ooo o.ooo
1.2 o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o:oo1 -o.oo1 -o.oo1 -o.oo1 -o.oo2 -o.oo2 -o.oo2 -o.oo1 -o.oo1 -o.oo1 -o.ooo o.ooo
1.4 o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.oo1 -0.001 -o.oo1 -0.001 -o.oo1 -0.001 -0.001 -0.001 -o.ori1 -o.oo1 -o.ooo o.ooo
1.s o.ooo ~o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.oo1 -o.oo1 -o.oo1 -o.oo1 -o.oo1 -o.oo1 -o.oo1 -o.oo1 -o.oo1 -o.ooo o.ooo
1.6 0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0 .001 -0.001 -0 .001 -0.001 -0.001 ~0.001 -0.001 -0.001 -0.000 0.000
1.8 o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -0.001 -o.oo1 ·-o.oo1 -o.oo1 -0.001 -&.oo1 -o.ooo -o.ooo o.ooo
2 o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.oo1 -o.oo1 -o.oo1 -0.001 -o.oo1 -o.ooo -o.ooo o.ooo
2.5 0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 0.000
3 o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo o.ooo
4 o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo·-o.ooo -o.ooo -o.QOo -o.ooo o.ooo
s o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo o.ooo
10 o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo o.ooo
1s o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo o.ooo
20 0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 0.000
so o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo ~o . ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo o.ooo
TABLE 3.35
VAWES OF Ms
(Gi-roud, 1970)
b/1
· z/1 0 0.1 0.2 1/3 0.4 o.s 2/3 1 1.S 2 2.S 3 s 10 00
0 0.000 CD ... CD CD ... 00 00 ... CD ... ... 00 00 ...
0.2 0.000 0.003 0.015 0.031 0.036 0.042 0.046 0.04S 0.040 0.036 0.034 0.032 0.030 0.029 0.028
o.4 o.ooo o.ooo o.oo1 o.oo4 o.oo6 o.oo1 o.oo8 o.oo6 o.oo2 -o.oo2 -o.oo4 -o.oo5 -o.oo8 -o.oo9 -o.oo9
o.s 0.000 o.ooo 0.001 0.002 0.002 0.003 0.003 0.001 -0 .004 -0.007 -0.009 -0.010 -0.013 -0.014 -0.014
o.6 o.ooo o.ooo o.ooo 0.001 o.oo1 o.oo1 o.ooo -o.oo2 -o.oo6 -o.oo9 -o:on -0.012 -o.o14 -o.o15 -0.016
0.8 o.ooo -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.001 -0.003 -0.006 -0.009 -0.010 -0.012 -0.014 -0.015 -0.015
1 o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.oo1 -o.oo2 -o.oos -o.oo1 -o.oo9 -0.010 -0.012 -·0.013 -o.ou
1.2 o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.oo1 -o.oo2 -o.oo4 -o.oos -o.oo1 -o.oo8 -0.010 -o.ou -o.on
1.4 o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.oo1 -o.o03 -o.oo4 -o.oos -o.oo6 -o.oo8 -0.009 -o.oo9
1.s o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -0.001 -0 .002 -o.oo3· -o.oo4 -o.oos -0. 001 -o.oo8 -o.oo8
1.6 o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.oo1 -0.002 -o.oo3 -0.004 -o.oo5 -o.oo6 -o.oo7 -o.oo8
1.8 o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo ·-o.oo1 -o.oo1 -o.oo2 -o.oo3 -o.oo4 -o.oo5 -o.oo6 -o.o06
2 o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o .ooo -o .ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.oo1 -0.002 -o.oo2 -o.oo3 -o.o04 -o.oos -o.oo5
2.s o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -0.001 -o.oo1 -o.oo2 -o.oo3 -o.oo3 -0.004
3 o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.oo1 -o.oo1 -0.002 -0.002 -o.oo3
4 o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.oo1-o.oo1 -0.002
s o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -0.001 -0.001
10 0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -{).000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.000
1s o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo
20 o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo
so o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo
REC'rANGUIAR AREA 73
TABLE 3.36
VALUES OF M~ (Giroud, 1970)
b/1.
.z/1. 0 0.1 0~2 1/3 0.4 0.5 2/3 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 5 10 ...
Q O,QOO 00 GO GO GO CD 00 CD GO oo 00 e e CD 00
0. 2 0.000 0.016 0.028 0.038 0.041 0.044 0.045 0. 043 0.038 0.035 0.033 0. 032 0.030 0.029 ·0.028
o.4 o.ooo o.oo2 o.o04 o.o06 o.oo6 o.o06 o.o06 o.oo3 -o . ooo -o.oo3 -o.oo5 -o.oo6 -o.oo8 -0.009 -0,009
0.5 0. 000 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.000 -0.002 -0.006 - 0.008 -0.010 -0.01l -0.013 -0.014 - 0.014
o.6 o. ooo -o.ooo -o . ooo -o.oo1 -o.oo1 -o.oo2 -o.oo3 -o .oo5 -o.oo8 -o.o1o -0.012 -o.o13 -o . o14 -o.o15 -0.016
0.8 0.000 -0.001 -o.001 -o.002 -o.002 -o.003 -0.004 -0.006 -0.009 -0. 010 -0.012 -0.012 - 0. 014 -0.015 -0.015
1 o.ooo -o . oo1 -o.oo1 -o.oo2 -o.oo2 -o.oo3 -o.oo4 -o . oos -0.001 -o.oog - 0.010 -0.011 - 0.012 -0.013 -o.013
1.2 0.000 -0.000 -0.001 -o.002 -0.002 -0.002 -o . 003 -0.004 - 0.006 -0.007 -0.008 -0 . 009 - 0.010 -0.011 -0.011
1.4 o.ooo -0.000 -0.001 -0.001 -0.001 - 0. 002 -0. 002 -0 . 003 -0.005 -0.006 -0.006 - 0.007 -0.008 -0.009 - 0.009
1.5 0.000 -0.000 -o.001 -0.001 -o.001 -0 .002 -0. 002 -0.003 ·0.004 -0 . 005 -0.006 - 0.006 -0.007· -0.008 -0.008
1.6 o. ooo -o.ooo -o.oo1 -0.001 -o . oo1 -0.001 -o.oo2 -o.oo3 -0.004 -o.oo4 -o.oo5 -o .oo6 -0.001 -o.oo1 -o.oo8
1.8 o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o . oo1 -o. oo1 -o.oo1 -o.oo1 -o.oo2 -o.oo3 -o.oo4 -o.oo4 -o.oo5 -o.oo5 -o .o06 -o.oo6
2 o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o . oo1 -o . oo1 -o.oo1 -o.oo1 -o.oo2 -o.oo2 - o.oo3 -o.oo3 -o.oo4 -o.oo4 - o.oo5 -o .oo5
2.5 0.000 - 0.000 - 0.000 -0.000 -0.000 -0.001 -o . 001 -0.001 -0.001 -0.002 -0 . 002 -0.002 -0.003 -0.003 -0.004
3 o. ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -0.001 -0 .001 -o.oo1 -o.oo1 -o . oo2 -0.002 - 0.0o2 -o.oo3
· 4 o.ooo - o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o. ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo - o.oo1 -0.001 -0.001 -0.001 -o.oo1 -0.002
s 0.000 -0 . 000 -0.000 -0.000 - 0.000 - 0.000 -0.000 -0 . 000 -0 . 000 -0.000 - 0.000 -0.000 -0.001 -0.001 -0.001
10 o.ooo -o.ooo -o. ooo -o.ooo -o . ooo -o.ooo ·-o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o. ooo -o.ooo -o .ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo
1s o.ooo - o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o .ooo -o .ooo - o. ooo -o.ooo - o.ooo -o.ooo -o .ooo· -o.ooo -o.ooo
20 o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o . ooo -o.ooo -o .ooo - o. ooo -o.ooo - o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo
so o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo - o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo - o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo -o.ooo
TABLE 3.37
INFLUENCE FACTORS FOR VERTICAL SURFACE DISPLACEMENTS DUE TO
LINEARLY VARYING IORIZONTAL LOADING
(Giroud, 1968)
I. ~ b I. ~ b b ~ I.
I' I' I , 1./b I' I' I'

1./b A 0 m c B 1./b c I'
B b/1. Ic IB IA Io rm
1 0.100 0.1S9 0.080 1 0.021 0.057 15 0. 288 0.390 1 0.021 O.OS7 0. 100 0.159 0.080
1.1 0.107 0. 168 0.083 1.1 0. 024 0.064 20 0.330 0.434 1.1 0.020 0.056 0.102 0.166 0.083
1. 2 0.114 0.176 0.087 1. 2 0.028 0.071 25 o.-363 0.468 1.2 0.019 0.054 0.104 0.171 0.087
1.3 0.121 0.183 0.090 1. 3 0.032 0.078 30 0.390 0.497 1.3 0.018 0.052 0.105 0.176 0.090
1. 4 0.127 0.189 0. 093. 1.4 0. 035 0. 084 40 0.434 0.541 1.4 0.017 0.051 0.107 0.181 0.093
1.5 0.133 0. 195 0.096 1.5 0.039 0.090 so 0.468 0.576 1.5 0.016 0. 049 0.108 0.185 0. 095
1.6 0.139 0. 201 0.098 1.6 0.043 0.096 60 0.497 0 .60S 1.6 0.015 0. 048 0.109 0.188 0.098
1.7 0.144 0. 206 0.100 1.7 0.046 0.102 70 O.S21 0.629 1.7 0.014 0.046 0.110 0.191 0.100
1.8 0.1SO 0.210 0. 102 1.8 o.oso 0.108 80 0.541 0.650 1.8 0.014 0.045 0.110 0.194 0. 102
1.9 0.154 0.215 0.104 1.9 0. 053 0.114 90 0.560 0 . 669 1.9 0.013 0.043 0. 111 0.197 0.104
2 0.159 0.219 0.106 . 2 '-.._ 0.057 0.119 100 0.576 0.68S 2 0. 012 0.042 0.112 0.19"9 0.106
2.2 0 .1~8 0.226 0.110 2.2 0.064 0.129 200 0.685 0.795 2.2 0.011 0.039 0.113 0.204 0.109
2.5 0.179 0.235 0.114 2.4 0.071 0.139 300 0.749 0.859 2.5 0.010 0.036 0.114 0.209 0.113
3 0.195 0 . 247 0, 119 2.S 0.074 0.144 400 0.795 0.905 3 0.009 0.031 0.116 0.215 0. 119
3.5 0. 208 0 . 255 0.124 3 0. 090 0.165 500 0.830 0.940 3.5 0.007 0.028 0.117 0.220 0.124
4 0.219 0.262 0.127 3.5 0.105 0.185 600 0.859 0.969 4 0.007 0.025 0.118 0.224 0. 127
s . 0.235 0. 273 0.133 4 0.119 0.202 700 0.884 0.994 5 0.005 0. 020 0.120 0.229 0.133
7 0. 2SS 0.285 0. 139 4.5 0. 132 0. 211 · 8oo 0.905 1.015 7 0.004 0.015 0.121 0. 235 0.140
10 0.273 0.294 0.145 s 0.144 0.232 900 0.924 1.034 10 0.003 0. 010 0.122 0.239 0.146
15 0.287 0.302 0. 149 6 0.165 0.257 10 3 0 . 9~0 1.051 15 0.002 0.007 0.123 0.243 0.151
20 0.294 0. 306 0.151 7 0. 185 0.278 10 11 1.307 1.417 20 0.001 o.oos 0.124 0.245 0.155
so 0.308 0.313 0.156 8 0. 202 '0.297 10 5 1.673 1.784 so 0.001 0.002 0.124 0.248 0.161
100 0.313
... 0.318
0.316
0.318
0.158
0.159 10
9 0.217
0.232
0. 315
0.330
-
10 6 2.039 2.150
GO
- 100
... 0.000
0
0.001
0
0.125
0. 125
0.249
0.250
0.163
0.167
l
74 SURFACE LOADS ON SEMI- INFINITE HJISS )
3.5 Loading on an Elliptical Area

l
3. 5.1 UNIFORM VERTICAL LOADING
j
Stresses and displ acement s at the surface and on
the axis of the ellipse have been obtained by ).
Deresiewi cz (1960) (Fig.3. 44).
Expr essi ons are derived for t he st resses and dis-
l
'I
placement s on the axis within the mass, and on the
sur face. l
).
The variation of maximum shear str ess with depth
for various e val ues i s shown i n Fig.3.45. Stress
distributi ons along the axis for four values of e
r J
are given in Fig. 3. 46 . In all cases, V=0.3, and e
is defined as e=(l -a 2/b2)~.
y
l \
{"
t1
~
X
'!
l
FIG.3.45 Maximum shear stress down axis of ellipse.
(Deresi ewicz, 1960).
1
I
I
Val ues of the hor i zontal stresses· on the axis
are t abulated in Table 3.38.
I ! ! ! ~ ! ! [J'I.n• :"'
I
"!
!
l
FIG. 3. 44
e 0 0.3
TABLE 3. 38
HORIZONTAL STRESSES ON AXIS OF ELLIPSE
0.6 0.9
(V=0.3) Q!er esi ewicz z 1960)
0.99
l
~=3/a a:rJp Cy/p a:fp ay/p a:Jp ayiP a:fp ay/p a:fp Cy/p 1
0 0.8000 0.8000 0.8047 0.7953 0.8222 0 .7778 0.8786 0. 7214 0.9636 0.6364 '~
0. 05
0. 1
0. 2
0.4
0.7
0.7351
0. 6711
0. 5488
0.3428
0.7351
0.6711
0.5488
0.3428
0.7404
0 . 6765
0. 5542
0. 3488
0.7330
0. 6716
0.5542
0. 3531
0.7585
0.6954
0.5744
0.3681
0 . 7244
0. 6716
0.5694
0. 3894
0. 8157
0. 7535
0.6338
0.4236
0.6875
0. 6538
0. 5875
0.4647
0.3137
0.8987
0. 8343
0.7100
0.5003
0. 2587
0.6158
0.5954
0.5551
0.4849
!\
0. 1488 0.1488 0.1524 0. 1599 0.1668 0. 1999 0. 2094 0. 3839 'l

1. 0 0.0575 0.0575 0. 0600 0.0648 0.0673 0. 0949 0.0928 0.2060 0. 1235 0.3105
1. 5 0.0064 0.0064 0.0067 0. 0090 0. 0086 0.0229 0.0134 0. 0997 0.0179 0. 2270 ~
2 -0 . 0050 -0.0050 -0 .0051 -0.0037 - 0. 0055 0.0017 -0.0050 0.0457 -0.0277 0.1721
3 -0 .0064 - 0.0064 - 0. 0062 -0.0067 -0.0078 -0.0054 -0. 0115 0. 0080 -0.0604 0. 1095
4 -0 .0046 - 0.0046 -0.0030 -0.0064 - 0. 0058 - 0.0046 -0.0092 - 0.0011 - 0.0723 . 0.0761
5 - 0.0033 -0.0033 - 0.0019 - 0. 0050 - 0.0038 - 0.0040 - 0. 0069 - 0.0030 -0.0783 0. 0566
10 -0.0009 - 0.0009 - 0.0015 - 0.0001 -0.0010 -0.0013 -0.0021 - 0.0018 -0. 0898 0.0252
75
0 0.2
0 0
-
2 1•6
~
.
.....• -...
0
-.
./:>
H
..... ui'
3
3 2•4
4 3·2
I
o:O
CCin:tol •·0·61
5 4 •0
(Q)
(b)
(a)
• C>-872 C>-2828
....•..
...• -..
.D
"
..A
.."
..!!
..... - ./:>
H
.::r
1·308 3 0•4242
C>-7070
(C) (d)
FIG. 3.46 Variation of normal s tresses with depth on axis

of ellipse. V=O. 3. (Deresiewic:, 1960) •
76 SURPACE LOADS ON SEIJI-INl'INI'rE IIASS
On the axis the displaeeJDents are given l>y

1· 0
4(1-,hpa K(e}
7rE
• . • (3.39a)
0 ·8
l
•·<>-99,
•·<>-9:- ~
•.• (3.39b) :::::-- ....... •·0\
where K(e) = e0111plete elliptic:

integral of the
first kind.
P/~~,:,
0·6
0 ·4
..........
~ .............._ __
•·<>-6
Relative vertical displac:eJDents p/p0 on the axis

of the ellipse are shown in Fig.3.47 for v=G.3.
0 ·2
The variation of p/p0 along the boundary of the
ellipse with position is given in Fig.3.48, while
Fig.3.49 shows the variation of the displacements at
the extremity of the major axis (pM) and the minor 10 20 X> 60 80 90
axis ( Pm). Pz is expressed in all eases as a
ratio of the surface displaee~~ent Po·
FIG. 3.48 Variation of boundary surface displacement
p to centre value p with position alonq
boundary. (Deresiew~cz, 1960).
·l
1·0
l
0 ·8
j
Pmf~ l.
o·e l
P/A:, ~?\ l
j
J
0·2
J
J
0
0 ()-2 ()-4 0·6 0·8 1·0
j
Ec:omtridty. ct
FIG. 3. 49 Variation of ratio of displacement at

extremity of major axis, p , and minor axis ,
p, to that at centre, p .m (Deresiewicz, 1960). 1
m o J
3.5.2 VERTICAL SEMI- ELLIPSOIDAL LOADING

This type of loading has been used to simulate
wheel loading on road pavements. Vertical stresses
FIG.3.47 Vertical displacement on axis as ratio of and vertical displacements within the mass have been
surface value p • (Deresieviez:, 1960) . evaluated by Sanborn and Yoder (1967).
0
LOADING OVER ANY AREA 77
3.6 Loading over Any Area

3. 6 . 1 "NEWMARK CHARTS" 1·0
The basis for. and use of. ''Newmark Charts". is
described in 1.7.2. Charts for vertical stress
0 ·9
Soclo- Jnfl- ~
~Cue
r- var1Jcal Stress crs 1
VI
az~ horizontal stress. bulk stress e and shear
stresses T:z and T:y (all as a function of the
0·8 i -
Ralcll s-- Strea ~
I Il
applied stress). originally presented by Newmark
(1942). are reproduced in Figs. 3.50 to 3.54. Fig.
R:rCIII V,
0·7 ~a. · m·6e·la I

3.55 .gives correction factors for T%Y when Poisson's 0·6
~· z\·66-la If I
ratio is different from 0.5. while Fig. 3.56. gives part
of the correction factor for C1:z:· When v,IO.S~ G:z:
is given by the value of C1:z: for 'IPO.S~ plus
I l
(1-Zv)/6 times the value of e for 'IPO.S (Fig. a..· I I
3.52) plus (1-Zv) times the quantity obtained from
Fig. 3.56. 0 ·3
/ -r;;,.. J
Similar charts for vertical displacement Pz on / I

the surface and below the surface were obtained by
Newmark (1947) and are shown in Figs.3.57 and 3.58.
A chart for correcting th~ vertical subsurface dis-
0·2
0·1
vv /
placements in Fig.3.58, which are for 'V=O.S. for
other values of v. is given in Fig.3.59. Figs.
3.50 to 3.59 are for vertical surface loading.
0
0
v
0'1
/
- :..- 1·5 1·0 ()o5 0
'Yr.
Charts for the horizontal normal stress due ·to
an applied surface horizontal shear loading have been FIG.3.64 Sector Influence Values for az and Trz·
prepared by Barber (1965) and are given in Figs.3.60
to 3.63. Stresses parallel to, and perpendicular to.
the applied loading are considered for both 'V=O.S
and V=(J.. As pointed out by Barber (1966). the
vertical stress due to shear loading is. by the
reciprocal theorem, identical to the shear stress
due to a vertical load and may thus be determined
from Fig.3.53.
2·Q
s.cior w....a. Foctars
1·8 llcussina4 CoM I
3.6.2 SECTOR CURVES 1- eullt Stresa e .I
The sector method and the use of sector curves 1-6 r- Tangnlell
, Stress CTe
9 "iii ·15e·U•V>la
I
have been described in 1.7.3. Sector curves for
the normal and shear stresses due to vertical loading. . 1- a&•fii·15e·<1•2Wia
1··
I
obtained by Poulos (1967a). are shown in Figs.3.64 and
3.65. For the vertical and radial displacements Pz
1·2 1/
and Pr• plots of the curves are unnecessary. as the 1·0
sector curves have the following simple explicit form: r.
0·8
I
•• • (3.39a) ()o6 I
o·• /
Pr
= L.oe. (l+vJ (1-ZvJ
21f E rs
'
••• (3.39b) 0·2
0
i,....- v - ~
ere
I
I
0·1 ()-2 ()o3 o-• 0'5

2 0
FIG.3.65 Sector Influence values for 9 and C19.

l
.,1
\
78 SURFACE LOAIJS ON SEHI-IN1'INI'rE HASS
i
1
l
l
lI
i
I
1.l
I
)I
l
l
0 0 In~c VC!Ur
l
Scale Of Distance 00 • per BlOck •C>OOt
Depth • z· at which Stress is C~
PIG.3.SO Influence chart for vertical stress az (Newllllrk, 1942)

(All values of \1)
a • .oolNp
z where· N-no.of blocks.
NEWHAR1C CHAR'lS 79
t I ' I I I I I I I
·.
I
0 0
~ Of OIStanclt ·OQ •
OeP\11 Y ot wllicl'l · Stress iS
FIG.l.Sl Influence chart for horizontal stzess ax (Newmark, 1942).

~.s .
aX • • OOlNp
where N-no. of blocks.
)
l
~
l
80 SURFACE LOADS ON SEMI-INFINITE KASS
FIG.3.S2 Influence chart for bulk s tress 9 (Newmark, 1942)

(for all values of 'II)
e• ---r-
2(l+vf
.OOlNp
where N-no. of ·blocks.
I
~
Influ~nc~ valu~ p~r block

is t0·001. N~gatlv~ influ~nc(lS
NZ indicat~d oy a minus (-)sign.
FIG.3.53 Influence chart for shear stress Txz• (Newmark, 1942).

(for all values of V)
Txz • .OOlNP
where N-no.of blocks.
~
~
Ill
~
Q
~
~
~
~
~
a
m
_Influenaz value per block isto·001 .

Negative influences are indicated
by a minus (-) sign.
FIG. 3.54 Influence chart for shear str~ss Tx for V•O.S (Newmark, 1942).
't • .OOlNp y
xy where N•no.of blocks.
I
~
{lj
FIG.3.55 Influence chart for correction toTxy when v•o.s. (Newmark, 1942).
~
t
(/1
§
(;)
~-
~
~
~
~
t3
~
InflLI<lnccz vatucz per block Is to·o&·.
-+--LNczgatlvcz influczncczs arcz indicatczd
by a minus (-) sign.
Corrczctlon Is ( 1· 2V) tinczs valUG
glvczn by chart.
FIG.3.56 Influence chart for par t of correction to ax for v-o.s. (Newmark, l942) •
.. _ _ _ _ . . _ _.• _ _ . J '_ _ _ , _ _ __ ~-----:··_.. _._.._.___.~--· --,~_... _ _ _ _ _ _.. _ _ _ _ _ , . _ _ _ _ , , _ : ·' ,____,ta

·-';""'::~ ____ __ _______,_
. ,_ .. __
85
FIG.3.S7 Influence chart for vertical displacement at

surface. {Newmark, 1947).
86 SURFJICE WADS ON. SEMI-INFINITE /lASS
FIG. 3.58 Influence chart for vertical displacement at depth

z below surface. v-o.s. (Newmark, 1947).
NEWHARIC CBARTS 87
FIG.3.S9 Influence chart for Poisson's ratio correction for

vertical displacement at depth z below surface.
(Newmark, 1947).
:
!:!
8
Cl)
en
c:
;:;
0
a:
II
N
tl
<
II)
~
t:l
.~
~
~
~
~
tl
~
~
~
A Dczpth Z= Plotting scale

FIG. 3.60 Infl uence chart for horizontal stress, paral lel to an appl ied shear l oad.
V•O.S. (Barber, 1964) .
ah • .OOl Nq
where ~·no.of blocks •
. ... ··------ ------ - _.~'___ __..___. ________._ ...-..·---"---~-----~..-· __ ......---- ·---·-....-~-------'~--"''------"----'"-·-··-··

.__...._.~--~·-·-·-·-·-----"-----"'~----'"-"'- --
~
0
~
it-1---
a:
I
;
1 .;..DQ_.,P_t___,h,
A~ z • Plotting SCOIQ
FIG. 3.61 Influence chart for ho,rizontal str ess, parallel to an applied
shear load. V•O. (Barber, 1965).
oh • .oolN q
where N-no.of block:s.
Qo
'0
10
Q
()I
8
(/)
~
E
0
a: II
N
{I)
~
~
Q
8 ~
~
~
~
~
~
a
!5
!:l
I-Lincz of action of strczss

A ...o_cz_p_th___, z. Plotti ng Scoltl
Point A
I
FIG. 3.62 Influence chart for horizontal stress , perpendicular to an applied shear
load. v-o.s. (Barber , 1965).
crh = .OOlNq
where N-no.of bl ocks.
(1
0u
V)
0'1
c
:;;
0
~L I y
/""' (+)
N
II ~ \~ I
<
..,_ t - - _ I r .... / . . ._ "\. Y" \
(-)
\ I
l~Lin<Z of action of str<Zss

A •
D<Zpth
1Z
.
= Plotting Scat<Z
Point A
FIG.3.63 Influence chart for horizontal stress, perpendicular to an applied
shear load. V•O. (Barber, 1965).
~- .oo~q
where N-no.of blocka.
~
Chapter 4
DISTRIBUTED LOADING
BENEATH THE SURFACE OF A
SEMI-INFINITE MASS
4.1 Vertical Loading on a Horizontal Area where R:

2
l'l
- a2+b2+(z-h)2 R~
,., a 2+(z-h) 2 2
l'2
a2+b2+(z+h)2
a 2+(z+h) 2
4.1.1 RECTANQJLAR AREA

The Mindlin point load equation (Section 2.1 . 4)
2
.rs
- b 2+(z-hJ 2
l'~ =b2-
2
l'll =
(z-H%)2.
b2+(z+h)2
for vertical stress Oz bas been integrated over ~

rectangular ·area by Skopek (1961). The following
expression has been obtained for a2 beneath the The stresses at other points within the mass uy
corner of a rectangle axb (Fig.4.1): be obtained by use of .the principle of superposition.
Influence factors for the vertical displacement

of the corner of a rectangle are shown in Fig.4.2
(Groth and Chapman, 1969). The displaceJient is given
by
••• (4.2)
where a is the shorter side of

the rectangle.
The influence factor I is given by

FIG. 4.l
I = Ko[Kt {S tn(l+~~ + tn(~J}

p [ (1-\1) (a:.rctan ab + K2{ tn( S+t ~ + s tne+t)
4w(1-v) (z-h)Rt h+4a2 82 Ss
___._ ab ) + (z-hJaRt _ a(z-h) 3 - 2aStan-• (LJ + 4aStan-t ((1-sJ fSs-tJ)}

+ "'""....... 2 2 2aS 2a
(z+h)R2 2b.r1 2b.r, Rt
+ 2aBKttan-1 tl-J + Ba.. Bt
+ [(3-4vJz(z+h)-h(Sz-h)1aR2 2at s 2 (1+4a2 t 2 )
2(z+h)b.r~ • {2 + ..L-
24a
1:1]
t2
... (4.2a)
[{3-4v)z(z+hJ 2-h(z+h)(Sz-h))a
2b.r~ R2 where Ko = 1+V
8Tr(1-V)
Kt· = 3-4v
K2 = 5-12\1;1-81)2
a '"' h/b
(4.1) a = b/a
92
v:E'RTICAL UJADING 0~ HORIZONTAL ABBAS 93
For the limiting ease of a tmiform.ly loaded strip

(b/a=-), Skopek gives the following expression for the
vertical stress on the central axis of the strip:
and
·str esses displacements beneath a rigid rect-
angle embedded in a semi-infinite mass are given in
Section 7.9. + a (z-h) + a£(3-4v)z+h)
2£a1+( z-h) 2 ) (l-v) 2[a1+(z+h) 1 ) (l - v)
+ 2hz(z+h)a ] ••• (4.la)

2 1 1
[a +(z+h) ) (l-v) .
1·2
\
1·1
\
\
1·0
0 ·0 ~\ - v · 0·5
- - - · V• 0·2
o·e
\\ ,,
I
0 ·7
1\.\ ,, I
vo1ua of..k.
" !'-.. ' ... ~

"~
--- t-4--- 10 '
0
0 ·0
0 ·5
' ,..,
........
r--........
........ r---
~ r---..
--- r--- r---
-- -
r-- --- -
r---o
1'--- r---
f-.
1---
o·• 1--.
~ t.-- _,
.............:.
0 ·3
0 ·2
~
---
r-:: -.;;,:: ;::.:::::r--
r-
0 0 ·5 1·0 1·5 2-Q
()-5 ~ 0·3 0<2 Q-1 0
1!-b
%
FIG.,4. 2 Vertical displace~~~ent factor for corner of
embedded rectanqle.
94 SUBSURFACE LOADING
Fox (1948b) bas obtained solutions fOr the relat-

ionship between the mean vertical displaceJDent Pm of
a rec:tangle beneath the surfac:e to the JDean displac:e-
JDent Pm:, of a similar rec:tangle situated at the
s~ac:e.- PmfP.mo is plotted against hi~ and
fiib/h in Fig.4.3 for various values of b/a and for
v-o.s.
FIG.4.3 Ratio of mean displaee.ent

of reetanqle at depth h to that
of reetanqle· at surface. '1.1-0.5.
(Pox, 1948) •
()-8 0 •6 0 ·4 0 ·2 0
.fbi
-;;- I
3(3-4V)z(z+cJ 2 -3c(z+c)(Sz- c) J.
4.1.2 CIRCULAR AREA (Fig.4.4)
3(z+c)' I
c Q
pjlftt CIIWl
(4. 3)
FIG.4.4 p
30
= p(l+V) [ (3-4'J) {la2 + (z-c) 2 -(a-c)}
4E(l-V)
+ (5-12v+8v2 J{~ 2+(z+c) 2 - (a+cJ} + (z-c)

Nishida (1966) has derived the folloving
expressions for vertical stress az and vertical
displace~~ent Pz: (z-cJ 2 + (3-4vJ(z+cJ 2 - Zca
(a) ~h the C6ntl'e la2 +(z-c) 2 z+c
= _.e...._ [ (l-2V) (a-c) { -;:::::::::1== Zcz(z+cJ 2 + ~

4(1-~ la2 + (z+c) 2 (/az+(z+cJ:J' (z+c)
_ (3-4v)(z+cJ 2 - Zca ] ••• (4.4)

la2+ (z+c)2
. - {( z+c '
) -l }
i :e., ••• (4.4a)
la2+(z+c) 2
VERTICAL LOADING ON HORIZONrAL AREAS 95
(b) Beneath the edge (r=a) Values of C1z/p beneath the centre and edge of
the circle given by Nishida are tabulated in Table
See Nishida (1966) for explicit expressions. 4.1. Influence factors I 0 and Ie for the
vertical displacement beneath the centre and edge of
pz beneath the edge is given by the ·circle are tabulated in Table 4.2 .
pa Ie
Pze ==-E-
.- • • • (4 .5)
TABLE 4.1
VERTICAL STRESS <Iz BE.NEATii CIRCULAR AREA
(Nishida, 1966)
aztfP (centre) az/P (edge)
'11 z1 ~a 0 1 2 3 CD 0 1 2 3 CD
7a
0.00 0 1.00 0.70 0.56 0.54 0.50 0.50 0.33 0.30 0.28 0.25
1 0.64 0.35 0.30 0.27 0.25 0.34 0.21 0.18 0.17 0.13
2 0.28 0.17 0.13 0.12 0.10 0.20 0.12 0.10 0.09 0.07
4 0.09 0.06 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.12 0.05 0.04 Q. 03 0.01
0.25 0 1.00 0. 71 0.57 0.53 0. 50 0.50 0.38 0.31 0.28 0.25

1 0.64 0.46 0.39 0.29 0.26 . 0.34 0.24 0.18 0.15 0. 13
2 0. 28 0.18 0.15 0.13 0. 11 0.20 0.13 0.11 0.09 0.08
4 0.09 0.07 0.06 0.04 0.03 0.12 0.06 0.05 0.03 0.02
0.50 0 1.00 0.75 0.58 0.54 0.50 0.50 0.40 0.32 0. 28 0.25
1 0 . 64 0.45 0.38 0.35 o·. 34 0.34 0.29 0.21 0.19 0.16
2 0.28 0.22 0.18 0.15 0.14 0.20 0.17 0.13 0.11 0. 10
4 0.09 0.08 0. 07 0.04 0.04. 0.12 0.07 0.06 0.05 0.04
.•·.
The centre displacement may also be obtained TABLE 4.2

from
INFWENCE FACTORS FOR
(4.6) VERTICAL DISPLACEMENT OF CIRCLE
(Nishida, 1966)
I 0 (centre) I (edge)
8
'11
where (pz)s is the surface displacement given c/a 0.50 0.25 0.00 0.50 0.25 0.00
in Section 3.3.1,
and is a reduction factor, plotted in o.oo 1.500 1.875 2.000 0.955 1.194 1.273
FR 3·.5o 0.908 0.995 0.909
Fig.4.7. For this case,
5.00 0.862 0.947 0.862 0.586 0.640 0.585
2'8'"1%· '
- 100
1000
0.750
0.750
0.833
0.833
0.750
0.750
0.478 0.530 0 .478
0.478 0.530 . 0.478
= ~ .I
Pz E
96 SUBSURFACE LO~DINC
4 .1. 3 GENERAL AREAS

Sector curves for bulk stress e are shown in
Figs. 4.5 and 4.6 for V=O and O.S (Poulos, 1967a).
Sector curves for the ratio PR of the vertical
Mindlin Cow
displacement of a sector a~ depth d below the sur- s.zctor Influctnce VOiutls
face to the vertical displacement o( the same sector Bulk Stntss e
situated at the surfnce, are shown in Fig.4 . 7 10 . v. 0·5
(Poulos. 1967n).
8 . - Casoe -
S.C....,._ -
Bulk Stnlss
V •O
e
7 -~
. ~2
6
5 -r~~-p
-unit-. L
Surf....
-
!/,
~~ ~ ~ - ~
!'.:·•
~ l:i
~ ·+
~20
1·0
J·O
.
I /} ~ ~ ~ -zj9.,
· 9· * ·r, ~·
~ ~.... ~·'A t7- 6-o
/!)·0
--
2
-1·2 -~
~---~
~---~
w~ ~
~~
~
.;,
vv . .
-
~1 :...-::
[,::
0
06 - -~ /
-- ·1
oa ....
----____ ..,; 1 /
/ ,.~,
FIG.4.5 Sector curves for bulk stress 0. FIG. 4.6 Sector curves for bulk stress e.
v-o. v..o. 5 .
FIG.4. 7 llatio FR of displacement at apex

of sector at depth d to that of
sector at surface.
0 2 3 4 8 9 10
HORIZONTAL LOADING ON VERTICAL. RECTANGLE . 97
4.2 Horizontal Loading on a Vertical

Rectangle
X R.n ( (Kt+K2) )
The horizontal displacement Px at the upper 2+14+(Kt+K2) 2
and lower corner of a rectangular area (Fig.4.8) has
been obtained by Douglas and Davis (1964). _ R.n ((Kt+K2J+i4+(Kt+K2) 2)+ (Kt+Kz) X
2fKt+l1+xV 4
x[/4+(Kt+K2) 2- (Kt+K2J1 - Kt(~+K~ - Kt)
p,. = _2 R.n ( 2(K2+;;:;J) }

(Kt+K2J+i4+(Kt+K2) 2
Surlocll Z•O
2
+ (K1-K2) R.n (2+i4+(Kt+Kz) )
(K1+K2J
+ ~ (/4+(Kt+Kz) 2 _ /1+K~)
(K1+K2) K2
Ps = · 2K2 R.n ( Kh) - (K1+K2 ) x

l+Yl+~
FIG.4.8
x R.n ( Kt+Kz )
2+i4+(K1+K2 ) 2
,..----2
At the upper corners A and B, for a uniform + R.n ((Kt+K2J+i4+(Kt+Kz) j_ (Kt+Kz) x
horizontal pressure p, 2(K2 ~) 4
'Qb
-""""--- 1, I,_ ,. -·- ...... , .. ""-·· ' , ........ l
~-!lVJ.t't+l'.ot+!il .l-~VJ I .1.-VJ.t'Sf
32nG(l-v)
••• (4. 7)
At the lower corners D and C,

For the displacement at other points in the same
plane. the principle of superposition may be
p = pb {(3-4V)F 1+F2+4(1-2v)(l-v)Ps} employed.
X 32TrG(1 - V)
• • • ( 4 .8) Values of F1 to Ps are plotted in Figures
4.9 to 4 .11 .
where K
2
= 2c2
b .
P2 = 2 R.n ( 2 (Kt+.0KfJ }+ (Kt-K2) X

fKt+K2J+I4+(Kt+K2) 2
2
X R.n (2 + 14+(Kt+K2) )
fK1+KzJ
_ K~ (/4+(Kt+K2J
2
_ il+K~)
(K1+K2J K1
)
)
98 SUBSURFACE WADING
1•
~
l!
J ~~ I ~
~.
1·
e
.. ~· 7
I
......... r-
O....ll:rf't
I
wjl
~
/ v
v }"
~~ ~
~~
(q~,b-
;VII / v
FIG, 4. 9 Factors F1 and F"
(Douglas ancl Davis, 1964).
I
I
1· 2 a.- ... ~
'//~I ~v
~ ;Ill
II
1· o-,:
!A VI , FOmlflaflc,/b
-CIIIdss6e
j I
~h~ ~ '~v /~ v/ / il il
~
V1!1V~ .. I
VjfjVJ ~ ~~/ v11:.,' ·< // v il
!0
0 ·8 ~IC
1 !I
0 ·e 3
V!.h I I/~8ti~O:' v v v / ~1~ '/ 2
0 ... ~~ ~-
'1..
~~j.:SJ ~ ~ "'v~~/ v
10
0· 2 v Vv
/ ~~ V/ Vsv ~30
~~ v ~~~ Vh~ ~
/ I/ v V,C/ Vv
1·0
1/ j0~ l/v[}7
10 100 .
c1/t1 or lc,·c,>/tl-
FIG.4.10 Factors
F2 and Fs
(Douqlas and
Davis, 1964) •
FIG.4.ll Factor Fs (Douqlas

and Davis, 1964).
RECTANGLES WITH SBBAR LOADING 99
4.3 Rectangles Subjected to Shear

Loading
Three eases have been considered by Groth and
Chapman (1969). as shown in Fig.4.12. of the corner
displacements in the direction of uniform loading
applied to subsurface rectangles. Influence factors
for the displacements are shown in Figs. 4.13 to 4.17.
In all eases. the displacement is expressed as
8 • h+4S2 (2+aJ 2
p (4.9)
t ""' 11+a2 f2+ZaJ 2
CaJJe 2 Case2
Top Corner. A:. Top Corner A:
I : Xo{fXI~lJ .tnf!*t1+B2 ) + SIC1 Rn e+~) I = xo{(xl+v[a .tne~)

+ fK1+K2J R.n (!+Bf 2+ZaJ)
t+2aB + Sfl+Za) R.n ( s+2 ) . - 2a8 R.n rt+l_) I
S(2+2a) ZaS'
(_ 8+2 )
+ S(2+2a)K2 R.n 'f3( 2+ZaJ
+ .tn·(8~~~~a))+ Kl R.n f6+MJ
- zaBr2 ln <i:~) + aa ~ c:;) 2

_ c(l+aB (2+2a) _ 2+Za2 S2 )
8 t
-as 1n (:~~)+ zase+ ~ a 2 2 2
where · a ""' h
b
8 = £.a s = ll+S2 (2+2a) 2
8
t
-- /2+B2 (2+2a) 2
/l+4o.2B2
t = /2+4a282
c • zaa
2+'V
Xo ..
8Tr(2- v)
x1 = 3- 4'\J
Bottom Comer B:
~ = Ko{BfKt+l) [ R.n e~)
Bottom Corner B:
I =· Ko{Bll .ene~)
a - fK1+2J .tnd2+a2-BJ .+ Zfl+aJ R.n (zs~!w)
2B(Ua)+!_)
. ( t+2 :\
- (l+Za) R.n 8(l+2ail l
+(K1+K2) Rn ( Bfl+ZO.J+tl
~ rs+ZB(l+aJ,
+ ZK2f.(l<~a) .tn( l+s ) - Xt R.n Nl+.a· -BJ+ R.n \:t+Bf2r2a>1
2B(2<~a)
- K2Bfl+2aJ .2n (
2
+t ~ -2Bf2+aJ ~- f) - 2
za f2+aJ
B{2+2a)
28(2+a) _ 8(2+2a))
+ Bfl+aJ [ .tn(~}J - R.n(:~~) + 8
(
s t
+ 2(2-vU2-ZVJ {28(2+a)s-S(l+Za)t
=======----=====~
I
I
l
l
)
100 SUBSURFACE LOADI NG
l
',,
where a,S,X0 ~1 as above
K2 =4(1- v)(l- Zv) l;
s+2B(l+a)J -}
+ b1 ( t+B(l+2aJ ]
s
t
= ll+B2 (1+4a 2 )
= 11+4a2 B2
l J 0
where a,B,Ko,Xl as above u = s/U·4a 2
s = il+4B2 (l+aJ 2
t = h+B 2(1+2a) 2
h h h
b H H '
H ~ JJ
A - f-
b ---
- --
---
A
FIG.4.12 Loading cases for horizontal loading on
a r ectangl e.
0
e 0
e
Cosa I Coscr II cascr m

~col ShGor on H<lrUaltol ~on HOrizcntal ShOot' on
\W'ticol Trianglll. wrticol Trionglcl. Horizontol Ractonglll.
2·0
1·8
1·8
~.
1·o4 ll t- V aO ·~ - ~
Case 3
1·2 ~\\ - - v.o·a
Xo {X1 [ 1n ( S+h+B J + ~B 1n (=~~) ] ~~ "'-.... J
I 2 r
Vol~ Of 4-
ts::_
1·0
r---
~ ....
+ B(K1+1J Rn e+ff)
0 ·8
1',
r--
......__ - - --
--- --- r--;-- -- -
--·-
~
-
,6
--
~
+ (X2+1) b1 (S+s) + Bb1 e+s)
t . u 0·8
"'-. f
.. ~ ,... ,I \
O·•
0 ·2
~
--.:::.:::: 1:::::::... - ! --
0·!5 - --·- -- I
t:=..- - 0·1
-
0
0 1·!5 2·0
...- -1 ( u- S ) _ ... _ - 1 (.,: 0·!5 0·-4 ()-3 0 ·2 0·1 0
.+ K2. (2.....,. 2a8(u+s)
)
....,. c.vo..,0 ~n
- 1 ~-2a8 )) l} FIG. 4. 1 3 Verti~al displacement factor f or upper J

+ ?tan l8(u+s) ~~oo~~ A_•. Case I. "' .. ~~ · ·~ ~~~~.-~J
1·3
1·2
!
lI
:-T I . i --+-~
··~I ·- v · 0 · 5
- - - v·0· 2
1·1
,, I
1
1·0
Val::s •1 I 1·0
o\1
~\
I _I_
I
·'-
0 ·9
0·8
0·7 \,~0
~--~r·· 1I
-v:0·5
va1uu of ra
ill
~
\0~.:::::- ---- -- --~--- I
~
-
I I
-------- -------I
0·6
·~
6 ' ...... _ · 5
__,_
5\~
0·5
II ~
Ill
41\
0·4 ',, r-..... I
0·3
\~
-,~
. . . . __ ---±--- ---1-.....
. _0 · 5
I
I
. -
I .
~
3 ... ___ i----t--- ----j--'--l..__..,__-...!__ ~
§
0·22
~- ----rI JI o!, --T~--+---l. :

~
0·
I
o·l
0
I ' ._L I
0 0 0 ·5 1·0 1.S 2·0 0 0 ·5 . 1· 0 1· 5 2·0
0·5 0 ·4 0·3 0·2 0 ·1 0 0· 5 0 ·4 0·3 0•2 0 •1 0
~b 'Y,
h/b
%
FIG.4.14 Vertical .displacement factor for lower FI G.4.15 Hori zoptal di splacement factor f or upper
. corner B. case I. corner A. Case II.
....
....
Q
....
Q
IIJ
1·3 r--r-,----,--...---r---,-...--.----.
,, I ' I I I I I I I I
1·1 ' '1\ I I I I I I I I I
1·0
1·o l \ I I v·0·5
' \ ---- v · 0·2
\
0·9 - - v · 0·5
----v·0·2 II
0·8
VOIUOS Of
I %I
0·7
~t= ---- -----
I
0 ·8
0·!5
.._
i'-- ---
~
I
---- - --r---_...___
10
-~--~
I
I
- 0 ·8 r-r-11
~~~ I
- - . . .~.:::::::*
I l
~~~.!~-t~--l
I - ·····r.1
F- . .~- ,------
5 I I
.:'
I
~
I I I I 0·!5
0·4 I
,......__, .... --1----..l.--- L1 I I I I '
i
!
.
. . . t-- ~,---
I I.
I ~
0·3
t----_.
-.!.L.
.ro·!S
I
I . I I - 1;1
a
,---foo---t---- f-· - ±- - - - - - - - - -
I
.J. I I .
0·2
0·2
I • 0~1 I I I
0·1 -- I
-I -r--r ~-- 0·1~~
~ *1 ==t==rr==r=r
0
0
I
0·5 1·0
I
1·5 2·0
0
0 0·5 1·0 1·5 2·0
0•5 0·4 0·3 0·2 0·1 0
0 ·1 0
0·5 0·4 0·3 0•2
~ trll
~b ~~~
FIG.4.16 Horizontal di splacement factor for lower FIG.4.17 Horizontal displacement factor for corners.
corner B. Case II. Case III.
" ____.. _________ • _ _ _... _ _ . _ _ _.__,_ ___ ~_"--.JO-,._,. ___,__..._J'____. -·--- .-·----<"";-.. ~-- ..,.:-----:--·.-·--"'--"__.,. __..____.. __,..._, -~~-~-----·-- "-_..,.--"'.....-r.--
Chapter 5
SURFACE LOADING OF A
FINITE LAYER UNDERLAIN
BY A RIGID BASE
·e
5.1 Loading on an Infinite Strip S\rfP ~I
IriJu.-
\W1lall 01$111--· P. ~
. v.oV -
·•f--- ~ Ph
•n·I" /
............
....-
5.1.1 UHHMM VERTICAL LOADING
(Fig.5.1)
·0 / ~
Ist
0 ~ ob-- -......
r--
;f / f-" O·l
0
.. ~~
......- - -
z
0
0
·2''
00
"" ""' ~.
h 0·1 0·2 0 ·3 <>• ()-~
.1. 2·0 t.·~ 1·0 0 ·5 . 0
1'1 ~
•
FIG.S.2 Strip curves for Pz.
1 •2
/ ~
Slt1p l n l - RIC1In
FIG.S.l
1·O ~CII OISIIIOCiment J11<
0·
p,. ·tt·tst 1
/
/
8 I
0 V•O
~
/ "'
~
0 ·4 / ( ) o .. ~
Pa and the horizontal displacement p~ ~eneath the 2
/~ ....-~
.R_ ~
()o4
edge of the strip. obtained by Poulos ll967b). are
-......
shown in Figs. 5.2 and 5.3.
Influence factors for the vertical stress Oz,
Ist 0
-0·2
- ~~ ~
bulk StreSS 6 and shear stress T%z beneath the
edge are shown in Figs. 5.4 and.5.s. for four values
of ~. The interface between the layer and the base
is rough ("adhesive").
-0·4
-0·
.-0· 8
" \ \"
The horizontal stresses a% .and ay may be \
.evaluated as follows: -1· 0
1 2
'-
- · 0 0 ·1 0 ·2 (}3 0·4 0 ·!5
2•0 1·~ 1·0 ()-~ 0
'7a
(5.2) FIG-5-3 Strip curves for Px·
103
l
104 FINITE IAnR ~)
,.8 l
'!
I
1· 6
.!. ,.,- ~
~~
·4
o"/·v /! ~ ~
/ '·
1.
o·y / ~ v
1· 2
v
I 1·0._-lf--~:..__f?C---rh.L-~-+-___,f--+-___,
Ist '
l
I
J vo;r.~
1·0 'l
I st
0 ·8 1·0 1j.
I I~ \.
,
0·
I /jv
\
0· 4 Strip Influ4ZnCV RIC1crs -
H '"""''1 h'T-t---t---t---t- Stnp tnlluance F'octcrs
VeMical Stress v, )
0·2 lh Vartiall StniSS CTz
V•O
•.£· Ist
_l
., • 0·2 j
'I
y CTz
1l'
0·1 0·2
a/,
Q-3 C>-4 0·5
2·0 1·5 '
1·0
%
0·5 'o 0 )
I
l
FIG.5 . 4 Strip curves for az . \1:0. FIG.S.S Strip curves for a ·. \1010.2.
'l ).
z \
I
\.
~
I
I
{.
1
I
l
1·6
1•4
!
1·2 .,\
!I
H) )
i
,l
r.t 0·8 . l
\
\
0•6
I
1
Strip lnlluenc:e Factors
- . Stre ss cr2
1-1'-1-W~-1---+--+--+-- Strip ~ Foctcrs
Vertical Stress cr;,
., • 0 ·4
., • ()-5
f1 • -£ •l at
1
'1
\
(}2 0 ·3 0~ Q-5 C>-5 I
2 1~ 0
% 2 0~ 0 '
{
\
FIG.5.• 6 Strip curves for az. \130.4. FIG. S. 7 · Strip curves for az. \1010.5. I
1i
I
'
,l
I
UNIFORH LOADING ON S'l'RIP lOS
2 .... ,...._
./
1----
2 ·2
·81~~-4~--~~~~~~~~~
--+-~ ()o~ ~~
-6·~:ftv/ v~ -
2
I v). ~
1/ 0·4 v ~~
J
7 1/ ~ v
·2
I /...,/. ~
-()
II [7 ~-o
8
J J1.#
Strtp fllf\oeftce FaC1cn
lk* Stress 9 ·- 71/.l ' Strip ~ FaC1cn-
I 6·~
V•O e
·1.,-
r 1
0 ·4 I rJ' Bulk strorss
V•0 •2
e -t-._ 1--
·2 {/) I
0
~
,~
0
0
0 0 , 0 2 C>-3 C>-4 0·!5
PIG.S.S Strip curves for e. "1>=0.
% 2·0 0
FIG. S.9 Strip curves for e. v-<>.2
!5·0 ,.-...,--r-...,.---,-,....--r---r--.---
Strill 1 - Foo:tort
... stras
v .• ()o4
e
e ·~· lat
01 0-2 o-3 0~ C>-!5 C>-2 C>-3 (}4 0·!5

2 ,~ 1·0 C>-!5 0 2·0 1·!5 1·0
e/" "/a % 0·!5 0
%
'.
FIG.S. lO Strip curves for e. \):11(). 4. FIG.S.ll Strip curves for e. v-o.s.
106 FINITE lAYER
l
~
1·0 l
I 0·8 _...
l.
.I.
0 ·9 :--....
~
Strip ~ foe1DrS
Sttil) -
su-
~'«tors
J f--s-r sns.s txz
v ~
~
v
t,., _ f; 0·" 0·7
- - .... I
0 ~ Va0·2
VoO
T,oz o.!. Io\
I 'txz •.£· Ist ~-
0 0·6
7 0·4 /
/
0 ·5
I 0·4 7 ........-? ~ j
I 7
0 ·5
./ Ist
I /
/ / f'/ l'
--
Ist / 0·4
- I / / /
I / 0·6/
0
I / v ~ 0·3
0·6 l
0 ·3
/
I !/ /
/ )
I I / ~/ /
'I / ~ ;:e
0·2 O·A l
0 ·2
/
/ /I; ,;'
~
/
7 0·1
l
0
·1~ / / ~ ~
0
A~ ~ '!
0o o-1 o·2 0·3 0·4 o-5 0 0·1 0·2 0·3 O·<t 0·5 }
~,. 2·0 1·5 1·0 0·5 0 2·0 1·5 1·0 0 l
~a
l
~B
FIG.S.l2 Strip curves for Txz. \)c() . FIG.5.13 strip curves for •u· v-<>.2.
1·4
1.3
I I
1·2 -Strip l n f l - FOC\Or"s
I
I
1· 1 ,___
Shear Stress ta
v •0·5
t.r.:•Iot
I v
0 ·9 1·0 I
i
SlrtO lllf. _ Factors
$- ~
0 ·8-SI.wVa0•4
i I I
0 ·7
'tu•~ In ~
0·2
~
-..... I 0 ·e 1. I IL
/ !" ...... Ist
0· 7
0:3- .til
0 -6
I / ~;
?=~ 0· 6
/ I 11
Ist
0 -5
I l/"' [P;~ 0· 5 I / 1"W

u~
,~
I v 4 v
0
I v ~v
0·4
0 ·3
I 1/ ~/ I I ...,V v
0· 3
/
0 ·2
/; / ~ ~ 0· 2
1/ / ~
~v
/, 0 v
0 ·1 0·1
0 0
~~ v
0 (}1 0/2 0·3 (}4 (}5 0 (}1 0 ·2 0·3 0 ·<4 0·5
~ 2·0 1·5 1·0 0·5 0 .!. 2 1· 5
..
1·0 0·5 0
II
'!--a " a
FIG.S. l4 Strip curves for Txz· V=0.4 . FIG.S.lS Strip curves for •xz· v-o.s.
,!'RIANGULAR WADING ON STRIP
lO'l
Ueshita and Meyerhof (1968) have also obtained

influence factors for . p3 beneath the edge of the
strip, considering both a rough rigid base (adhesive
interface) and a smooth rigid base (smooth interface).
These influence factors, reproduced in Fig. 5.16,
· show that the effect of the interface is considerable
'for v:O.S but almost negligible for v:o.
Oisplocam<mt Jnlluanca Volua. lsc

~~~~----~Oy·2~--~0~·3~--~0~·~4----0~·5~--~0~·6L___~0~·7L___~~--_Q·9
·+-----+---1------1 2 FIG.5.16 Displacement factors

for edge of strip (Ueshita
and Meyerhof, 1968).
5.1.2 TRIANGULAR VERTICAL LOADING Solutions for the stresses ~ithin the layer have
(Fig.S.l7) been obtained by Giroud and Watissee (1972). Some
solutions for a~,Oz and Tz2 beneath the centre and
edge of the loading arc shown in Figs.5.18 to 5.20
for v:0.3.
Giroud (1970) expresses the vertical surface dis-
placement as
p
z
= EE!. • l'H
E
(5.3)
Values of rn are plotted in Figs. 5.21 to 5.25 for

five values of v.
h
The solutions for triangular loading may be
superposed to determine solutions for "embankment"
or trapezoidal loading.
Rough RILid Bosa
FIG.5.17
t>
Ql
0'-y,
~·
.. --
0 0.2 O'l 0•4 0 •5 p 0 -6 0·7 ~8
0
~
r<- ....-
_, ,,. 00 0•1 ~ M ~ ~ M W M M
~- ----- +--I
2 ~t--... 1'-- ~
(~~
2
Vo0 •3
V• 0•3
3
3
.. i\ \ ..
\
1
1
/a
/a
, a
5
I
I
I
a
a,/p ~
~
o a. / p
01
T·
0
1
I I
2.
/
~
\ _/ 1--..
___ , . v. 0•3
2 I I bo'A' Mo I
3 ._!-,
'y 31 I .' l A+ I
1\
I
'
.. ',1 /-,·- ',,
I
I r-..
·~Q
4
5 •
/ f,J, I I
FIG.S~!~ b=~~!~n::!t:;ress ax FIG.S.l9 Vertical stress a z

(a) beneath centre
(b) beneath edge (b) beneath edge
(Giroud and Watissee, 1972). (Giroud and Watissee, 1972) ,
~ ~--_ .._.,__..__,.,.. ___ _____ ..,._....._,. ___..... . . ____ .

, _~ _____.,_.,. ___.__. ___. ----:·-·· ~- --=-----=-------------~--
109
PIG.S.20 Sh.ar at.J:ess ':u benea~ edqe (Giro\ld aDd

. Watis. . . , 1972).
5~~----------~----------~
FIG.5.2l Displac~t factor rH. v-o.

Giroud, 1~70).
FIG.S.22 Displacement factor r • v-o.2.

8
"(Giroud,· 1970).
CIRCULAR AREA lll
5.2 Loading on a C ircular Area (Fig. 5.26)
a ~· 1
V • 0 ·3
4
z
h Q
FIG. S. 26
FIG. S. 28 a z beneath edqe (Milovic:, 1970).
CTr
p
·<HO 0 0.10 0·20 ()-30 0.40 0.!50 0·60
For four values of h/a and three values of v
(0.15~ 0.30 and 0.45) Milovic (1970) has tabulated
solutions for the stresses and displacements beneath the
the centre (~/a= OJ~ (~/a= o. sJ. and the edge
(zo/a = 1) for the case of uniform vertical loading.
Sol utions for a2 and C1zo beneath the centr e and
edge, and ~l'Z beneath · th~ edge, are shown in Figs.
5.27 t o 5.31 for v = 0.30.
4
.!.
a
f •O
v • 0.3
~
p
6
0 ______o-~~------o~·eo
o~-----o~·20 ______o~·-eo~--~r-.-
FIG.S.29 err beneath centre (Milovic:, 1970).
(1,.
p
.1. ..
a
'·
z
Q
FIG. S.27 az beneath centre (Milovie, 1970~
FIG.5.30 err bene&~ edge (Milovic, 1970).

l
.\,
FINITE IAl'ER
l
ll2
\
I
TABLE 5. 1
INFLUENCE FACTORS FOR VERTICAL DI SPLACEMENT AT
EDGE OF CI RCULAR AREA (Egorov, 1958)
.,
1
Ie
SMOO'lli · ADHESIVE
'j
h/a INTERFACE I NTERFACE \
l
(A1~ v) (V=0.3 only)
0. 2 0.005 0. 04
0.5 0. 12 0. 10
1 0.23 0-.20, \
.t
a
--4----- ~· 1+-------~
V • <>-3
2
3
5
7
0.38
0. 45
0.52
. 0.56
0.34
0. 42
0.50
0.54
l
l
\
.
10 0.58
0.64
0. 57
0.64
1'I
Edge displacement
l·
FIG.S.3l Trz beneath edqe (Milovic, 1970). 1)
For other cases, stresses and displacements TABLE 5.2

beneath ~e centre of a uni formly loaded circular INFLUENCE FACTORS Ip FOR VERTICAL SURFACE
area may conveniently be obtained from the sector DISPLACEMENT 11ITHIN CIRCULAR AREA
curves described in Section 5. 4 and shown in Figs. (Rough Rigid Base) (After Milovic, 1970) J
5. 52 to 5.73. The use of the sector method is
descr ibed in Section 1. 7.3. v h/ar/a 0 .2 .4 .6 .8 1.0 1
Influence factors for the vertical displ acement
I
pz beneath the centre of the circle have been obtain- 1 0.464 0.458 0, 441 0. 408 0.348 0.208
ed by Ueshi ta and Meyerhof (1968) for both a rough 2 0.684 0. 674 0. 645 0.593 0. 509 0.348
underl ying base (adhesive interface) and . a smooth 0. 15. 4 . 0.811 0.800 0.768 0. 710 0. 619 0. 463
inter face . These factors are shown in Fig.5 . 32. 6 0.839 0.827 0.794 0. 736 0. 646 0~501
ApprQximate values of the influence factor for 1 0. 397 0 . 392 0.379 0.351 0.301 0.173
vertical displacement at the edge of the circular 2" 0.613 0.604 0.578 0. 531 0. 456 0. 305
0.30
area have been quoted by Harr (1966) and are shown in
Tabl e 5. 1 for both an "adhesive interface" and a
4 0. 740 0.732 0.703
0.733
0. 651 .0.568 0.420
0.681 0.5~7 0.458
1
6 0.770 0. 762
"smooth interface".
For various points wi thin the loaded area,
1
2
0.278
0.489
0 . 276
0.482
0.267
0.461
0. 25.0
0. 422
0.213
0. 361
0.109
0.229
j
.Milovic (1970) has obtained solution for the vertical 0.45 4 0.612 0 . 608 0.585 0.541 0.472 0.340
sur face displacement, and these are shown in 6 0.637 0.635 0.612 0.568 0.499 0 . 374 )
Tabl e 5. 2. These results are for an adhesive
interface.
Pz =~
E
RBC'l'ANGULJIR AREA ll3
Olsplocement lnfluonce Value, leo

0 0•4 0•6 . 0·8 1•0 1•2 1-4 1·8
Interlace
FIG.S.32 Displacement factor for

centre of circle (Ueshita ana
Heyerhof, , l968).
-; ;;e
5.3 Loading on a Rectangular Area 0 · 24 -·
0 · 23
5.3.1 ROUGII RIGID BASE (Fig.5.33) O ·:r.!
0·, ..... . ... ..
0 ·~
0 ·19
o·ta · ·· - · · ··
0 • 17
0 · 16
I
0 · t4
~ 0 · 1) ··- ··;··· .. .. 1
0•12
o·n
, 77 777/7777777777777 0 · 10
0·~ . . ... ..
FIG.S.33
O · Cle - --·
0 · 01 - -
0 · 06 - -1 - -- 1111
For uniform vertical loading p/unit area, a

smooth rectangular area and a rough (adhesive) inter-
face, between the layer a~d the base, Bu~ister
(1956) has evaluated the vertical stress C1z beneath
the corner of the rectangle at various depths in the
O-Ot~~ttwu
- -~
~h
o·z o--•
Aoho
c>6
':..-.,
t·o
. ...
2>0
1
. ·
1
•o e·o
· J
10-0
layer for v=0.4. These results are shown in

Figures 5.34 to 5.38. The value of v has little
influence on these vertical s tresses , expecially near FIG.S.34 Bur.ister layer theory. a beneath corner
the top of the layer. at z=0.2h. v-o.4. (Burmister, zl956).
l
.........
0· 20
0 •2$ b.-..J.-..
0· 2~ I I I I I I I I
0 · 23
0 · 22 1----1 1-1-1-- -t-1- -+l- 1++-+-
0 · 21
0 · 20
I/] T/r T 117T7fT
0 · 111
0 · 18
0 · 17
0· 10
0 • HI
0· 1~
IT,
;.p
~
0 · 13
0 • 12
0 · 11
a...
0 · 10 1 - t1---1-- t ~
0 · 011 t:
0 · 08 JJY 1 r IIIAIIJI ~
0 · 07
0 · 06
I I~
·-- ·
EHB
0 · 0$
0·04 -
O·OJ
0 · 02
0 ·01 ~111 1 1 1 1 1
0
0 · 01 0 ·02 o- ~ o -ooo-1 0 ·2 o-~ o -o t ·o 2·0 ~-o o-o 10·0
Otpl ft Roloo 1:--,. OoPih ROiio y,.
FIG.5 .35 B~ster l aye r theor y . az beneath corner FIG, 5.36 Burmister l ayer theory. az beneath corner
at z-o. 4h. ~-o.4. (Burmister, 1956) , at z-o.6h. v-o.4 . (Burmist er, 1956).
. ~ ---- _._.,. ___ ~__,.._ ____._,_.JI'_ _.. _..___.J'_,_. _ _...,.,_..,... __. ______ -
~ , _ .. _ _______
.. ...._..,_..._.. _.____ . ___.. _.,. __ _..,. ... _~-·-
0·26 lJ
0·2!1 0·2!1 ...-::::::::::~
~
0·24 0·24 ·,-- I 'Lt.
llllmlllflr
0·23
o-23 ~to LlVlfl
0·22
0·22 6JP . ~ ~t~ ~JJhfd
0·21
o· 21 1 I 17 "i"' ~~
0· 20
o· 20 _L , L J ll.1 J
I ~·
0·19
_ __ L_
t=l I tltt=~::: =
0·18
o-19
o· 10 -
_
t-
_
1- _L1 / TJ _ -1-
0·17
0· 17 - 1 ·- - •j
0·16 0·16 - t-- · I U
0. 1!11---1---t----l--l-1----l
0·1!1 tiJ I Ll
0 ·141---l---t-+-+-JL---+
~" J I I IL.L
1 ~I !·~- I 7 ~
0·14
'% 0·13 0
"rp 6jj g_ f· .J
~
. 13 ;
£~ "'-r.,. ~/'?/
·121---l---t-+-+-l--
0
o-12 ~ ~ I
G'j
0 · 111---l---t-+-+-lf---T--fH-f-f-H 0·11
0·10 0·1ol---+--+-t-'H--1
~
o-ooL---t---+-~~~--~HT-~f-f111~1
i
0·091
0· o· oaL--1---+---lH-f---:lf/hl---;f-'frfttt/1/
0·07 /Ill I II lillY I I o· o7L--1---l----l--f+--!IIH--fH'tt'f11Tt7
O·OB' 11/IY I Y IVA/I/ I o·oe.~--+---+-~4-j~~nr~r.ltttil~
0•0!1
I /IIlii I II I AIJ. YI 0·~·~--+---+-~~~11.ff-t-t111V1r.r-
0·04
VIll/ II I VIA/cJL
~
·. I l l
~
Ill 0·04 I I I I
0·03
"' 0·031----+--t--t-i~r.f~,
0·02 ... o·o2L--+--1---J.i~¥-t-rt-rn~7A
0·01 ~HIIIII1 o· o11----l---::;~&;::~1;;;~~~~;:r-- 1- t--
0 0
0·01 0·02 0·04 0·080·1 0·2 0·4 0·6 1·0 2·0 4·0 6·0 1·0 0·01 0·02 0·04 0·06 0·1 0·2 0·4 0·6 1·0 2·0 4·0 6·0 10·0
O.pth Rollo ~ O•pth Rollo lyh
FIG.S.37 Burmister layer theory. a beneath co~rter FIG.5.38 Bu~ster layer theory. az beneath corner
at z~.Bh. v-o.4. (Burmister, f956). at z•l.Oh. v-o.4. (Burmister 1956).
....
....
"'
ll6 FINITE rArER
Influence factors for the vertical displacement 2

of the corner of a rectangle loaded with a uniform + +
vertical stress p per unit area have been presented p= s + p (1) + p (1)
:t:1: ~d Pz/1) ••• (5.8a)
by Ueshita and Meyerhof (1968) for a .rough rigid base 4
(adhesive interface). These influence factors Ira +
are shown in Figures 5.39 to 5.-44 for 6 values of v.
The actual displacement is given by
2 +
p B Ira s
p = ••• (5.4) py + py=(1) + pyy{1) Pyz(l) ••• (5.8b)
z
E 4 + +
Influence factors for both vertical and horizon- 2 + +

tal surface displacements at the corner of a rectangle
have been presented by Davis and Taylor (1962) for a Pz s = - P2 :z/1J p
zy
(1) + p (1)
zz ... (5.8c)
rough rigid underlying base. Both uniform vertical 4 + +
loading qz per unit area and horizontal loadings
q= and qy per unit area, have been considered.
Referring to t~e key diagram in Figure 5.45(a), Another series of solutions have been presented
for corner 1, i.e. the corner contained in the posit- by Milovic and Tournier (1971) who have evaluated
ive ~d quadrant, displacements are expressed as stresses and displacements beneath the centre and
corner of the rectangle. The stresses evaluated are
defined as follows:
••• (5.5) (a) Uniform Vertical Loading p
where crz p.I (5.9a)

zp
i~j are any of :,y~z.
cr= p.I:r:p (5.9b)
For example, for vertical displacement due to
uniform horizontal loading in the y direction, T p.I=zp • • • (5.9c)
=z
a !!. (1+v)I .•. (5 .6)

Pzy = ·y E zy (b) Uniform Horizontal Loading q=
crz q=.Izq (5.10a)

The solutions for m:::z, myy and m:ry are
approximate only as they have been obtained by use of
the Steinbrenner approximation (see Section 6.4.1). cr q=.Izq (5.10b)
=
The influence factors 0 mij~ 1mij. 2mij for a .I (5.10c)
corner 1 are plotted in Figures 5.45 to 5.48. It '=z ·= =zq
should also be noted that, because of the approximate
treatment of m:::z, myy and m:ry. 2 m:ry= 2 my:r:=O~ and
For the centre of the rectangle, the stress
2 m:r::r:= 2myy=O. influence values Izp and I:v for vertical loading
and the influence values I=za· for horizontal loading
For corner 1, the total displacement in direction are given in Tables 5.3 to 5.5; for the centre,
i due to combined loading is given by
IZZP, Izq and Izq are all zero. For the corner of
therectangle, the stress influence values Izp.. I:r:p
p.(1)
'Z.
= p. (1.) + p. (1) + p. (1)
oz.= -z.y 'Z.Z
and I:r:zp for vertical loading are given in Tables
5.6 to 5.8 and Izq.. I=q and I=zq for horizontal
loading are given 1n Tables 5.9 to 5.11.
(5. 7)
For the other three corners the displacements

can be obtained from the displacement components
Pij(1) as follows:
RECTANGULAR AREA ll7
Disptac:emcznt lnllucznc:CI Valucz Ire

0·1 . 0.2 0·3 0·4 0-5 0·6
0·2 FIG.5.39 Displacement fac~rs for corner of

rectangle. V=O.S. (Ueshita and Meyerhof,l968).
Oisplac:e~mcznt Inllu<lnccz Valucz Ire

0.2 0.3 0·4 0·5 0·6 0·7 0·8
L
t----14 g
u
{1.
1·0L----1L.....;;.».l.--l---1.---J....a.....,..-L.-L--l...":l"__..,~,..-~
Boussncrsq CaM -
h/B = oo
Oisplacczmcmt Inllucznccz VoluCl Ire

0·3 0·4 0·5 0·6 0.7 0.8 0.9
FIG.5.41 Displacement factors for corner

0·2 -------2 of rectangle. V=O. 3. (Ueshita and
al Meyerhof, 1968 ).
1----14 "'' L
~
{1.
:a 0·6 1----+-.,_-_,
~
J:
... 0·81----1
llB FINITE LlU'ER
Oisplac~riurnt lnfiiMnc~ ~lu~ lr~
0·3 0 ·4 0 ·5 C>6 C>7 0·8 C>9
·~---12 FIG.5.42 Displacement factors for corner

ell e11 of rectangle. v-<:>.2. (Ueshita and
s:.' r.' Heyerhof,l968).
~ 0•4 t--..;t--..,
u
&.
:IC>6t---+
....!!1 .
... o-8t---+-
.t:.
Oisplocqmont lnllu«ncq Vo~~Jq Ire

0·3 0·4 C>5 C>6 0 ·7 0 ·8
1---t---12 FIG.5.43 Displacement factors for corner

of rectangle. \1=0.1. (Ueshita and
Heyerhof ,1968).
- - -- - ~--- 4 9
v
{l
hfa :a. t
Infklanc~ Valu~ I,..

0·4 0·5 o.a o-e o.g
2
FIG.5.44 Displacement factors for corner
of rectangle. \1=0. (Ueshita and
Meyerhof, 1968).
~
4 ..
3v
{1.
i 0·6
~
.... o·et---+- -
RECTANGUlAR AREA ll9
1;1
. 04
./~ o~~~
31 12
~~:.,
.0 "!1
i I,
..
2
.
2
1
0
I
!
i
!
ooooo 0 0
\
1tfl.!-..'\." I.X
~ ~::-
0 0 0
s~gna and s~· o)~ ''.

h 0 0 :< 6
--
;
P,•Q;'l"(h\? lt o. ·.,,.. t7
wMN Q ~ \
1, • ""'' • •"'tv •om,v,• o/< t-- 7
2 -1mzz I i\ \ 1
\~Yt'\ f'....:
ancll,j .... -
x, Y1 z.
c(~"l'--
0
·tlr.
.......
; ;
01 11\
liJ I. ~~ f"..
0·02
o..,~
~
\'! I :
005
~~Q ,, ..........
~/~~ Iill!il-l ~·
.J'j •olllzz
:--..... .....
~~"{~ ~Q~ -
0:. I 002
~ ~
I
I !'
0
.. 001
2 •
FIG.5.45 Rectangle displacement factors (Davis and Taylor, 1962).
8 S
o
~ 8 8S8Sil::~:I!!SI
o o o ooooocooo66 6 6
~ Sl <!;
6
8 8 S! ~:ts~::
6 6 0 00060000C:x) 0 0
~ on,.
~,
0 0
,
"'
0
'
..,.... ,....
2
Ill \ 2
I I I Ill 1\
~ t:t: \\\ l\'~ r-.......... r-
'
1 1\ \[\
1
~ :
'1, ~ o-s
:s
l
Is
E;. 0·2 \ '.........._
'"'"- 1\ \ .I " .......
0 0
'NII ........ t-
!!
#_,,~
0•1\ [\ -.:pm,.. or •o
aiiiO
·~ ~
i
1\
[\
o-0!1
-0 myz or •0 m,1 :::E 1! ,,
•,mxz or •/"zx, ~
:s ;
I'' also
' ,l I
"-
I • mvz or -1mzy
002
...... J...Li i it I I 1111
~.......... r- I r---... 1•• I II
00 ()o1 02 OS 1 .. 00 01 0·2 o-s 2
vh d"aa or o"'u)
(tor L/h (tor ,..... or ,..u l
or !Yh (lor !1",. or . !1",.) or Blj, (lor •"'a• or 1m,1 l
(a) (b)
8 8 ~ 6s 0s 000
~88 !2~~!!2 m~ R
.. 0 6 0 0 6000000 0 0 0
\ \
~" " :
2
\. i\ \. [\..' ~
1--
li. (
1~ 1',
0·5
~I''
,...... .,
~
r- :;-- FIG.5.46 Rectangle displacement factors (Davis and
:s b
-;--..-.:
~ ;. i'- Taylor, 1962).
li.li. 0·2
r:::::±-J- 001
!! 0•1
or-~.,.
;;;; •2m,..
Is 0•05 ·~ or -2mzy .
'
o-oz
I I
O·c»Q-01 Q-02 00 0•1 02 OS 1

II 4
L/h (lor ...,.,. .,.. -.>

or e,h (lor om,. or 2 m,1 l
(c)
l
120
4
II I \
0 0
FINITE IAl'ER
Il
i
2
\ \ \ \ lXI'
, \
1\ I\ ~ ~'-t- 'r
5
"' FIG.5.47 Rectangle displae~ment factors (Note that
2
mxy "' 0) (Davis and Taylor, 1962). l
)
.,
·omq or I>'
0· ,
·om)'lt
v l
l
k"t-- •1m"Y .,. .,myx
G-01
1
0 ·02
l! ~ 1111111
1
2 4
l
i
\
l
l
1 I
)
l
1 l
\ \
.
2/ v
/
§
0
/
§
0
:7
0
7
0 0 000
7n r77
i7'lh ~
~24
~
,.
l1
'I\,
2
, \ , 17 I/ ~ rfl
1
5
2 \
\
D \.
'\,.
-
r--
1--
~
5
f"'>:
!'--...:: t-
~ t-.
j
1
~!
,
"" r-
0
..
0
005
,
.,m.,."-..._
0 ·02
i\
•om I "
H.iu :t'•emvv 0 ·02
l~,m~
0•0 I
~
0·02
IIIN-+t
0 0 0-1 ~ ~ 2 4
0•0 I
001 002 0-()5
ll
0.1 0.2
Tt ~ 2 4
or L/h· <for ,,._,
L/h (lor om•• >
or e,h (for • ...;..>
B/h (lor om, I
(a) (b)
FIG.5.48 Rectangle displacement factors (Davis and Taylor, 1962).

121
TABLE 5.3
I NFLUENCE VAWES I ttl'~ I:r:p AND I:r:~
(Mi1ovic and Tournier, 1971)
(L/B) = 1.00 Cent r e
v := O.lS v = 0.30 . 'IJ = 0.45

h/B %/B
I .zp ' I I:r:;sq Izp I I:;zq I zp I I
:p · :cp :cp :zq
0.00 1.000 0 . 441 1.000 0.549 1.000 0.638
0.10 0.974 0 . 310 0.738 0.974 0.425 0.739 0 . 974 0.520 0. 7.40
0.20 0.941 0.214 0.544 0.943 0 . 308 0 . 545 0.947 0.397 0.548
1. 0 0.40 0 . 837 0.040 0. 276 0.842 0.113 0 . 275 0.855 0,192 0.274
0 . 60 0 . 682 0.005 0.167 0 .690 0.062 0. 164 0.712 0.149 0. 164
0.80 0.563 0.013 0.131 0.570 0.093 0 .122 0.595 0.211 0 . 114
1.00 0.473 0.083 0 . 117 0.468 0 . 201 0.096 0.478 0.391 0.067
0.00 1.000 0 . 527 1.000 0.649 ·1.000 0.766
0·. 10 0 .970 0.385 0.726 0 .970 0.500 0.726 0 .970 0.590 0. 726
.0.20 0 .931 0.261 0.521 0 .931 0.355 0.522 0.931 0 . 446 0 .522
0.40 0.802 0.061 0.236 0.802 0.122 0 . 236 0.804 0 . 181 0.237
2. 0 0.80 0.462 - 0 . 027 0.062 0.464 0.003 0.062 0.469 0.034 0. 063
1.20 0.282 -0 . 023 0 . 033 0.286 -0 . 005 0.033 0.294 0.027 0.033
1.60 0.200 -0.005 0.030 0.204 0.020 0 .028 0.215 0.057 0.025
2.00 0.157 0.027 0.028 0 . 155 0.067 0.161 0 . 132 0. 011
o . oo 1.000 0.545 1.000 0 . 672 1.000 0 . 795
0 . 10 0.970 0.400 0.724 0.970 0 .502 0 . 724 0.970 0.635 0.724
0.20 0.930 0.275 0. 518 0 .930 0.370 0.519 0.930 0 . 464 0 . 519
0.40 0 . 799 0.070 0.230 0.799 0 . 131 0.230 !).799 . 0 . 191 0.231
0.80 0 .452 -0.024 0.052 0.453 0.003 - 0.052 0.454 0.030 0. 053
3.0 1.20 0 . 263 -o . 025 0.020 0 .264 -0.009 0.020 0 . 266 0. 007 0 . 021
1.60 0 . 170 -0.018 0.013 0.172 -0 . 006 0.013 0.175 0.007 0.014
2.00 0.122 - 0.011 0.012 0.124 0.000 0.012 0.129 0.013 0.012
2.50 0.091 -0.001 0.013 0.093 0.011 0.011 0.099 0.029 0.010
3.00 0.073 0.013 0.012 0.073 0.031 0.009 0.0076 0.063 0.004
0 .00 1.000 0.555 1.000 0 .684 1.000 0.811
0.10 0.970 0.432 0.723 0.970 0.521 0.723 0 . 970 0 . 625 0.723
0.20 0.930 0 . 282 0.517 0.930 0.380 0.517 0.930 0.476 0.517
0 . 40 0 . 798 0 . 076 0 . 228 0.798 0.138 0 .228 0.798 0.200 0.223
0.80 ·o.450 -0.020 0.048 0.450 o.ooi 0.049 0.450 0 . 034 0.049
1. 20 0.258 -0.023 0_.015 0.258 -0 . 009 0.015 0.258 0.006 0.015
5 . 0 1.60 0. 162 -0.017 0.007 0.162 - 0 . 009 0 . 007 0 . 163 0 . 000 0 . 007
2.00 0.110 - 0 . 013 0.005 0.111 -0 .007 0 . 005 0.112 o . ooo 0.005
2.50 0.075 -0.008 0.004 0.075 -0.004 0.004 0. 077 0.001 0. 004
3.00 0 ~ 055 -0.006 0.004 0.056 -0.002 0.004 0.057 0 .003 0.004
3.50 0.043 -0.004 0.004 0.044 0.000 0.004 0.046 0.006 0 .004
4. 00 0.036 - 0.002 0 .005 0 .037 0.003 0.004 0.039 0 . 009 0. 004
4.50 0 . 031 0.001 0 .005 0. 032 0 .006 0.004 0.034 0.015 0.004
5.00 0.027
.... 0.005 0 . 005 0.027 Q. 012 0.003 0.029 0.023 0.002
122 FINITE IAl'ER
TABLE 5.4
INFWENCE VAWES Iz.P> I:rp AND I:rzq
(L/E) = 2.00 Centre
\/ = 0.15 \/ = 0.30 \/: 0.45

h/B z/B
I:r:p I :zq I I I I :cD I
Izp Izp
::f =~ ze 5
o.oo 1.000 0.511 1.000 0.571 1.000 0 . 607
0.10 0.992 0.364 0.775 0.992 0.44? 0.775 0.992 0.501 0.777
0.20 0 . 976 0.245 0 . 589 0.977 0.314 0 . 589 0.981 0 . 377 0.593
1.0 0.40 0.919 0.047 0.337 0.924 0.122 0.334 0.936 0.207 0.337
0.60 0.821 -0 . 006 0.233 0.827 0.080 0.226 0.847 0 . 193 0.224
0.80 0.732 0.020 0. 198 0.734 0.130 0 . 181 '0.754 0.291 0. 165
1.00 0 . 651 0.115 0.181 0.638 0.273 0 . 145 0.639 0.523 0.099
0.00 1.000 0.656 1.000 0.731 1.000 0.796

0.10 0;985 0.502 0.754 0.985 0.545 o. 755 0.985 0.620 0. 764
0.20 0.963 0.325· 0.552 0.963 0.390 0.552 0.964 0.449 0.554
0.40 0.877 0.084 0 . 271 0.878 0.138 0.272 0.880 0.189 0.274
2.0 0.80 0.615 -0 . 039 0.090 0.619 0.001 0.091 0 . 627 .0.044 0.093
1.20 0.436 -0 .036 0 •.058 0 . 441 0.000 0.057 0 . 455 0.046 0.057
1.60 0.334 -0.007 0.054 0.340 0 . 036 0.050 0.356 0.100 0.046
2.00 ·o.211 0.048 0.052 0.269 0 . 115 0 . 038 0.277 0.227 0.020
0.00 1.000 0.691 1.000 0.772 1.000 0. 848

0 . 10 0.982 0.508 0.751 0.982 0.580 0.752 0.982 0.675 0.752
0.20 0.961 0 . 350 0.546 0.962 0.418 0.546 0.962 0.482 0 . 547
0.40 0.872 0.102 0.261 0.872 0.156 0.261 0.873 0 . 207 0 . 263
0 . 80 O.S98 -0 .032 0.073 O.S99 0.002 0.073 0.602 0.036 0.074
3.0 1.20 0 .403 - 0.040 0.033 0.405 -0.016 0.033 0 . 409 0.010 0.035
1.60 0.286 -0.030 0.024 0.289 -0.001 0.024 0.295 0 . 012 0 . 025
2.DO 0 . 217 -0.019 0.023 0.220 0 . 000 0.022 0.229 0.025 0.023
2.50 0.168 -0 . 002 0.024 0.171 0.020 0.022 0.180 0.055 0 . 020
3.00 0.137 0.024 0 . 024 0.137 0.059 0.017 0.142 0.116 0.008
0.00 1.000 0 . 710 1.000 0.795 1.000 0 . 879

0 . 10 0.981 0 . 525 0.750 0.981 0.605 0.750 0.981 0.702 0.750
0.20 0.961 0.366 0.544 0.961 0.436 0.544 0.961 0.505 0.544
0.40 0.870 0.114 0.257 0.870 0.170 0.257 0.870 0.224 0.258
0 . 80 0.594 - 0.024 0.066 0.594 0.009 0.066 0.594 0.043 0.066
1.20 0.393 - 0 . 036 0.024 0.394 -0.014 0.024 0.395 0.007 0.025
5 .0 1.60 0.270 -0.030 0 . 012 0.271 -0.015 0 . 013 0.272 0.000 0.013
2.00 0.195 -0.023 0 . 009 0.195 -0 . 012 0.009 0.197 0.000 0.010
2.50 0.138 - 0.017 0.008 0.139 - 0 . 008 0.008 0.141 0.002 0.008
3. 00 0.104 - 0.001 0.008 0.105 -0.004 0 . 008 0.108 0.006 0.008
3.50 0.083 -0.007 0 . 008 o.o85. 0.000 0.008 0.088 0.011 0.008
4.00 0.070 -0.003 0.009 0.071 0 . 005 0.008 0.075 0.018 0.008
4.50 0.060 0.002 0.009· 0.062 0.012 0.008 0.065 0.029 0.007
5.00 0.053 0.009 0.009 · 0.053 0 . 023 0.007 0.056 0.045 0.004
RECTANCVIAR AREA 123
TABLE . 5. 5
INFLUENCE VALUES Izp>Izp AND I%%q
(Mi1ovic and Tournier. 1971)
(L/B) • 5.00 Centre
'\) =0.15 '\) =0.30 '\1"" O.?S
h/B z/B
Izp I I:r:zq Izp I zp I:t:Zt]. Izp I I :=q
=P :f
0.00 1.000 0.525 1.000 0.566 1.000 0.592
0 . 10 0 . 996 0 . 365 0.796 0.996 0.425 0.796 0 .996 0.462 0.797
0.20 0.980 0.252 0.610 0.981 0.303 0.608 0.983 0 . 358 0.609
1. 0 0.40 0.920 0.050 0.367 0.922 0.117 0.360 0.930 0.200 0.358
0.60 0.830 0.005 0 . 271 0.832 0.081 0.257 0.843 0 ;199 0 . 246
0 . 80 0.753 0.022 0.239 0.751 0.138 0.212 0. 760 0.307 0.183
1.00 0.688 0.121 0.221 0.672 0.288 0.171 0.665 0.544 0.108
0.00 1.000 0.715 1.000 0 . 745 1.000 0.760

0.10 0.990 0.505 0.772 0.990 0.565 0.772 0.990 0.590 0.773
0.20 0.971 0 . 362 0.565 0.971 0. 390 0.566 0.972 0.410 0.568
0.40 0.889 0.104 0.290 0.890 0 . 135 0.290 0.893 0.163 0.293
2.0 0.80 0.667 -0.040 0 . 119 0.670 0.004 0.118 0.677 0.039 0.120
1.20 0.524 -0 .043 0 .092 0.528 0.002 0 . 088 0.539 0 .063 0 . 088
1. 60 0 . 441 -0.008 0 . 092 0.443 0.054 0.082 0.455 0.144 0. 072
2.00 0.385 0.068 0 . 088 0 . 377 0.162 0.064 0.379 0 . 310 0.032
0 . 00 1.000 0.-778 1;000 0.812 1.000 0.836

0.10 0 . 990 0.541 0.767 0.990 0.610 0.767 0.990 (1.649 0.768
0.20 0.969 0.408 0.556 0.969 0 .436 0.556 0.970 0 . 458 0.557
0.40 0.884 0.137 0.272 0.884 0.165 0.273 0 . 885 0.188 0.274
0.80 0.649 -0 .027 0.089 0.650 0.000 0.089 0.653 0 . 026 0.091
3.0 1.20 0.489 -0 . 049 0.052 0.492 -0.022 0 . 052 0.498 0.008 0.054
1.60 0.391 -0.043 0.045 0.395 -0 . 015 0.044 0.404 0 . 020 0.046
2. 00 0.329 -0.029 0.046 0.333 0 . 003 0.044 0.344 0.046 0.043
2. 50 0.278 -0 . 002 0.049 0.281 0.038 0 .043 0.292 0.099 0.038
3.00 0 . 241 0 . 042 0.047 0.238 0.102 0.034 0.242 0.198 0.016
0 . 00 1.000 0.819 1.000 0.859 1.000 0.895

0.10 0.990 0.603 0.765 0.990 0.642 0.765 0.990 0.703 0.765
0.20 0 . 969 0.442 0.511 0.969 0.473 0.551 0.969 0.503 0 . 552
0.40 0.881 0.164 0.264 0.881 0 . 194 0.264 0 . 882 0.221 0 . 265
0.80 0.641 -0.010 0.075 0.641 0.015 0.075 0.642 0.039 0.076
1.20 0.474 -0.0'40 0 .033 0.475 - 0.018 0.033 0.476 0.003 0.034
5.0 1.60 0.367 -0.041 0.021 0.368 -0.023 0 . 021 0.370 - 0.003 0 .023
.. 2.00 0.294 -0.037 0.018 0.296 -0.020 0.018 0.299 -0.001 0.019
2.50 0 . 233 -0.029 0.017 0.235 ·-0. 014 0.017 0 . 239 0.005 0.018
3. 00 0.191 -0.022 0.018 0.193 -0.007 0 . 018 0.199 0.013 0.019
3.50 0.162 -0.014 0.019 0.165 0.002 0.019 0.172 0.024 0.019
4. 00 0.141 - 0 .006 0.021 0.144 0. 012 0.019 0 . 152 0.040 0.018
4.50 0. 126 0.005 0.022 0.128 0 .027 0.019 0 .135 0.062 0.016
5 . 00 0.113 0.020 0.021 0 . 113 0.048 0.015 0.117 0.096 0.008
l25
TABLE 5.7
INFUIENCE VALUES Izp~ I%!' AND I
(Milo~ and Tournier, 1971)
(L/B) = 2.00 Corner
\) = 0.15 \) = 0.30 \) = 0.45

h/B z/B
I I I I I I I I I
zp =P. ::zp zp :z:p ::zp zp rp :z:zp
0.00 0.250 0.085 0.000 0.250 0.108 0.000 0.250 0.129 Q.OOO
0.20 0.250 0.062 0.119 0 .250 0.089 0.118 0 .250 0.118 0.113
1.0 0.40 0.250 0.041 0.104 0.250 0.072 0.103 0 . 250 0.112 0.097
0.60 0.250 0.029 0 . 079 0.250 0.067 0.081 0.250 0.118 0.078
0.80 0.248 0.030 0.061 0.244 0.076 0.069 0.240 . 0.141 0.075
1.00 0.241 0.042 0 .061 0 . 232 0.099 0.080 0 . 223 0. 183 0.107
0.00 0.250 0.147 0.000 0.250 0.164 o.ooo 0 . 250 0.176 0.000
0 . 20 0.250 0.100 0.136 0.250 0.116 0.136 0 .250 0.129 0.135
0.40 0.248 0.059 0.130 0.249 0.076 0.129 0.250 0 . 092 0 .127
2.0 0.80 0 . 230 0.012 0.086 0.231 0 . 030 0.085 0.234 0 . 051 0.082
1.20 0 . 205 -0 . 002 0.051 0.207 0.020 0.051 0.212 0.048 0.049
1.60 0.183 0.005 0 . 031 0.183 0.(>33 0.032 0. 188 0.072 0.033
2.00 0.163 0 . 029 0.026 o.·160 0.068 0.033 0.160 0.131 0.042
0.00 0.250 0.172 0.000 0.250 0.192 0.000 0.250 0.207 0.000
0.20 0.250 0.118 0.139 0.250 0.135 0.139 0.250 0.149 0.139
0.40 0.246 0.072 0.134 0.246 0.088 0. 134 0 . 246 0.102 0.133
0.80 0.222 0.017 0.093 0.222 0 . 031 0 . 092 -o.224 0.045 0.091
3.0 1.20 0.190 - 0. 004 0.059 0 . 191 0 . 009 0 . 058 0.194 0.024 0.057
1.60 0.162 -0.009 0.037 0.163 0 .004 0.036 0. 167 0.020 0.035
2.00 0 . 139 -0.007 0.023 0.141 0.007 0.023 0 . 146 0.026 0.022
2.50 0.119 0.001 0.014 0 . 120 0.019 0.014 0. 125 0 . 046 0.015
3.00 0.103 0.018 0.012 0 . 102 0.044 0.014 0. 104 0.085 0 . 019
o.oo 0.250 0.189 0.000 0 .250 0.211 0.000 0.250 0.232 0.000
0.20 0.250 0.131 0.140 0.250 0.150 0.140 0.250 0. 168 0.140
0.40 0.245 0.083 0.135 0.245 0.100 0.135 0.245 0. 116 0.135
0.80 0 ~218 0.023 0.095 0.219 0.037 0.095 0.219 0.050 0.095
1. 20 0 . 183 -0.001 0.062 0.184 0.010 0.062 0 . 184 0.021 0.061
1.60 0.151 - 0.009 0.040 0.151 0.000 0.040 0 . 152 0.010 0.040
5.0 2.00 0 . 124 - O.O.U 0.027 0. 125 -0.003 0.027 0. 126 0.006 0.026
2. 50 0.099 -0 . 010 0.017 0. 100 -0.003 0.016 0.102 0.005 0. 016
3.00 0.081 -O.OOS 0.011 0. 082 -0.001 0.011 0.085 0.007 0.010
3.50 0.068 -0.005 0.007 0.069 0.002 0.007 0.073 0.011 0 . 007
4.00 Q.059 -0.002 0 . 005 0.060 0.006 0.005 0.064 0.017 0.005
.4.50 0.053 0.002 0:004 0.053 0.011 0.004 0.057 0.026 0.004
5.00 0.047 0.008 0.003 0.047 0.020 0.004 0.049 0. 040 0.005
'·.
1..·
\I
)
)
l
126 FINI'l'B IJil'ER
\
I
l
<
1
TABLE 5.8 ll
•,
INFLUENCE VALUES Izp I:r:p AND · Izzp
(Mi1ovic and Tournier, 1971) 1
lI
(L/B) = 5.00 Corner ,,'
v = 0.15 '\) = 0.30 v .,. 0.45
h/B z/B
I I I zzp I zp I :r:p I =zp I zp
1 I
zp zp Irp I=zp )
.,!
0.00 0.250 0.082 0.000 0.250 0.103 0.000 0 . 250 0.124 0.000
0.20 \).250 0.062 0.118 0.250 0 . 088 0.117 0.250 0 . 120 0 . 113
!I
1.0 0.40 0.250 0.041 0.103 0.250 0.072 0.103 0.250
'
0.114 0.098
0.60 0.250 0.029 0.079 0 . 250 0.067 0.081 0.250 0.120 0.080
0.80 0 . 247 0.030 0.061 0.244 0.076 0.069 0.242 0 . 143 0.077
1.00 0.239 0.042 0 .060 0.233 0.100 0.081 0.226 0.185 0.109 1·
)
0.00 0.250 0.146 0.000 0.250 0.154 0.000 0.250 0.158 0.000 )
' 0.20 0.250 0.101 0.135 0.250 0. 112 0 .134 0.250 0.121 0 .133 ll'
0.40 0 . 247 0 . 061 0.120 0.247 0.073 0.138 0.248· 0.087 0.126 I
~
2.0 0.80 0.230 0 . 012 0.086 0.230 0.029 0.085 0.232 0.050 0.082
1.20 0.207 -0.001 0.052 0.208 0.020 0.052 0.211 0.050 0 . 050 \
\
1.60 0.188 0.006 0.032 0.188 0.035 0.034 0.190 0 . 077 0.036 )
2.00 0 . 172 0.030 0.028 0.168 0.072 0.035 0.166 0.136 0.046 l
'
0.00 0.250 0.177 0 . 000 0.250 0.182 0.000 0.250 0.184 0.000 \
0.20 0.249 0.124 0.138 0.249 0.131 0.137 0.249 0.136 0.137
0.40 0.245 0.077 -0.133 0.246 0.086 . 0.133 0.246 0 . 093 0.132
0.80 0 . 224 0.019 0.093 0.225 0 . 029 0 . 092 0.223 0 . 040 0.091 t
j
3.0 1.20 0.197 -0.004 0.060 0.197 0 . 008 0 . 059 0.199 0.022 0.058 I
1:60 0.173 -0.010 0.038 0.174 0.004 0.038 0 . 176 0 . 022 0.037 \
\
2.00 0.155 -0.008 0 . 025 0.156 0.009 0.025 0.159 0.032 0.025 l
2.50 0.139 0.002 0.016 0.138 0 . 024 0.017 0.141 0.056 0.018 1
3.00 0.126 0.022 0.014 0.123 0.053 0.018 0.123 0.100 .0 .023
.I
l
0.00 0.250 0.203 0.000 0.250 0.209 0.000 0.250 0.214 o.ooo
0 . 20 0.249 0 . 146 0.139 0.249 .0 .153 0.139 0.249 0.158 0.139 \
\
0.40 0.245 0.095 0.135 0 . 245 0.102 0.135 0.245 0.109 0.135 I
I
0 . 80 0.221 0.031 0.096 0.221 0.038 0.096 0.222 0 . 045 0. 096
1. 20
1.60
0.191
0.164
0.002
-0.009
0.064
0.043
0.191
0. 164
0.010
-0.001
0.064
0.043
0.192
0.166
0.018
0.009
0. 063
0.042 1
5.0 2. 00 0.142 -0.012 0.030 0.143 -0.004 0.030 0.145 0.006 0.029 1
2. 50 0.122 -0.012 0.020 0.123 -0.004 0.019 0 . 125 0.008 0.019
3.00
3.50
0.107
0.096
-0.010
-0.007
0.013
0.009
0.108
0.097
-0.001
0.004
0.013
0.009
0.111
0.101
0.012
0.019
0.013
0 . 009
1
4.00 0.088 -0.002 0.007 0.089 0.010 0.007 0.092 0.028 0.007
4.50 0.081 0.004 0.005 0!082 0 .019 0.006 0.085 0.042 0.001
5.00 0.075 0.013 0.005 0.075 0.032 0.007 0.076 0.062 0 . 008
RECTANGULAR AREA 127
TABLE 5. 9
INFLUENCE VALUES Izq Izq AND Izzq
(Milovic and Tournier • 1971)
(L/B) • 1.00 Corner
"= 0.15 "= 0·.30 " = 0.45

h/B z/B
I IUJq I I .I:r:q I I I I
zq zzq zq =zq zq zq =zq
0.10 0.157 0.496 0.223 0.157 0.507 0.223 0.157 0.515 0.096
0.20 0.152 0.303 0.200 0.151 0.313 0.200 0.151 0.321 0.104
1.0 0.40 0.142 0.126 0.157 0.143 0.136 0.155 0.146 0.146 0.076
0.60 0.130 0.053 0.126 Oo131 0.064 0.123 0.135 0.077 0.051
0.80 0.118 Oo022 0.108 0.118 0.038 0.102 0.123• 0.059 0.037
1.00 0.108 Oo019 0.100 . 0.105 0.045 0.090 0.105 o:o86 0.044
0.10 0.155 0.527 0.217 0.155 0.537 0.217 0.155 0.547 0.217
0.20 0.150 0.328 0.188 0.150 0.337 0.189 0.150 0.346 0.189
0.40 0.133 0.146 0.135 0.133 0.153 0.135 0.133 0.159 0.136
2.0 0.80 0.089 Oo033 0.069 0.089 0.037 0.069 0.090 0.041 0.069
1.20 0.057 0.007 0.042 0.058 0.010 0.041 Oo060 Oo013 Oo041
1.60 Oo040 Oo001 Oo033 Oo041 Oo005 Oo031 0.044 0.010 Oo028
2o00 0".031 Oo006 Oo029 Oo031 Oo013 Oo024 Oo032 Oo027 0.017
0.10 0.155 Oo531 Oo216 Oo155 Oo543 Oo216 0 155
0 . 0 553
0 Oo216
0.20 0.150 Oo332 Oo186 Oo150 0.342 Oo186 Oo150 0.351 Oo186
Oo40 Oo132 0.150 0.131 Oo132 Oo156 Oo130 Oo132 0.163 Oo131
Oo80 Oo087 Oo036. Oo061 Oo087 Oo039 Oo061 Oo087 Oo042 Oo062
3o0 1.20 0.052 0.009 Oo031 Oo052 0.011 Oo031 Oo053 0.013 0.032
1~60 Oo032 Oo002 Oo019 0.033 Oo003 0.019 Oo033 Oo004 0.020
2.00 0.022 OoOOO Oo015 0.022 !).001 0.015 0.023 0.002 0.015
2.50 Oo015 OoOOO Oo014 0.015 0.001 Oo013 0.017 0.003 0.011
3.00 0.012 0.002 Oo013 0.012 0.005 0.010 0.012 0.010 0.006
0.10 0.155 0.533 Oo215 0.155 0.545 0.215 0.155 0.556 0.215
0.20 0.150 0.334 0.185 0.150 0.344. 0.185 0.150 0.353 0.185
0.40 0.132 0.151 0.129 0.132 0.158 . 0.129 0.132 0.164 0.129
0.80 0.086 0.037 Oo058 0.086 ·o.o4o 0.058 0.086 0.044 0.058
1.20 0.051 0.010 0.027 0.051 0.012 0.027 0.051 0.013 0.027
1.60 0.031 0.003 0.014 0.031 0.004 0.014 0.031 0.005 0.014
5.0 2.00 0.019 0.000 o·ooo9 0.019 0.001 0.009 0.020 0.002 0.009
2.50 0.012 0.000 0.006 0.012 0.000 0.006 0.012 0.001 0.006
3.00 0.008 0.000 0.005 0.008 0.000 0.0()5 0.008 0.000 0.005
3.50 0.005 0.000 0.005 0.006 0.000 0.005 0.006 0.000 0.005
4.00 0.004 0.000 0.005 0.004 0.000 0.005 0.005 0.001 0.004
4.50 0.003 0.000 0.005 Oo003 OoOOO 0.004 0.004 0.001 0.004
5.00 0.003 0.000 Oo005 0.003 0.001 0.004 0.003 0.002 0.002
'-
l28 PINI'rE IAn'R
TABLE 5.10
INFLUENCE VAWES Izq~ I:t:q AND I:t:Zq
(L/B) • Z.OO Corner
"= 0. 15 " =0.30 " = 0.4.5

h/B z/B
I I I I I I I I I
zq :t:q :=q zq :t:q :=q z.q :t:q =.q
0 .10 0.158 0.509 0 . 230 0.158 -0.515 0.229 0.158 0.517 0.229
0 . 20 0.155 0.312 0.210 0 . 155 0.318 0.208 0.155 0.323 0.207
1.0 0.40 0.147 0.132 0.172 0.148 0.140 0.168 0.150 0.149 0.165
0.60 0.139 0.056 0.145 0.139 0.068 0.139 0.142 0.082 0.132
0.80 0.131 0.024 0.128 0.130 0.042 0.119 0.133 0.066 . 0.018
1.00 ·. 0.125 0.022 0.121 0.120 0.051 0.106 0.118 0.096 0.089
0.10 0.156 0.552 0.222 0.156 0 . 5560.224 0.156 0.558 0.223
0.20 0.151 0.348 0.195 0.151 <;>.3520.195 0.151 0.354 0.196
0.40 0.137 0.160 0.145 0.137 0.163 0.145 0.138 0. 165 0.146
2.0 0.80 0.100 0.039 0.084 0.100 0.042 0.083 0.102 0.045 0.084 <,
1.20 0.071 0.008 0.058 0 . 072 0 .011 0.057 0.074 0.016 0.056 1
1.60 0.055 0.001 b.049 0.056 o. oo1 0.045 .0.059 0.015 0 . 041
2.00 0.045 0.008 0.045 0.045 0.019 0.036 0.046 0.037 0.025
0.10 0.156 0.560 · 0.220 0.156 0.56'4 0.220 0.156 0.568 0.221
0.20 0.151 0 . 355 0 . 191 0.151 0 . 359 0.191 0.151 0; 362 0.192
0.40 0 . 136 0 .166 0.138 0.136 0.169 0.139 0.136 0.172 0.139
0.80 0.096 0.043 0.072 0.096 0.046 0 . 072 0.097 0.048 0.072 \
3.0 1.20 0.06.4 0.012 0.042 0.064 0.013 0 . 042 0.065 0.015 0.042
i.60 0.044 0.002 0.030 0.044 0.004 0 . 029 0.045 0.006 0.0.30 l
2.00 0.032 0.000 0.025 0.032 0.001 0.024 0.034 0. 003 0.023
2.50
3.00
0.024'
0.019
0.000
0.003
0.023
0.022'
0.024
0.019
0.002
0.008
0.021
0.017
0.026
0.020
0.006
0.016
0.019
0.010 1
0.10 0.156 o-.563 0.219 0.156 0.568 0.219 0.156 o.'512 0.219
0.20 0.151 0.358 ' 0.189 0.151 0.362 0.18.9 0.151 0.366 0.189 j
0.40 0.136 0.168 0.135 0.136 0.172 0.135 0.136 0 .115 0.135
0.80 0 . 096 0.045 0 . 066 0.096 0.048 0.066 0.096 0.050 0.066 \)
1.20 0.063 0.014 0.034 0.063 0.015 0.034 0.063 0.016 0.035 .I
1.60 0.041 0.004 0. 020 0.041 0.005 0.020 0.042 0.006 o:o21
5.0 2. 00 0.028 0.001 0.014 0.028 0.002 0.013 0.028 0.002 0.014
. 2.50 0.018 0.000 0.010 0.018 0.000 0.010 0.019 0.001 0.011
3.00 0.013 -0.001 0.009 0.013 ·o.ooo 0.009 0.013 0.000 0.009
3. 50 0.009 -0.001 . 0.009 0.010 0 . 000 0.009 0.010 0.000 0.009
4. 00 0.007 0.000 0.009 · 0.008 0 . 000 0.009 0 . 008 0.001 0.008
4.50 0.006 0.000 0.009 0.006 0.001 0.008 0.007 0 . 002 0.007 I
5.00 0.005 0.001 0.009 0 . 005 · 0 . 002 0.007 0.006 0.005 0.004 '!
l
I
l29
..
TABLE 5.1~
INFLUENCE ~ALUES Izq' I:q AND I:zg

(Mi1ovi and Tournier. 1971)
( L/B) = S.OO Comer
\) =0.15 \1 = O.JO \) = 0. 45
h/B z/ B
I I I I I:q I ' I zq I :q I:rzq
zq :q :zq zq :rzq
0.10 0.158 ·0.510 0 . 231 0.158 0. 514 0.230 0.158 0. 516 '.0. 229
0. 20 0.155 0. 312 0.211 0. 155 0. 318 0.209 0.155 o·.322 0. 207
1.0 0.40 0. 148 0. 132 0.174 0.148 0.140 0.169 0.150 0.148 0.164
0.60 0. 140 0.056 0.147 0. 140 0.067 0.140 0 . 1~3 0.082 0.131
0.80 0.133 0.024 0. 131 0. 132 0. 042 0.120 0.135 . 0.067 0.106
i.oo 0.127 Q.022 0.123 0.122 0.052 0. 107 0. 120 0.098 0.087
o.io 0.156 0.555 0.224 0. 156 0. 556- 0. 224 o: 156 0. 555 0.224
0.20 0.152 0.351 0. 197 0.152 0.352 0. 197 0.152 0. 351 0.198
0.40 0.138 0. 162 · 0.150 0.138 0. 163 0.149 0.138 0. 164 0.150
2.0 0.80 0.102 0.039 0. 091 0.102 0.042 0. 090 . 0.103 0.044 0.089
1. 20 0. 074 0. 008 0.068 0.075 0.011 0.064 0.077 0.016 0. 061
1.60 0.059 0. 001 0.060 0. 060 0. 007 0.053 0.063. 0. 016 0.046 ·
2.00 0.051 0.009 0. 055 0.050 0 . 021 0.043 0. 051 0. 041 0.027
0.10 0.156 0. 567 0. 221 0. 156 0.567 0. 222 0.156 ·0. 567 0.222
0.20 0.151 0.316 0.193 0. 151 0.361 0.193 0.151 0. 361 0.193
0. 40 0. 137 0.170 0. 142 0.137 0.171 0.142 0.137 0.171 0. 143
0.80 0.098 0.046 0.078 0.098 0 ~ 046 0.078 0.099 0.047 0.079
3.0 1.20 0.067 0. 013 0.050 0.068 0.014 0.050 0.068 0.015 0.050 .
1.60 0. 048 0. 002 0.039 0.049 0.004 0.038 0.050 0.005 0.038
2.00 0.037 -0.001 0. 036 0. 038 0;001 0.034 0. 039 0.004 0.032
2. 50 0.029 0.000 0.035 0.030 0.002 0.030 0 . 031 0.007 0.026
3.00 0.025 0.004 0.033 0.025 0. 011 0 .025 0.025 0.021 0. 014
0.10 0. 156 0. 572 0.220 0. 156 0. 5.73 0.220 0.156 0.573 0.221
0.20 0.151 0. 366 0.190 0. 151 0. 367 0.191 0.151 0. 367 0 . 191
0.40 0.136 0. 175 0.137-0;136 0.175 0.137 0.136 0. 175 0.138
0.80 0. 097 0.049 0. 069,
0.097 0. 050 0.070 0.097 . 0.050 0.070
1.20 0.065 0.016 0.039 0. 065 0. 016 0.039 0. 066 o:o16 0. 040
1.60 0.045 0.005 .0.025 0.045 0.005 0.026 0.045 0. 006 0.027
5. 0 2.00 0. 032 0.001 0 .0200.032 0. 002 0.020 0. 033 0.002 0.021
2.50 0.023 0.000 0.017 0.023 o. ooo 0.017 0.023 0.000 0.018
3.00 0.017 -0.001 0.017 0.017 0.000 0.016 0.018 0. 000 0.017
3.50 0. 014 - 0.001 0 .0170.014 ·o. ooo 0.016 0. 014 0.001 0.016
4.00 0.011 - 0.009 0.017 0.012 0. 000 0.016 0.012 0.002 0.015
4.50 0. 010 0.000 o:o11 .0.010 0.001 0. 015' 0.011 0.004 0.013
5. 00 0.009 0.002 0.017 0.009 0.004 0. 013 0.009 0. 007 0. 008
'
130 FINI TE LAl:'ER
5.3.2 SMOOTH RIGID BASE

The corresponding case for a smooth rigid base
has been considered by Sovine (1961). A layer of 0 <>2 oe 1<)
finite lateral extent rather than one of infinite
extent is considered by Sovine, but the cal culated
values of str ess and displacement are for a layer of
sufficient ly large lateral dimensions that they may
be considered as applying to a layer of infinite
lateral extent.
The distribution of vertical stress Oz beneath
the centre of the rectangle is shown in . Figure 5.49
for various layer depths.
Val ues of azfp at various points beneath the

r ectangl e, abstracted from values tabulated by
Sovine (1961), are shown in Table 5.12.
Influence factors for vertical displacement Pz
at various poi nts on the rectangle are shown in
Figure 5.50. In al l cases, v=O.S.
FIG.S.49 Vertical stress beneath centre of

rectangle (SOvine, 1961).
TABLE 5.12
VE!n'ICAL STRESS BE.~nl A RECTANGLE ON A FINITE LAYER Winl Sl-OOnl BASE"
(Sovine, 1961)
Values of azip
Centr e Centre of Centre of Corner

LIB h/B short edge long edge
z/fv=O. S 1 z/fv=O.S 1 z/fv=O.S 1 z/fv=O. S 1
·1 1 . 7835 .5616 .4571 .3835 .4571 .3835

2. 5 .2498 .1217 . 1938 .1105 .1938 .1105
5 . 0744 .0325 . 0695 .0311 .0695 .0317 .0616 .0282
2 1 .8808 . 7410 . 4412 .3842 . 5359 .5110 .2678 . 2636

2 •5097 .3219 . .2923 .2197 . 3881 . 2804 . 2256 . 1921
5 .1333 . 0622 .1050 . • 0564 .1242 .0606 . 0988 .0552
5 2. 5 .4847 .3459 .2032 . 1675 . 3930 .3199 .1826 .1541

5 . 2294 .1346 . 1239 . 0894 . 2094 . 131~ .1205 . 0875
12.5 . 0526 .0246 . 0406 .0214
l3l
0 0•25 0·5 1·25
"" \\ !--+4}=
IL I
I•
L
·I '~
1---i~---n
2 2
3 3 P. pB
e=fey -
hfa p8
P.. = '"'E
L/ .1
8
Lfs=1_j ~\5
.
4
I~
-:; -:;
5 ~
5 & ?>
6 .
~-
0
6
~;"
n
0
~
N
•
0
Iii
0>
.:.a
II)
cD Ul
:.
7 7
(a) (b)
lc lo
0 0•25 0·75 1·0 1·25 1·5 0-5 0·75 1•25
~ I L I L
~ I' I
2
\ 1- +-4I·-
\ pafeT
pB
Lie", \5
1~\
.. .
n n "'
. ~~\~
6
0 ~ '8
~ "' ~
7
(c) (d)
FIG.S;.SO Vertical surface displacement at various points on

rectanqle. v..a.s. (Sovine, 1961).
132 FINITE LAYER
5.4 Vertical Loading over Any Area

5. 4 .1 "NEWMARK CHARTS"
Burmister (1956) has presented charts for the 1 .1
horizontal stresses Oz and cry~ the shear stress S4c:tor" InfiUIIIICIJ Rxtas
T:z:y and the shear stress Tz:· These charts are 1· o Vlll"'tteol Surfca ~ !'---.
Z/ -
used in conjunction with tables giving influence fac-
tors for various depths in the layer. Values of v 0· 9 -
p
Otsploolmcmt Pz
ph.ll&Ia
z• 21tE
J/
"--
of O.Z and 0.4 are considered.
0· e
5.4.2 SECTOR CURVES
0·7
//
~
I
Sector curves for the normal and shear stresses, . o-_y- .........
and the vertical and horizontal surface displacements,
w
0·6
have been presented by Poulos (1967b) and are repro- Is /I "\
duced in Figures 5.51 to 5.72. The use of the
sector method is described in Section 1.7.3 •.
In all ca5es, the. stress beneath ·the sector is
given by
0·5
0·4
0·3
;} /
A~ v
/
,.,.....
- 0·5.
'\
'-
0·2 I& '/ \

a = ·E:.2i· • I 8
Zn
.•• (5.11)
0·1 J~ \
and the displacement by
P = ph. oe ·I
where oe is the sector angle
.•• (5.12)
0
0
" 0 1 0 2 0·3 0·4 0·5
FIG. 5.51
2·0
Sector curves for

0·5
p •
z
\
0
2'1TE 8
5.4.3 ANALYTICAL EXPRESSIONS FOR GENERAL

PLANE STRAIN CASES
For any generalized surface loading. Holl (1939) 1·2
gives expressions for the stresses at the rough rigid I I I I )---
base, the maximum shear stress on the axis. and the 1·0 S4c:tor Influcznaz Foc:tcrs
vertical surface displacement.
0·8
Radial Surfocll
_ OlspiOcllmCint
Ph. P.h &ex.
Ph 1/
0·6
21tE v/0
v
0·4
,.,..... ~~
0·2 / ::::: _.- v 0·4
Is ...,:. ~ I-""'" .........
0
Q:!; '\ \
-0·2 ~
-0·4 '\ \
-o·e
\ '
-0·8
!\
-1·0 \
-1·2
0 0·1 0·2 0·3 0·4 0·5
\
2·0 0·5 0
FIG. 5. 52 Sector curves for ph •

SECTOR CURVES 133
1· 1
1·0
I v ...... -
VI w
1·1
1·0
t v I7;Y!'
0 ·2 /
v VI
./
0~ I-- r-t v 0~
1/
0 ·8 / lin
0·2/
0·8
I
II / / fl/ f/ 7 7177
VI v V; r1
0·7 0·7
J b·4j
0-6 0·6
Is I o·V I II Is
I Vo·o/ 1/;
I jl I VI v
0·5 0·5
77 I o-PJ [7
0-4
,f 1/ "t.l.~ ~
0·4
I 1/ v V_(-
Iw
0 ·3 0·3
If I I ~ ·0 Sczctor Influllnc:O Rlcta"s
YllrtiCDI Stnl:ss Oi
1/ j Sczctor I.nfluonca ~~
wrt!COI Stross
<>2 0 ·2 V•0·2 .---
JII, ~·
V•O
0·1
I /; ~ I 0·1
00
~0·1~0·2 0 ~~
0 ·3 0-4 <>5 0 <>1 0 ·2 0·3 0·4 0·5
,.~ 2·0 1·5 H) 0·5 0 2·0 1·5 1·0 0 ·5. 0
1).-,.s ty,.s
FIG.S.S3 Sector curves for az.. 'V=O. FIG. 5 . 54 Sector curves for a z.' \11=0.2.
1·1
1·0
0~2 / v -v Vl v/ /V/
1·0
I
;~,. v
~
/
-
vz ~ ~
0·9
v O·G
v 7 VJ /
o-e
I I VI
. 0 ·8
I VI / I
0·7
I
0·4/
If VI 1/
0·7
J l v; v 0·4
I
0·6
Is I v6·o/ II! 7 Vo·¥ VJ
I J v
0 ·5
I ~·o/ 7 7 7ff l7
0·3
1/ 1/ v~ 0 ·3
1/ . 1
/ V; ~
0·2
1/ JI ~ Sczctor Inn- ~tUGS
VCII"tlall Stnl:ss <Tz _
Vo0·4 0·2
J I V/ Sedler I.nfluanca
wrtlc:DI Sttas <Tz
v•0·5
~~
r- ·
I ill r# )If.,~
0·1 0 ·1
0
~~ 0
~~
0 0·1 <>2 0·3 0·4 0-!5 0 0 ·1 0·2 0 ·3 0 ·4 0·5
2·0 1·5 1·0 <>5 0 2·0 1·5 1·0 0·5 0
'· h
··~s ~r's
FIG. S.SS Sector curves for az.. 'V-10.4. FIG. 5. 56 Sector curves for az.. 'V=O. 5 •
I
I
l
I .
.....
. .
134 FINI'l'E LAYER
--
I_ I
Sactor l'nllucmc:« Facta-s
0·3 r- Radial Stress CTr
V•O v *
~ rx-
~
0·2
1/ 0/ V'I r~ ~
0·1
Is
0
v
v / oi
// ~ ~
~
/
\...
"'
~
,J
~
0·4
Is
-0·1 -- --- -- 0·3
0·2
-0·2 1\ 0·1
\_
0 3 0 1
" ' o 0·1 0·2 0·3 0·4 0·5 " ' o 0·1 0·2 0·3 0·4 0·5
2·0 1·5 1·0 0·5 0 0·2 1·5 0
!J.r..
FIG.5.57 Sector curves for a •
r
V=O. FIG.S.SS Sector curves for a r • V=0.2,
2·21--1--1--1--1-+--t-- - -
2·01--1----'t---+-+-1--1--t--t-+'T'i
--r
1·8
1.61-
~g:'l~ ~tors
~g:;L - - ----
0·'
--ht4
1
·• l{/;iv{e
1,1:2 v Ill/
1·01-t-t- - + - v ;~r
0·81--t--t
Is
0·61--4-+-+--:~-1--h't -~'-"='::......~
o-et--+--1·--i -h4---l-~4--t--l
0·}/
o·el--1--i---tv-r+-1~-----o.JC--,vr-+---t~
w
0·4 - -
o··~-~·-+v--+1--~v
0·2 t--+~~k::::"--:i-'~'7"'1:,;;_:i.,l'f'--f--+---t-l
0
.,..,
00 0·1 0·2 0·3 0·4 0·5 0 0.1 0·2 Q-3 0·4 0·5
r, 2·0 1·5 1·0 0·5 0 r"n 2·0 1·0 0·!5 0
rh
!Jr. !lr,
FIG.5.59 Sector curves for a
r
. V=0.4. FIG.5.60 Sector curves for a •
r
V=O.S.
SECTOR CURVES 135
0~ 0~
I I I j
SGctor ~ Foctors
SGctor Inftucrncz Rxtors
Tangontiol StrHs CJ'e
v. 0
0·2
Tongtll'rtlol StnHs ae
Va0•2
..z..
v- r--
n
/
. 0·1
/
7
/
~ v 0·8 -
"""' RF::~ X -
· 0 ·1
--
!'-.... ~
·4
t·5 t·O 0·5 0 t·5 t·O 0·5 0

~
~"s
~rs
FIG.S.61 sector curves for a • v-o. FIG-. 5. 62 Sector curves for ae. v-0. 2 •
9
t·O
i I
0·9
I I L/
SGctor Innuczncv Foc:tors /
0·8 -TongfmtlOI Stnzss ae
0·7
Va0·5
I I t i
0·6
If_
0·7
SGctor Inf~· Rxtors
_ TQn!Fitiol Stnzss CTe ~ I I I I
0 ·6 V•0·4
I I / v
0·5
I v ~
v·
0·5
I
I ..!.
n
1/
0·4
v /
0·4
0 ·3
' '
v
/
/
v
v
I
- Is
0·3
0 ·2
O· t
/1 y
--
/1 ~
0 ·""
~
............
./
I
--r--t-- --
0·8
0·1
.,...-/
0
k::::: :-.-'__,__.f--
......-:::: ~ · j
/ 0 ·4
0.:§ ~
. ~
--
0 ·O·t ..........
·0· 1
I I
0·4
Q-2
-.........
1--. ./ ·0·2
I I'...a..2 .
I
·()-2
·0·
3
o 0·1 0·2 0 ·3 0·4 0·5
2·0
'
HS 1·0
!'-..
-
0·5
/
0
·0·3
· 0 ....
0 ()-1 0·2 ()-3 0·4 0 ·5
r5 2·0 HI
~
' J
I
0
I
"h f.
~rs
FIG.S.63 Sector curves for FIG.S.64 Sector curves for . a • v-o.S

I
I
9
'·j
136 FINITE L.U'ER
Is
1·5 1·0 0·5 0 1·5 1·0 0·5 0

!%r, !%r,
FIG.S . 65 Sector curves for e. V=O. FIG.S.66 Sector curves for e. v-o. 2.
3·0
.vzz"1-
2· a
2· 6
I
VI
2·4 ,.-....,...-,--..,.-,--....,...--.--"T"""-.,.---, 2· 4
! ~O·E
~g:~
2· 2
iI 1Ill/;
2·0
/.;W'
1·a . / rfh
1·61--+--t --'zz · V I /1//

Is
1 ·6
I/ v j_
IL
1·41--+--t-+~2o;./'-t--I--Jl/'-H/)//'--+- L L fL
I, I /
1·2·r--+-~/lf--+-t--tv;/'f-7--t--+---i
ill
-+1---l
I
"1 ·4
1.2
0 ·2* I
VLIL
1·0.._-+---1~-1---1!---,r'h''-1--+--+--+----l 1· / IJ I
'I 0-41/V
O·at--t----lf-f~b"+--+--+--+---t
· v .J.~
0·a
/TL
I ;--/-;.<-r-+
0 ' 6'1 ---+--+ / .J~0- at-Sctctor:--_.__I:-n:-tlucznaz_.__Vo......luczs--1 1 0_-"l IL ~
11'£Lv
/. 0·
vA 1 Bulk strvss e ~or Influ<Znell YaiUGS
Bulk strase
1 A1u1
o·4t--+-r-~h
.hrz~~:+-_~-+--'"T
06 v . o-4 -+---i 0-4
1/ ~ ~-
V• 0•5 -
_
0 2
1
0· ·l
0
~~ 0
2lb
~
0 0 ·1 0 ·2 0 ·3 0 ·4 0 ·5 0 Q-1 Q-2 0 ·3 0 ·4 0 ·5
2·0 1·5 1·0 0·5 0 . 2·0 1·5 1·0 0·5 0
~ r, !J.:r,
. FIG.5.67 Sector curves for 0 . v-o.4. FIG.S.68 Sector curves for 9 . '\):o().S •
~---------
137
1-o1 1- 1 - . -1 -.-.,.---r--r---,
0 • 9 SoC1"or"lri'l1uonce-~ - - -- - - ·- -
Shoor Stress l n
0 ·8 ere · - · v-0· 2 -~t--
0 ·7 - - ·- - 0 =2
0 ·6t--:t-- l 0 ·61--t-- 1
Ia
~-5r--r--~~--+--+~-+---h~~~~
FIG.S.69 Sector curves for \):(). FIG.5.70 Sector curves for T • '11=0.2.
rz
1-!S
- I
1 ·4
1.1
~~~
-·- -- --- -
SMor
- \1·0· 5 - -
- -- - - · --
-- --
~'tra
.. - -· . ..
t
O·G - - - · ·-· - -- -·-
.....- I--
--
J --1
t2. v
0·8
I r!J
0 •0 / ~ iv
~ --
/ -- L vi
0 ·5
1/ v /
o·y 1/'l_ -- ·····
k1 v
0 ·3 ·· ··-·
I /
0 •2
0•1
v/
/_ ~ k::;: ~8
~ v - -
O0 0 •1 O·'Z 0·3 0 ·4 0 ·5
...4i 1·5 1·0 0 ·5 0 2 ·0 1·5 1·0 0 ·5 0
...
,!)... ~...
FIG.5.7l sector curves for T
rz . \1=0.4. FIG.S.72 sector curves for Trz • \1>:0.5,
Chapter 6
SURFACE LOADING OF. I
MULTI-LAYER SYSTEMS i
I
a perfectly smooth interface between the layers are
6.1 T wo-Layer Systems tabulated in Table 6.2 (Fox, 1948a). 1
Unless otherwise stated, the results given in

this chapter are for adhesive interfaces between
layers.
6. 1.1 UNIFORM VERTICAL LOADING ON A CIRCULAR
AREA (Fig.6.1) .
I
I
I
Loyr2
I
II
1--l-~.!-4--h-'H-+---.I'--l3ol'~ ~ II
,_
FWfactly ~torm medium :-

I
I OdtlniW
intorfocor. ~ • 1 (Eiausslnosq i
t,_ FIG. 6.2 Vertical stress in uniform mass and two-
1:
layer system (Fox, l948a).

FIG. 6.1
Contours of vertical stress a2 in a two-layer

system, with Et!E2=10~ v1=v2=0.S and h/a=l~ have
been obtained by Fox (1948a) and are shown in Fig. 110
lt •<>-2 puet, p
6.2. These contours are compared with those for the 100 Et
Boussinesq case (El!Et=l) . 90
-r-. Ea I "
eo ;-. ~ •<>5
The influence of the ratios E1/E2 and h/a on 70
IT
the vertical stress on the interrace, obtained by· Fox
(1948a), are shown in Fig.6.3.
60
~ !10
......
" "''
The variation of vertical stress cr2 on the
axis at the interface, with Et/E2 and r/h, is
I(
t$'1... 40
30 - ............
' · · 1·0
IK.
I"
shown in Fig.6.4. 20
t·5·0 ~-~·0 j--.
Values of a2 and (a2 -arJ on the axis (Fox,

10
-...... r--
100 1000
1948a) are tabulated in Table 6.1. I t should be
noted that all the above stresses are for a perfectly
rough interface between the layers.
FIG.6. 3 Vertical interface stress on axis
Corresponding val ues of a2 and (az-arJ for (Fox, l948a).
~-- ~------ ·--- 138

139
The complete distribution of stress within the ~
~. ..
two layer system, obtained by Fox (1948a), is shown
in Figs. 6.5(a) to (c) for the case alh=l and for ~
three values of Et/Ez. · 1 -.....::.
.......... ......
It should be noted that in Figs. 6.3 to 6.5, and ......: r--~-..
in Tables 6.1 and 6.2, v 1=vz=0.5. 10
.....
-_ ........ .....
l!!ll .............
./' I~
1--"' r---
0·1
-- - "'·
I
~
100 1000
FIG.6.4 Vertical stress alonq interface for

h/a 2 l (Fox, l948a).
E_yE2 •2
V1 •V2 • 0·5
(a)
lllll ll J ll
•100 •IG;ll 0 0 0 .. ..
...
I
•I.
·• . '·· ... •I. •I.

...~~
~~ .
.... ,...
~
•tift.... ·».
~
••
... ... . .I.•
•I"' •I.
.. . .. . .. . ....
... 1o •t7rt -M s •n •I -• ·• .. I 0.
I
. . .,0
•ti-t
.., .. _,r, ...
•t •I •1 0
·• I ... ..... .... . .. . ...
•I • ·•.
.,... ., 0 _, 0 •• 11 ., 0
... ·• •I • :1 ~
..
... ·• .
.. I
.. .. ·• . ·•. •I •I.
.
.
... ... ·• . ...
•7 I
.. . , .
·I 0
v1 • v 2 • 0·5
(C)
FIG.6.5 Stresses in two-layer system (Fox, l948a)
*
Note: tension positive
T
z
l40 MULTI-LAYER SYSTEMS
TABLE 6.1
PERFECTLY ROUGH INTERFACE
AXIAL STRESSES az AND az-a!' AS PERCENTAGE OF APPLIED LOADING,
IN THE LOWER LAYER OF A TWO-LAYER SYSTEM (Fox, 1948 a)
az az-a:!'
E1/E2 1 10 100 1000 1 10 100 1000
Depth
below a/h =~
..J,.nterf
0 28.4 10.1 2.38 0.51 26.8 7.6 1.26 0.160
h 8.7 4.70 1.58 0.42 8.6 3.93 1.02 0.185
2h 4.03 2.78 1.17 0.35 4.00 2.48 0.85 0.195
3h 2.30 1.84 0.91 0.31 2.29 1. 70 0.71 0.190
4h 1.48 1.29 0.74 0.28 1.48 1.23 0.61 0.185
a/h =1
0 64.6 29.2 8.1 1.85 53.0 18.8 3.6 0.54
h 28.4 16.8 6.0 1.62 26.8 13.5 3.8 0.71
2h 14.5 10.5 4.6 1.43 14.1 9.2 3.3 0.79
3h 8.7 7.0 3.6 1.24 8.6 6.4 2.8 0.76
4h 5.7 5.0 2.9 1.10 5.6 4.7 2.4 0.73
a/h =2
0 91.1 64.4 24.6 7.10 53.7 30.4 8.4 1.50
h 64.6 48.0 20.5 6.06 53.0 34.6 11.8 2.52
2h 42.4 34.0 16.5 5.42 38.4 28.2 11.4 2.90
3h 28.4 24.4 13.3 4.80 26.8 21.5 10.2 2.92
4h 20.0 18.1 10.8 4.28 19.2 16.6 8.8 2.82
TABLE 6.2
PERFECTLY SMOOTH INTERFACE
AXIAL STRESSES az AND az-a!' AS PERCENTAGE OF APPLIED LOADING,
IN THE LOWER LAYER OF A TWO-LAYER SYSTEM (Fox, 1948a)
az az -a:!'
Et/E2 '1 10 100 1000 1 10 100 1000
Depth
below a/h =~
interface
0 31.0 10.5 2.41 0.51 0.00 o.oo 0.00 0.00
~ 14.5 4.49
h 14.1 6.3 1.83 0.45 11.5 4.32 0.96 o.i6
2h 6.4 3.67 1.36 0.38 5.9 3.03 0.91 0.18
3h 3.46 2.35 1.05 0.33 3.32 2.08 0.79 0.19
4h 2.12 1.61 0.83 0.29 2.07 1.37 0.66 0.18
a/h =1
0 72.2 30.5 8.2 1.90 0.00 0.00 0.00 o:otl
1il 34.2 12.7
h 43.7 21.7 6.8 1.72 33.1 14.2 3.41 0.59
2h 22.5 13.6 5.25 1.51 20.2 11.0 3.47 0.74
3h 12.8 8.9 4.09 1.33 12.1 7.8 3.05 0.77
4h 8.1 6.2 3.26 1.17 7.8 5.7 2.61 0.75
a/h =2
0 102.5 67.7 24.9 6.7 0.00 o.oo o.oo 0.00
1il 37.8 23.1
h 86.9 57.6 22.5 6.3 52.6 32.0 9.9 1.96
2h 59.6 42.1 18.6 5.7 48.3 31.7 11.6 2.68
-
141
FIG. 6.6 Bunaister layered syst- theory.

Vertical displace.ent at centre of circle.
"111().2, "t-<>. 4 . (Buraister, 1962).
I
i
Ci
h
Q
. FIG. 6 •.7 Burmister layered system theory. Vertical

~ 0·2~~~~~~~~~~~£:==~=+------~====~
{l
displac:ement at centre of circle.
" tl&\lz-o. S. (Bw:mister, 1945).
~ .0 ·1 ~--~~~~~~~~~r-~*-~==~--~--~~
E
3o-osr---~~~~~~~~~~~~t===~~====--4
lo·o~~~7:~~~~~~~~~~._~~~~--~~
h
a
1 ·0
0 ·8
0 ·6
- --~ ~ r--...... - .... ~ 2
~... ~
........
I'- ~
0·4 ......_ FIG.6.8 Vertical displacement at centre of circle •
,,
" ~ ~ i"---..-
~
~ Vtl&\lz-<>.35. (Thezm de Banos, 1966).
......1--
·2 ~ I-
P. • . ..
....
~ ..... ...._
~~ "-
1·755AA.1 ·
' Ez P '
0 •1
0 E
>!00-
........
Ez ' ,
I ...........
0 .....
T '
01 02 o-4 o 6 o-e 1-o
h
2·0 4·0 6 ·0 8·0
Q
l42 IIUL'l'I-LAYlfR SYS'l'EIIS
Influence factors for the vertical surface dis- 6 .1. 2 UNIFORM OORIZONTAL LOADING ON A
placement at the centre of the circular area are shown CIRCULAR AREA (Fig. 6.10).
in Fig.6 . 6 for the case Vt=O.Z~ v 2 =0.4 (Burmister,
1962),in Fig.6.7 for the case v1=v2=0.S (Burmister,
1945) and in Fig.6. 8 for v1=v2=0.35 (rhenn de
Barros, 1966). An alternative interpretation of the
results in Fig .6.7 has been given by Ueshita and
Meyerhof (1967), who plot an equivalent value of
YolDlg's modulus (EeJ which may be used with the dis-
placement influence factor for the centre of a cir-
cular area on a semi-infinite mass (see Section 3.3.1).
The variation of Ee/E2 with h/a and Et/E2 is
shown in Fig.6.9.
PwfKtly OCIMsiW
int«'foc«.
~
Ez 'Vz Gz• 211oV2)
FIG.6.10
)
I.
j
This problem has been considered by Westmann
(1963). A polar diagram showing contours of inter- 1
!
face normal stress are given in Fig. 6.11 for
EuEt=O. S~ Vt=Vz=O. S and h/a=l . Influence factors
for the vertical stress a2 at the interface are
given in Figs. 6.12(a) and 6.12(b) for two ratios of
GuGt and for v 1=v 2=0.S, and for various h/a values .
Influence factors for the shearing stresses Tzr

and Tze are given in Figs. 6.13 and 6.14.
Influence factors for the vertical surface dis-
placement Pz are given in Fig. 6.15 and for the
horizontal tangential displacement Pe in Fig. 6.16.
A comprehensive series of solutions for the
stresses, strains and displacements at selected points
within a two-layer system have been obtained by
Gerrard (1969) , for the same combinations of var- !
)
h
a iables as outlined in Section 6 .1.1. As well as
\Dliform horizontal loading, the case of a linearly
increasing inward shear load, from zero at the centre
Pl:G.6.9 Equivalent modulus E of two-layer system. to a maxiDilDII at the edge, has been evaluated.
Vt•V2-o.s. (Oeshita andeMeyerhof, 1967).
Pz -~
Ee
4·0r----r----,.---,.---,---~---.
e·t ~Gt·1
3~r--~~--~·~·t
J..---.1.'0 • 1
A comprehensive series of solutions for the

stresses, strains and d.isplacements at selected
points within a two-layer system has been obtained by
Gerrard (1969) • The following combinations of var-
iables have been considered:
e.o
EtiE2 2, s, 10 5·0
h/a 0.5, 1, 2, 4
Vt 0.2, 0.35 ~ o.s FIG. 6.ll Contours of interface vertical- stress
V2 0.2, 0. 35,, () .5 .(Westmann, 196·3).
-- --
- i I .~.,.),
1
Ii Ii ·~I
' II ' I
s -,
v •V2•~
_L-!--t~~~ *"w·~.·-
T ~·'2 z
1
1
2
! 3<>
II II II .I ~I
lv, X 10 I '
: 1
.,
O'z (!'a ,e,h) •' 0 ;
02 cos 19) lv,
2·5
1---+--i~Go,
' 7G, • 10
- ~ IQ1
I I I I ~~.~~ !2 I
2·0 ~-+...;---+----., I i.~· ,.
2 rI i \
\ h. I
I I I '
I
I I hr'"•·'•
~ 1·5
I I ! I a"z} _ _
)(
I I i I g
II 'tzell'a,e,
!
~ '1-0
h) ... ~·...,s-ln-19-ll-;__
(0)
C>-5
18 &:
I
4 5 6 7 8 9 10 .Gc:z
· I
I, II I. ~
~ 0 :Q
14
!
L--....:........;.____
I 1~1 _I I ! •lo>l Ill
i:i
I
I ' -0·50
12
.
_ _ _ ,2/a,. J.2 :' I I!
,L~j -~'
.;
- - -' 2 3 456789~
r/o ~
1I ..;.
v1.v2 • J. ' - . .l
2 1 ' 2o ~
10 14r--r--r--:--r---r-,-rrT-:-I
1 ' ' ' ' '
. I T
. ,,,., -
121 I : !'
Ia, x10
8
I ,,-1 -W-'1.
I,, %·1 I i l .
I z I 101 I I
6 I u,<"'a.e.hl. o cos (8)· I
iii 12
! I )(
4
I . !
CTz
~
!
- 0'
'tze!!i'a,e, h) .. ~ s1n l~ll;..
.
2
(b) l!o)
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 345678910
~ %
FIG.6.12 Influence factors for interface vertical FIG.6.13 Influence factors for interface shear
stress (Westmann, 1963). stress Tze (Westmann, 1963).
....
"'""
....
::
14r--,---r--,---r-~---r--,---r--,---r--,
121 I I I
26 G
3--Gj- ·;o
1
22 v1•V2• t
16 {1-·i 12
{1-~t .
M
l(
$2
l(
14 ~
)10
6
i
2 (0)' 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
'i'a
~
0 I ·2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Yo ~
~
14
14
~
12
10
,:I I I I :.~~:::~2tll.._L¥ LJ Ill
~
M
$2
l(
~
.
] .ro"/a•f;--,-, lr ~ll m
b ~
..!: 4
2 3 4 5 6 7 6 9
(b)
10
:~Ill, 8 9 10
%a
FIG.6.14 Influence factors for interface shear FIG.6.15 Influence factors for surface vertical
stress Tzr (Westmann, 1963). displacement (Westmann, 1963),
'l'llREE-LArER SYS'Z'EBS 145
6.2 Three-Layer Systems

6. 2.1 UNIFORM VERTICAL LOADING ON A CIRCULAR
AREA (Fig.6.17)
P/unit araa
G~~=,1011
hLw,-r
6 FIG.6.17
1\ "'=vz= t I~
. !5
~' ~~·i
52>( 4 1r Gz
l\ .1 '--
-~ 3 ~\ l"( Q-·1-- Pe<~a.e.O>=¥~n(9)Ip8 -l-- Stresses
\ An extensive tabulation of the
i'-.. h I
"~~R
2 stresses at the layer interfaces, on the axis of the
circle, has been presented by Jones (1962). Peattie
(a) (1962) has presented these stresses graphically to-
2345678910
gether with factors for the horizontal tensile. strain
at the first interface. Mitchell and Shen (1967)
r/a
extended Peattie's graphs to include the horizontal
stress at the first interface in layer 2 and the hori-
zontal tensile and compressive strains at the lower
interface.
An extensive tabulation of the radial stresses
within the uppermost layer is given by Kirk (1966) for
a wide range of elastic modulus ratios and for various
values of v in the layers •
The tables of stresses presented by Jones (1962)
are reproduced in Tables 6.3 to 6.30. Again
v1=v~=v3=0.S. In these tables,
a1 a/h~
H h1/h~
k1 = E1/E~
FIG.6.16 Influence factors for surface tangen~al k~ = EuE3
displacement (Westmann, 1963).
The organization of these tables is as follows:
Stresses for all values of a1 appear in a
block, each table containing four blocks in ascending
order of k~.
The tables are for ascending values of k 1 , and
each set of four tables are for ascending values of
H.
In all cases, the stresses are expressed as a
fraction of the applied stress p.
The first three columns of stresses in the tables
refer to the upper interface; the last three to the
lower interface.
Compressive stresses are positive.
146 JIULTI-IAYER SYSTEHS
TABLE 6.3
(Jones, 1962) B .. 0.125
kt• 0.2
a, a
zl
aZt -ar1 a a
zt- r2
aZ2 a -a
z2 r~
a · -a
z~ r3 ..
0.1 0.66045 0 . 12438 0.62188 0.01557 0.00332 0.01659
0. 2 0.90249 0.13546 0.67728 0.06027 0.01278 0.06391
k2. ::: 0.2 0.4 0.95295 0.10428 0.52141 0.21282 0.04430 0.22150
0. 8 0.99520 0.09011 0.45053 0.56395 0.10975 0.54877
1.6 1.00064 0.08777 0.43884 0.86258 0.13755 0.68777
3.2 0.99970 0.04129 0.20643 0.94143 0 . 10147 0.50736
0.1 0.66048 0.12285 0.61424 0.00892 0 .01693 0.00846
0.2 0.90157 0.12916 0.64582 0.03480 0.06558 0.03279
k2. .. 2.0 0.4 0.95120 0 . 08115 0.40576 0.12656 0.23257 0.11629
0.8 0.99235 0.01823 0 . 09113 0 .37307 0.62863 0.31432
1.6 0.99918 -0 . 04136 -0 . 20680 0.74038 0 .98754 0 . 49377 ·
3.2 1.00032 -0 . 03804 -0 . 19075 0.97137 0.82102 0.41051
0.1 0.66235 0.12032 0.60161 0.00256 0.03667 0 . 00183
0.2 0 .90415 0.11787 0 . 58933 0.01011 0 . 14336 0.00717
0.4 0.95135 0 . 03474 0.17370 {).03838 0 . 52691 0.02635
k2. = 20.0
0.8 0.98778 -0.14872 -0.74358 0.13049 1.61727 0.08086
1.6 0.99407 -0 . 50533 - 2.52650 0.36442 3 . 58944 0.17947
3.2 0.99821 -0.80990 -4.05023 0.76669 5.15409 0. 25770
0.1 0.66266 0 . 11720 0 . 58599 0 .00057 0.05413 0.00027
0.2 0.90370 0. 10495 0 . 52477 0.00226 0.21314 0 . 00107
0.4 0 . 94719 -0.01709 -0.08543 0.00881 0.80400 0 . 00402
k2. - '-00. 0 0.8 0.99105 -0 . 34427 -1.72134 0.03259 2.67934 0.01340
1.6 0.99146 -1.21129 -6.05643 0.11034 7.35978 0.03680
3.2 0.99332 -2.89282 -14.46408 0.32659 16.22830 0.08114
TABLE 6 . 4
(Jones, 1962) B::: 0.125
k t= 2.0
a1 azl aZJ-arl aZJ -arz azz azz-arz azz-ar~
0.1 0.43055 0.71614 0.35807 0.01682 0.00350 0.01750

0.2 0 .78688 1.01561 0.50780 0.06511 0.01348 0 . 06741
)J
k2.::: 0. 2
0.4
0.8
1.6
0.98760
1. 01028
1.00647
0.83924
0 . 63961
0.65723
0.41962
0.31981
0.32862
0.23005
0.60886
0. 90959
0.04669
0.11484
0, 13726
0.23346
0.57418
0.68630
l
)
3.2 0.99822 0.38165 0.19093 0.94322 0.09467 .. 0.47335

1
0.1 0.42950 0.70622 0.35303 0 . 00896 0.01716 0."00858
0.2 0.78424 0.97956 0.48989 0.03493 0.06647 0.03324
k2. - 2.0
0.4
0.8
1.6
3.2
0.98044 o. 70970 0.35488
0.99434 0.22319 0.11164
0.99364 -0 . 19982 - 0.09995
0.12667
0 . 36932
0.72113
0.23531
0.63003
0.97707
0.11766
0.31501
0.48853
I
I
0.99922 -0.28916 -0. 14461 0.96148 0. 84030 0.42015
0.1
0.2
0 . 43022 0.69332
0.78414 0.92086
0 ;34662
0.46048
0.00228
0.00899
·o.o3467
0.13541
0.00173
0.00677
1l
0.4 0.97493 0.46583 0.23297 0.03392 0.49523 0.02476
k2. • 20.0
0.8 0.97806 - 0.66535 -0.33270 0.11350 1.49612 0 . 07481 "l
1.6 0.96921 - 2.82859 -1.41430 0.31263 3. 28512 0.16426 I
0.1
3.2 0.98591 -5.27906 -2.63954
0.42925 0.67488 0.33744
0.68433 5.05952 0 . 25298
0 . 04848 0 . 00024
., )
I
0.2 0.78267 0 . 85397 0.42698 0.19043 0.00095

o ;4 0.97369 0.21165 0.10582 0.71221 0.00356
k2. = 200.0 0.8 0.97295 -1.65954 -0.82977 2.32652 . 0 .01163
1.6 0. 95546 - 6.47707 - 3.23855 6.26638 0.03133
3. 2 0 .96377 - 16.67376 -8.33691 14.25621 0.07128 =
'l'BREE-IArER srsxENS 147
TABLE 6.5
(Jones, 1962) H = 0.125
kt= 20.0
at aZJ az, -ar, aZJ -a1'2. an a;n-an a -a
Z2 rs
0.1 0.14648 1.80805 0.09040 0.01645 0.00322 0.01611
0.2 0.39260 3.75440 o.18n2 0.06407 0.01249 0.06244
0.4 0.80302 5.11847 0.25592 0.23135 0.04421 0.22105
k2. - 0.2 0.8 1.06594 3.38600 0.16930 0.64741 0.11468 0.57342
1.6 1.02942 1.81603 0.09080 1.00911 0.13687 0.68436
3.2 0.99817 1. 75101 0.08756 0.97317 0..07578 0.37890
0.1 0 . 14529 1.81178 0.09059 0.00810 0.01542 0. 00771
0.2 0.38799 3.76886 0.18844 0.03170 0.06003 0.03002
0.4 0.78651 5.16717 0.25836 0.11650 0.21640 0.10820
k2. - 2.0 0.8 1.02218 3.43631 0.17182 0 .34941 0.60493 0.30247
1.6 0.99060 1.15211 0.05761 0.69014 0.97146 0.48573
3.2 0.99893 -0.06894 -0.00345 0.93487 0.88358 0.44179
0.1 0.14447 1.80664 0.09033 0.00182 0.02985 0 . 00149
0.2 0.38469 3.74573 0.18729 0.00716 0.11697 0.00585
0.4 0.77394 5.05489 0.25274 0.02710 0.43263 0.02163
k2. - zo.o 0.8 0.98610 2.92533 0.14627 0.09061 1.33736 0.06687
1.6 0 . 93712 -1.27093 -0 •.06355 0.24528 2.99215 0.14961
3.2 0.96330 -7.35384 -0.36761 0.55490 5.06489 0.25324
0.1 0.14422 1. 78941 0 . 08947 0.00033 0.04010 0.00020
0.2 0.38388 3 .68097 0.18405 0.00131 0.15781 0~00079
0.4 0.77131 4.80711 0.24036 0.00505 0.59391 0.00297
~ • 200.0 0.8 0.97701 1.90825 0.09541 0.01830 1.95709 0.00979
1.6 0 .91645 - 5.28803 -0.26440 0.06007 5.25110 0.02626
3.2 0.92662 -21.52546 -1.07627 0.18395 12.45058 0.06225
TABLE 6 ~6
(Jones, 1962) H = 0.125
kt= 200.0
at a
Zl
aZt -a1'1 aZt.-a1'2. az2. aZ2, -a1'2. az2 -a.rs
0.1 0 . 03694 2.87564 0.01438 0.01137 0.00201 0.01005

0.2 0.12327 7.44285 0.03721 0.04473 0.00788 0.03940
kt- o.z 0.4 0.36329 15.41021 0.07705 0.16785 0.02913 0.14566
0.8 0.82050 19. 70261 0.09851 0.53144 0.08714 0.43568
1.6 1.12440 7.02380 0 .03512 1.03707 0.13705 0.68524
3.2 0.99506 2.35459 0.01177 1.00400 0.06594 0.32971
0.1 0.03481 3.02259 0.01511 0.00549 0.00969 0.00485
0.2 0.11491 8. 02452 0.04012 0.02167 0.03812 0.01906
0.4 0.33218 17.64175 0 .08821 0.08229 0.14286 0 . 07143
kt - 2.0 0.8 0.72695 27.27701 0.13639 0.27307 0.45208 0.22604
1.6 1.00203 23.38638 0.11693 0.63916 0.90861 0.45430
3.2 1.00828 11.87014 . 0.05935 0.92560 0.91469 0.45735
0.1 0.03336 3.17763 0.01589 0 . 00128 0.01980 0.00099
0.2 0.10928 8.66097 0.04330 0.00509 0.07827 0.00391
k t - 20.0 0.4 0.31094 20.12259 0.10061 0.01972 0.29887 0.01494
0.8 0.65934 36.29943 0.18150 0.07045 . 1.01694 0 .05085
1.6 0.87931 49.40857 0.24704 0.20963 2.64313 0.13216
3.2 0.93309 57.84369 0.28923 0.49938 4.89895 0.24495
0.1 0.03307 3.26987 0.01635 0.00025 0.02809 0.00014
0.2 0.10810 9.02669 0.04513 0.00098 0 .11136 0.00056
k2- 200.0 0.4 0.30639· 21.56482 0.10782 0.00386 0.43035 0.00215
0.8 0.64383 41.89878 0.20949 0.01455 1.53070 0 . 00765 I
1.6 0.84110 69.63157 0.34816 0.05011 4.56707 0.02284
3.2 0.86807 120.95981 0.60481 0.15719 11.42045 0.05710
!
j
I
148 HULTI-LAYER SYSTEHS
TABLE 6.7
(Jones; 1962) H = 0.25
k = 0.2
a1 a aZ1 -aZ'l az1 -a.l'z 0
zz
aZz -orz azz -a.l'g
Z1
0.1 0.27115 0.05598. 0.27990 0.01259 0.00274 0.01370

0.2 0.66109 0.12628 0.63138 0.04892 0.01060 0.05302
0.4 0.90404 0.14219 0.71096 0.17538 0.03744 0.18722
kz = O.Z 0.8 0.95659 0.12300 0.61499 0.48699 0.09839 0.49196
1.6 0.99703 0.10534 0.52669 0.81249 0.13917 0.69586
3.2 0.99927 0.05063 0.25317 0.92951 0.11114 0.55569
0.1 0.27103 0.05477 0.27385 0.00739 0.01409 0.00704
0.2 . 0.66010 0.12136 0.60681 0.02893 0.05484 6.02742
0.4 0.90120 0.12390 0.61949 0.10664 0.19780 0.09890
kz = Z.O 0.8 0.94928 0.06482 0.32410 0.32617 0.56039 0.28019
1.6 0.99029 -0.00519 -0.02594 0.69047 0.96216 0.48108
3.2 1.00000 -0.02216 -0.11080 0.95608 0.87221 0.43610
0.1 0.26945 0.05192 0.25960 0.00222 0.03116 0.00156
0.2 0.66161 0.11209 0.56046 0.00877 0.12227 0.00611
0.4 0.90102 0.08622 0.43111 0.03354 0.45504 0.02275
kz = 20.0 0.8 0.94012 -0.07351 -0.36756 0.11658 1.44285 0.07214
1.6 0.97277 -0.40234 -2.01169 0.33692 3.37001 0.16850
3.2 0.99075 -0.71901 -3.59542. 0.73532 5.10060 0.25503
0.1 0.27072 0.04956 0.24778 0.00051 0.04704 0.00024

0.2 0.65909 0.10066 0.50330 0.00202 0.18557 0.00093
0.4 0.89724 0.04248 0.21242 0.00791 0.70524 0.00353
kz = 200.0 0.8 0.93596 -0.24071 -1.20357 0.02961 2.40585 0.01203
1.6 0.96370 -1.00743 -5.03714 0.10193 6.82481 0.03412
3.2 0.97335 -2.54264 -12.71320 0.30707 15.45931 0.07730
TABLE 6.8
(Jones, 1962) H = 0.25
kl= 2.0
a1 aZl aZl -aZ'l aZ1 -arz aZ2 azz -ar2 aZg -a.l'g·
0.1 0.15577 0.28658 0.14329 0.01348 0.00277 0.01384

0.2 0.43310 0.72176 0.36088 0.05259 0.01075 0.05377
0.4 0.79551 1.03476 0.51738 0.19094 0.03842 0.19211
kz = O.Z 0.8 1.00871 0.88833 0.44416 0.54570 0.10337 Q.51687
1.6 1.02425 0.66438 0.33219 0.90563 0.14102 0.70510
3.2 0.99617 0.41539 0.20773 0.93918 0.09804 0,49020
0.1 0.15524 0.28362 0.14181 0.00710 0.01353 0.00677

0.2 0.42809 0.70225 0.35112 0.02783 0.05278 0.02639
0.4 0.77939 0.96634 0.48317 0.10306 0.19178 0.09589
k 2 = 2.0 0.33442 0.27605
0.8 0.96703 0.66885 0.31771 0.55211
1.6 0.98156 0.17331 0.08665 0.66753 0.95080 0.47540
3.2 0.99840 -0.05691 -0.02846 0.93798 0.89390 0.44695
0.1 . 0.15436 0.27580 0.13790 0.00179 0.02728 0.00136
0.2 0.42462 0.67115. 0.33557 0.00706 0.10710 0.00536
0.4 0.76647 0.84462 0.42231 0.02697 0.39919 0.01996
kz = 20.0 0.8 0.92757 0.21951 0.10976 0.09285 1.26565 0.06328
1.6 0.91393 -1.22411 -0.61205 0.26454 2.94860 0.14743
3.2 0.95243 -3.04320 -1.52160 0.60754 4.89878 0.24494
0.1 0.15414 0.26776 0.13388 0.00036 0.03814 0.00019.

0.2 0.42365 0.63873 0.31937 0.00143 0.15040 0.00075
0.35810 0.00285
kz = 200.0 0.4
0.8
0.76296
0.91600
0.71620
-0.28250 -0.14125
0.00557
0.02064
0.57046
1.92636 0.00963
1.6 0.88406 -3.09856 -1.54928 0.07014 5.35936 0.02680
3.2 0.89712 -9.18214 -4.59107 ·0.21692 12.64318 0.06322
TIIREE-LilYBRS SrS'rENS l49
TABLE 6.9
(Jones. 1962) B = 0.25
k =: 20.0
a1 a a -a a21 -al'1 a C1 -a a -a
Zt Zt rt zz zz rz zz l'a
0.1 0 .04596 0.61450 0.03072 0.01107 0.00202 0.01011
0.2 0.15126 1. 76675 0.08834 0.04357 0.00793 0 . 03964
0.4 0.41030 3.59650 0.17983 0.16337 0.02931 0.14653
k2. - 0.2 0.8 0.85464 4.58845 0.22942 0.51644 0.08771 0.43854
1.6 1.12013 2.31165 0.11558 1;01061 0.14039 0.70194
3.2 0.99676 1.24415 0.06221 0.99168 0 .07587 0.37934
0 .1 0.04381 0.63215 0.03162 0.00530 0 .00962 0.00481
0.2 0.14282 1.83766 0.09188 0.02091 0.03781 0.01891
0.4 0 .37882 3.86779 0.19339 0.07933 0.14159 0.07079
k2.: 2.0 0.8 0 . 75904 5.50796 0.27540 0.26278 0.44710 0.22355
1.6 0.98743 4. 24281 0.21213 0 . 61673 0.90115 0.45058
3.2 1.00064 1.97494 0.09876 0.91258 0.93254 0.46627
0.1 0.04236 0.65003 0.03250 0.00123 0 . 01930 0.00096
0.2 0.13708 1.90693 0.09535 0.00488 0.07623 0.00381
0.4 0.35716 4.13976 0.20699 0 . 01888 0.29072 0.01454
k2. - 20. 0 0.8 0.68947 6.48948 0.32447 0.06741 0.98565 0.04928
1.6 0.85490 6.95639 0.34782 0 .20115 2.55231 0 .12762
3.2 0.90325 6.05854 0.30293 0.48647 4.76234 0.23812
0.1 0.04204 0.65732 0.03287 0.00024 0.02711 0.00014
0.2 0.13584 1.93764 0 . 09688 0.00095 0.10741 0.00054
0.4 0.35237 4. 26004 0.21300 0 . 00372 0.41459 0.00207
kt - 200.0 0,8 0.67286 6.94871 0.34743 0.01399 1.46947 0.00735
1.6 0.81223 8.55770 0.42789 0.04830 4.36521 0.02183
3.2 0.82390 10.63614 0 . 53181 0.15278 10.93570 0 . 05468
TABLE 6.10
(Jones. 1962) B = 0.25
k = 200.0
a1 · azt a -a a -a a -a az,-ar3
Zt rt z 1 rz C1.z1 zz rz
0.1 0.01139 0.86644 0.00433 0.00589 0.00090 0.00451
0.2 0.04180 2. 71354 0.01357 0.02334 0.00357 0 .01784
0.4 0.14196 6.83021 0.03415 0 . 09024 0.01365 0.06824
kt - 0.2 0 .8 0.42603 13.19664 0.06598 0.31785 0.04624 0.23118
1.6 0.94520 13.79134 0.06896 0 . 83371 0.10591 0.52955
3.2 1.10738 2. 72901 0.01365 1.10259 0.08608 0.43037
0.1 0.00909 0.96553 0.00483 0.00259 0.00407 0.00203
0 .2 0.03269 3.10763 0.01554 0.01027 0.01611 0.00806
0.4 0.10684 8.37852 0.04189 0.04000 0.06221 0.03110
kt - 2.0 0.8 0 .30477 18.95534 0.09478 0.14513 .0.21860 0.10930
1.6 0.66786 31.18909 0.15595 0.42940 0.58553 0.29277
3.2 0.98447 28 . 98500 0 . 14493 o:84S45 0.891~1 0 ..44595
0.1 0. 00776 1.08738 0 •.00544 0.00065 0.00861 0.00043
0.2 · 0.02741 3.59448 0.01797 0.00257 0.03421 0.00171
kt • 20.0 0.4 ' 0.08634 10. 30923 0.05155 0.01014 0 . 13365 0.00668
0.8 ·o.23U7 26 . 41442 0.13207 0.03844 0.49135 0.02457
1.6 · o.46835 57.46409 0.28732 0.13148 1.53833 0.07692
3.2 0.71083 99.29034 0.49645 0.37342 3.60964 0.18048
0.1 0.00744 1.19099 0.00596 0.00014 0.01311 0.00007
k:t = 200.0
0.2
0.4
0.8
0.02616 4.00968
0.08141 11.96405
0.21293 32.97364
0.02005
0.05982
0.16487·
0.00056
0.00224
0.00871
0.05223
0.20551
0 . 77584
0.00026
0.00103
o:oo388
I
1.6 0.40876 82.77997 0.41390 0.03234 2.63962 0.01320
3.2 0.56613 189._37439 0.94687 0.11049 7.60287 0.03801 I.
...
150 IIULTI- LAlfER S YSTEMS
iI
TABLE 6 . 11
.l
(Jones, 1962) H = 0.5
1
k = 0.2 \I
a1 a z, az1 -o r1 a z1-or2 aZ2 a z2 -or2 a Z2 -<1r3 .l
I·
I
0.1 0.07943 0.01705 0.08527 0.00914 0.00206 0 . 01030 I
0.2 0.27189 0.05724 0.28621 0.03577 0.00804 0 . 04020 I

0.4 0.66375 0.13089 0 . 65444 0.13135 0.02924 0.14622
k2 = 0.2 0.8 0 . 91143 0 . 15514 0 . 77571 0 . 38994 0.08369 0.41843 .;i
1.6 0.96334 0.13250 0.66248 0.72106 0 . 13729 0.68647 I
3.2 0 . 99310 0.06976 0.34879 0 . 89599 0.12674 0.63371 I
0.1 0.07906 0.01617 0.08085 0 . 00557 0.01074 0.00537 j
0.2· I
0 . 27046 0.05375 0. 26877 0.02190 0.04206 0.02103
0.4 0.65847 0.11770 0.58848 0.08222 0.15534 J
k2 = 2.0 .
0.8 0.89579 0.11252 0.56258 0.26429 0 . 47045
0.07767
0.23523•
l
\
I
1.6 0. 94217 0.04897 0 . 24486 0.60357 0.90072 0.45036 .,I

·3 . 2 0.99189 0.01380 0.06900 0.91215 0 . 94385 0.47192 I
I
0.1 0.07862 0. 01439 0.07196 0.00175 0.02415 0.00121 i
I
0. 2 0. 26873 0.04669 ·0.23345 0.00692 0.09519 0.00476 ,1
0.4 0. 65188 0.09018 0 . 45089 0.02676 0.36008 0.01800
~ = 20.0 0.8 0.87401 0.01260 0.06347 0.09552 1.19151 0 . 05958
)
•, .
1.6 0.89568 - 0.24336 -1 . 21680 0 . 28721 2.95409' 0.14770 ) '
3.2 0. 95392 -0.53220 - 2.66100 0.66445 4. 86789 0.24339 {.
0 .1 0.07820 0.01243 0.06213 0.00041 0.03682 0.00018 1 I
0.2 0 . 26803 0.03912 0.19558 0.00163 0.14576 0.00073 iI
0.4 0.64904 0 . 06006 0. 30029 0.00643 0.56051 0 .00280
k2 = 200.0 0 . 8
!
0.86406 -0 . 10447 - 0 . 52234 0 . 02436 1.96771 0.00984 \
l
1.6 0.86677 -0.67154 -3.35768 0.08540 5.77669 0.02888 i
3.2 0. 89703 - 1.86126 - 9.30628 0 . 26467 13.63423 0.06817
'•
I
,{
·;
TABLE 6.12 J
(Jones , 1962) H = 0.5
kr= 2.0
at a a -a crzt- 0rz 0zz 0zz- arz azz- crr3
Zt zt r t
0.1 0.04496 0.08398 0.04199 0.00903 0.• 00181 0 . 00906
0.2 0.15978 0.28904 0.14452 0 .03551 0 .00711 0.03554
0.4 0.44523 0 . 72313 0.36156 0 . 13314 0.02634 0.13172
k2 =0. 2 0.8 0. 83298 1.03603 0 .51802 0.42199 0.07992 0.39962
1.6 1.05462 0.83475 0 .41737 0.85529 0.13973 0.69863
3.2 0.99967 0 . 45119 0.22560 0.94506 0.10667 0.53336
0.1 0.04330 0.08250 0 . 04125 0.00465 0·.00878 0.00439
0.2 0. 15325 0.28318 0.14159 0.01836 0 . 03454 0.01727
0.4 0.42077 o.70119 0.35060 0.06974 0. 12954 0. 0'6477
~ = 2.0 0.8 .0.75683 0.96681 0. 48341 0.23256 0.41187 0.20594
1.6 0.93447 0.70726 0. 35363 0 . 56298 0.85930 0.42965
3.2 0.98801 0.33878 0 . 16939 0.88655 0.96353 0.48176
0. 1 0.04193 0.08044 0 . 04022 0.00117 0 . 01778 . 0.00089
0.2 0 . 14808 0. 27574 0.13787 0.00464 0.07027 0 . 00351
0.4 0. 40086 0.67174 0 . 33587 0.01799 0.26817 0.01341
~ = 20. 0 0.8 0 . 69098 0 . 86191 0;43095 0 .06476 0.91168 0.04558
1.6 0.79338 0.39588 0 . 19794 0.1980$ 2.38377 0.11919
3.2 0.85940 -0.41078· -0.20539 0.49238 4. 47022 0. 22351
0. 1 0.04160 0 .07864 0.03932 0.00024 0.02515 0.00013
0.2 0 .14676 0.26853 0 . 13426 0.00095 0.09968 0.00050
0.4 0.39570 0.64303 0 . 32152 0.00374 0.38497 0 .00192
~ = 200.0 0.8 0.67257 0.74947 0.37474 0. 01416 1.36766 . 0.00684
1.6 0.74106 - 0.02761 -0.01381 0 . 04972 4.08937 0.02045
3.2 0. 75176 - 1.88545 -0.94273 0 . 15960 10.25631 0.05128' ·~
THREE-l.JU'ER SYSTEMS 151
TABLE 6 . 13 H ..; 0. 5
(Jones, 1962) kl"" 20.0
a1 a
Zl
aZt -aZ'1 aZl -aZ'2 aZ2 aZ2- aZ'2 aZ2-aZ'3
0.1 0.01351 0.16526 0.00826 0.00596 0.00098 0 . 00488

0.2 0.05079 0.58918 0.02946 0 . 02361 0.00386 0.01929
k2= 0. 2 0.4 0.16972 1.66749 0.08337 0.09110 0.01474 0.07369
0 .8 0.47191 3.23121 0.16156 0.31904 0.04967 0.24834
1.6 0.97452 3 . 54853 0.17743 0.82609 0.11279 0.56395
3.2 1.09911 1.27334 0.06367 1.08304 0.09527 0.47637
0.1 0.01122 0.17997 0.00900 0.00259 0.00440 0.00220
0.2 0 . 04172 0.64779 0.03239 0.01028 0.01744 0.00872
0.4 0 . 13480 1.89817 0 . 09491 0.03998 0.06722 0 . 03361
k2- 2.0
0.8 0.35175 4.09592 0.20480 0.14419 0.23476 0. 11738
1.6 0.70221 6.22002 0 . 31100 0.42106 0.62046 0.31023
3.2 0.97420 5.41828 0 . 27091 0.82256 0.93831 0 . 46916
0.1 0.00990 0.19872 0.00994 0.00063 0.00911 . 0.00046
0.2 0.03648 0.72264 0 . 03613 0.00251 0.03620 0 . 00181
k2= 20.0 0.4 0.11448 2.19520 0. 10976 0.00988 0.14116 0.00706
0.8 0.27934 5.24726 0.26236 0.03731 0.51585 0.02579
1.6 0 . 50790 10.30212 0.51511 0 . 12654 1.59341 0.07967
3.2 0.70903 16.38520 0.81926 0.35807 3.69109 0.18455
0.1 0.00960 0.21440 0 . 01072 0.00013 0.01355 . 0.00007
0.2 0 . 03526 0 . 78493 0.03925 0.00054 0.05395 0.00027
0 . 10970 2.44430 0 . 12221 0 . 00214
7c2= 200.0 g:: 0.26149 6.23424 0.31172 0 .00831
0.21195 0.00106
0.79588 0.00398
1.6 0.45078 14.11490 0 . 70574 0.03070 2 . 67578 0 . 01338
3.2 0.57074 29 . 95815 1.49791 0.10470 7.61457 0.03807
TABLE 6.14
(Jones, 1962)
H =0.5
kl= 200.0
CH aZ1 aZ1 -aZ'1 a -a aZ2 aZ2 -aZ'2 a -aZ'3
Z1 Z'1 Z1
0. 1 0 . 00363 0.22388 0 . 00112 0 .00256 0.00033 0.00163

0.2 0.01414 0.81903 0 . 00410 0.01021 0.00130 0.00648
k1G 0. 2 0.4 0.05256 2 . 52558 0 . 01263 0.04014 0.00506 0.02529
0. 8 0.18107 6.11429 0 . 03057 0.15048 0.01844 0.09221
1.6 0 .53465 10 . 82705 0.05414 0.48201 0.05399 0.26993
3.2 1.04537 9.34212 0.04671 1.00671 0.08624 0.43121
0. 1 0.00215 0 . 26620 0.00133 0.00094 0.00128 0 .00064
0.2 0.00826 0.98772 0.00494 0.00373 0.00509 0. 00254
k1• 2. 0 0.4 0 . 02946 3.19580 0.01598 0.01474 0.01996 0.00998
0.8 0.09508 8.71973 0.04360 0 . 05622 0 .07434 0 . 03717
1.6 0.271l5 20 . 15765 0.10079 0.19358 0 . 23838 0.11919
3. 2 0 .62399 34.25229 0. 17126 0 . 52912 0.54931 0.27466
0.1 0 .00149 0.31847 0.00159 0.00023 0.00257 0.00013
0.2 0.00564 1.19598 0.00598 0. 00094 0.01025 0 . 00051
k:t= 20. 0 O.t_ 0.01911 4.02732 0.02014 0.00372 0.04047 0 . 00202
0.8 ' 0.05574 12.00885 0,06004 0.01453 0.15452 0.00773
1.6 0.13946 32.77028 0.16385 0.05399 0.53836 0.02692
3. 2 0 . 30247 77.62943 0.38815 0.18091 1.56409 0.07820
0.1 0.00133 0.37065 0.00185 0.00005 0.00387 0 . 00002
0.2 0.00498 1.40493 0.00702 0.00022 0 .01544 0.00008
k2= 200.0 g:: 0.01649 4.86215
0.04553 15.33902
0.02431
0.07670
0. 00086
0.00340
0.06118
0.23698
0.00031
0.00118
1.6 0.10209 45.93954 0.22970 0.01315 0.86345 .0.00432
3.2 0. 18358 128.13051 0.64065 0.04854 2.80877 0.01404 .
I.
J
152 J!TJLTI- LllJt ER SYSTSJCS
TABLE 6 . 15 H = 1.0
. (Jones, 1962) k1= o.z
a,_ a a -a a -a a a -<1 a.Zz -ar3
.Zt Zt r1 zt rz .Zz .Zz rz
0.1 0.02090 0.00464 0.02320 0.00541 0.00128 0.00638

0.2 0 . 08023 O.i)l773 0.08865 0 . 02138 0.00503 0.02515
0.4 0.27493 0.05976 0.29878 0.08125 0 . 01903 0.09516
kz= 0.2 0.8 0.67330. 0.13818 0.69092 0.26887 0.06192 0.30960
1.6 0.92595 0.15978 0.79888 0 .60229 0 . 13002 0.65010
3.2 0.95852 0.09722 0.48612 0.82194 0 . 14348 0.71742
0.1 0.02045 0.00410 0.02052 0.00356 0.00687 0.00343

0.2 0.07845 0.01561 0.07805 0.01410 0.02713 0 . 01357
0.4 . 0.26816 0.05166 0.25828 0.05427 0.10351 0. 05175
kz- 2.0 0.8 0.65090 0.11111 0.55555 0 . 18842 0.34703 0.17351
1.6 0 . 88171 0.10364 0.51819 0.48957 0.79986 0.39993
3.2 0.94153 0.06967 0.34835 0.81663 0.99757 0.49879
0.1 0. 01981 0.00306 0 .01529 0. 00118' 0.01591 0.00080

0.2 0.07587 0.01145 0 . 05726 0.00471 0.06310 0.00316
0 . 01846 0.24396 0.01220
kz= 20.0 00.4 0.25817 0.03540 0 . 17702
. 8 0 . 61544 0 . 05163 0.25817 0.06839 0 . 86114 0.04306
1.6 0 . 78884. -0.07218 -0.36091 0.21770 2. 36054 0 . 11803
3. 2 . 0.82936 -0 . 25569 -1.27847 0.53612 4.28169 0.21408
0. 1 0.01952 0.00214 0.01068 0.00028 0.02412 0. 00012

0.2 0.07473 0 . 00777 0 . 03883 0.00110 0.09587 0.00048
0.25368 0.02076 0 . 10382 0.00436 0.37417 0.00187
kz= 200.0 ~:: 0.59853 - 0 . 00538 - 0.02690 0.01679 1.36930 0. 00685
1.6 0.73387 -0.28050 -1 . 40250 0.06020 4.23805 0 . 02119
3.2 0.70248 . -0 .90965 - 4.54826 0 . 19189 10. 36507 0.05183
TABL£ 6.16 B = 2.0

(Jones, 1962 kt= z.o
a1 aZt azt-art a -a azz ·a -a aZz -ar3
Zt rz Zz rz
0.1 0.01241 0.02186 0.01093 0 . 00490 0.00096 0.00478
0. 2 0.04816 0.08396 0.04198 0.01943 0. 00378 0. 01890
0.4 0.17203 0.28866 0.14433 0.07496 0.01448 0. 07241
kz• o.z 0.8 0.48612 0.71684 0 .35842 0.26193 0. 04924 0.24620
1.6 0.91312 0 . 97206 0.48603 0.67611 0 . 11558 0 ~ 57790
3. 2 1.04671 0 .60091 0.30046 0.95985 0.12527 0.62637
0. 1 0.01083 0.02179 0.01090 0 . 00241 0.00453 0.00227

0. 2 0.04176 0.08337 0 . 04169 0.00958 0.01797 0.00899
0.4 0.14665 0.28491 0.14246 0 . 03724 0.06934 0.03467
kz• z.o 0. 8 0 . 39942 0,71341 0.35670 0.13401 0 . 24250 0.12125
1.6 0 . 71032 1.02680 0.51340 0.38690 0.63631 0.31815
3. 2 0.92112 0.90482 0.45241 0.75805 0.97509 0.48754
0.1 0 •.00963 0.02249 0 . 01124 0.00061 0.00920 0.00046

0.2 0 .03697 0.08618 0 .04309 0.00241 0.03654 0.00183
0.4 0.12805 0.29640 0.14820 0.00950 0.14241 0.00712
kz= 20.0 0.8 0 . 33263 0.76292 0.38146 0.03578 0.51815 0.02591
1.6 0.52721 1.25168 0.62584 0.12007 1.56503 0.07825
3.2 0.65530 1.70723 0.85361 0.33669 3.51128 0.17556
0.1 0.00925 0.02339 0 .01170 0.00013 0.01319 0.00007

0.2 0.03561 0.09018 0.04509 0 . 00051 0.05252 0.00026
0.12348 0.31470 0.15735 0.00202 0.20609 0.00103
kz• ZOO.O g:: 0.31422 0 . 83274 0.41637 0.00783 0.76955 0. 00'385
1.6 0.46897 1.53521 0.76760 0.02874 2.53100 0.012~5
3.2 0.51161 2.76420 1.38210 0. 09751 6.99283 0.03496
THREE-LAYER SYS'l'EHS l53
TABLE 6.17 H = 1.0

(Jones. 1962) kt= 20.0
a1 aZl a -(1 aZt -(1I'2 aZ2 aZ2 -a a -aI'3

Zt I'l I'2 Z2
0.1 0.00417 0.04050 0.00202 0.00271 0.00039 0.00195

0.2 0.01641 0.15675 0.00784 0.01080 0.00155 0.00777
0.4 0.06210 0.55548 0.02777 0.04241 0.00606 0.03028
k2= 0.2 0.8 0.21057 1.53667 0.07683 0.15808 0.02198 0.10991
1.6 0.58218 2.77359 0.13868 0.49705 0.06327 0.31635
3.2 1.06296 2.55195 0.12760 1.00217 0.09906 0.49525
0.1 0.00263 0.04751 0.00238 0.00100 0.00160 0.00080
0.2 0.01029 0.18481 0.00924 0.00397 0.00637 0.00319
k2= 2.0 0.4 0.03810 0.66727 0.03336 0.01565 0.02498 0.01249
0.8 0.12173 1.97428 0.09871 0.05938 0.09268 0.04634
1.6 0.31575 4.37407 0.21870 0.20098 0.29253 0.14626
3.2 0.66041 6.97695 0.34885 0.53398 0.65446 0.32723
0.1 0.00193 0.05737 0.00287 0.00024 0.00322· 0.00016
0.2 0.00751 0.22418 0.01121 0.00098 0.01283 0.00064
0.4 0.02713 0.82430 0.04121 0.00387 0.05063 0.00253
k2= 20.0 0.8 0.08027 2.59672 0.12984 0.01507 0.19267 0.00963
1.6 0.17961 6.77014 0.33851 0.05549 0.66326 0.03316
3.2 0.34355 15.23252 0.76163 0.18344 1.88634 0.09432
0.1 0.00176 0.06733 0.00337 0.00006 0.00478 0.00002
0.2 0.00683 0.26401 0.01320 0.00022 0.01908 0.00010
0.02443 0.98346 0.04917 0.00088 0.07557 0.00038
k2= 200.0 g:: 0.06983 3.23164 0.16158 0.00348 0.29194 0.00146
1.6 0.14191 9.28148 0.46407 0.01339 1.05385 0.00527
3.2 0.22655 24.85236 1.24262 0.04911 3.37605 0.01688
TABLE 6.18 H= 1.0

(Jones. 1962) kt= 200.0
a1 aZl aZt -aI'l aZ1-ai'2 aZ2 az2-ar2 aZ2 -ar3
0.1 0.00117 0.05507 0.00028 0.00097 0.00010 0.00051

0.2 0.00464 0.21467 0.00107 0.00388 0.00041 0.00203
0.4 0.01814 o. 78191 0.00391 0.01538 0.00160 0.00801
k2= 0.2 0.8 0.06766 2.38055 0.01190 0.05952 0.00607 0.03037
1.6 0.22994 5.57945 0.02790 0.21214 0.02028 0.10140
3.2 0.62710 9.29529 0.04648 0.60056 0.04847 0.24236
0.1 0.00049 0.06883 0.00034 0.00029 0.00035 0.00017
0.2 0.00195 0.26966 0.00135 0.00116 0.00138 0.00069
0.4 0.00746 1.00131 0.•00501 0.00460 0.00545 0.00273
k2= 2.0 0.02647 3.-24971 0.01625 0.01797 0.02092 0.01046
0.8
1.6 0.08556 8.92442 0.04462 0.06671 0.07335 0.03668
3.2 0.25186 20.83387 0.10417 0.22047 0.21288 0.10644
0.1 0.00027 0.08469 0.00042 0.00007 0.00062 0.00003

. 0.2 0.00104 0.33312 0.00167 0.00028 0.00248 0.00012
0.4 0.00384 1.25495 0.00627 0.00110 0.00985 0.00049
k2=:< 20.0 o.s·--- o.o1236 4~26100 0.02130 0.00436 0.03825 0.00191
1.6 0.03379 12.91809 0.06459 0.01683 0.13989 0.00699
3.2 0.08859 36.04291 0.18021 0.06167 0.45544 0.02277
0.1 0.00021 0.10075 0.00050 0.00002 0.00087 0.00000

0.2 0.00082 0.39741 0.00199 0.00006 0.00347 0."00002
k2= 200.0 g:: 0.00298 1.51234
0.00893 5.28939
0.00756
0.02645
0.00025
0.00100
0.01381
0.05403
0.00007
0.00027
1.6 0.02065 17.01872 o·.o8509 0.00392 0.20250 0.00101
3.2 0.04154 52.23615 0.26118 0.01505 0.70098 0.00350
154 HUL'ti- LArER SYSTEJ/S
TABLE 6.19 H • Z.O

(Jones, 1962) kl • o.z 1:
a1 C1 C1 -C1 C1 -C1 C1 C1 -C1 C1 -C1

Zl Z1 1'1 Zl l'2 Z1 z1 rz z~ 1'3
0.1 0 . 00540 0.00121 0.00604 0.00242 0 . 00060 0 . 00302

0.2 0.02138 0.00477 0.02386 0.00964 0.00240 0 . 01202
0.4 0 .08209 0.01821 0.09106 0.03770 0.00939 0.04695
kt= 0.2 0.8
1. 6
3. 2
0 . 28150
0.68908
0 . 93103
0.06106
0.13660
0.12899
0 . 30531
0.68299
0 .64493
0.13832
0.40830
0 . 73496
0.03422
0.09826
0.15705
0 . 17112
0 . 49131
0.78523
rl
0.1 0.00502 0.00098 0 .00494 0.00180 0.00339 0.00170
0.2 0.01986 0.00389 0 . 01953 0.00716 0.01350 0.00675
0.4 0.07630 0.01485 0.07449 0 .02815 0.05288 0.02644
kt= ~.0 0.8 0.26196 0.04977 0.24875 0.10523 0. 19467 0 . 09733
1.6 0.63535 . 0.10924 0.54641 0.33075 0.57811 0.28905
3.2 0 . 87025 0.12296 0 . 61462 0.68388 1.00199 0.50100 ].
0. 1 0 . 00444 0 . 00056 0.00282 0.00065 0 . 00825 0.00041 l
0.2 0.01756 0 . 00221 0 . 01105 0.00260 0.03286 0.00164 'l
I
0.4 0.06706 0.00819 0.04097 0 . 01030 0.12933 0.00647
kt= 20. 0 0.8
1.6
3.2
0.22561 0.02431
0.51929 0.03070
0.12153
0.15352
0.65700 - 0.00926 -0.04632
0.03956
0. 13743
0.37409
0.48595
1.55804
3. 39883
0 . 02430
0.07790
0.16994
l
k1= 200.0 ~::
0.1
0.2
0.00414 0.00032 0.00160
0.01635 0.00124 0.00621
0.06231 0.00436 0.02180
0.20757 0.00955 0.04774
0.00015
0.00058
0.00231
0.00905
0.01234
0 . 04922
0.19450
0 . 74256
0.00006
0. 00025
0.00097
0.00371
l
)
1.6 0.45550 -0 .02172 -0.10861 0.03363 2. 52847 0. 01264
3.2 0.48642 - 0.15589 -0.77944 0.11105 6.6~335 0.03349
I
I
TABLE 6.20 B = 2.0

)
(Jones, 1962) kl= 2.0 l
I
C1
a1 C1
ZJ
C1
z1
-C1
r1
C1
Zt
-C1
rt az
z z2
-C1
rt azz-<Jr~
0.1 0.00356 0.00545 0.00272 0.00216 0.00041 0.00203

0.2 0.01415 0.02155 0.01078 0.00861 0.00162 0.00809
0.4 0.05493 0.08266 0.04133 0.03386 0.00634 0. 03172
kt= 0.2 0.8
1.6
0.19661
0 . 55306
0 . 28226
o:67844
0.14113
0.33922
0.12702
0. 40376
0.02349
0.07109
0.11744
0.35545
\· )
3.2 0.96647 o. 79393 0.39696 0.83197 0. 12583 0.62913 I
0.1 0.00250 0 . 00555 0.00278 0.00100 0.00188 0.00094
0.2 0 . 00991 0 . 02199 0.01099 0.00397 0.00750 0.00375 )
0.4 0.03832 0 . 08465 0.04231 0.01569 0.02950 0.01475
k,.= 2.o· 0.8 0.13516 0. 29365 0.14683 0.05974 0.11080 0.05540
1.6 0.36644 0.75087 . 0.37542 0.20145 0.35515 0.17757 1
3.2 0.67384 1.17294 . 0.58647 0.51156 0 . 17434 0.38717 I
0. 1
0.2
0.00181
0 . 00716
0 . 00652
0.02586
0.00326
0.01293
o·.ooo25
0 . 00099
0.00378
0.01507
0.00019
0.00075
l I
0.4 0.02746 0.10017 0.05007 0.00394 0.05958 0.00298 l
k1= zo.o 0.8 0 . 09396-· 0.35641 0.17821 0.01535 0.22795 0.01140
1.6 0.23065 1.00785 0.50392 0.05599 o. 78·347 0.03917
3.2 0.37001 2.16033 1.08017 0.17843 2.13215 0.10661
0.1 0 . 00164 0. 00778 0.00389 o·.oooo5 0.00542 0.00003

0.2 0. 00647 0.03090 0.01544 0.00021 0.02163 0.00011
0 . 02470 0 . 12030 0.06014 0.00085 0.08578 0 . 00043
k1= 200.0 ~ :: 0.08326 0.43693 0 . 21847 0 . 00335 0.33214 0.00166
1.6 0.19224 1.32870 0 . 66434 0.01283 1.19190 0.00596
3.2 0.25526 3.40664 1. 70332 0.04612 3.67558 0.01838
THREE-LArER SYS'n/JS
l55
TABLE 6.21 H =·z.o

(Jones, 1962) k1= zo.o
a1 a%) aZ] -a aZ1 -ar: azz a -a aZz -ara
n Zz rz
0.1 0.00134 0.00968 0.00048 0.00108 0.00014 0.00068
0.2 0.00533 0.03839 0.00192 0.00429 0 . 00055 0.00273
0.4 0.02100 0.14845 0.00741 0.01702 0.00216 0.01078
k1."' o.z 0.8 0 . 07950 0.52414 0.02621 0.06576 0.00820 0.04101
1.6 0.26613 1. 41720 0 .07085 0;23186 0.02740 0.13698
3.2 0.67882 2.38258 0.11913 0.63006 0.06384 0.31919
0.1 0.00059 0.01219 0.00061 0.00033 0.00051 0.00025
0.2 0.00235 0.04843 0.00242 0.00130 0. 00203 0.00101
0.4 0.00922 0 . 18857 0 . 00943 0.00518 0.00803 0.00401
kta Z.O
0.8 0 . 03412 0.68382 0.03419 0.02023 0.03093 0.01547
1.6 0.10918 2.04134 0.10207 0 .07444 0.10864 0.05432
3.2 0.29183 4.60426 0 .23021 0.23852 0.30709 0.15354
0.1 0.00033 0.01568 ·0.00078 0. 00008 0.00094 0.00005
0.2 0.00130 0.06236 0.00312 0.00031 0.00374 0.00019
0.4 0.00503 0.24425 0.01221 0 . 00123 0.01486 0.00074
kt• zo.o 0.8 0.01782 0.90594 0.04530 0.00485 0.05789 0.00289
1.6 0 . 05012 2.91994 0.14600 0 . 01862 0 . 21190 0.01060
3.2 0.11331 7.95104 0.39755 0 . 06728 0.67732 0.03387.
0.1 0.00027 0.01927 0.00096 0.00002 0.00131 0.00001
0.2 0.00106 0.07675 0 . 00384 0.00007 0.00524 0.00003
0.00406 0.30182 0.01509
k1• 200.0 ~:: 0.01397 1.13555 0.05678
0.00028
0.00110
0 02085
0.08180
0.00010
0.00041
1.6 0.03538 3.83254 0.19163 0 . 00431 0.30676 0.00153
3.2 0.06182 11.55403 0.57770 0.01644 1.04794 0.00524
TABLE 6 . 22 H = 2.0
(Jones, 1962) k1= 200.0
a1 a%] aZt -a1'1 az1 -arz aza aZz -arz azz-ara
0.1 0.00036 0 .01350 0.00007 0.00033 0.00003 0.00015
0.2 0.00144 0.05366 0.00027 0.00130 0.00012 0.00058
0.4 0.00572 0.20911 0.00105 0.00518 0.00046 0. 00232
ka• O.Z 0.8 0.02231 0.76035 0 . 00380 0.02038 0.00180 0.00901
1.6 0 .08215 2. 29642 0.01148 0.07675 0.00649 0.03244
3.2 0.26576 5:28589 0.02643 0.25484 0.01912 0.09562
0.1 0.00011 0.01737 0.00009 0.00008 0.00009 . 0.00004
0.2 0.00045 0.06913 0.00035 0.00033 0.00036 0.00018
0.4 0 . 00179 0.27103 0.00136 0 . 00131 0.00142 0.00071
ka• z.o ·0 . 8 0.00685 1.00808 0.00504 0.00520 0.00553 0.00277 .
1.6 0.02441 3.27590 0.01638 0.02003 0.02043 0. 01021
3. 2 0.08061 9 . 02195 0 .04511 0.07248 0.06638 0.03319
0.1 0.00005 0.02160 0.00011 0.00002 0.00014 0.00001
0 . 2 0.00018 0 . 08604 0.00043 0.00007 0.00058 0.00003
kt"" zo.o 0. ('.. .. 0 . 00071 0.33866
0.8 0.00261 1.27835
0.00169
0.00639
0.00030
0.00119
0.00229
0.00901
0.00011
0.00045
1.6 0.00819 4 . 35311 0.02177 0.00467 0.03390 0.00170
3.2 0.02341 13.26873 0.06634 0.01784 0.11666 0.00583
0. 1 0 . 00003 0 .02587 0.00013 0.00000 0.00019 0.00000
0. 2 0.00012 0.10310 0.00052 0100002 0100075 0.00000
0.00047 0.40676 0.00203
k~ zoo.o ~:: 0.00165 1.54951 0.00775
0.00007
0.00026
0.00300
0.01183
0. 00002
0.00006
1.6 0.00445 5.43705 0. 02719 0.00104 0.04515 0.00023
3.2 0.00929 17.58810 0.08794 0.00409 0.16107 0.00081
156 JIULTI-LAYER SYSTEJIS
TABLE 6 . 23 B = 4.0
(Jones, 1962) kt= o.z
a1 a%1 a%1 -a a%1 -al'1 aZ1 az1-a1'2 a%1 -a%'3
l'l
0.1 0.00139 0.00028 0.00141 0.00086 0.00023 0.00114

0.2 0.00555 0.00112 0.00562 0.00345 0.00091 0.00454
0.4 0.02198 0 .00444 0.02220 0.01371 0.00360 0.01801
k1= 0.2 0.8 0.08435 0.01686 0.08428 0.05323 0.01394 0.06968
1.6 0.28870 0.05529 0.27647 0.19003 0 .04909 0.24545
3.2 0.70074 0.11356 0.56778 0.51882 0.12670 0.63352
0.1 0.00123 0.00026 0.00131 0.00071 0.00130 0.00065
0.2 0.00491 0.00104 0.00521 0.00283 0.00518 0.00259
k1= 2.0 0.4 0.01942 0.00412 0.02059 0.01126 0.02057 0.01028
0.8 0.07447 0.01574 0.07869 0 . 04388 0.07977 0.03989
1.6 0.,25449 0.05311 0.26554 0.15904 0.28357 0 . 14178
3.2 0.62074 0.12524 0.62622 0.45455 0.75651 . 0.37825
0. 1 0 . 00087 0.00018 0.00090 0.00028 0.00325 0.00016

0.2 0.00346 0 . 00072 0.00358 0.00111 0.01298 0.00065
0.4 0 . 01367 0.00283 0.01417 0.00443 O.OS159 0.00258
k2= 20.0 0.8 0.05207 0.01089 0.05444 0.01741 0 . 20134 0.01007
1.6 0 . 17367 0.03790 0.18949 . 0 . 06525 0.73322 0.03666
3.2 0 . 39955 0'.10841 0.54203 0 . 20965 2.13666 0 . 10683
0.1 0.00069 0.00019 0.00097 0.00006 0.00487 0.00002
0.2 0.00274 0.00078 0.00389 0.00024 0.01947 0.00010
0.01079 0.00309 0.01544 0.00095 0.07752 0 . 00039
k1= zoo.o g:: 0.04074 0 .01199 0.05.995 0 . 00378 0.30432 0.00152
1.6 0.13117 0.04352 0.21758 0.01456 1.13373 0.00567
3.2 0.26403 0.14445 0.72224 0.05161 3.59608 0.01798
TABLE 6.24 B = 4.0

(Jone.s , 1962) kt= 2.0
a1 a%1 aZl -al'l aZl -al'2 a%2 a%1 -al'1 a%2 -ars
0.1 0.00103 0.00128 0.00064 0.00078 0.00014 0.00071

0.2 0.00411 ·o.oos11 0.00256 0.00312 0.00057 0.00284
k2= 0.2 0.4 0.01631 0.02022 0.01011 0.01241 0.00226 0.01129
0.8 0.06319 0.07722 0.03861 0.04842 0.00877 0.04384
1.6 0.22413 0.25955 0.12977 0.17617 0 . 03133 0.15666
3.2 0.60654 0.58704 0.29352 0.50917 0.08500 0.42501
0.1 0.00057 0 .00147 0.00074 0 . 00034 0.00065 0.00032
0.2 0.00228 o.•00587 0.00293 0.00137 0. 00260 0.00130
k2= 2.0 0.4 0.00905 0.02324 0.01162 0.00544 0.01032 0.00516
0.8 0.03500 0.08957 0.04479 0.02135 0 . 04031 0.02015
1.6 0.12354 0.31215 0.15608 0.07972 0 . 14735 0.07368
3.2 0.34121 0.81908 0.40954 0.25441 0.43632 0 . 21816
0.1 0.00030 0.00201 0.00101 0 . 00008 0.00128 0.00006
0.2 0.00119 0 . 00803 0.00402 0.00034 0.00510 O.OP026
k1- 20. 0 0.4 0.00469 0.03191
0.12427
0 . 01596
0.06213
0.00134 0~02032 0.00102
0 .00400 .
0.8 0.01790 0.00532 0.07991
1.6 0.06045 0.45100 0 . 22550 0.02049 0.29991 0.01500
3.2 0.14979 1.36427 0.68214 0.07294 0.97701 0.04885
0.1 0.00023 0.00263 0 .00131 0.00002 0.00180 0.00001

0.2 0.00091 0.01050 0,00525 0.00007 0.00720 0 .00004
0.04179 0 . 02090 0.00029 0.02870 0 .00014
kt• 200. 0 g:: 0.00360
0.01360 0.16380 0.08190 0.00115 0 . 11334 0.00057
1.6 0.04409 0.60898 0.30449 0.00451 0.43251 0.00216
3.2 0.09323 1.98899 0.99449 0.01705 1.49306 0.00747
THREE-LAYER SYSTEMS 157
TABLE 6.25 H = 4.0

(Jones, 1962) k1= 20.0
a1 a a -a a -a a az:a -ar2 az2 -arg
Z1 Zt r1 z1 r:a Z2
0.1 0.00042 0.00233 0.00012 0.00037 0.00004 0.00021
0.2 0.00166 0.00932 0.00047 0.00148 0.00017 0.00085
k:a= 0.2 0.4 0.00663 0.03692 0.00185 0.00588 0.00068 0.00340
0.8 0.02603 0.14242 $).00712 0.02319 0.00266 0.01331
1.6 0.09718 0.49826 0.02491 0.08758 0.00983 0.04914
3_.2 0.31040 1.31627 0.06581 0.28747 0.02990 0.14951
0.1 0.00013 0.00312 0.00016 0.00010 0.00015 0.00007
0.2 0.00054 0.01245 0.00062 0.00039 0.00059 0.00029
k2= 2.0 0.4 0.00214 0.04944 0.00247 0.00154 0.00235 0.00117
0.8 0.00837 0.19247 0.00962 0.00610 0.00924 0.00462
1.6 0.03109 0.69749 0.03487 0.02358 0.03488 0.01744
3.2 0.10140 2.09049 0.10452 0.08444 0.11553 0.05776
0.1 0.00005 0.00413 0.00021 0.00002 0.00025 0.00001
0.2 0.00021 0.01651 0.00083 0.00009 0.00099 0.00005
k2= 20.0 0.4 0.00083 0.06569 0.00328 0.00035 0.00396 0.00020
0.8 0.00321 0.25739 0.01287 0.00138 0.01565 0.00078
1.6 0.01130 0.05622 0.04781 0.00542 0.05993 0.00300
3.2 0.03258 3.10980 0.15549 0.02061 0.20906 0.01045
0.1 0.00003 0.00515 0.00026 0.00000 0.00033 0.00000
0.2 0.00014 0.02056 0.00103 0.00002 0.00131 0.00001
°·
k2= 200.0 0.84 0.00054
0.00206
0.08191
0.32231
0.00410
0.01612
Q.00008
0.00030
0.00524
0.02077
0.00003
0.00010
1.6 0.00683 1.21587 0.06079 0.00120 0.08034 0.00040
3.2 0.01590 4.14395 0.20720 0.00468 0.28961 0.00145
H = 4.0
TABLE 6.26(Jones, 1962) kl= 200.0
a1 a a -a a -a az:a az -ar aZ;a -ar3
Zl Zl rt Zl r:a 2 2
0.1 0.00010 0.00334 0.00002 0.00010 0.00001 0.00004

0.2 0.00042 0.01333 0.00007 ·o.ooo39 0.00003 0.00016
k2= 0.2 0.4 0.00167 0.05295 0.00026 0.00157 0.00013 0.00065
0.8 0.00663 0.20621 0.00103 0.00625 0.00051 0.00256
1.6 0.02562 0.74824 0.00374 0.02427 0.00195 0.00975
3.2 0.09166 2.25046 0.01125 0.08799 0.00660 0.03298
0.1 0.00003 0.00437 0.00002 0.00002 0.00002 0.00001
0.2 0.00011 0.01746 0.00009 0.00009 0.00009 0.00005
k2= 2.0 0.4 0.00042 0.06947 0.00035 0.00036 0.00036 0.00018
0.8 0.00168 0.27221 0.00136 0.00142 0.00144 0.00072
1.6 0.00646 1.01140 0.00506 0.00560 0.00553 0.00277
3.2 0.02332 3.28913 0.01645 0.02126 0.01951 0.00975
0.1 0.00001 0.00545 0.00003 0.00000 0.00003 0.00000
0.2 0.00003 0.02178 0.00011 0.00002 0.00014 0.00001
0 .4-. . 0.00013 0.08673 0.00043 0.00008 0.00054 0.00003
k2= 20.0
0.8 . 0.00050 0.34131 0.00171 0.00031 0.00215 0.00011
1.6 0.00186 1.28773 0.00644 0.00124 0.00833 0.00042
3.2 0.00612 4.38974 0.02195 0.00483 0.03010 0.00150
0.1 0.00000 0.00652 0.00003 0.00000 0.00004 0.00000
0.2 0.00002 0.02606 0.00013 0.00000 0.00017 0.00000
0.00007 0.10389 0.00052 0.00002 0.00068 0.00000
k:a= 200.0 g:: 0.00025 0.40997 0.00205 0.00007 0.00269 0.00001
1.6 0.00086 1.56284 0.00781 0.00027 0.01049 0.00005
3.2 0.00225 5.48870 0.02744 0.00107 0.03866 0.00019
158 . NIJLTI-IAYER SYSTEHS
TABLE 6.27 H = 8.0

(Jone.s , 1962) kl= o. 2
a1 aZl a -a azt-ar:t aZ:t a -a a -a

Zt 2"t Zz rz Zz 2'3
0. 1 0.00035 0.00006 0.00028 0 . 00027 0.00007 0.00036
0.2 0.00142 0.00023 0.00113 0.00108 0.00028 0.00142
k 2• 0.2 0.4 0.00566 0.00090 0.00449 0.00432 0 . 00113 0.00567
0.8 0.02240 0.00354 0.01769 0.01711 0.00449 0.02246
1.6
3.2
0.08589
0.29318
0.01335
0.04270
0.06673
0.21350
0.06610
0.23182
0.01725
0.05907
0.08624
0.29533
l
0.1 0.00030 0 .00008 0 . 00038 0.00023 0.00041 0.00021
l
0.2 0.00120 0.00030 0 .00152 0.00091 0.00165 0.00083
kz• 2.0 0.4 0.00479 0.00121 0.00606 0.00364 0.00660 0.00330
0.8 0.01894 0.00480 0.02399 0.01446 0.02616 0.01308
0.1
1.6
3.2
0.07271
0.24933
0.00016
0.01841
0.06307
0.00010
0.09206
0.31534
0.00049
0.05601
0.19828
0.00009
0.10080
0.35008
0.00105
0.05040
0.17504
0.00005
i
\
0.2 0.00065 0.00040 0 . 00198 0.00037 0.00421 0. 00021 l
0.0.1679 l
kz.. 20.0 0.4 0.00260 0.00158 0.00790 0.00149 0.00084 t
0.8 0.01026 0. 00629 0.03143 0.00594 0.06664 0.00333
1.6 0.03926 0.02463 0.12314 0.02320 0.25871 0 . 01294 j
3.2 0.13335 0.09123 0 . 45615 0.08510 0.92478 0.04624
l
0. 1
0. 2
0.00009
0.00036
0.00015
0.00059
0.00074
0.00294 .
0.00002
0.00008
0.00162
0.00648
0.00001
0.00003 }
0.00145 0.00235 0.01176 0.00032
kz= 200.0 ~:.! 0.00573 0.00938 0.04690 0.00127
0.02587
0.10287
0.00013
0.00051
1.6 0.02160 0 . 03710 0.18549 0.00503 0.40238 0.00201
3.2 0.06938 0.14226 0.71130 0.01912 1.48097 0.00740
TABLE 6.28 H = 8. 0
{Jones, 1962) kt= 2.0
al a az1-art az1-ar2 az2 az2 -orz a -o .
Zt Z2 2'3
0.1 . 0.00028 0.00028 0.00014 0.00024 0.00004 0.00022
0.2 0.00113 0.00111 0.00056 0.00096 0.00017 0.00087
kz= 0.2 0.4 0.00451 0.00444 0.00222 0.00384 0.00069 0.00347
0.8 0.01786 0.01752 0.00876 0.01522 0.00275 0.01373
1.6 0.06895 0.06662 0.03331 0.05900 0 . 01060 0.05298
3.2 0.24127 0.22014 0.11007 0.20949 0.03693 0.18466
0.1 0.00013 0.00039 0.00020 0.00010 0.00020 0 . 00010
0.2 0.00053 0.00157 0.00079 0.00041 0.00078 0.00039
kz= 2.0 0.4 0.00213 0.00628 0.00314 0.00164 0.00311 0.00156
0.8 0.00844 0.02487 0.01244 0.00653 0 . 01237 0.00618
1.6 .0.03269 0 . 09597 0.04798 0.02556 0.04802 0.02401
3.2 0.11640 0.33606 0.16803 0.09405 0.17188 0.08594
0.1 0.00005 0.00061 0.00030 0.00002 0.00037 0.00002
0.2 0.00019 0.00242 0.00121 0.00010 0.00149 0.00007
·kz= 20.0 0.4 0.00076 0.00967 0.004.84 0.00040 0.00596 0 .00030
0.8 0.00300 0.03845 0.01922 0.00159 0.02369 0.00118
1.6 0.01154 0.15010 0.07505 0.00630 0.09274 0.00464
3.2 0.04003 0.54942 0.27471 0.02409 0 .34233 0.01712
0.1 Q.00003 0.00082 0.00041 0.00001 0.00052 0 . 00000
0.2 0 . 00011 0.00328 0.00164 0.00002 0 . 00206 0.00001
kz• 200. 0 g:: 0.00042
0.00167
0.01310
0.05216
0 . 00655
0.02608
0.00008
0.00034
0.00825
0.03287
0.01')004
0.00016
1.6 0.00629 0.20491 0 .10245 0.00135 0.12933 0.00065
3.2 0.02020 0.76769 0.38384 0.00527 0.48719 0.00244
TBRBE-IAYER SYSTEIIS 159
TABLE ·6.29 H =8.0

(Jone.s , 1962) kt• 20.0
at a a -a a Zt -arz azz azz -arz a -a

Zt Zt rt zz r3
0.1 0.00012 0.00056 0.00003 0.00011 0.00001 0.00006

0.2 0 .00047 0.00223 O.OOOll 0.00044 0.00005 0.00025
kz• 0.2 0.4 0.00190 0.00889 0.00044 0.00176 0.00020 0.00099
0.8 0.00754 0.03522 0.00176 0.00701 0.00079 0.00393
1.6 0.02947 0.13569 0.00678 0.'02746 0.00306 0.01528
3.2 0.10817 0.47240 0.02362 . 0.10145 0.01105 0.05524
0.1 0.00003 0.00079 0.00004 0.00003 0.00004 0.00002
0.2 0.00013 0.00316 0.00016 0.00011 0.00016 0.00008
kz= 2.0 0.4 0.00050 0.01260 0.00063 0.00043 0.00064 0.00032
0. 8 0.00200 0.05007 0.00250 0.00170 0.00253 0.00127
1.6 0.00786 0.19496 0.00975 0.00673 0.00993 0.00496
3.2 0.02944 0.70709 0.03535 0. 02579 0.03678 0.01839
0.1 0.00001 0.00106 0.00005 0.00001 0.00006 0.00000
0.2 0.00004 0.00425 0.00021 0.00002 0.00025 0.00001
kz= 20.0 0.4 0.00014 0.01696 0.00085 0.00009 . 0.00100 0.00005
0.8 0.00056 0.06751 0.00338 0.00037 0.0039'8 0.00020
1.6 0.00217 0. 26466 0.01323 0.00147 0.01565 0.00078
3.2 0.00791 0.98450 0.04922 0.00576 0.05892 0.00295
0.1 0.00000 0.00133 O.OQ007 0.00000 0. 00008 0.00000

0.2 0.00002 0.00531 0.00027 0.00000 0.00032 0100000
kz• 200.0 0.4 0.00006 0.02122 0.00106 0 .00002 0.00128 0.00001
0.8 0.00025 0.08453 0.00423 0.00008 0.00509 0.00003
1.6 0.00096 0.33268 0.01663 0.00032 0.02009 0.00010
3.2 0.00319 1.25614 0.06281 0.00125 0.07660 0.00038
TABLE 6.30 H • 8.0

(Jones, 1962) kt= 200.0
at a a -a a -a a azz -arz a -a
Zl Zl rt Z1 rz zz zz r3
0.1 0.00003 0.00083 0.00000 0.00003 0.00000 0.00001

0.2 0.00011 0.00330 0.00002 0.00011 0.00001 0.00005
kz-= 0.2 0.4 0.00046 0.01320 0.00007 0.00044 0.00004 0.00018
0.8 0.00182 0.05242 0.00026 0.00175 0.00014 0 . 00072
1.6 0.00720 0.20411 0.00102 0.00693 0.00056 0.00282
3. 2 0.02751 0.74013 0.00370 0 . 02656 0.00212 0.01058
0.1 0.00001 0.00109 0.00001 0.00001 0.00001 . 0.00000

0.2 0.00003 0.00438 0.00002 0.00002 0.00002 0.00001
kz=- 2.0 0.4 0.00010 0.01748 0.00009 0.00009 0.00009 0.00005
0.8 0.00041 0.06956 . 0.00035 0.00038 0.00037 0.00018
1.6 0.00162 0.27262 0.00136 0.00149 0.00145 0.00072
3.2 0.00625 1.01322 0.00507 0.00584 0.00547 0.00273
0 . 1 0.00000 0.00136 0.00001 0.00000 0.00001 0.00000

0.2 0 .00001 0.00546 0.00003 0.00001 0.00003 0.00000
k2=- 20.0 0.4 0.00002 0.02181 0.00011 0.00002 0.00013 0.00001
0.8 . 0.00010 0.08687 0.00043 0.00008 0.00052 0.00003
1.6 0.00039 0.34202 0.00171 0.00032 0.00204 0 . 00010
3.2 0.00149 1.29190 0.00646 0.00127 0.00777 0.00039
0.1 0.00000 0.00163 0.00001 0.00000 0.00001 0.00000

0.2 0.00000 0.00654 0.00003 0.00000 0.00004 0.00000
kz= 200.0 0.4 0.00001 · 0.02613 0.00013 0.00000 0.00016 0.00000
0.8 0.00003 0.10417 0.00052 0.00002 0.00063 0.00000
1.6 0.00013 0.41121 0.00206 0.00007 0.00249 0.00001
3.2 0.00047 1.56843 0.00784 0.00027 0.00957 0.00005
160 HULTI-IAYER SYSTEHS
Di.,spZacements Further influence factors for vertical displace-

ment at the centre of the circle have been presented
Ueshita and Meyerhof (1967) have evaluated the by Thenn de Barros (1966). The following parameters
vertical surface displacement at the centre and edge have been considered:
of the circle. Influence factors have been computed.
for the following parameters:
2, S, 10, 20, SO
E1/E2 = 2, 10, 100
E2fE 3 = 2, 10, 100
2, s, 10
~Ia = 0.5, 1, 2, 4 Influence factors F are tabulated in Tables

6.31 to 6.35.
hll~ = 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0
The actual centre displacement of the circle is
The symbols are defined in Fig.6.17. The influence given by
factors are shown in Fig.6.18. The centre displace-
ment is given by l.755pa F
..•. (6.3)
Ea
p = 1.Spa F (6.1)
c Ea co
The edge displacement • • • (6. 2)
15
~
5
~
0·4 Q-6 0·8 1·0.!!!. .!!
T
"tl 8
T
1·5 4·0 ~
Thid<Mss Ratio
FIG.6.18 Deflection factors Fco and Fce for a

three-layer system (Ueshita and Meyerhof,l967).
0·25 0·67 HS 4·0

Thicknlzss Ratto
THRE:E-IJU'ER SYS'nHS l6l
TABLE 6.31 TABLE 6.32

DISPLACEMENT FACTORS F DISPLACEMENT FACTORS F
n1 =2 (After Thenn de Barros , 1966) nt =5 (After Thenn de Barros 1 1966)
n2
~ 0.156
/ 0.312 0.625 1.25 2.5 5 n2
~ / 0.15~ 0.312 0.625 1.25 2.5 5
0.312 0.858 0.789 0.662 0.510 0.394 0.312 0.830 0.733 0.556 0.372 0.246
0.625 0.777 0.717 0.616 0.489 0.387 0.323 0.625 0.745 0.669 0.522 0.359 0.242 0.174
2 1.25 0.669 0.633 0.560 0.460 0.375 0.319 2 1.25 0.648 0.593 0.476 0.339 0.235 0.172
2.5 0.564 0.508 0.428 0.360 0.314 2.5 0.528 0.430 0.313 0.224 0.168
5 0.470 ·0.400 0.343 0.306 5 0.394 0.289 0.211 0.163
0.312 0.747 0.651 0.505 0.352 0.240 0.312 0.713 0.598 0.427 0.268 0.162
0.625 0.601 0.537 0.438 0.324 0.231 0.171 0.625 0.572 0.497 0.378 0.250 0.157 0.101
5 1.25 0.449 0.416 0.359 0.284 0.215 0.166 5 1.25 0.429 0.387 0.-312 0.223 0.148 0.0989
2.5 0.320 0.287 0.240 0.194 0.158 2.5 0.299 0.249 0.188 0.134 0.0944
5 0.235 0.202 0.172 0.148 5 0.202 0.155 0.116 0.0871
0.312 0.664 0.559 0.415 0.274 0.174 0.312 0.626 0.508 0.350 0.211 0.122
0~625 0.500 0.436 0.346 0.246 0.165 0.112 0.625 0.469 0.401 0.301 0.195 0.118 0.0712
10 1.25 0.344 0.315 0.267 0.207 0.150 0.108 10 1.25 0.325 0.291 0.236 0.168 0.109 0.0691
2.5 0.221 0.198 0.165 0.130 0.100 2.5 0.206 0.174 0.134 0.0954 0.0649
5 0.149 0.128 0.108 0.0903 5 0.130 0.102 0.0779 0.0579
TABLE 6.33 TABLE 6.34

DISPLACEMENT FACTORS F DISPLACEMENT FACTORS F
n1 = 10 (After Thenn de Barros, 1966) n1 = 20 ~After Thenn de Barros 1 1966)
nz
~
21 0.156 0.312 0.625 1.25 2.5 5 nz
~ 0.156 0.312 0.625 1.25 2.5 5
0.312 0.811: 0.687 0.483 0.298 0.181 0.312 0.789 0.629 0.411 0.239 0.136
0.625 0.729 0.630 0.457 0.290 0.178 0.116 0.625 0.711 0.583 0.394 0.234 0.135 0.0809
2 1.25 0.634 0.561 0.420 0.275 0.174 0.115 2 1.25 0.621 0.523 0.365 0.224 0.132 0.0802
2.5 0.499 0.379 0.255 0.166 0.112 2.5 0.465 0.331 0.209 0.127 0.0788
5 0.346 0.234 0.156 0.109 5 0.300 0.191 0.120 0.0764
0.312 0.689 o.553 0.369 0.217 0.123 0.312 0.662 0.501 0.313 0.175 0.0953
0.625 0.553 0.467 0.334 0.207 0.121. 0.0720 0.625 0.535 0.433 0.290 0.169 0.0939 0.0528
5 1.25 0.416 0.367 0.281 0.187 0.115 0~0706 5 1.25 0.404 0.345 0.250 0.157 0.0909 0.0521
2.5 0.284 0.225 0.160 0.105 0.0679 2.5 0.267 0.202 0.136 0.0846 '0.0506
5 0.181 0.130 0.0912 0.0629 5 0.161 0.112 0.0742 0.0475
0.312 0.601 0.467 0.302 0.172 0.0946 0.312 0.573 0.419 0.254 0.139 0.0740
0.625 0.405 0.376 0.267 0.163 0.0924 0.0525 0.625 0.434 0.349 0.232 0.134 0.0729 0.0396
10 1.25 0.312 0.275 0.214 0.144 0.0876 O.Q514 10 1.25 0.301 0.260 0.193 0.123 0.0703 0.0390
2.5 0.195 0.159 0.117 0.0782 0.0489 2.5 0.184 0.145 0.102 0.0645 0.0377
5 0.117 '0.0885 0.0642 0.0442 5 0.106 o.o779 o.o542 o·.o348
162 HUL'l'I- LArEI( S YS'l'EHS
TABLE 6.35
DISPLACEMENT FACTORS F Voi<MS 01 F1(- )and Fi.--i
n1 =SO (After Thenn de Barros, 1966) k-::::::::--T!....--o-r2-~ o·:.=3~...,!:! o-;z:7_
o-r4:...__.!::o~-s~......;o~-~s:.,_~ _g
o·a
~~~a
nz h2f~ 0. 156 0 . 312 0.625 1.25 2.5 5
0.312 0.744 0.538 0.324 0. 178 0.0960

0.625 0.677 0.508 0.314 0.175 0.0953 0.0532
2 1.25 0. 594 0.461 0. 297 0. 170 0.0940 0.0528
2.5 0. 411 0. 271 0.161 0.0915 0.0522 L
l
5 0. 245 0. 148 0. 0868 0.0509
0.312 0.612 0.421 0.244 0.131 0.0687
0. 625 0.507 0.378 0.233 0.128 0.0681 0.0364 i
5 1.25 0.387 0.311 0.209 0.122 0. 0667 0.0361 -k·1
2.5
5
0.312 0. 524
0~625 0.410
10 1.25 . 0.288
0.241 0. 173 0. 110
0.137 0.0915
0.348
0.305
0. 197
0.187
0.104
0. 102
0.0637
0.0575
0.0539
0.0534
0.0354
0. 0338
0.0280 FIG. 6.19 Fact or s Ft ana Fz for Steinbr enner

approxiJDate method of calculati ng vertical
l
)
\
2.5
0. 237
0.169
0. 164
0. 128
0. 0966
0. 0847
0 .0523
0.0496
0.0277
0.0272 displacement (St einbrenner, 1934). 'j
I
5 0.0926 0 . 0664 0.0436 0.0258
'
!.
St einbrenner's method for a single layer may be
l
extended to any number of layers as follows:
6.3 Four- Layer Systems for the vertical surface displacement of
Some solutions for a four- layer system, subject- a rectangle on n layers:
ed to uniform vertical loading over a circular area,
have been obtained by Verst raet en (1967). Contours
of the major , intermediate and minor principal
str esses and the maximum shear stress for a particular
geometry and various modular ratios have been given.
A brief examination of the influence of uniform hori-
zontal l oading on the r adial stress has al so been • • • (6 . 5)
made.
wher e Ei , Vi are the elast ic para-
meters of l ayer i.
6.4 Approximate Solutions for Multi-
is the vertical displace-
Layer Systems ment influence factor (Fig.
6. 19) corresponding to a
6. 4. 1 STEINBRENNER'S t-IETHOD depth factor hi/B~ where
This method, first suggested by Steinbrenner hi is the depth below the
(1934) ,enables the vertical surface displacement of a ground surf ace of t he top
loaded area to be estimat ed on the assumption that of layer i..
the stress distribution wit hin the layered system is
ident ical with the Boussi nesq distribution for a The method can be adapted t o the calculat ion of
homogeneous semi- i nfinite mass. It was originally displacements in directions other than the vertical
appl ied to the pr oblem of a singl e -layer underlain ·by and for loadings other than ver tical .
a rough rigid base, and for the case of a uniformly
l oaded rect angul ar area, the resulting approximate Investigations of the accuracy of Steinbrenner 's
influence factors for vertical surface displacement method have been made ·by Davis and Tayl or (1962) and
at the corner of the r e ctangl e on a layer of depthh Poulos (1967b), who concluded that , for a singl e layer
are shown in Fig. 6.19. The displ acement at the underlain by a r ough rigi d base, the vertical displace-
corner is given as ment is underestimated by about 10\ except f or very
thin ·l ayers for v=O. S, when this method overest imat es
the vertica l displ acement considerabl y. ·
P
z
= /£r
E p
(6 . 4)
Davis and Tayl or (1962). have also shown that
Steinbrenner's method cannot accurately be applied to
where IP = (l-v2 )F1+(l-v-2V2 )F2 the cal culation of the horizont al surface di spl acement
of a l ayer due to vertical loading or the vertical
..P. = sh~~er si~e . Qf rect~g le . disoE lacement~.Q! ~ la,x~r. due to~ho.rizontaL surface_
APPROXIHA'rE SOLU'riONS 163
loading. For horizontal displacement due to horizon-

tal loading the method gives reasonably accurate pz = ••• (6.10)
solutions.
Steinbrenner's approximation is most satisfactory · where Fco = FC03 +FC02+FCOl
for layered systems in which the modulus increases
rather than decr~ases with depth.
1
F =
[1+ N3·z (~) ] ~
C03 2
6.4.2 PALMER AND BARBER'S METIDD
For a general two-layer system, Palmer and
Barber (1940) assume that the upper layer, of thick- Fcoz
~ 1
Ez [1+N 2 '2 (~)
2
. ness h, modulus E 1 and '1):\11, may be replaced by an ]~
equivalent thickness 1ze of lower layer material
(modulus Ez, V--'llz) as follows:
- (1+N~ 2 (~) 2 }~}
••• (6.6)
The vertical surface displacement is then obtained by

FCOl = !a. {1 -
El (1+H1\ (T~a z)~}
adding the vertical displacement of the equivalent
layer between z=O and z=he to the vertical dis-
placement at a depth he in a semi-infinite mass.
N1 = o. 9 !!.I.
For example, for the case of a circular footing T
(radius a) on a two-layer system having \IJ='IIz7D•S#
the vertical displacement P1 at depth he is
0.9 hl· (!1.&)1/3
T Ea E.in
1.5 pa 2
Pl • • • (6. 7)
Ez[a2+ hz(E1)2/3)!~
fu. (& ~ l / + 0.9 !!z..
3
Ez 0.9
T E 3 Em T
The displacement within. the upper layer, pz is
Pz = &. ~~- Pl} ••• (6.8)

E1 Ez
The vertical surface displacement Pz=P1+P2
~[ a (1 - &.) + &]
Ez [az+hz (El} 2/3]!~ E1 E1
'Ez
• • • (6 .9)
Comparisons between the above approximate solut-

ion and the correct solution given by Burmister (see
Section 6.1) show excellent agreemc~t.
and Em= an equivalent modulus of elast-
Palmer and Barber's method can be extended to icity of the composite under-
multi-layer systcms·bY repeated replacement of over- layer.
lying layers by equivalent thicknesses ·of the lower-
most material. The value of ; 3 is determined by solving the
last equation iteratTvely. Fco may then be
6.4.3 ODEMARK'S METIIDD determined.
This method, developed by Odemark (1949), may Ueshita and Meyerhof (1967) show that Odemark's
be used to estimate the vertical surface displacement method is in good agreement with rigorous analysis if
of a three-layer clastic system in which v 1=V 2='11a= Ea<Ez<E1. However, if E increases with depth,
o.s. Odermark •s method is unsatisfactory. Steinb.renner' s
method is preferable under these circumstances.
For the centre of a uniformly loaded circle, the
displacement Pz is (refer to Fig.6.17)
164 HUIJri-IArER SrSTEHS
6.4 . 4 UESHITA AND MEYERHOF'S METHOD z .., depth from surface to base of
layer n .
This method , proposed by Ueshita and Meyerhof
(1968) , may be used to calculate the vertical surface
displacement of a unifol'lllly loaded area on a two-
layer systea in which the lower layer is stiffer than
the upper l ayer.
For a uniformly loaded circle, the centre dis-

OiJPIII CI IWil Fodicr ~
placement, Pzc• and the edge displacement, Pz~ o-2 o-3 <>5 o-e o-7
are given by
0 0 ·1 <>4 o-e o·e 1·0
rllliii ~~~ ~~- r ,
0
••• (6 . 11) ~~~ - LY·g~ 2

3
~ ~v
Y•O~~ Y•ol~ ~ .i
~o-~ ~\I 5-o
$ . . . 1\~ 6 ~
(6 .12) ., '
-v·g:?\\ o
., Po \~ 5
z.. \ 7 ,
p,., laywft \\\\ 8 ~
\\[,.
Pn .
\\\i
1-:t
;
9 "
tOO
11
-
t2
F '
ce
= 2fl-Vt
1
2J
Ice 13
1
•
15
I
+. !L(o. 63? - ce )
E2 2Cl-Vt 2) FIG. 6. 20 Approximate displacement factors for
l ayered S}'Stems (Vesic, 1963).
are dis placement influence

factors for the centre and
edge respectively of a
uniformly loaded circle on
a rough rigid base (s-ee
Section 5.2) . 6 . 4.6 APPROXIMATIONS FOR EQUIVALENI' K>DUWS OF
UPPER LAYERS
Excellent agreement was found between approximate
values of displace~~ent, calculated from the above Ueshita and J.leyerhof (1967) -
equations, and accurate solutions obtained by Ueshita For a general two-layer syste11, the equivalent·
and Meyerhof. modulus of the system, which is now considered to be
a uniform s emi-infinite mass, is plotted in Fig.6.9.
6.4. 5 VESIC'S ~mTHOD Thenn de Barros (1966) -
Vesic (1963) has prepared charts similar to those For a three-layer syste111, the upper two layers
of Steinbrenner (Fig.6 . 19) for both a unifol'lll circular are replaced by a single layer, of thickness h 1 +h 2 ,
load and a rigid circular plate. These charts are and having an equivalent modulus
shown in Fig.6.20 and are based on the Boussinesq
stress distribution for a uniform semi-infinite mass.
A convenient fol'lll of the equation for vertical surface
displacement is:
Ee • { ht ~~ + h2 ~z }
3
.•• (6 . 14)
ht+ h2
• •• (6.13)
The three-layer system is thus reduced to a two-layer
system, whence the displacement may be determined
either freD the solutions in Section 6.1, or from one
whe.r e Pz = vertical displacement of the of. the approximate methods described in this section.
centre of ·the unifol'lllly loaded ·
area There seems no reason why this approach should
· n ot be extended to more than three layers.
p • unifol'lllly distributed load
a = radius of circular loaded area
vn = Poisson ' s ratio of layer
In • displacement factor of the nth
layer, corresponding-t-o- z;a- -
Chapter 7
RIGID LOADED AREAS
7.1 Infinite Strip on Semi-Infinite Muskhelishvili (1963) derives the foliowing

solutions:
Mass
Rotation 4> ••• (7 .2)
7 .1.1 SYMMETRICAL VERTICAL LOADING OF SMOOTH
STRIP (Fig.7.1)
2z M 1
Contact pressure az
- 1( b3 lt-1)2
I
b -1·
... b
"I Awroge applied
prusurc
• • • (7 .3)
where X = ~+3¥
c:==+j==::::1 •P~junlt area ~+ll
A,lJ are Lame's parameters.
Jz 7.1.3 SYMMETRICAL VERTICAL LOADING OF

ROUGH STRIP
(See Fig.7.1).
FIG.7.1
Muskhe1ishvili (1963) derives the following
solutions for the distribution of vertical and shear
stress at the base:
1+ ~ I.
Borowicka (1939) obtained the following solution
for contact pressure at the base, when the base is
smooth:
a
z
1f
Zpav
1-1J
l+X
X
1 X
= -~ Tv cos (.2L in ----;: )
211 1- b I·
(7.4)
I
j·
••• (7 .1)
7.1. 2 K>MENI' LOADING OF SMOOTII STRIP

(Fig.7.2)
I
J;---::::' :::1
•.• (7 .5)
M•
f6 where X = ~+31)
,_,•: w.-
.,...... - - b
I x ~+¥
. A,lJ are Lame's parameters •

It will be observed that when v=o.s and x=1.
L the above expressions for a2 and Tzz reduce to
those for a smooth strip (Section 7.1.1), i.e. rough-
FIG.7.2 ness has no effect.
------------------------------
165 ·-------------------------~
'·
·•
l66 RIGID LOADED A.RE:AS
7 .1 .4K>MENT LOADING OF ROUGH· STRIP The distribution of a2 beneath the circle,

(See Fig.7.2) obtained by Muki (1961), is shown in Fig.7.3.
Muskhelishvili (1963) derives the following
solution for base rotation The complete distribution of stress, strain and
displacement may also be obtained from Appendix B•
.. • (7 .6)
On the aids at depth z,
p . 1+3(!.) 2 ]
1+(!.~a
>.+3}.1 av (7 .10)
where x.=-- az - 2-
[ ·{ 2} 2
>-+u
>.,u are Lame's parameters.
15 - -- -·1--
a=~ 1 I !·
211
- -- 1-·-·
I
·-·-·l1 ---- \
_!.
I I
10r---T---Tl!---+----t ·,
I•
7.2 Circle on Semi-Infinite Mass I
'
7.2.1 SYMMETRICAL VERTICAL LOADING j·
This case is a particular case of the ellipse on
a semi-infinite mass considered in Section 7.4. The
following special results are quoted:
Vertical contact pressure distribution within
the. circle:
• • • (7. 7) ·2·0 ·1·0 1·0 2·0
FIG. 7 . 3 Vertical stres s distribution beneath riqid

where r = radial
distance from centre circle (Muki, 1961),
a = radius
of circle
Pav = average applied pressure 7.2.2 IIORIZONTAL LOADING
= P/tra 2 .Muki (1961) derives general solutions for stresses
,and displacements for this problem.
P = total load.
The horizontal displacement P.r for an applied
Vertical surface displacement of circle: average stress Px in the x directi~n is given by
Bycroft (1956):
••• (7 .8) ( 7-Bv)(l+v)pxw::
(7 .11)
16(1-vJE
Other stresses and displacements may be obtained
from Section 7.4 for an ellipse with zero eccentricity The complete distribution of stress, strain and
(e=O). displacement may also be obtained from Appendix B.
Sneddon (1946) obtained the following solution
for vertical stress a in the mass:
2
7.2.3 MOMENT LOADING
% z -s/z z
P
2
av [ 1( sin~ + aR 3
{a sin(iJ'} (Fig.7.4)
- cos(j-llr)}] (7 .9)
FIG.7.4
CIRCLE ON SEHI-INFINI'l'E HIISS l67
Borowicka (1943) obtained the following solution 7.3 Circular Ring on Semi-Infinite
for the rotation $:
Mass
This problem has been considered by Egorov (1965) •
• • • (7 .12) (1965).
For the particular case of the contact pressure
r
beneath the base with coordinates (r, O, e),
r
=·sMCi) .cose (0 ~~~ 1) ••• (7 .13)
"z 2a 3 11
{1-(!/
a
The complete distribution of stress, strain and

displacement may be obtained from the results in
Appendix B.
FIG.7.6
7.2.4. TORSION LOADING
(Fig.7.5)
The contact pressure distribution is expressed

as follows:
y
••• (7 .15)
where
FIG.7.5
p
Pav =
nR~ (1-n 2 )
= Jn /(l~k 2 sin 2 6)d6

12
E0 (k)
Reissner and Sagoci (1944) give the following 0
solution for angular rotation 6:
= complete elliptic integral
6 = 3T(1+vJ ••• (7.14)
of second kind
8Ea 3
The complete distribution of stress, strain and

displacement may be obtained from the solutions given m = O.Bn for 0 ~ n ~ 0.9,
in Appendix B. increasing to 1 for n=l
(note that n=O ·is the
case of a circle).
Contact pressure distributions for various
values of n are shown in Fig.7.7.
168 RIGID LOADED AREAS
1-!5
.......
l.---' > /
1·0
0 0·2 O·B 1·0
0·5
I
0·4 -n•O
n·0·3
~pav I I
n•0·6 n•0·9
O·B
( ~~~ 1\ 2
L
a
4 6 8 10
IIll ~\
FIG.7.8 Coefficient S for rigid rectangle
'\ ~ (Whitman and Richait, 1967).
1·2
FIG.7.7 Contact pressure beneath rigid circular

ring (Egorov, 1965).
7.4.2 HORIZONTAL LOADING
It has been found that for ~0.9, a rigid ring Barkan (1962) gives the following approximate
behaves essentially as a rigid strip foundation (see solution for horizontal displacement ph due to a
Section 7 .1) • ·toad Q in the direction of B:
The vertical displacement of a rigid ring may be
expressed as • • • (7 .18)
p = P(l-v~) w(n) ••• (7.16)

z ER~ Sz is a factor dependent on L/.a and
v and is tabulated in Table 7.2.
Values of w(n) are tabulated in Table 7.1.
TABLE 7.2
TABLE 7.1 VALUES OF Sz (Barkan, 1962)
VALUES OF w(n) FOR RIGID RING
{Egorov, 1965)
0.8 0.9
LIB
n 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.95 v
0.5 1 1.5 2 3 5 10
w(n) 0.50 0.50 0.51 0.52 0.57 0.60 0.65
0.1 1.040 1.000 1.010 1.020 1.050 1.150 1.250
0.2 0.990 0.938 0.942 0.945 0.975 1.050 1.160
0.3 0.926 0.868 0.864 0.870 0.906 0.950 1.040
7.4 Rectangle on Semi-Infinite Mass 0.4 0.844 0.792 0.770 0.784 0.806 0.850 0.940
In all cases below, the rectangle is smooth. 0.5 0.770 0.704 0.692 0.686 0.700 0.732 0.840
7.4.1 SYMMETRICAL VERTICAL LOADING.

The following approximate solution for the vert-
ical displacement p2 is quoted by Whitman and 7. 4. 3 MOMENT LOADING
Ric~art (1967):
Lee (1962) gives the following approximate sol-
ution for rotation $ of the base of the rectangle
••• (7 .17) due to moment M applied in the direction of B:
... (7 .19)
where P = total vertical load
B~L = rectangle dimensions Ie is a function of L/.a and is
S2 = factor dependent on LIB given in !able 7.3. ·
and plotted in Fig.7.8.
Solutions quoted by Whitman and Richart (1967) for
· L/.a<l are also given.
ELLIPSE ON SENI-INE'INI'ZE HASS 169
pcrt)k { ez+ (1-2vJkz(1+z;ZJ2 -

0' (1-ZVJ}
TABLE 7.3 y 2e 2 2 2 2 2
k(1+z; J [ (1+k z; J (1+z; ) 1-%
VALUES OF I a
(Lee, 1963; Whitman and Richart, 1967) ••• (7.23)
LIB 0.1 0.2 0.5 1 1.5 2 ...
I a 1.59 2.29 3.33 3.7 4.12 4.38 5.1
7.5 Ellipse on Semi-Infinite Mass For e=O, the ellipse reduces to a.

7.5.1 SYMoiETRICAL VERTICAL LOADING circle.
(Fig.7.9)
The distribution of these normal stresses along
the axis is plotted in Figs. 7.10 to 12 for various
values of e and for £our values of v. It should
be noted that O'z is independent of v. For the
p A_.. pnz55UI'II limiting case e=O, the solutions are identical with
those for a rigid circle (Section 7.2).
-~~=a"!:l...:.....ja:::j!L__I:t..,_·~
u•/pav
-~r,------To---~o~4~___o;·~2---~o·~3----=o~·4~-=~---~o~·6
2
FIG.7.9
3
--w-x
p
This pTOblem has been considered by Schiffman and

5
I
Aggarwala (1961).
The contact pressure distribution is given by
t·6
~
6
••• (7 .20)
7
This distribution is similar to that of a rigid

. circular footing, except that points of equal contact
pressure form an elliptical curve similar to the
bounding contour of the elliptical footing.
8
9
-$- p
Pav" "iiiij
On the axis at depth z below the surface, the eZ.1- b2/a2

normal stresses are as follows: 10
t•z/b
= pcrt) { (1+z;2 )(1+k2z;2 J+i2 (1+k2z;2 )+1<1/ (1+1;2)}
11L----~------~---~------~---------------------J
az 2 [{1+k2z;2)(1+z;2)1a/2
FIG.7.l0 a alonq axis of riqid ellipse
(Schiffman and Aqqaz:wala, l96l) •
• • . (7.21)
a= = pcrt) { . e2- (1-2v) (1+k2z;2 )2 + (1-2v)}

Displacements are not evaluated by Schiffman and
2e 2 k(1+k 2z; 2J£(1+k 2z; 2 J(1+z; 2)1% Aggarwala, but general expressions are given. Way
(1940) gives explicit expressions for the horizontal
••• (7 .22) surface displacements inside and outside the ellipse.
170 RIGID LOAIED AREAS
-0·1 0 0·1 0·2 0·3 0·5 0·6 -01 0

o~----~-T-r.r7~~~~----~---T---, 0
~~--1---+---+---i
~
~~
r
~
fH /A' 0•6 1
V 'lA... ";~
<>~
I O·e
111-1-t---r 0·9
2 7 0·95 +---+---+--+----1 2 '<>9
r::-lo-ss
CL
3
4
V•O
3
4
IL ·V•Oo2
5
I
t·~
6
7 7
8 8
10 10
11 11
(a) (b)
cr,. /
/Pav cr,./Pav
....-.,.
-o-1 0 0·1 0·2 0•3 0•4 ()o5 0-6 -0·1 0 0·1 0·2 0·3 0·4 0·5 0·6
0 0
~
~~~ ...-:: ba ~ P'
1
v
'!~ ~
~? 7' ll•O~~
~ ~~ / t:?
2
3
{_es5v
'lo-£1 2
3
'ht_v
'fo-ss /
r(o1s-, V•0•4
~0-~~ V•o-5
4
I
4
,I
5 5
t·!b
6 6 I
7 7
8 8
9 9
10 10
I
11 ,
ELLIPSB ON SEHr-INFINITE HASS 171
-0·1 0 ()o1 0·4 0•6
-0.1 0 0•1 0
0 ~ .......
K~ ~
~~ ~
11•0_
_/ ~~ K
11•0
i'.0•99
~
!- 0•9
/~r--0'9!5
0·6
2
r; 0·99 2
l/
3 t- --- -·-·- .. ____ 3 r--,- - - --- - - - - ----· ---
V•0•2
V•O
4
4 r--
f -1 -
7
7
8
8
9
9
10
10
11
11
(a) (b)
Ur {,
ar/
/~av '/Pay
-Q-1
0
0 0·1 0·2 0·3 0·4
_...., ~
0·5 0·6 -0·1
0
0 0.1 0•2 0•3
__.,.,
).~ I-'
- ~~~ --- ~
;;
~
/0•99
;V'vu·99-
2 2
3 t--
rt f--- -- 3 - - --·
'I ~· -- - - - -f--
Va0•4 V•0·5
4 4
5 f-
t·~
6 6
7 7 -- ----
8 e --- - - - - · - - - - - - - -
9 9 f-
I······
10 10 --
1 11
(c) (d)
7.6 Infinite Strip on Finite Layer
"
Acugh, Rigid 8o5ll
FIG. 7.13
The problem of a rough strip, on a finite layer

underlain by a rough rigid base, and subjected to S'tztesses on A:r:is
inclined eccentric loading, has been studied by a aa
Milovic et al (1970) using a finite element analysis. The stresses az• %
and ·:Z on the axis
are expressed as
Contact Stresses
The contact stresses beneath the strip are cPz fxa
B z (7.26a)
expressed as
Ex (7.24a) aa !:..J(J- (7.26b)
a
z B z % B :&
p a fxa (7 .26c)
a:& BX:& (7.24b)
'= B :cz
where
T
:cz
Ex
B %Z ... (7 .24c)
xzz Xa cos d (7 .27a)
zN
where
Xz = Xz!fOSd +Xzrind+ FXzJFsd (7.25a) r %
= ~ cos d (7 . 27b)
X% = X~sd +X~ind+ ix~osd (7 .25b)

xz =~ sin d + i X:czM cos d ... (7 . 27c)
%Z
Values of these influence factors are shown in

and Tables 7.7 to 7.9 .
XzN• X:z:l/1 X:rzN are influence factors for az•
a% and T::z1 due t o the vert-
ical component N of load P,
Xz~ X~ X:&ZT are influence factors due to the
tangential component T,
XZM' K:r:J.P X:czM are influence factors due to
moment M=Ne.
For h/B=11 2 and 3 and three values of v,
the values of these influence factors are given .in
Tables 7.4 to 7.6.
STRIP ON FINI'l'E L.UTR 173
TABLE 7.4
fl c l
COEFFICIENI'S K FOR B
(Mi1ovic et al, 1970)
Kz K:z: K :z:z
:z:
if Kz.N Kz·~ KzM K:z:N K:::T K:z:M K:z:&/l. K:z:zT K=H
-0.45 1.3435 -o.5272 -6.5658 0.0357 -0.4321 0. 1351 -0.1841 1.2563 -0 . 8578
-0 . 35 1.0234 -0 . 1788 -3 . 6458 0.0262 -0 .1802 -0.0060 -0.0735 1.0568 -1.3841
-0.25 0.9162 -0.0820 -2.2486 0.0172 -0.0869 -0.0168 ·-0.0363 0.9420 -1.5228
-0.15 0.8682 -0.0368 -1.2488 0. 0123 -0.0417 -0.0104 - 0.0172 0.8847 -1.5831
-0.05 0.8489 -0.0106 -0.4024 0.0101 -0.0126 -0.0027 - 0.0051 0.8600 -1.6065
va0.005 0. 8489 0.0106 0.4024 0.0101 0.0126 0.0027 0.0051
0.05 0.8600 - 1.6065
0.15 0.8682 0.0368 1.2488 0.0123 0. 0417 0.0104 0. 0172 0.8847 -1.5831
0.25 0.9162 0.0820 2.2486 0.0172 0.0869 0.0168 0.0363 0. 9420 - 1.5228
0.35 1. 0234 · 0.1788 3.6458 0. 0262 0.1802 0.0060 0. 0735 1.0568 - 1.3841
0.45 1.3435 0.5272 6.5658 0.0357 0.4321 - 0.1351 .0. 1841 1.2563 -0 .8578
-0.45 1.4035 -0.3529 - 6. 7504 0.4360 -0.3914 -1.8784 0.0377 1.2349 -0.8397
-0.35 1.0010 -0 .0417 -3.4908 0. 3745 -0. 2194 -1.2026 0 . 047~ 1.0600 - 0. 9327
-0.25 0.9011 -0.0108 - 2.1655 0.3567 -0.1113 - 0.8131 0.0309 0.9459 -0.8730.
-0.15 0.8557 0.0023 -1.1983 0.3439 -0.0569 -0.4620 0.0184 0. 8910 -0. 8511
-0.05 0.8388 0.0017 -0.3864 0. 3387 -0 . 0175 -0 . 1506 0.0061 0.8673 - 0.8398
va0 . 300 0.05 0.3864
0.8388 -0.0017 0.3387 0. 0175 0.1506 -0.0061 0. 8673 -0 . 8398
0.15 0.8557 -0.0023 1.1983 0.3439 0.0569 0.4620 -0.0184 0.8910 -0.8511
0.25 0.9011 0.0108 2.1655 0.3567 0.1113 0. 8131 -0.0309 0. 9459 -0.8730
0.35 1. 0010 0. 0417 3.4908 0.3745 0. 2194 1.2026 -0.0476 1.0600 -0.9327
0.45 1.4035 0.3529 6.7504 0.4360 0.3914 1.8784 -0.0377 1.2349 -0.8397
-0. 45 1. 5016 -0 . 2349 - 7.1178 0. 8455 -0.3369 -3.8359 0. 2007 1.1714 -0 . 7384
-0.35 0. 9178 0.1995 -3.0815 0.6547 -0 . 3986 - 1.9297 0.1527 1.0629 -0.5468
-0.25 0. 8982 0.1193 -2.1259 0.6255 -0.1705 -1.4746 0. 0886 0.9556 -0.3142
-0.15 0. 8443 0.0659 -1.1185 . 0.6238 - 0.1127 -0.7898 0. 0526 0.9159 -o.2414
-o.o5 0.8384 0.0149 -0. 3801 0. 6231 -0 . 0295 -0.2743 0.0164 0.8948 -0.1982
va0 .450 0.05 0. 8384 -0.0149 0.3801 0.6231 0.0295 0.2743 - 0.0164 0.8948 -0.1982
0.15 0. 8443 -0.0659 1 . 1185 0.6238 0.1127 0.7898 -0. 0526 0.9159 -0.2414
0.25 0.8982 -0.1193 2.1259 0.6255 0.1705 1.4746 -0.0886 0.9556 -0.3142
0.35 0.9178 -0.1995 3.0815 0. 6547 0.3986 1.9297 -0 . 1527 1.0629 -0.5468
0.45 1.5016 . 0.2349 7. 1178 0. 8455 0. 3369 3.8359 -0 . 20Q7. 1.1714 -0 . 7384
l
I
I
~
i
TABLE 7.5
h
COEFFICIENI'S K FOR i=2
l
I
I
(Mi1ovic et a1. 1970)
Kz K:J: K:z:z l
I
:J:
K:J:N K::!f K:J:M K:z:z.N
.I
5: KzN KzT KzM KzzT KzzM
-0.45 1.4239 -0.7483 - 6 . 7512 0.1146 -0.4253 0.0510 -0.3470 1.3617 -0.7322
-0.35 1.0~65 -0.2419 -3.5061 0.0541 -0. 1382 -0 . 0888 - 0.1556 1.0542 -1.3336
-0.25 0.8991 -0.1244 - 2.1507 . 0. 0316 -0.0640 -0.0484 -0.0841 0.9145· -1.5062
-0.15 0.8379 -0.0608 - 1.1867 0.0226 -0.03~ -0.0243 -0.0430 0.8487 - 1.5864
·-0.05 0.8123 -0.0185 -0 . 3813 0.0193 -0.0091 - 0. 0074 -0.0133 0.8206 -1.6184
v=o.oo5 0.8206 -1.6184
0.05 0.8123 0.0185 0.3813 0 . 0193 0.0091 0.0074 0 . 0133
0.15 0 .8379. 0.0608 1.1867 0.0226 0.0304 o :o243 0.0430 0.8487 -1.5864
0.25 0.8991 0.1244 2.1507 0.0316 0.0640 0.0484 0.0841 0.9145 - 1.5062
0 . 35 1.0265 0.2419 3. 5061 0.0541 0 .1382 0.9888 0.1556 1.0542 -1.3336
0.45 1.4239 0.7483 6.7512 0.1146 0.4253 -0.0510 0.3470 1.3617 -0.7322
-0 .45 1.5314 -0.5708 - 6.9558 0.5532 -0 . 3380 -2.2374 - 0.0315 1.3639 -0.8941
-0.35 1.0029 - 0.1052 - 3.3210 0.4239 -0.1511 - 1.3476 -0.0118 1.0593 - 0 . 9192
-0.25 0.8732 -0.0592 - 2.0582 0.3736 -0.0653 -0.8618 -0.0071 0.9125 - 0.9116
-0 .15 o·. 8o9o - 0 . 0244 -1.1271 0.3463 -0.0328 -0.4765 -0.0029 0.8464 - 0.9223
-o.o5 0.7834 -0.0074 -0.3623 0.3352 - 0.0098 - 0.1538 -0.0008 0 . 8177 -0.9260
\1=0.300
0.05 0 . 7834 0.0074 0.3623 0.3352 0.0098 0.1538 0.0008 0.8177 -0.9260
0.15 0.8090 0.0244 1.1271 0.3463 0.0328 0.4765 0.0029 0.8464 - 0. 9223
0.25 0.8732 0.0592 2.0582 0.3736 0.0653 0.8618 0.0071 0 . 9125 -0.9116
0.35 1.0029 0. 1052 3.3210 0 . 4239 0.1511 1.3476 0.0118 1.0593 -0 . 9192
0 . 45 1.5314 0.5708 6. 9558 0 . 5532 0.3380 2. 2374 0.0315 . 1.3639 -0.8941
-0.45 1.6792 -0.5789 ... 7.3255 1.0095 -0.1877 - 4.3289 0 . 1999 1.3350 -0.9264
-0 .35 0.9214 0. 1194 - 2.9452 0.6800 -0.3207 -2 . 1602 0.1028 1. 0818 -0.5444
- 0 .25 0.8606 0.0257 -2.0055 0.6645 -0.0879 -1.5451 0.0530 0.9330 - 0.3927
- 0.15 0. 7782 0.0254· - 1.0353 0.6090 -0.0734 - 0 . 8089 0. 0302 0.8750 - 0.3594
- o . o5 0 . 7607 0.0017 -0·.3515 0.5985 -0.0141 -0.2773 0.0090 0.8460 - 0.3393
\1=0.450
0.05 0 . 7607 -0.0017 0.3515 0.5985 0 . 0141 0.2773 -0.0090 0. 8460 - 0.3393
0.15 0.7782 -0.0254 1.0353 0.6090 0.0734 0.8089 -0.0302 0.8750 - 0.3594
0 . 25 0.8606 - 0 . 0257 2.0055 0.6645 0. 0879 1.5451 -0 . 0530 0.9330 -0.3927
0.35 0.9214 -0.1194 2. 9452 0.6800 0.3207 2.1602 -0 .1028 1.0818 -0.5444
0.45 1.6792 0.5789 7.3225 1.0095 0.1877 4. 3289 - 0 . 1999 1.3350 -0. 9264
STRIP ON FINI'J!E IAl'ER l75
TABLE 7.6
h
COEFFICIENTS K FOR B- "' 3
(Milovic et al, 1970)
Kz K% K
%Z
%
KzN Kz7' KzH x:eN· K:t!l K:z:M K.:zN K.:z7' K=l:J.
i
- 0. 45 1.3803 -0.7680 -6.5858 0.1231 -0.4642 0 . 0610 -0 . 3501 1.2635 -0.8359
-0.35 1.0382 -.0.3111 - 3.6383 0.0714 -0.• 1952 -0 . 0447 -0.1753 1.0633 -1.4231
-0.25 0.9102 -0.1640 -2.2313 0.0468 -0.0954 -0.0390 -0.0991 0.9415 -1.5959
-0.15 0.8480 -0.0827 -1.2339 0.0353 -0.0462 -0.0223 -0.0519 0 . 8793 -1.6750
-0.05 0.8224 -0.0255 -0 . 3966 0.0308 -0 . 0140 -0.0072 -0 . 0163 0.8522 -1.7081
v-o.oo5 0 •05 0.8224 0.0255 0.3966 0.0308 0.0140 0.0072 0.0163 ·o.8522 -1.7081
0.15 0 . 8486 0 . 0827 1.2339 0.0353 0.0462 0.0223 0.0519 0.8793 -1.6756
0.25 0.9102 0 .1640 2. 2313 0.0468 0.0954 0.0390 0.0991 0.9415 -1.5959
0.35 1.0382 0.3111 3.6383 0.0714 0.1952 0.0447 0.1753 1.0633 -0.4231
0.45 1.3803 0.7680 6.5858 0:1231 0.4642 -0.0610 0.3501 1.2635 - 0 . 8359
-0.45 1.4974 -0.5944 -6.8039 0.5253 -0.3641 -1.9598 . -0.0679 1.2624 -0.9291
-0.35 1.0223 -0.1690 -3.4673 0.4187 -0.1987 - 1.2399 -0.0233 1.0708 -1.0719
-0.25 0 . 8815 -0.0930 -2.1247 0.3758 -0.0943 -0.8292 -0.0156 0.9404 -1.0451
-0.15 0.8132 -0.0441 -1.1652 0 . 3499 -0.0467 -0 . 4679 -0 . 0081 0.8771 -1.0445
:-0.05 0.7854 -0.0135 -0.3740 0.3387 -0.0141 -0.1519 -0 . 0026 0.8491 -1 ..0438
v-0.300 0.05 0.7854 0 . 0135 0.3740 0 . 3387 0.0141 0.1519 0.0026 0.8491 - 1.0438
0.15 0.8132 0.0441 1.1652 0.3499 0.0467 0.4679 0.0081 0.8771 -1.0445
0.25 0.8815 0 .0930 2. 1247 0 . 3758 0.0943 0.8292 0. 0156 0.9404 -1.0451
0 . 35 1.0223 0.1690 3.4673 0.4187 Q. 1987 1.2399 0 . 0233 1.0708 -1.0719
0.45 1.4974 0.5944 6.8039 0.5253 0.3641 1.9598 0.0679 1.2624 .. 0.9291
- 0.45 1.6568 -0. 5677 -7.2166 0.9636 -0. 2111 -3.9620 0.1266 1.2195 -0.8907
-0.35 0.9450 0.0544 -3.0324 0.6555 -0.3436 -1.9615 0.0920 1.0805 -0.7488
- 0 . 25 0.8649 0.0490 -2 . 0553 0.6494 -0.1152 -1.4760 0 . 0438 0.9448 -0.5554
.-0.15 0.7773 0.0064 -1.0615 0.5978 -0.0827 -0 . 7812 0.0252 0.8920 -0 . 5115
-0.05 0 . 7556 0.0063 -0.3592 0 . 5872 -0. 0182 -0.2702 ·o.oo12 0.8636 -0.4831
'VS0.450 0.05 0 . 7556 -0.0063 0.3592 0.5872 0.0182 0.2702 -0.0072 0.8636 -0.4831
0.15 0. 7773 - 0.0064 1.0615 0.5978 0.0827 0.7812 -0.0252 o:892o -0.5115
0 . 25 0.8649 -0 . 0490 . 2.0553 0.6494 0.1152 1.4760 -0 . 0438 0.9448 - 0.5554
0.35 0.9450 -0.0544 3.0324 0.6555 0.3430 1.9615 -0.0920 1.0805 -0.7488
0 . 45 1.6568 0.5677 7. 2166 0 . 9636 0.2111 3.9620 -0.1266 1.2195 -0.8907
'·
l
I
l
)
176 RIGID LOAIJED AREAS \
TABLE 7.7
TABLE 7.8 (Mi1ovic
l
~
\
COEFFI CIENTS If FOR !:.=1
B
(Mi1ovic et COEFFICIENTS If FOR !:.=2 et a1, I
't
a1 , 1970) B 1970) I
z z a I
Ka Ka Ka
~ ~
X'-zzT I
"jj ~ i ali. :.0. ii<6l2: K;;U:I, )
I·
0.05 0.8489 0.01G1 0.8600 - 1.6065 0.03 0.8123 0.0193 0.8206 - 1.3336
0.15 0.8396 0.0107 0.8113 - 1.6103 0. 10 0.7952 0.0421 0.7963 - 1.3936 l
0.25 0.8322 - 0.0065 0.7296 -1.5571 0. 17 o. 7811 0.0503 0.7503 - 1.2549 l
~.
0.35 0.8225 -0.0307 0.6390 -1.4322 0.23 0.7692 0.0457 0.6892 -1.0799 •
0.45 0.8085 - 0.0518 0 .5578 -1.2608 0.30
0.37
0.7580
0.7459
0.0322
0.0143.
0. 6211
0.5529
-0. 9403
- 0.8379 l.
I
'\1=0 . 005 0.55 0.7903 - 0.0645 0 .4938 -1.0770
0.65 0.7699 - 0.0670 0.4479 - 0.9059
0 .43
0. 50
0.7319
0.7158
-0.0045
-0. 0222
0.4896
0.4335
-0.7617
-0.7018
)
I
'
0. 75 0.7491 -0.0593 0.4175 - 0.7622 0.57 0.6982 -0.0375 0.3853 -0.6520 'l
·o.85 0.7287 -0.0414 0.3993 - 0.6557 0.63 0.6794 -0.0503 0.3448 - 0 . 6084 I
0.95 0.7089 -0. 0133 0.3906 -0.5963 \1::0 .005
0.73 0.6503 - 0.0635 0.2965. -0.5505
l
0.05 0.8388 0.3387 0. 8673 -0.8398 0.87 0.6129 - 0.0748 0.2502 - 0.4815 l
0.15
0.25
0.35
0 . 8528
0.8654
0.8684
0.2919
0.2331
0.1794
0.8051
0.7084
0.6047
-1. 1035
-1.2304
-1.2154
1.00
1.13 .
1.27
0.5782
0.5474
0.5205
-0.0795
- 0 . 0793
- 0.0754
0.2193
0.1991
0. 1862
- 0.4205
-0.3671
- 0.3211
1 i
0.45 0 . 8600 . 0.1419 0.5139 -1 . 1073 1.40 0.4974 - 0.0685 0.1784 - 0.2823 J
'\1=0~300 0.55 1.53 0.4776 -0. 0587 0 . 1740 - 0 . 2505 j
0.8421 0. 1266 0.4423 - 0.9639 1.67 0.4606 - 0.0460 0.1719 - 0.2256
0.65 0.8184 0.1316 0.3891 - 0.8268 )
1.80 0. 4458 - 0.0298 0.1712 -0 . 2082
0.75 0.7917 0.1564 0.3497 - 0.7232 1.93 . 0 . 4324 - 0,0093 0. 1712 - 0.1989 'i
0.85 0.7626 0.2010 0 . 3193 - 0.6738 \
0 .95 0.7304 0.2673 0 ."2933 - 0.7026 0 . 03
0. 10
0 . 7834
0.7823
0.3352
0.3236
0.8177
0.7901
-0.9260
- 1. 1267 . 1
0.05
0.15
0.8384
0 .8703
0. 6231
0.5189
0.8948
0.8032
- 0.1982
- 0 .6603
0. 17
0. 23
0.7893
o. 7944
0.2949
0.2545
0.7376
0.6688
-1.2856
- 1. 3805
1
0.25 0.9001 0.4205 0.6849 -0.9208 0. 30 0.7964 0.2093 0.5935 -1.4008
0.35 0.9097 0.3397 0.5680 -0.9867 0.37 0 . 7932 0. 1652 0.5197 -1.~803
0.45 0.9052 0.2927 0.4702 - 0. 9293 0.43 0.7843 0. 1259 0.4527 - 1.3138
'\1=0.450 o.ss 0. 8864 0.2775 0. 3936 - 0.8204 0.50 0.7707 0.0930 0.3947 -1.2226
0. 65 0.8606 0.2944 0. 3348 -0.7174 0.57 0.7534 0.0665 0.3460 -1.1280
0.75 0.8299 0 . 3407 0.2856 -0.6571 0.63 0.7338 0 . 0460 0.3059 -1.0293
0.85 0.7945 0.4179 0.2385 - 0. 6713 '\1=0.300
0. 73 0.7022 0.0263 0.2590 -0. 8848
0.95 0.7518 0. 5302 0. 1858 - 0.7999 0.87 0.6606 0 . 0113 0.2150 -0.7214
1.00 0.6216 0. 0073 0. 1860 -0. 3445
1.13 0.5867 0.0113 0. 1668 -0. 4797
1.27 0.5561 0.0215 0. 1539 -0.3959
1.40 0. 5294 0.0371 0. 1447 - 0.3318
1.53 0 . 5058 0. 0580 0. 1375 -0. 2853
1.67 0. 4845 0 . 0848 0.1308 -0 . 2552
1.80 0.4644 0. 1188 0. 1233 -0.2425
1.93 0.4439 0.1618 0.1134 -0.2500
0.03 0 . 7607 0 .5985 0.8460 -0.3393
0. 10 0 . 7741 0.5489 0.8047 -0.6830
0. 17 0.7962 0.4860 0.7385 - 0.9609
0.23 0 .8123 0 .4116 0.6565 - 1. 1449
0.30 0.8239 0.3394 0.57!2 -1.2366
0.37 0.8252 0.2730 0 .4900 - 1.2494
0.43 0. 8182 0. 2177 0. 4191 - 1.2093
0.50 0.8043 0. 1736 0.3596 -1. 1388
0.57 0.7860 0.1397 0.3112 - 1. 0533
0.63 0.7649 0.1145 0.2723 - 0 . 9634
'\1=0 . 450
0.73 o.7311 0.0919 0.2280 -0. 8228
0.87 0.6867 0.0765 0. 1878 - 0.6679
1.00 0.6454 0. 0752 0.1618 -0.5386
1.13 0. 6068 0.0843 0 .1445 -0.4353
1.27 0.5769 0. 1017 0.1320 - 0.3559
1.40 0.5490 0. 1266 0. 1216 -0.2979
1.53 0. 5241 0.1S94 0. 1112 -0. 2600
1. 67 0.5008 0.2011 0.0988 -0.2427
1.80 0.4775 0. 2540 0. 0823 - 0.24'86
~. 93 0.4521 0.3211 0.0593 -0.2835
S'l'RIP ON FINI'l'E lAYER 177
TABLE 7.9 (Milovic Displacements and Rotation

h et a l ,
COEFFICIENt'S If FOR 'B=3 1970)
The vertical and hor izontal displacements. Pz
and P:c and the rotat i on (I) are given as
z
'B ~ lf:cN ~ ~ p
0. 05 0.8224 0.0308 0.8522 -1.7081 Pz = E..,O (7 .28a)
0.15 0.7927 0.0657 0.7974 -1.7265
0.25 0. 7693 0.0680 0. 7029 -1.6960 where ..,o (7.28b)
= ..,ON CO$ 0
0.35 0.7483 0.0491 0.5937 -1.5951
0.45 0.7251 0.0222 0.4905 -1.4445
0.55 0.6981 - 0. 0038 0.4032 -1.2757 p
P:c = 'E "o • •• (7 . 29a)
0. 65 0.6683 -0.0254 0. 3338 -1.1117
0. 75 0. 6374 - 0.0418 0.2801 -0.9635
0. 85 0.6066 -0. 0537 0. 2391 -0.8348 where "o = uOT sino
0. 95 0.5771 - 0.0620 0.2079 -o. 7253
V=0.005 -0.5923 p
1. 10 0.5360 -0. 0687 0.1742 tan (7.30a)
1.30 0.4890 -o.0727 0.1455 -0.4586
(I) tan (1)0 BE
1.50 0.4498 -o. 0721 0. 1287 -0. 3619 e cos
1.70 0.4176 -0.0688 0. 1190 -0.2912 where tan (1)0 = ZtJJcM 'B o
1.90 0.3913 -o.0634 0.1138 -0.2386 (7.30b)
2.10 0.3698 -0.0564 0. 1114 -o.l991
2.30 0.3522 -0.0478 0. 1108 -0. 1695 Values of and
uoT~ !tJON eM are given in
(I)
2.50 0.3376 -o. 0372 0. 1113 -0.1478 Table 7.10.
2.70 0.3252 -o. 0241 0. 1121 -0. 1322
2.90 0.3142 -o.0076 0. 1128 -0.1255·
0.05 0.7854 0.3387 0.8491 -1.0438 TABLE 7.10 · (Milovic

0. 15 0.7849 0.3186 0. 7888 -1.3201 COEFFICIENI'S UO'r !tJON AND (I)eM et al,
1970)
0.25 0.7885 0.2651 0.6838 -1.4685
0.35 0.7861 0. 1992 0.5650 -1.4738 H
'B UOT !tJON eM
(I)
0.45 0.7725 0.1377 ' 0.4556 -1.3790
0.55 0.7485 0. 0881 0.3657 -1.2371
0.65 0.7178 0.0513 0.2963 -1.0855 1. 0 1.2346 0.7900 2.8185
0.75 0.6842 0.0253 0. 2440 -0 . 9429 \l=o·.oo5 2. 0 1.6164 1.1959 2.9272
0.85 0.6501 0. 0077 0.2050 -0.8167 3. 0 1.9778' 1.5015 3.1253
0.95 0.6171 -o . 0039 0. 1760 -0 . 7087
\1=0.300 1.0 1.4607 0. 6684 2.7698
1.10 0.5714 -0.0130 0. 1454 -0.5710 V=0.300 2.0 1.8527 1.0685 3. 0127
1.30 0.5192 -o.0170 0.1199 -0.4375 3. 0 2.2334 1.3523 3.1900
1.50 0.4761 -o.Ol 41 0.1051 -0 . 3401
1.70 0.4407 -o. 0068 0.0962 -0.2689 1.0 1.4908 0.4170 2.2435
1.90 0.4118 0.0038 0.0907 -0.2164. \1=0.450 2. 0
.I
1.8888 0.7618 2.6090
2. 10 0.3879 0.0174 0.0871 -0. 1780 3.0 2. 2246 0.9940 2.7486
2.30 0.3678 0.0344 0.0840 -0.1506
2.50 0. 3504 0.0554 0.0806 -0. 1329
2.70 0. 3344 0. 0815 0.0758 -0. 1247
2.90 0.3185 0.1145 0.0685 -0. 1273
0. 05 0. 7556 0.5872 0.8636 ·- 0.5312

0. 15 0.7744 0.5135 0.7843 - 0.9543
0. 25 0. 7994 0.4132 0. 6627 -1 .'2385
0.35 0.8072 0.3074 0.5323 -1. 3257
0.45 0.7994 0.2195 0.4179 -1.2779
0.55 0.7752 0.1519 0.3268 - 1.1605
0.65 0. 7426 0.1049 0.2591 -1.0232
0. 75 0.7061 0.0729 0.2096 -0.8898
0.85 0.6691 0.0522 0.1738 -0.7705
0.95 0.6335 0.0395 0.1478 -0. 6686
\1=0.450 '
1. 10 0 .5851 0.0297 ·- 0.1210 -0.5287
1.30 0.5303 0. 0267 0.1004 -0. 4023 .
1.50 0.4855 0.0325 0.0881 -o.3086
1. 70 0.4493 . 0.0439 0.0807 -0.2402
1.90 0.4200 0.0599 0.0754 -o.l906
2. 10 0.3958 0.0802 0.0705 -0.1557
2.30 0. 3753 0. 1053 0.0647 -o.1330
2.50 0.3570 0. 1366 0.0568 -0.1217
2.70 0.3392 0.1758 0.0453 -o.l227
2.90 0.3201 0.2256 0.0282 -0.1386
\
l
)'
178 RIGID LOADED AREAS I
I
l
7.7 Circle on Finite Layer l

7. 7. 1 SYl+IETRICAL VERTICAL LOADING l
i
(Fig. 7.14)
2•0
l
J
~·
{
~
\
h
1
~
)
z
I
{
FIG.7.l4 1•0
v ·0·5 A
I
I
fl·4
.?
Solutions for the contact pressure distribution 0

for various values of h/a, obtained by Poulos
(~968a), are shown in Fig.7 . 1S for V==().4. The 0•5
influence of v is shown in Fig.7.16. 0 0·8
FIG. 7. 16 Effect of v on contact pressure

(h/a•l).
Comparisons between the distribution of stress

2'() along the axis of a rigid and a uniformly loaded
circle are shown in Fig.7.17 for az and in Fig.7. 18
for bulk stress e.
h/a"
03 o........_ J
1•0
0•5 ~1/J - .--Rigid
p ---t~ Flolxibhl
.A
1
v v • ().5
0·5
- ~;;;- ~
0.2 0-4 0-6 0-8 FIG.7.l7 Vertical stress along axis.
FIG.7.l5 Effect of l ayer depth on contact pressure

(v-<>.4).
CIRCLB ON I'INI'rB rArER 119
7. 7. 2 !OIENl' LOADING
(Fig.7.20)
II
FIG.7.18 Bulk stress alonq axis.

FIG.7.20

obtained by Poulos (1968a), are given in Fig.7.19.
Yegorov and Nichiporovich (1961) give the follow-
ing approximate solutions for rotation 1/1 and
contact pressure distribution p:
(7. 31)
1•6
4a 311E
/; 1'
C1 (aJ+CsfaJ
1' 3
1·~
v p •• • (7.31)
1·2
lh I sh- ~J:t
a
1•0
~- ~V, 'l 1 1
where B = 3 a1 + 5 as
r, P.• ~
E •Ip ~:2~
()o~
/ /
-
0•8
, ·~ v/ I o-i,
J. and a1 and as are given in Table
l.k~I/v
0·8 7.11.
v
Vj v v
0·~
TABLE 7.11
0·2
lfv [/v. 1// FACTORS FOR RIGID CIRCLE SUBJECl'ED TO l«JMENT
(Yegorov and Nichiporovich, 1961)
0
~ k"
0 1~ 1
"/o
~ 4 ~ 1 ~
0/11
4. ~ 4 0
!!. a1 a,
0.25 4.23 -2.33
0.5 2.14 -0.70
FIG.7.19 Influence factor~ for vertical displacement 1.0 1 . 25 -0.10
of rigid circle. 1.5 1.10 -0.!)3
2.0 1.04 0
3.0 1.01 0
~ s.o 1.00 0
I
1
180 RIGID LOADeD AREAS 1
7.8 Rectangle on Finite Layer 7.9 Rigid Areas Embedded Within a 1
\
~
Semi-Infinite Mass 1
Solutions for the vertical displacement of a
7.9.1 VERTICALLY LOADED CIRCLE
For a rigid circle of radius a embedded a dis-
l
\
rigid rectangle on a finite layer with a smooth
frictionless interface at the base, and for v=O.S,
tance c below the surface of a semi-infinite mass,
Butterfield and Banerjee (1971) have presented solut-
'l
have been obtained .by Sovine (1969) and are shown in ions for the vertical stress a3 below the centre '!
Fig. 7 .21. and edge and the vertical displacement p3 • Solut-
ions for a3 are shown in Figs.7.23(a) and (b) for
V=O.S. In these figures, z is the distance below
the circle. a3 is not greatly affected by v,
decreasing slightly as v decreases. Solutions for
Pz are shown in Fig.7.24.
FIG. 7. 21 Vertical displacement of riqid reetanqle 6H'tf---+---t---+---f----+----i

(Sovine, 1969).
7rit--~-------+---------~------4-------~------~
a~~---~------~------~------~---------~---~
(a)
7. 8. 2 t-Ilt-lENT LOADING
Solutions obtained by Sovine (1969) for the a,jpl"o2
rotation e of a rigid rectangle, for v=O.S, are 00 0 ·1 0 ·2 0·3 0·4 0.!5 0 ·6 0·7 0 ·8 0·9 1·0 ,.,
shown in Fig.7.22.
't2o
r-
_2..., ~~ ~
~~
~~·
2
~
0•2!5
3
1'- 0 .
'lo 4
q v. 0·!5
(b)
FIG.7.23 Vertical stress beneath embedded riqid

eirele
(a) beneath centre
(b) beneath edqe
FIG.7.22 Rotation of riqid rectanqle (SOvine, 1969). (Butterfield and Banerjee, 1971).
EI!BBDDBD AR£.1lS 18~
O"z/
P/ab
10
8 v .o-s
-
v--: - ----
,
......-
0 •3. -
_Q_
2
~
3~~----r---------r--------+------~
0 2 3 6 7 8 9
.~L----~---------~---------~------~
PIG.7.24 Vertical displacement of embedded riqid
circle (Butterfield and Banerjee,·l971). (b) Beneath comer
PIG.7.2S Vertical stress beneath embedded rigid
rectangle (Butterfield ~ Banerjee, 1971).
O"z/p/ab
0 C>2 0·4 0•8
7. 9. 2 VERTICALLY LOADED REcrANGLE Or-------~~~~~~~---~-------,
Butterfield and Banerjee (1971) have given solut-

ions for C1z and p3 beneath the centre and comer
of a rigid rectangle. axb. embedded c below the
surface. For values of alb of 1/2 and 1/6. the
centre and comer is given in Figs . 7.2S (a) &(b) and
7.26 (a) & (b). z is the distance below the rectangle.
Butterfield and Banerjee give further solutions for
alb = 1, 1/:5 and 1/4.
Solutions for vertical displacement Pz of the
rectangle are shown in Fig. 7.27. It should be noted
that the decrease in p3 due to embeddment could
also be estimated by applying the results of Fox
(1948)(see Fig.4.3) to the surface displacement of a
surface rectangle {Fig.7.21).
3~~~-+---------+--------+------~
(a) Beneath centre .~~~-._ ____________._____________._________ ~
(b) Beneath comer

PIG.7.26 Vertical stress beneath embedded riqid
rectangle (Butterfield and Banerjee, 1971).
l82 RIGID LOADED AREAS
~ r-------r-------r-----~~----~
- -- V o O •S
v. 0 ·3
- - - v.o
24r----1-----+----~~----~
0 o~------~2~------.~------~8~----~e
c/a
FIG.7.27 Vertical displacement of embedded riqid

rectangle (Butterfield and Banerjee , 1971).
7.10 Approximations for Vertical

Displacement of Rigid Areas
It is well known (Fox, l948b) that the vertical
displacement of a vertically loaded rigid area may
be approximated by the mean vertical displacement of
a uniformly loaded flexible area of the same shape.
The following approximations are quoted by Davis and
Taylor (1962) for vertically loaded areas:
Circle and Strip :.
PM-(11-
• 'd =~[Pcen..._
.. ~·e
+Pedge] flezibZe
... (7.33)
Rect<zngt.e:
p • 'd
r:J.f/1-
= 1.3 [2Pcentre + pcomer1fl,e:J:ibZe
• • • (7 .34)
Chapter 8
STRESSES AND DISPLACEMENTS
IN CROSS-ANISOTROPIC MEDIA
8.1 Cohcentrated Loading on a Semi- The various elastic parameters arc defined in Section
l.S.
Infinite Mass
The solutions arc liS follows :-
8.1.1 · VERTICAL SlRFACE POINT l,OAD

(Fig.2.2)
This p~biem bas been solved by Koning (1957) and .. (A+Jt)affAiaD :: + O. +p)b-~W[C ::
de Urena et al' (1966). nac notation of the latter 0
paper will be used here, the stress-strain relation- r (rt+::t1JJ''h (rz+::tcJ'h
ships being expressed as follows (the notation of
Section l.S is shown ' in brackets below): + >..az + Abz • • • (S. 2 b)
r 2 (r 2 +z 2 8J~ r2 (r 2+z 2 CJ~
a:c = (A+pJc:c + pc!l + wcz (8. la)
>..a:: Abz
0
ay • pc: + (A+p)cy + wcz (8.lb) 0 .. - r2 (r2+::2 81 .£; - r2 (l•2+::2cJ'i
(8.1 c) + ua'lille B z + )Jbo~W fC z

(l•t+::t 81 3/t (zet+::,CJ 3/2
(8.2c)
T
yz = 0&y:: (S.lo.l) 0
2(b-f}r
(8. 2d)
(8 . le) (zet+::,C) 3/2
(8 •.1£) .. • (8.2c)
l.SJ
p a:: + bz ... (8.2£)
J:'
r(r2 +:: 2 BJ~ r(r 2+z 2 C)~
(=a)
(>..+p) e-w(~A>+O)
where lJ = p6
+ ;J,...rr_>..._+}J_J_e-_w-~-"*--eJ-1-,-_-.-~-+-
(=c)
P,et P
(=d)
C = (>..+Jt) p:w(lA>+ OJ
pO
{;.b)
(=f)~~-
183
184 CROSS-ANISOTROPIC HASS
8.1.2 VERTICAL SURFACE LINE LOAD

.!.._ (6-2pB) /B(6-2pC) (Fig.2. 7)
a = 41T (2~JH-6) 6p(B-C)
de Urena et al (1966) give the following
solutions:
b = _.!... re-2pBJ rcre-2peJ
41T (2~JH-6) 6p(B-C)
(8.3a)
e = .!... IBre-2peJ
41T 6p(B-C)
f =-.!... fC(6-2pBJ
41T 6p(B-C)
T = E. =IBCr= = [ - 1
-2--2-
1- - ]
+ -:z: 2+z ••• (8.3c)
:z:z 1T YB-YC z +z B 2
C
Anindication of the influence of anistropy on
the stress distribution is given in Fig.S.l (Koning,
1957) which shows the distribution of cr2 for the where B,C are defined in Section
isotropic case and two anisotropic cases. 8.1.1.
8.1.3 TANGENTIAL SURFACE LINE LOAD

(Fig.2.9)-
de Urena et al (1966) give the following
solutions:
0·5
,
f\-o
I \
cr
z 2R:r: [ - - 1- - + - 1- - ]
:z:2+z2c :z:2+z2B
... (8.4a)
'
I' '
I
I \II I
/I
!I
,, b
fl cr
= = 2R:r:[-c__ _ B_ ]
=2+z2C :z:2+z2B
... (8.4b)
0·3
Oi !.2
p
0•2
/( ~\
I, T
:z:z 2Rz[--c-+-8- ]
=2+z2c =2+z2B
... (8.4c)
0·1 I \~
where R -
-
.5L 2 PC-e
21r (2tJH-eJ riB-ICJ
.--::: /
2 0
~ b.
2 3
and B and C are defined
in Section 8.1.1.
r/a
8.2 Strip on Semi-Infinite Mass
Eh e
Curve
Ev "hv "h Ev Gerrard and Harrison (1970a) have given complete
solutions for the stres~ displacement and strain dis-
a 1 ~ ~ 0.67 tributions within the mass. This paper is reprinted
in full as Appendix A. It contains solutions for the
(isotropic) ,
b 2 .
~
lf
,
0.89 following cases:
c 3 ..
~
lf 1.28 (a)
(b)
uniform vertical pressure
uniform vertical displacement
(c) linear vertical pressure
FIG.S.l Influence of anisotropy on vertical stress (d) linear vertical displacement
due to point load (Koninq, 1957). (e) uniform lateral shear stress
(f) · uniform lateral shear displacement
(g) linear lateral shear stress
Barden (1963) derived solutions to this problem (h) linear lateral shear displacement.
based on earlier solutions by Michell (1900). However,
as pointed out by Dooley (1964), Barden made the
implicit assumption that the shear modulus for a pair
of axes inclined at 45° to the :z-axes is the same as
that in the direction of the :- and z-axes. The
validity of Barden•s solutions is therefore limited.
CIRCLE ON SBJII-INPINUE HASS 185
8.3 Circle on Semi-Infinite Mass

Gerrard and Harrison (1970b) have given complete
solutions for the s~ress, displacement and strain dis-
tributions within the mass. This paper is reprinted
in full as Appendix B. It contains solutions for the
following cases:
(a) uniform vertical pressure
(b) uniform vertical displacement
(e) linear vertical pressure
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)
(h)
linear vertical displacement
linear radial shear stress
linear radial shear displacement
linear torsional shear stress
linear torsional shear displacement
--·
--8
-c
(i) uniform unidirectional shear stress

(j) ' uniform unidirectional shear displacement. 2 3 4 5
r
ii
Eh e
Some indication of the effects of anisotropy on "vh -vhv "h
the distribution of vertical stress and vertical dis- E, E,
placement beneath a uniformly loaded circle is given
by the results of Koning (1960); reproduced as Figs. A 1 1/'l. 1/z 1/'l. 0.67 (Boussinesq)
8.2 to 8.4. Similar results for a rigid circle are 8 2 3/1 3/'+ 1/8 0.89
shown in Figs. 8.5 to 8.7. It should be noted that
the distribution .of vertical contact stress in the c 4 3/16 3/lt 1/8 1.28
latter case is unaffected by the anisotropy.
FIG.8.3 Distributions of vertical displacement of
surface (X.Oninq, 1960).
..~~ ~
~
,.
2
~ r--c:a--,
!)
~
I
II
I
I
z
6
--
--- A
1
8
-- 8
c
3
\
""' --- -
10
0 C>2 0•4 0·6 0-6 . 1·0
az
p -
Eh 9
Ev "vh "hv "h E, o o-z C>4 o-e e>a t-o 1·2 1·4 ,..
A 1 1/% 1/'l. 1/'l.

,_ 0.67 (Boussinesq) t
B 2 3/1 3/lf 1/1 0.89 . Eh
E = 4> -v,h= s/u -vhv = s/~t> "h = 1/1
c 4 3/16 3/lt 1/1 1.28 v.
FIG,8.4 Mean displacement of circle (Koninq, 1960).
FIG.8.2 Vertical stress on axis of circle
(Koninq, 1960).
··-~
186 CROSS-ANISOTROPIC IIASS
0
l__ 1----:;;,; ~ .! -
i.
2
---:::.~ l
,. ~
," ~ 3
8 c
l
a I '
If ---
-- A
B
A
~
'II c ~
5~
8
I
!I 2
Ed'"
8 0
I
10 I!
0 0·1 0·2 0·6
Eh
. 'l)h e
Ev vvh vh; Ev ~.
0
E,
2 3 • <
l-
A 1 1/2. 1/-z. 1/'l. 0.67 (Boussinesq)
E.,
B 2 3/1 3/'+ 1/1 0.89
Eh e
c 4 3/16 3/'+ 1/1 1.28
Ev vvh vhv 'l)h Ev
FIG.a.s Vertical stress on axis beneath rigid
A 1 1/2 1/2 1/2 0.67 (Boussinesq)
circle (Koning, 1960).
B 2" 3/8 3/lt 1/8 0.89
c 4 · a/16 3/lt 1/8 1.28
D 4 3/U 3/lt 1/8 0.32
E 1/2. 1/6 1/12 3/'+ 0.60
'j
i
F 1 1/.. 1/'+ 1/.. 0.80
G 2 1/6 1/3 . 1/3 0.90
~
l
-
H 4 1/12 1/3 1/3 1.20 1
! \.
3
f-- FIG.8.7 · vertical displacement of rigid circle
.............. v (Koning, 1960) •
/
2
/
v 'i
f
!
0 ()-2 0"<4 0-6 ()-8 1·0 'l
Eh
~
E.,
l
- = 4~ 'Vvh= a;u~ vhv= 'I"~ 1
Ev . I
FIG.8.6 · Vertical displacement of rigid circle

(Koning , 1960).
I!ULTI-IAYER SYSTEMS 187
8.4 Loading on Multi-Layer Systems

For general loading of an infinite strip or a
circle on the surface of a half space consisting of
any nUIIber of anisotropic layers. mathematical solut-
ions, (without numerical evaluation), for stresses
and displacements, are given by Gerrard and Harrison
(1971). .
8.4.1 VERTICAL UNIFORM LOADING ON STRIP
This problem has been considered by Gerrard
. HA
(1967) who obtained a limited number of solutions
inaicating the effect of anisotropy on the stress dis-
tribution beneath the strip. The cases considered by
Gerrard are sUJ~~~D&rised in Table 8.1. All cases
involve one or two l ayers overlying a rough rigid base
at a total depth of 6b (see Fig.8. 8).
The complete pattern of stresses for Cases 2 and
3 are shown in Figs.8.9 and 8.10, indicating the
effect of inserting a softer overlying layer in Case
3. PIG.8.8
The distributions of normal stress along the
axis are· shown in Figs.8.ll(a) to (c).
TABLE 8.1
CASES CONSIDERED BY GERRARD (1967)
Layer A Layer B
PROBLEM GEOMETRY LOADING NO. OF HA HB (EJA
NUMBER LAYERS T b (EV)B Eh
Ev
.L v.
Ev ·n "hv "vh
3t
E
L
E1) \lh \1
hp "vh
1)
Pl ane Uniform
1 Strain Normal
Stress
1 6 - 1.5 0.9 0.25 0.30 0.20
(p)
2 II
" 1 6 3.0 1.0 0.1 0.9 0.30 -
3 II .. 2 2 4 1/4 1.5 0.9 0.25 0.30 0.20 I 3.0 1.0 0.1 0.9 0.3
4 "
II
2 2 2 4 3.0 1.0 0. 1 0.9 0.3 1.5 0.9 0.25 0.30 0.20
5 II II 1 6 - 1.0 0.7 0.43 0.43 0.43

~IsotroEicl
188 CROSS-ANISOTROPIC HASS
5£ 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 3
!. a
a 100. 0 130.8 0.0 - 13.6
0 o.o 103.1 o.o - 1.4 Surface
.5
76.8 7.0 2.9 10.8

1 o.o 69.8 5. 3 3.7
51. 2 - 2. 3 39.5 3. 1 20.2 10.5 9.1 11.9
2 o.o 45.8 14.2 35.9 14.6 19.2 9.0 9.4
38.3 - 0.5 33 . 0 2.1 22.3 6 . 8 13.2 9.8
3 0. 0 34.4 7.7 29.9 10. 0 20.8 8.2 12.8
28.7 4.8 a a:c
31.6 3. 6 14. 9 9.5 z
4 0.0 28.8 4.4 26.3 6.5 14.3
't a
:cz '!I
27.7 10.5 25.7 10.8 20. 9 11.3 15. 1 11.3
5 o.o 25.9 3.0 24.2 5.0 19.9 5.8 14.7
figures given are
24.3 24.3 22.9 22.9 19. 2 19.2 14.6 14.6 per centages of t he
6 0.0 24.3 3.8 22.9 6.6 19.2 8.0 14 . 6 loading s t ress, p
Axis
Piq. 8.9 Compl ete Stress Distribution for Case 2 (Gerrard, 1967) .
=.a 0. 5 1 1.5 2 3
0
!.
a 100. 0, 84.3 50.0,29.2 0.0, - 26 . 0 0. 01 -19.5 0.0, - 9. 3
0 0. 0 51.1 o.o 22.3 0. 0 - 6. 5 o.o - 4.9 o.o-2.3 Surface
.5
83.0 4.2 0. 7 5. 8
1 0.0 26.0 1. 1 1.7
17.9 13.7 6. 8 2.5
61.4 13.•0 44.6 14.3 18.1 13.4 5.2 8.7 Interface
2 o. o :lZ.7 14.8 16.6 13.2 7.2 6.2 2.2
56.5 41.6 17.7 5.6 Legend:
In general
45.6 1.5 37.7 4. 5
3 o. o 41.2 9.9 34.4
36. 6 3.5 32. 4 5.3
4 0.0 33.3 5.8 29.7
31.5 10.8 28. 8 11.3 At an int erface
5 o.o 29.5 3.7 27.0 a:cA
27.4 27 .4 25 . 4 25.4 Lower az a:cB
6 ~~~------------~~~~------------~~~~~~~------=-~~-
o.o 27. 4 4.8 25.4 Boundary 't a
Axis
-=~--
~y~A--===-----==--
:z ayB
Fiq. 8. 10 Complete Stress Distribution for Case 3 (Gerr ard, 1967).

figures given are
percentages of the
loading s t r ess, p
t
10 20 40 60 r
0
fo 20 40 6o eo '""'
or oF .., I>-> 7 >1 ·p:?-
-··-· ·-·- Intcrnaccr

IY ~
2.01 rI / tltertact
~
~, c
2·01 I T.J> 2·0AI 1 1 > >
t
~
:a
.. , ~ 2 3 Ill
~
4·0~ I I II 4·0\~1 ... o~ II I II ~
ilj•
3-1, 6·0 ( I II · Lowe~r Boundary Lowcrr BoundOI'Y e.o 1 u 1 11 LOWIII' Boundary
z;b ~
(b) (c)
(a)
I
FIG.S.ll Stresses on axis beneath unifor-mly loaded strip on anisotropic layered system (Gerrard, 1967),
""
~
190 CROSS-ANISOTROPI C HASS
8.4.2 LOADING ON CIRCULAR AREA

Gerrard (1967) has considered a limited number
of cases involving Wliform vertical stress and l in-
ear ly varying inward shear stress on the circular
area. The cases considered are summarised in Table
8.2. All cases invol ve a singl e layer of depth
l. Sro fr o= ci rcle radius) overlying another layer
(generally soiter) of infinite depth.
The vertical and radial surface displacements
are shown in Fig.8.12. The distributions of normal
st ress down the axis are shown in Fig.8.13 .
3·0
'i
l
\
4 ·0
z/,.o
~
j
J
{·
(a)
:;•
J
Gr;.,
0
01' (7•;., .,.
i 'i's 01' a./s
t
·o 20 40 50
zls 0
FIG.8.12 Surface defor,mation profiles for circle on 3·0

layered anisotropic system (Gerrard, 1967).
(b)
FIG.8. 13 s tresses on axis of circle on layered

anisotropic system (Gerrard, 1967).
PAKtiCULAR CASES OF ANISurRtJPY 191
TABLE 8.2
CASES CONSIDERED BY GERRARD (1967)
Layer A Layer B
PROBLEM 00. OF B (ErfA
GEOMETRY LOADING HA Eh f Eh f
NUMBER LAYERS B (E J 'Vh vhv vvh 'Vh . vhv vvh
vA Ev Ev Ev Ev
Unifom
6 Axisym- No mal 2 1.Sro CD 5 1.0 0 . 8 0.25 0.25 0 . 25 2.0 0.9 0. 25 o.:;s 0.175
metric Stress (I sotropic)
(p)
7 .. Linear 2 1.5r0 CD 5 1. 0 0.8 0.25 0.25 0.25 .. II II

"
II
Shear (isotropic)
Stre;s
(s - )
ro
8 " Unifom 2 l.5ro CD s 3.0 1.0 0.1 0.9 0.3 II II II

" ..
Nomal
Stress
(p)
9 . Linear 2 1.5ro ... s 3.0 1.0 0.1 0.9 0.3 .. II .. It II
Shear
Stress
(s LJ
ro
10. II
Unifom 2 l . Sr0 CD 1 1.0 0.8 0.25 0 . 25 0.25 1.0 0.8 0.25 0.25· 0.25
Nomal (isotropic) (isotropic)
Stress
(p)
'Vhv = (1- 'Vh) [ (1-t)'Vt + ...e 1 • • • (8. 5b}

1- 'Vt 2-'V2
8.5 Particular Cases of Anisotropy
8.5 .1 REPEATED LAYER SYSTEMS Eh =
( 1- v 2J [ (1-tJEt + Jb._ 1
h 1- 'Vt 2 1-v_22
... (8.Sc)
It ean be shown that a mass of material consist-
ing of an alternati ng system of individually homogen-
eous layers is equivalent to one h01110geneous mass of 1 [(1-t) (1 - ~1 2)+~(1-~22~
cross- anisotropic material, provided the thickness of Ev
= E1 2- v 1 E2 2- v 2
ihe group of layers foming the repeated system is
small compared with the governing dimensions of the ~ 2
problem being considered. The anisotropic elastic hv ] (8.Sd)
+
constants of the equivalent material in tems of the (1-"h)Eh
elastic c::onstants and thicknesses of the individual
layers are given by Sala~~on (1968). Further treat- Eh
ment is given by Wardle and Gerrard (1972). • • • (8.Se)
Gh =
2(1+Vh)
For the case of an isotropic ,two-layer repeat ed
system, with a layer 1 of thickness ht and IK!dul i
Et~ 'Vt and a layer 2 of thickness h2 and -moduli 1 2(1- t)(l+Vt) + Zt(1+V;) • • • (8.5f)
=
E2~ 'V2~ the equivalent cross-anisotropic properties G Et E2.
are as follows: v
where t - ..J!l_
"Jt = [(1-t)E~Vt + tE2'V~ ] /[(1-t)E~ + tE\ ] ht+h2.
1-v 1 · 1-v2
1
V 1-v1 l-v2
.•• (8.Sa)
)
192 CROSS-ANISOTROPIC JIASS

r
1\ '
8.5.2 REINFORCED MATERIAL a
2l
=
2(1- V)G le&,
(1- 2\1} az
... (8.8a)
I.
A special case ·of the repeated layer system is
that of only two repeated layers, one of which is very
thin but has a high Young' s· modulus so that it forms
a reinforcing sheet. In terms of equations (8. 5), 't':z = G(apz)
3:
... (8.8b)
if layer 2 is the reinforcing layer, the special case
is obtained by putting i;+O and E2-, and letting . \
tE~Et=K, which is in general a finit e quantity
(Harrison and Gerrard, 1972). The cross-anisotropic 't'zy =
G(3Pz)
3y
... (8. 8c) I·
I
l
material equivalent to the material with the reinforc-
ing layers has only four independent elastic constants
'instead of the usual five . where G is the shear modulus .
Thus, vertical displacement Pz may be obtained by
8.5.3 1lfE WESTERGAARD MATERIAL direct integration of Oz.
Westergaard (1938) considered the particular case
in which the semi-infinite mass is assumed to be homo-
geneous but reinforced internally such that no hori-
zontal displacements can occur. Harrison and Gerrard
(1972) show that this material is equivalent to a re-
l
infor ced material having K (Section 8.5.2) equal to )
infinity. The Westergaard material is equivalent to I I o-z• J
a cross- anisotropic material with only three independ- I I o-zs
(
ent constants. The following solutions apply for a2 : "'2! ~
JOl...
<>-22
o-:n
.l
~ v,....,-:
I
~-~
(i) Surface point load P (See Fig. 2.2). 0·20
\
~ v~~ 0·19
L
~~ :::.-··· 0•18
. .. (8.6) '/.~ ........ 0•17
~/
cr,
~ v O•IS
0•15
(ii) Surface line load p/unit length, and of 1// ....... ~~=
length y. For a poin:t in plane of end of load, z f//_ v 0·,.
-
.M 0·13
V// v
--
0·12
: tn • i lht '///
... {8.7) m Oftd n ore inW'CI'CngiOOit
'/L
0·11
0•10
Pl
CT1 •
'/ - ~- 0-al
'II / . o-.• o-ce
where n = /2r1- \l) kAV-
v
........- Q-07
= Vt, ""
/) t@V. v 0·06
- ._,
and v Poisson's ratio of 0·05
,.~
the material between ~
vv ,...... 0~
~
the reinforcement. ()o03
,,.,_
o-02
I
Influence fact ors for Oz due to point loading 0-ol
have been plotted by Harr (1966) while influence -= e::: lol
2 , • 5 878901 2 , • 557891-0 2 , • 5 ,,. oro
factors for Oz due to line loading of finite length n
have ~een plotted by Fadum (1948). ·
FIG.8.l4 Vertical stress beneath corner of r ectangle
Influence factors for the vert ical stress Oz on Westergaard material (Fadum, 1948).
beneath the corner of a uniformly loaded rectangle
(Fadum, 1948) are shown in Fig.8 . 14 for the case of
V=O.
It should be noted that since lateral strains and

displacements are zero, the stresses on a horizontal
plane are functions of vertical displacement only,
viz.
Chapter 9
IN A NON-HOMOGEN.EOUS
ELASTIC MASS
Two l imiting cases may be recovered from the
9.1 Semi-Infinite Mass with Linear general expressions for V=O.S:
Variation of Modulus
(i) m=O (~) i.e. constant G=G(O) with depth.
This is the classical homgeneous case.
9.1.1 UNIFORM STRIP LOADING (ii) G(O)=O (B=OJ. This is the- case of a
linear increase in G with depth, starting
This problem has been solved by Gibson (1967) who from zero at the surface .
considered an elastic half-space where Poisson's ratio
remains constant but the shear modulus G increases Considering the vertical displacement Pz for
linearly with depth as follows (Fig. 9.1): each case, it is found that for case (i), the actual
displacement is infinite (see Section 3.1), but the
G(z) = G(OJ + 1113 • • • (9 .1) difference between the displacement of a point and the
central surface displacement is finite, and equal to
!Ill
4cil ~ .,_....
P/lnt orea. ·
i .. . (9.2)
L Values of
Fig.9.2(a).
(Pz(O~OJ-p3 (:~aJ)
.
are plotted in
For case (ii), the vertical displacement is now

I finite, and given by
·r.r~,_\~\~,,
y II ·,1
.......~-----
Shear Modulus G<zl
Values of p3
... (9. 3)
for this case are plotted in Fig.

9.2(b).
It is ·noteworthy that the stresses are identical.
for both cases (i) and (ii) i.e. non-hOJIOgeneity has
no influence on the stress distribution. This
result suggests that stresses for finite values of B
may not differ appreciably from- the values for the
limiting cases. provided V=O.S.
An important conclusion reached from a study of
FIG.9.1 case (ii) is that a material whose modulus varies
linearly with depth from zero at the surface behaves
as a ''Winkler" material i.e. the vertical displacement
at any point on. the surface is directly proportional /.
i·.
--- --- ----·----·------~f_:
i.
194 NON-HOMOGENEOUS ~S
to the intensity of vertical stress at that point. The conclusion regarding the identical behaviour
This may clearly be seen from the curve for z/b=O in of an incompressible (v=O.S} mass whose modulus
Fig.9.2(b). The coefficient of subgrade reaction k 8 varies linearly with depth from zero at the surface,
in the Winkler material is related to m as ks=2m. and a lqinkler medium, remains valid for this type of
loading and indeed, for any type of surface loading.
It should be noted that the above conclusion is
exact only for v=o.s.
Prrrorl
0·50
Prlr.OI
FIG.9.3 surface displacement profiles for \1=0.5

(Brown and Gibson, 1972).
(a) Relative displacements of strip on uniform mass.

v-o.5. G=G(O).
f.- z)~ ~ ~ - f-
~~-1
~--~~4
~- -ve
0
1- --
FIG.9.4 surface displacement profiles for \1=1/3
(Brown and Gibson, 1972).'
(b) Displacement of strip·on mass with linearly

increasing G. \1=0.5. G(O)=O.
FIG.9.2 (Gibson, 1967)
9.1.2 UNIFORM LOADING OVER CIRCUI~R AREA.

Profiles of vertical surface displacement in
terms of the value at the centre have been obtained by
Brown and Gibson (1972) for three values of v and
arc shown in Figs. 9. 3 to 9. 5. In these figures, t'
is the radial dist:mce from the centre, a is the
radius and B is as defined in l'ig. 9 .1.
FIG.9.5 Surface displacement profiles for \1=0
The variation of central surface vertical dis- (Brown and Gibson, 1972).
placement· p2 (z>=O) with 8 and \1 is shown in Fig.'
9.6.
GENERALIZED BOUSSINBSO 'l'IIEORY l95
where E0 ~ mOdulus at unit depth

~ ... n-3 • L -2.
v
~ r---~--~----~--~----~
When n-J, ~=Q and v=(J. S, the above solutions reduce
to the classical Boussinesq solutions for v-o.s.
When 71-4, ~=1 and v-1/J, the modulus E varies
linearly with dept h. Thus, this case corresponds to
that considered by Gibson (1967) (Section 9. 1) except
that Gibson considered v-o.s. ·
Provided the above restrictions on v and mod-
ulus variation are observed the generalized Boussinesq
- ~ s olution lillY be used to study the stress distribution
!: in a non- homogeneous mass for all types of surfa~
~ 10,~~~--~----4----4--~ loading.
9.2.2 HORIZONTAL POINT LOADING ON SURFACE
16' L---~--~~--~--~----~
104 16, 10"2 10"1 10
11/o
PIG.9.6 Central surface displac::eae.n t of circular

area. (Brown and Gibson, 1972).
p • applied pres.s ure X
a ,. radius
9.2 Generalized Boussinesq Theory for

z
Non-Homogeneous Semi-Infinite
Mass FIG.9.7
9.2.1 VEmCAL POim' LOADING ON SURFACE

Holl (1940) developed a general form of
Boussinesq 1 s c:lassic:al equations, based on earlier
solutions of Griffith (1929) and Frohl ich (1933). The
solutions for a vertic:al point loading (Fig. 2. 2) are:
nPzn Holl (1940) gives the following solutions (refer

(9.4a) Fig. 9. 7):
a:& = :.If+2
ar =
nPzn-2r-z.
• . • (9.4b) az = n(n-ZJP oosn+1 ~ sin+ oose
21ra2.
... (9.6a)
:.If+2
a6 • o. (9.4e) a= = n(n-2)P
2:rrz2
oosn.-1+ sin'+ oos3e . (9.6b)
. nPzn-lr
(9.4d)
Tra "" ZTrif+2
T = n(n-ZJP cosn+ sin-z.+ sine cose (9. 6d)

The above solutions are valid fOr n>2 and yz Z'lfa:z
satisfY equilibrium and compatibility requirements for
the following restricted class of material: n(n- ZJP cosn+ ain2 + cos-z.e (9.6e)
21ra2
(9.5)
l96 NON-BOICJCE111!:00S 11ASS
Note that the same restrictions on the relationship

between IIOdul.us variation and \I apply in this case TABLE 9.1
as in the case of a vertical point load (section K versus n
9.2.1). (Holl, 1940)
n 3 4 5 6 7 8
9. 2.3 LINE LOADING ~ SURFACE
(Fig. 9. 8) 2 3 8 15 16 35
K 'If 4 31f I6 s;r 32
9.2.4 UNIFORM VERTICAL LOADING OVER CIRCULAR

AREA
Be.neath the centre of a circle of radius a,
loaded with a uniform surface stress p per unit
X area,
•• • (9.9a)
FIG. 9. 8 where •• = tan-1az

Values of a2 are tabulated in Table 9. 2 for
n=4 and 5. Hell (1940) also gives expressions for
az and c;. due to parabolic vertical loading.
(a) Vertical Loading TABLE 9. 2 .
az .. 1
i-K cosn+ • (9. 7a)
GENERALISED BOUSSINESQ. PROBLEM
VALUES OF azfp BE.NEA1ll CENTRE
Uniform Vertical Loading
1 2 (After Harr, 1966)
a:z: "' ILK
a cosn- • sin • (9. 7b)
Circle Rectangle Infinite
n ~ Radius Strip
't:z:a - i- K cosn• sin• (9. 7c) a
a ,.,..1 m=Z m=3 m=z10 ,..
Values of K are tabulated in Table 9.1. 0 1· 1 1 1 1 1
0.25 0.996 0.942 0.950 0.957 0.970 0.984
4 0.5 0. 960 0.792 0.824 0. 852 0.876 0.884
(b) Horizontal Loading 1 0.750 0.426 0.547 0.581 0. 603 0.625
1.5 0.518 0. 255 0.372 0.404 0.437 0.457
2 0.360 0. 142 0.230 0. 281 0.316 0. 357
a,. • (n- ZJK ~ cosn+ sin• (9.8a) 3 0.109 0. 074 0.135 0.175 0.214 0.245
5 0.077 0.025 0.048 0.063 0.125 0.150
a:z: - (n-ZJK i cosn-Z• sin 5 • (9.8b) 0
0.25
1
0. 998
1
0. 984
1
0. 987
1
0.988
1
0.991
1
0. 993
't:z:a - (n-ZJK ~cosn-l+ sin 2 • (9.8c)
5
0.5
1
1.5
0. 982
0.817
0.591
0.859
0.508
0.298
0.830
0.625
0.404
0. 902
0.657
0.443
0.922
0.676
0.480
0.925
0. 686
0. 510
Values of K are tabulated in Table 9.1 (same 2 0.429 0.164 0.249 0.294 0.333 0.411
as for vertical loading) • 3 0.229 0.089 0. 150 0.192 0.243 0. 282
5 0 . 096 0.032 0.062 0. 088 0.141 0.162
(~produced with pezmission of 'McGraw Hill Book CO.)
--~
GENERALIZED BOUSSINESQ 'lHEORr 197
9.2.5 UNIFORM VERTICAL LOADING OVER 9.2.6 UNIFORM HORIZONTAL LOADING OVER
REcrANGULAR AREA REcrANGULAR AREA
(Fig. 9.9) (Fig. 9.10)
Uniform prassura
P/unit ar~ta
Uniform stross q/unit araa.
z z
FIG.9.9 FIG.9.10
Beneath the corner of the rectangle,for n--4~ For n--4,
a
3
= 1L [~ (1 + ~ arctan£ a:z; = ~[arctan £- !.(1 + ~ arctan £- aZbz]
21r A 2A2 A 'If z A 2A 2 A 2A 2 C2
••• (9.1la)
+ £ (1 + ~ arctan ~
B 2a2 B
_11 r
-._arctan -b - -arctan
3
-b - ba (1- - -1 )]
+ abz2. (L + 1:11 ••• (9.10a) 2'1f a A A B2 C2
2&- A2 . B2 ... (9.11b)
arg 2 a 2 +b 2
T
:z;y = .!L[arctan- -
21r
a
3
3
B
a
- -arctan - + -~.-
B z A2
-
C2
--n
••• (9.10b) ... (9.1lc)
T:z:a = 1L [arctan£-£. arctan£+ bz(!- ~] . Holl (1940) also quotes solutions for n=S (homo-
41r z A3 A B2 A2 rr genous case,see Chapter 3) and n=5.
(9.10c) The values of T:z;~ Tya and az for a horizontal
'- loading correspond to the values of a:z;, T:z;y and T:z:a
for a vertical loading, multiplied by the factor
T
=!I
= (9 .lOd)
(n-2).
Holl (1940) also quotes expressions for n

values of S (homogeneous mass, see Chapter 3)~ 5~6~7
and s.
Values of a3 for n--4 and 5, given by Harr
(1966), are reproduced in Table 9.2 for variol.is
values .of m=ib/a. ·
198 NON-HOWJGENEOUS MASS
9.3 Finite Layer with Linear Variation

of Modulus (Fig. 9.11)
This p~blem has been considered by Gibson, Brown

and Andrews ·(1971). Profiles of vertical surface
displacement due to uniform strip loading are shown in II
Fig. 9.12 and due to uniform circular loading in Fig.
9.13. In both figures, G(O)=O and V=O.S. In
this case the vertical displacement of the loaded area
is strictly uniform only when h/b or h/a=«>; as the
layer thickness decreases, the non-uniformity of
settlement, inside and outside the loaded area,
increases. FIG.9.11
-0·5
~b·1·0)
"
--
\'\ ~ •• o:;,
x/b
\ '\J !5.0--. )'--.... r--::: -= FIG.9.12 Surface displacement profiles
~Ia.
'~ ~~..... C>-!5-....
0
0
-~K<0·!5 H)
~%-- 1·!5 2·0 2-!5

due to uniform strip loadinq
(Gibson et at, 1971).
'----
r--- Q-5 t'\.
~
"-........
---
L.....
-.!'?-_
1•5
2·!5
!5·0
lljb %·,..
-0·!5
~Jo-s
£Ia.
7a ~~ ..,..... c..;: 1~Ch,
-N~·\
FIG.9.13 Surface displacement profiles
c:
0
0 Q-5
-. 1.()
..111/o•oo 1·5 2.0 2·!5 due to uniform circular loading
(Gibson et al, 1971).
g
..
~
u
~-
..
.2
Q. ~
Q
~
. 0·5
~
.."'
u
,g 1-0
"'
2·!5
-
11/a::.-
1.0
Chapter 10
IN EMBANKMENTS AND SLOPES
10.1 Embankment on Rough Rigid Base Thus the observed displacements may be calculated
from the "single-lift" displacements for embankment
(Fig. 10.1) heights of h and z and therefore in this section,
all solutions· for displacements refer to the single-
lift values. The stresses are unaffected by incre-
mental construction.
Stress and displacement contours for a 30°
embankment having V=0.3 are shown in Figs.l0.2 to
10.6. Five embankment heights are considered.
...--------,,.., on the axis of the embankment are given in Figs.l0.7
rz/ '·~
,'. ', to 10.12, for three embankment slopes (20°,30° and
, ' 40°) and two Poisson's ratios (0.3 and 0.48). The
relationship between displacement influence factor I
H and relative height of the point above the base,. a/11,
are plotted for five values of relative embankment
height h/H, where H is the maximum possible height
of the embankment. Tite actual displacement is
FIG.lO.l • • • (10. 2)
where y unit weight of embankment

material.
This problem has been studied by Clough and Wood- The observed settlement v(z/H.h/HJ may be calculated
ward (1967) and Poulos, Booker and Ring (1972~. It from·equation (10.1).
is important to distinguish between the class1cal def-
inition of displacement, which is referred to a fixed For a particular embankment (Fig.l0.13}, Clough
datum and assumes the embankment to be created and Woodward (1967) give contours of stress, displace-
insta~taneously, and the displacement of a_poi~t in ment and strain factors. These are shown in Figs.
the embankment which would be observed dur1ng lncre- 10.14 to 10.16. The effect of incremental construct-
mental construction of the embankment. These dis- ion on displacements is shown in Fig.lO.lS; with
placements are termed. the "single-li~t" and '.'observed" incremental construction, the "observed" displacements
displacements respect1vely. Referr1ng to F1g.10.1, are zero at the top of the embankment, whereas the
for a.point Z, height z above the base of the "single-lift" value of vertical displacement is a
embankment of height h, the "single-lift" displace- maximum at the top.
ment is denoted as p(z~h) and the "observed" dis-
placement as vfz.h}. These displacements are Clough and Woodward also investigated the effects
related as follows: of departures in v and side slope from those of
their "standard case". The results of this investig-
.•• (10.1) ation are presented as multipliers for the stresses,
vfz.h) p(z.h) - p(z.z) strains and displacements for the standard case, and
are shown in Fig.l0.17.
where p(z.zJ is the single-lift
displacement of the point Z
when the top of the embankment
is at the level of Z, i.e.
z above the base.
199
8
Contours or12 votue2s ol ~
~ l:.rg
H ·0·2
.(a)!!.
~ I~
(d)~·O·B
I
~
(b) ~·0·4
0
~
ttl
~
t!
~ I~
(c) !!. • 0·6
H.
= 1::
(12) ~·1·0
FIG.l0.2 Contours of vertical stress for various embankment heights.

30° slope, Vm0.3 (Poulos et al, 1972).
Contours or<J IIOIU<Js or ~
YH
(a)~ • 0·2
I
~~ I~
(d) hH •0·8
~
2
0
e:
(b)~. 0·4 f.lt:i
5
~ '·~4
~~~ (c) .!!. ·0·6

H
(<J)~ ·1·0
FIG.l0.3 Contours of horizontal stress for various embankment heights.

300 slope, v-o.J (Poulos et al, 1972).
g
202 EHBJINKHENTS AND SI.OPES
~
.
Ill
..::D>
•rl
I() Gl
6 9 ..::
-;; ~
.ci.I: .cl:r s::
~ ~
tGl
§..:
ON
•rl ...
ken
~ ....
.......'
.e ~
111
Ill Gl
Ill
Gl Ill
tl 0
cn;f
0
~e
HI :r 1!..,..,
.:>-
0 owo
2
D
.
.,; 0 ~
Ill
~ '
>
.
L
N
900· 00: 01>0·
(0
0
~8'
s::,...
8 Ill
Gl
6 6 ~
..
D
0!:0·
L
::>
D
r:
ll
.cf:x:
D
., .cf:r
~
~~
'M
....0
u 13
H
ra.
PE
ContOtrs oro valuos of ~
<a>a-o·2
~ a. r
o:i
~------~---------------~o
(d) -It. 0·8
I
>i
~
•315
~
(b)' 0·4 ~
·30 t:i
_/"~-------$•137
m
li ~~:~
·25
~;~
(c) ~ • 0·6 (o)~ •1·0
FIG.lO.S Contours of vertical displacement for various embankment heights.

30° slope, v-0.3 (Poulos et al, 1972).
2
2
PxE
Contours ar11 volu11s of y H2
-~j h
I
(a) H ·0·2
(d)~ ·0·8
I
tJ
§
(b)!!. ·0·4
~C1
H
<c> 'Hh .o.s (!I) ~-1·0
FIG.l0.6 Contours of horizontal displacement for various embankment heights.

30° slope, V•0.3 (Poulos et al, 1972).
011~---r----r----r----r-~~ 0-18r---~----~---,r----r----,
0-10 0·161 I I I Y /I 0·16 ..----.---...--..-----.---......

30• Bonk V • 0•48
0-141 I I :V If I 0·141 I I I / I i I
<HZ I I I J I/ -,- I 0·12 I I I J1 II I
-0-101 I 1//1 .'1 I ;;:r 0·10 I I I / I/ !I I 0·101 I I A Ii I I

q:Z:
-Nl·x
::; o-o&l I JV I ! I I -
of..:r
o·oe I I V I I ! I I .cl:z:
i
'i
NIX ~
o-o&l I /J I ~ I I 0·08 I I I l I l I I ~
~
o-o.c1 VJ >f I I I I o-o4 I 1/ I I ,oQi I I 0·041 I / I I II I I
~
OoQ21 NJ' V I I I o·oz I HI /. . I / I I I 0•021 /,v ..,.""'1 ' I I I
0 0·2 0·4 0·0 0•8 1·0 0 0·6 0•8 1•0 0 0•4 0•6 0•8 1•0
~ A A
FIG.l0.7 Embankment vertical displacement FIG.lo.e· Embankment vertical displacement FIG.l0.9 Embankment vertical displacement
factors. 40° slope, Vm0.48. factors. 30° -slope, \1=0.48. factors. 20° slope, v-o.48.
...
a
&
0 •35 O·» - -.........---.--.,.---,----, 0•35
0•30 0·30 1 I I I ,.4 .' I 0•30
I .
40" Bonk
.
'J · 0·3 30" Bonk 'J o0•3
.c"i%
~l:
...
0•25
0 •20
0 •15
-
.c~ :r
-...
~-r
0•25 1
0•20 I
0•15 1
I
I // I
I
•~ >/
/I
wali
j
I I
I
I
I
.ciX
tf_r
0•25
0•20
0•15
I
5
~1:!
0•10 0·10 I ll / I / I I I 0 •10
()05 o-05 1 J,t b-..........--.q I I I ()o05
0 0 •4 0•6 0•6 1•0 0 ()o2 0 •4 0 •8 0 ·8 1'0 0
h ~ A
FIG. l O.lO Embankment vert ical displ acement PIG.lO.ll Embankment vertical displacement FIG.lO.l2 Embankment vertical displacement
factors . 40° slope, V• O.J. factors. 30° slope , v-0.3. factors. 20° slope. v-o.J •
. _, ___._...._.._,._ --. ~
EIIBNIKJIEN'l' ON RIGID BASE 207
.Matctrial . ~HJ4.
Unit Wctight. y
v .o... , I
H
2•5 z j_
ml .
I------~5·25H - - - - - - '
~ Rough
~ . Rigid
Base
~
FIG.lO.l3 Standard embankment (Clouqh and Woodward,
1967). ·2 •
~
Vctrtleol Oisplacctmctnt Foetor. Ipo
FIG.10.l5 Displacement factor contours for standard

embankment (Clough and Woodward, 1967)
14.82 :X!!. Ipx
B
v
· z
14.82 :m
E
I
pz
aX )z K
-
X
az YzK
z
Txz • yz K
xz
PIG. lO.l4 Stress factor contow:s for standard FIG.lO.l6 Strain contours (in percent) for standard
embankment (Clough and WOOclward, 1967). emb&Jlkment (Clough and Woodward, 1967).
208 EJIBAN](](ENTS AND SLOPES
X
"' Unit Wcrigtlt
~· 1·4
leu of crmtlclniUncrnt H
... •Y
{1.
....•• 1•2
I I.Wt ~igtlt
of fOirdcrtion • 0
v;
c..
~ 1-(J
K•z: IJ t-Kx
z
E and v samcr for crmbanlu'ncrnt
/'
and foundation.
c..
!!
Q. ;( Kz
Kz
FIG.l0.18
~
~
o-a
()-6
v
1•4
IJYaa
.. \z· jve•
s 1·2
inaccuracy in the results of Perloff et al because of
v;"'
c..
c.. 1-(J
\ f 1-£.
the incorrect implicit assumption in their analysis
that the biharmonic equation is invariant for confor-
~
..
c..
J 7 mal transformations.
w
~0·8 Contours for the vertical stress az, horizontal
'3 Yii stress a:t:, shear stress <:t:z and maxiiiiUDI shear
~ stress Tma: within the embankment and foundation are
0•6 ·shown in Figs.l0.19 to 10.22 for the ease a=45°~
IlEa L/8=3. These figures show that the ''normal loading
1·4
approximation" may considerably overestimate all the
1\ stresses and that consequently, displacements will
generally also be overestimated.
~
vP.
i ~P. Figs.l0.19 to 10.22 are all for v=o.z, except
that Fig.l0.21 shows some contours for T:t:z for
I 7 v=o.s also. The vertical stress a2 is however

virtually independent of "· An example of the
/P. influence of " on a:t: is shown in Fig.l0.23, where

the distributions of a:t: with depth beneath the
centre and the edge of the embankment, for both v=o. 3
l and 0. 5. The effect of " is 1110st pronounced for
Ca> (b) small values of L/H.
0•4
0.2 0 ·3 ().4 0·2 06 1·0 Distributions of a2 and T:t:Z along the base
POisSOn s Ratio Side Sloper of the embankment, for various values of LIB and
slope angle c, are shown in Figs. 10.24 and 10.25.
FIG.lO.l7 Multiplying factors for departures from
standard embankment (Clouqh and Woodward, Distributions of a 2 , a:t: and T:t:z along select-:"
1967). ed vertical sections have also been obtained for var-
ious slope angles and values of L/H, and for
v=o.3. These distributions are shown in Figs.l0.26
to 10.30· (az)~ Figs.l0.31 to 10.35 (a:t:} and
Fig.l0.36 f.-ruJ .
It should be emphasized that in all the above
solutions, the foundation is assumed weightless and
10.2 Embankment on Elastic Foundation only the effect of the embankment is considered.
10.2.1 SEMI-INFINITE FOUNDATION The stresses in vicinity of a cutting of t'rapez-
(Fig.l0.18) oidal shape can also be obtained from the above
This problem has been considered by Perloff et al solutions by considering the material above the level
(1967), who have compared the stresses within the of the base of the cutting to be a pair of wide
system, due to the weight of the embankment, with embankments •
those obtained by assuming the embankment to apply a
purely vertical stress, proportional to the embankment
height, to the surface of the foundation. Stresses
from this latter procedure, termed the "normal load-
ing approximation", have been discussed in Chapter 3.
---~verruiJt-(1969) has- observed that- tJrere is~sbJD-e·-----~
u. 4!5"
Vo0•3
L;H• 3
u • 4!5"
r
H
L/H • 3
v ·0·3 I
0•2
\''~ J
I
;!j
2t ~ ~
5
z/H3 E.:::---2:!!~- ""' \) 1 ~
0
6
I
~
7
13
8
0 2 3 4 !5 8 7 8 9 10 o . 1 2 3 4 !5 6 7 8
x;H x/H
FIG,lO.l9 Contours of vertical stress a FIG,l0,20 Contours of horizontal stress a
(Perloff et al, 1967), Dashed linesz (Perloff et al, 1967)·, Dashed lines X
show "normal loading" approximation. show "normal loading" approximation.
~
~
()
(l ·45° ~ •~w
"·0·3 ~
L/H • 3 L/H • 3
0
4 4
z/H
5
7
I
~
8 ~
9 ij
~
10
11. • •>r 11
". 0 •3
v ·0·5
12l- \ \\ Normal Loading 12
.. Approximation
13t 13
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 0 2 3 4 5 6 9 10
lJ'H x/H
FIG.l0.21 Contours of shear stress Txz FIG.l0.22 Contours of maximum shear t

(Perloff'et al, 1967). (Perloff et al, 1967). Dashed max
lines show "normal loading"
approximation.
L
01-----,-:r----:r-...,........
Ol ::;»= :;a: > 7 I
2 I
2
3
'lH
3 I
~
4
z;H 4
5
5
e
~
0
6
Edger . 61 II I Ccrntrcr
~~
7 7
~
~
-'b-2 0 0•2 0•4 0·6 0·8
8
0 (}2 0·4 0·6 ~0·2 0 0·2 0•4 0·6 0•6
UxfyH
axjyH ~/YH
(a) \1..0. 5 (b) \1..0. 3
FIG.l0.23 Influence of \1 on horizontal stress ax in foundation (Perloff et al, 1967).
~
212 EHBANKHEN'l'S AND SLOPES
O•S
~/yH
O•?Sr::...--~
0 2 3 4 5 8 7 e Sl
lt/H
(a)
"' ...,,
3·0
FIG.l0.24 Distribution of vertical
stress at base of embankment for
0 · 25
various slope anqles a and L/H
ratios (Perloff et at , 1967).
0 •50
'VvH 0•75 &::.-.J--'l
0 2 3 4 5 6 7
0 2 3 4 s 6 7
(c)
EKBAN'XHEN'r ON ELAS'l'IC FOUNDA'l'ION 213
-1o()
z;H
-0·5
0·1
'toz/,YH 0•2
Ct. 15"
0•3 v. 0·3
0•4
0 2 3 4 5 6 7 a 9
x/H
(a)
FIG.l0.25 Distribution of shear stress

TXZ at base of embanlcment for var-
ious slope anqles a and L/H ratios
(Perloff et al, l967).
v. 0·3
214 EHBANKHENTS AND SLOPES
~~ xfH
x]H •IL;HCDt a')72Hf
~ ~~
·2
1·2
t,H II
II L/H • o:>
. L/H • ...,
1·0 ·0
\
2/H ~
It"---, r-- ~
........ ·8 I'
~'-"
5 !-...... I' "'
lA 1'\ \ I":E;. 5
IJ I'\ Nl\. II ~
0·4 0 ·4
II
1'\.t\
~ 1'-
'
t-...
0·2
.... ~~ 0·5" !;;::;;
Ill
0 ·2
....... r:::: i' o.'~ ~1::,
Ill
"
0·5 1·0 2·0 5·0 10 20 50 100 ()-5 1·0 2·0 5·0 10 20 50 100
!{H l{H
(a) (b)
~H•(L•HCDt etl/7 x{H•3CL•HCDt etf{2H

rh-J
~'
1·2 x/H
1·0
I I
I
I 1·0
3!L·~·
2/H 2/H
0·4
0·4
~·5
~c,
L H•S
0·2 0·2
~ ~
/ i'Ti5 ,p·5 ;r Ill
0 0 0·1 0·2 0·5 1·0 2·0 5·0 10 20 50 100
0·1 0·2 ' Q-5 1·0 2·0 5·0 10 20 50 100
%/H !/H
(c) (d)
FIG.l0.26 Vertical stress along selected vertical sections.

C£=15°, v=O. 3 (Perloff et al, 1967).
EHBANKHENT ON ELASTIC FOUNDATION 215
w..l xfHa(L•H<Xltalf2H
r- n~
~~L•H cotal/2H
!-
H
-
1•0 Z/H . ~ 1·0
~'1./.H :::::::
L/H """'
r-..... f' "

0·81-+-+++-+-t-++Hk:•'.~~+-+"*I-NI+tiH-+-1-H-tt-+-HH+I 0·8
O'yyH I'
,1'\i" ~ ..... 5
0·61-+-li-+H-t11oMiP..d-r-.._-'ll'\irl';:H+-t>i:ffi5-+-'H-Mt-t-t-titl 0·6
~ l"l.i".
O'y'VH ~ t\ I\~
0·41-+-I+~A~~'.I'+f+fi-H~i'+i'lct+ffit-'H-HH+-t-tt+H 0·4 ll ...,
1'\.
1'..
0·5
II
0·2
~~
l
"
0·
t-....
f"""'" r::::
0
0·5 Hl 2•0 5·0 0·1 0·5 1·0 . 2-Q 5·0 10 20 50 100
%/H Z/H
(a) (b)
I '·~I x(H• 3(L•~ a¥2H

1- x/H• <L•H cot al{Hj
1·2 1·2 C:!. xfH
f-!=-l xfH
~·
1·0
(L•~
2/H
1·0
0·8
/H ·'·
azi'VH
0·6
H•S 0·4
3'- ::-- 0·2

LJ_H•S
0·2
!-' y..:: r- liii ~ l'-
0·5 1·0
v 2·0 50
()-~
10
~
20 50 100
0
Cl-1 0·2 0·5 1·0
~ :.,:::::::
2·0 5-Q
~
10 20 50 100
!/H Z/H
(e) (d)

a=30°, V=0.3 (Perloff et al, l967).
I
1
216 EHB11JilCJIEN'rS AND SLOPES
I
l
\
!
x,IH•~l·Hl~2H _L
1·2
fE~J · P-i
1·2
1\£
I
x/H
l/H·- (L•Hl/2H • L/H•-

r H ..... I'- 1--
%'H
........
0·8
' 0
UzrtH
0·6 "
i'-.1\ \ ~
0·
r-..
·~
5 "I\ i\
~
~
0·4 "' 3
\.
i\.
0· • j 1\
1\~
3
0 ·2
~
... "
~::T
"' r--
"'
0·2
~
1\
~
1
" .....
'
f'"" 1--
0 01
-." ""1-4.
0·5 1·0 2·0 5·0 10 20 so 100 0 ·2 05 1·0 2-() 5·0 10 20 50 100

2/H Z/H
(a) (b)
f--l...d x/H•(L•Hlf\'i L x/H• ~(L•HY(~
}•H)/H H
--~/H
w·~
1·2 r ' 1·2
r 1
r-· 1·0
lH
0·8 0-6
I
a,YH ~H
0-6 0-6
I
0·4 0·4
LjH•5
0·2 I N r-.... 0·2 YH·~-

II 1'-- ~ )i-u
~ ::-... I
'ill' 0
0
~
0 ·5 1·0 2·0 5·0 10 20 so 100 o-1 Q-2 o-s 1·0 2·0 5·0 10-() 20 50 100
f/H f/H .
(c) (d)
FIG.l0.28 Vertical stress alonq selected vertical sections.

a=45°, -v=<l. 3 (Perloff et al, 1967).
EJIBANXJIEN'r ON EIAS'EIC l'OUNDA'EION 217
.I x/H•O
.1 I x/H• (L•H Got C1)2H
~" ~~'"'"
1·0 l\L f/H -........: ........
L/H · - 1·0
~H-C1l/2H - L/H • -
'\.
'\\
"" \ \ ~YH
0·8
0·6
\'\
\
\ \ \\ 5
~·
~ \ ~ \ \
0·4
~I \\. .......... ~
0·4 3
'\
~
' ,,
'
'I
' "' -"
-
0·2 0·2
/ 1 ~ ~
0· 4 ..... p·~ .......

0 0
o-1 0·2 0·5 1·0 2·0 s-o 10 20 !50 100 Q-1 0·2 ()-5 1·0 2·0 5-Q 10 20 !50 100
1/H Z/H
(a) (b)
I I x/H•(L-Hcota)H I fx(H. 3 <L·W cot Cl) ~H
·~
\-Y xJH 1·2 J<fH
1-()
l ~t~. ~YH
1·0
0·8
0·6
/H I
0·4 0·4
f... ~-,~ 0·2

0•2
/ r-?.o I -r-- F>-3 I •5
I I
/ ~ Ill ...... ~ ~~ I Ill
0 50 100
0·1 Q-2 o-s 1·o 2·o s·o 10 20 50 100 o-s 1·o 2·0 5-0 · 10 20
'1./H '1./H
(c) (d)
FIG.10:29 Vertical stress along selected vertical sections.

aa60•, ~.3 (Perloff et al, 1967).
l
{
218 EHBANKJ!ENTS AND SUJPES l
r
\
)
1
I II I I I I xfli'• (t;.lftot"O.l/2H
r'=-i 1-Y
ll -~
X/H•O
1·2
t·O fl~['"
Z/H
"""";::::
L H•OD
1·0
~•Hc:ot 0.)/2H
'f...
L/H•'"'
0·8
~ 0·8
~ r-...
\' \\ \
~ \ ~H \
0·6 0·6
\\ \.
0·4 ~ \ ~ A \ ~
0·4
~
0·2
~ \ ~ :-- 0·2
!\...
..,~ ..tllf/J ~~
0·5 t·O 2·0

f/H
5·0
~
10
-'20 50 100
0
()-1
::;::::::,....
C>2 0·5 1·0 2·0
%/H
5·0
r-. ....
10
'
20 50 100
(a) (b)
-W. xj~~(L~H~O.){w I I x/H •3(L•HcotoJ I2H I
1\Fx/H
1·2 f-!:-1 I
'ftr"'"
I
l 1.
l , :.:., .
I
'~ ..:~..
1·0 1·0
8
,, '"
I
0·4 I 0· 4
. I L/H•5
~ 3r-.. l: H ·~ I
0·2 0·2
1r-.. r-..1"
3 I
v 0~ f-.!.,.: f.-
0
()-1 ()-2 0·5 1·0
~
2·0 5·0
~
10
I
20 50
I
100
0 ·5 1·0 2·0 5-() 10 20 50 1qo
%/H !/H
(c) (d)

a-75° , \1=10. 3 (Perloff et al, 1967).
EHBANXHENT ON EIAS'riC FOUNDATION 219
~ xjH•(L•Hcota..I/2H_
xfH
1·0 1·0
~~~:
0·8 0·8 z~
f/H
. 0·6 0·6 ...... .

C7yYH
0·4
i--1- 1--
" " 3
1'\L H•5
~
0 ·4
..... i'L • ::>
~ ~ ~ ·
0·2
'-'IS:: 0·2 '-'~:>:
()-5 0·5 ~
p ~ ~ I l"i ~
0 0
·0·1
I -0·1
C>-1 C>-2 0·5 10 20 50 10 20 ~ 100 0·1 ()-2 ()-5 1·0 2·0 5-Q 1() 20 50 100
!/H !{H
(a) (b)
j.J.f 11/H•(L•Hc:otCl)jH 1
xjHo3(L•Hc:otC)f2H
~ . . /H
~lH~
1·0
CL•HQIUI)/H T
1·0
~
J(L•HcctaJ~. '
0·8 !/H 0 ·8
/H
0
(1.
"vH0 ·4
L/H•5
:;;;, ~
0 ·2
~ 0· ~ r-..
0 ·2
,..... t'tf.·~
0' ~ 1-' 0· ~
0
I
0
I p
·0· 1
C>-1 ()-2 ()-5 1·0 2-() 5·0 10 20 50 100 -o·1()-1 ()-2 o-5 1·0 2·0 5·0 10 20 50 100
ZjH 2/H
(c) (d)
FIG.10. 31 Horizontal stress along selected vertical sections.

a~1s•, v-o.J (Perloff et al, 1967).
I
-~~.~~~-~r
220 EHBANXJJENTS AND SLOPES
1
l
1
~ xjH•(L•Hcota.lf2H I
I
1·0
~·~
<L•Hcota>/2~
fH l
0·8
' I" .
1'.
1'\3
!'
l
0 ·2
'-~~
~C" ~
·O·l)., 0 ·2 0 ·5 1-Q 2·0 5 ·0 10 20 50 100 ()-5 1·0 2-0 5-() 10 20 50 100

!/H 1/H
(a) (b)
I. xfH•'<l•Hcota)/H II X~(L•Hcota)/2H
~~-~ ~ .-··
I!
1·0 ~ jH,
0 ·I! 2/H 0·8
Z/H
311..-Hcot~
I l
0·
a-~
•
I
0·
L/H•5
.,;, L/H •
-
0 ·2 0·2
s 1 ~ :e ......
0
:::!::; ..;::: I'" r-r
Oi5 0-5
·O
.1:):, 0·2 0-5 1·0 2-0 5·0 10 20 50 100 Q-5 1•0 2-0 5-() 10 20 50 100
Z{H !/H
(c) (d)
FIG.l0.32 Horizontal stress along selected vertical sections.

a-30•, ~.3 (Perloff et al , 1967).
EKBANKJ!ENT ON E~IC FOUNDATION 221
~
x/H•(L•Hcctalf2H
/H
~
1·0 ~._rxl
lfH 0·8 L•..........,.,.,
0·8
1"'- lJH
0·6
CT'YYH - f-
i\ i\
i\ L H• ~
""
0·4
0·2
- N
~ ........
i\
.....
0·2
"
~~
"\
f-'1'5
I~H·~
3
.....
0·~ 1·0 2·0 s-o 10 20 50 100 o-~ 10 20 ~-() 10 20 100
Z/H 2/H
(a) (b)
'x{H•(L•Hci:ltal /H ~H•3(L•Hcotal/2H
IJ.j xf~
~ X~
~~
·0 1·0
IH
0 ·e
(L•HcotQ)JH!
0·8 3(L•HcotQ)/2H !
I
I /H
0~ lfH
O"yyH
0 -4
L H•
L r--
~-~
0 ·2 0·2
~ :-.... r-- ...-:~
0·5 ..., ... ,i ~ 1/ cr- ~
0 0·5
I I I
·O ·1()-1 ()-2 1·o 2-o s-o 20 50 100 O·S 1·0 2·0 5·0 10 20 50 100
Z/H Z/H
(c) (d)
FIG.l0.:33 HoriZontal stress alonq selected vertical sections.

aa45°, v-o.3 (Perloff et al, 1967).
222 EMBANKHENTS AND SLOPES
~IJ"'
xfH • ( L•Hart~a..;.!.)/2~~~-H-t+-+t+ti-f-+-+-t-+-1-H-H+ti
f-1'1 T
H H--1.----r--xfHI--f-1-++-HH-tti-+t-~H-+++t-+tttH
~= ~~-L~
1·0
+-+-+-+++H+++++-1-+-H-++-+-IH+H
0·8
2/H
1'\.
- \
i\_ L/H•5
1\
0·61--1-+-t++t-:F++-t!"''rl'\-+-t-H+t-ttiitt--+--H+tt-1-t++H
O''YVH "LJH•5
o-41-1-l-.W:f:t::l=t+~~~~-W~+--W+t-1+-~-l+l
i\3
3
0·2
0
i-
"1
0·2
0
- ..... 1 ........
16:5'--1-P ·0·1 ""'::S
·0·1Q:1 0·2 0·5 1·0 2·0 5·0 10 20 50 100 0·1 0·2 0·5 1·0 2·0 5·0 10 20 50 100
zJH %/H
(a) (b)
x/H• (L•Hart lll/H!......H-HH+-+-1-ttt+--t-+1-+-t-H-+-t-1+1 t- xJH•3(L•Hcct al/2H

1-'--l ~. I
1·0 :IIT"/H-++--+-+++++-+++-+-++++++++++1 1·0 jxJH
r~~··~+-+--H-+t+-t+t+t+-H-+-t+t-H+tti
\ lH
08 0·8 3(l•Hcotll)/2H!
I
0·6 0·6 lttt.
CT"fvH
i'i(.
'\:--,
- H•
0·4
0·2
L •5
..... /" 55:~ .....
~3-
0 t--+-+-+-t,-+++++H+- 0·
T
"' b- 0 ""' ::11
I
i
1---..:
'0"b-1 0·2 0·5 1·0 2·0 5·0 10 20 50 100 ·0·1Q.,_ 0·2 0 5 10 2-Q 5-Q 10 20 50 100
2./H 2./H
(c) (d)
FIG.l0.34 Horizontal stress along selected vertical sections.

a=60°, v=o.3 (Perloff et al, 1967).
EHBANICJ!ENT ON ElASTIC FOUNDATION 223
x~• (L•Hc:otC1)/2H
ref.
/H L
H
.. I
·}
-
o(l 1 ·0
~
0 ·8 0 ·8
I
'\ /H
0
'I\. '\.
YYH \. 1'\ /H•5
i\
0 jH • 5
~ 1\ "\
.... 1\
,... ~
0 ·2 1- 0 ·2
r-.
'\. I
0
\...1 r-
0
iI .,J.....
·5.._ II f--"1
-o ·2o-1 o-2 0-5 1·0 2·0 5 ·0· 10 20 50 100 -o ~·1 o-2 0-5 1·0 2·0 5~ 10 20
!/H l fH
(a) (b)
x{H• (L•Hc:ot C1)jH I xpi • llL•HCot C1){2F4
0~--v·~ ~
I
I "'"
1·
~
0 -e ~(L•HcotC11/H
i
1·0
0·8
\
3(L•H cot(l)nt4__j
H
/H I I ~
I
-e
0 ·2
·4
IK
IH• 5
0•2
L .
\r'-.. 3 It? ~ { ~
r-.. f.! ~ 0
~ 0· I ~
0 ~·5 I I
-o ,_0'.., -0·1
0·2 0-5 1·0 2·0 5~ 10 20 50 100 1>1 1>2 0·5 1•0 2·0 . 5 ·0 10 20 50 100
2./H Z{H
(e) (d)
FIG.lO. 35 Horizontal stnss alooq selected veRic:&l sections.

cl-1s•, ~.3 (Perloff et al, 1967).
l
I
224 EJUJANXNEN'l'S AND SLOPES 1
'f
{
ajH • (LoHll2.. xJH • 3(L•Hl/4H
.,.. ~
~
0·30 0·30
xfH
lGAO~·
0· 2!5
0 · 210
,.. fH
.,,"
At
\\ 1\ >.'
'I I
.,YH ""'- i\
0· ... V.
17/',. I'\\
) I\
l
\ \t. H• !S
0 · 10
'/ \
0 · 10 , \
.;:: '\ .., ..L/H•S ~·
0·
~
' -" II ; ......
1-n
'I I I 0
O ()-1 0·2 O·S 1·0 2-() S·O 10 20 ~ 100 o-1 02 OS 10 20 5-0 10 20 ~ 100
flH f{H
(a) (b)
I I XJH•CL•H)jH x/H • 3(1.•Hlj2H

)
0 ·30 1-Y "'~
0·30 f-Y xfH
0·25
~.
x.M
A
R 1
7 ;y,
k:
'\
0·25
20
~~
3(~·
I \
\ \ 15
\ \
0·10 0· 10 1.fH• 5
1'\ [\ L{H•S- '(!) "\
I. rt 1/
1\
bl-
' f....HIII
i
"\[J Ill
.......
Ill 0·
1/!J
1111: ~
[I t'l. t-Q..
H{ 1---
3
~ 100 0 0·1 0·2 0·5 1·0 2·0 5·0 10 20 100

0·5 1·0 10 20
Z/H
(c) (d)
FIG.l0.36 Shear stress alone; selected vertical sections.

a.=4s•, \):o().3 (Perloff et al, 1967).
El!BANKHENT ON EIAS'l'IC FOUNDA'l'ION
225
,.o r--1---1--~1---,.----..,
10.2.2 FOUNDATION OF FINITE DEPTH
Clough and Woodward (1967) have considered the
particular case of an embankment-foundation system
shown in Fig.l0.37. While only one geometry is con-
sidered, the influence of varying the foundation mod-
ulus on the stresses and displacements are
investigated.
FIG.l0.38 Stresses at ba:se of eml:lanlcment (Clough and

Woodward, 1967).
FIG.l0.37 Embankment on layer considered by Clough

and Woodward (1967).
The distribution of stress at the base of the

. embankment, expressed in dimensionless form, is shown
in Fig.l0.38 for various values of E1/E2 • It should
be noted that the vertical stress a3 is independent
of this ratio, according to the results of.Clough and IP"
Woodward. This may not however be generally true.
The distributions of horizontal and vertical dis-
placement at the base of the embankment are plotted in
dimensionless form in Fig.l0.39.
Another case has been considered by Dingwall and
Scrivner (1954) in which an embankment and a found- _,
ation having identical elastic properties are consid-
ered. and contours of average normal stress (a:faz)/2
and maximum shear stress Tma:z: within the system are
given.
Ipz
An approximate method for obtaining the normal
stresses within and beneath an embankment resting on
a semi-infinite mass or a finite layer, has been
described by Mirata (1969).
4
o~~().~1~~~;2~0~·3~~~~A---o~a~~~---~~~---~==~
...,. ...... .... ~ ().7 0·8
%
,_
FIG.l0.39 Displacements at base of embankment

(Clouqh and Woodward, 1967).
p • 5.55 1!!, I
E1 p
226 EHBllNKHENTS AND SLOPES
10.3 Infinite Slope St%'esses due to e:J:tema7. 1-oading:

a%' Z'qo(a cosljl+b sinw-c cossw-.d sin31jl)
. • • (10.4a)
a9 Pqo(Ja coslji+Jb sinljl+e cos31jl+d sin31jl)
. • • (10.4b)
T%'
9 = Pqo(a sinw-.b cosljl+c sinJw-.d cos31jl)
0 • • • (10.4c)
where a =
16sinljl 1 cos 31jl 1
cos3ljlt
b
OA is vtlr-tical 16cosljl 1 sin~ljl 1
OB is bist:ctor-
c = - --=l~-
16cos31jll
1
FIG.l0.40
This problem was solved by Fillunger (1912) in

terms of the more general problem of a semi-infinite
wedge (Fig.l0.40). Solutions were obtained f.or
stresses due to the weight of the wedge and for
stresses due to external loading, increasing linearly
with radius, on one side of the wedge. Sidtl slopcr cr: 1
{Ch ~ • ar-ctan a)
S~esses due to ~eight:

Unit Wtllght • Y
z
a
%'
= :z-y[{a+cosa)aosljl + (b+sina)sinljl
FIG.l0.4l
-c cossw-.d sin31jl] (10.3a)
a9 = :zrt[(3a+eosa)cosljl + (3b+sina)sinljl
+ a cos31jl+d sin31jl] (10.3b)
T%' = :zrt{a sinw-.b cosljl + c sin31jl - d cos31jl) For the specific case of an infinite slope with
9 a horizontal surface (Fig.lO .41), Gooduian and Brown
(10.3c) (1963) obtained the following solutions, in terms of
Cartesian coordinates:
where a = _ cosa sin3Wt
2(sinWt+Bin31jltJ
b = sine. cos311!t a: =
e =
d =-
• • • (lO.Sa)
INFINITE SLOPE 227
lii!j ~
A ~
/1 ~ f/1 FIG.l0.42 Vertical stresses in infinite slope
/. V!J 'I, l (Goodman and Brown, 1963),
/I, '/ 'I
'/ / I I
=3.; '3/2~ l ~ 1
// I
/ / I I I I
/ /
-3.2 -2 4 -1·6 -o-8 o 0·8 1·6 2-4 3·2 4-o
x/z
1·J -1
t'~
o-j ,.
a~
Yz /
....-::; ~
V': ::;..... /-: y
/ v/
v
v
y
~
~
?I, .......
;-
----
;;;-
'
,
,
FIG.l0.43 Horizontal stresses in infinite slope
(Goodman and Brown, 1963).
~ ~ ~1(/
/ ~
f-'Jl ~ )/
O• 2 A~
I ·2
/I I / I
I
-3·2 -2-4 -1-e -o 8 o o·e 1-s 2·4 3·2 4-o ""
x/z
_J24
I
I
q<
...ll~ ~ -o-20 I"
FIG.l0.44 Shear stresses in infinite slope
~t-.. I (Goodman and Brown, 1963).
-C>-16
~ft-.
A
.A 7
- ~ ~~
~~
-Qo12
lA 'I II ' ~~
I
I
I
I
~ --
IV
-
~ ~ 22I
228 EIIBANJCNENTS AND SIIJPES
where A, lJ. are Lame •s parameters

A = --"::~:.....-
(l+v) (1-2VJ
E
lJ = G =
2(1+V)
D~sionless plots of the stresses for various

values of slope a and dimensionless coordinates
zh obtained by Goodman and Brown are shown in Figs.
10.42 to 10.44. Note that the stresses are independ-
end of the elastic parameters.
Goodman and Brown suggest that the above solutions
may be used to determine the stresses in a slope which
is constructed incrementally. Referring to Fig.l0.45,
the overall stresses at a point c after construction
(lO.Sc) of a layer (2) on the top of the original slope (1)
can be calculated, using coordinates (z2 ~z 2 J of C
referred to the top of·layer 2. The original stress-
es at C can be calculated using coordinates (zhz 1 J
of C referred to the top of the original slope.
The stresses due to the construction of layer 2 may
then be obtained by subtraction of the original
stresses from the final values.
Using the above approach, the stresses (and hence
the displacements) due to construction of a slope in
+ az(=+az)(3A+2yJ + (=+az)z [A{4a2+1) any number of increments. may be detemined. Layers
2 of.different densities may be considered also,
2(1+a 2 ) 2(l+a2)
although the resulting solutions will only be approx-
imate as a variation of density implies a variation in
moduli, and such a variation would in fact render the
solution for a homogeneous slope invalid.
••• (lO.Sd) Coordinates or C for original slope.( x,, z,>

Coordincltlts or C for final configuratian•(x 2~z 2 >
-------~
~= Laygr (2)
Original slope (, )
• (a-3a 2z-4a:x:J + z(=+az) £Afl+4a 2J

2(l+a2 )
FIG.l0.45 Application of theory to incremental
Construction (Goodman and Brown, 1963).
2
+ (=+az)z£Af4a,.+Sa 2+7)+2lJ.(2a,.+3a +3)]
2(1+a 2 l
2
a(3A+2uJ(=+azJ £n z 2+z 2 }
2(1+az)2 (=+az)z
(lO.Se)
Chapter 11
AROUND UNDERGROUND
OPENINGS
11.1 Unlined Openings Pz 3a~ 2a 2

ra = - -(1 - - r~ + -)sin26
T
r2
••• (11.3)
2
Due to uniform horizontal loading Px per unit

11.1.1 CIRCULAR TUNNEL IN AN INFINITE MASS area,
(Plane strain) (Fig.ll.l)
Pz( a ) Pz( 3a~ 4a 2
oM
•
= -1 - -
2 r2
- - 1 + -~ - -z)cos26
2 l' l'
(11.4)
P 2 P 3a~
...=.(1 + !L)+ ...=.(1 + -)cos29 (11. S)
2 r 2 2 r~
2
T 6 = p%(1 - Ja" + 2a )sin26 ••• (11.6)
r 2 r" r2
It should be noted that the above solutions apply

·to the plane stress problem of a plate with a circular
hole as well as the plane strain problem of a tunnel.
Terzaghi and Richart (1952) have tabulated and
plotted the normal stresses along the x and z
axes. Stresses for three combinations of loading are
tabulated in Table 11.1 while stresses for N = pxfpz
=0.25 are plotted in Fig.11.2. ·The influence of the
ratio N on the circumferential principal stress is
tttlftttt shown in Fig.ll.3 Stresses abo~e the tunnel along the
the line x=a are shown in Table 11.2.
FIG.ll.l At any point, the vertical and horizontal stress
components are calculated as follows:
a +a
0 r + _
9_ o -o
ah = __ r cos29 + T
0
sin26 • • . (11. 7a)
2 2 r
Due to uniform vertical loading Pz per unit

area,
• • • (11. 7c)
Pz a2 Pz 3a~ 4a 2
2 (1 - r 2) + -;(1 + 7 - -;z) cos2a
(11.1)
p 2 p 3 ~
2. (1 + !L1 - ..1!.(1 + _!L)1 cos29
0
a 2 2
r J 2 r~
(11.2}
229
230 UNDERGROUND OPENINGS
TABLE 11.1
STRESSES ON AXES OF CIRCULAR TIJNNEL
(Terzaghi and Richart, 1g52)
For pz==l.O~ p:;;=O For p z=O ~ p:r;=l. 0 For pz=l.O~ p:;;=0.25

(N=0.25)
Along :::-axis Along :c-axis Along :::-axis Along :-axis Along :::-axis Along :c-axis
(6=0) (9= ]-1 (8=0) (e= j) (6=0) (8= j)
!. ar ae ar ae a:zo ae ar ae av ah ah av
a
1.00 0 -1.000 0 3.000 0 3.000 0 -1.000 0 -O.Z50 0 Z.750
1.05 -0.034 -0.781 0.127 Z.688 0.1Z7 Z.688 -0.034 -0.781 -O.OOZ -O.log 0.118 Z.493
1.10 -0.04Z -0.611 O.Zl5 Z.438 O.Zl5 Z.438 -0.04Z -0.611 +O.OlZ -0.002 O.Z05 2.285
l.ZO -0.013 -0.376 0.318 Z.011 0.318 Z.011 -0.013 -0.376 0.067 +0.14Z 0.315 1.977
1.40 +0.115 -0.135 0.375 1.645 0.375 1.646 +0.115 -0.135 o.zog O.Z76 0.404 1.61Z
1.70 0.315 -0.007 0.339 1.353 0.33g 1.353 0.315 -0.007 0.3g9 0.33Z 0.418 1.351
z.oo 0.46g 0.031 O.Z81 l.Zlg O.Z81 1.2lg 0.469 +0.031 0.539 0.336 0.3g8 l.ZZ7
3.00 0.741 0.037 0.148 1.074 0.148 1.074 0.741 0.037 . 0.778 0.306 0.333 1.083
5.00 o.goz 0.018 0.058 1.02Z 0.058 l.OZZ 0.90Z 0.018 0.917 O.Z73 O.Z83 l.OZ7
TABLE 11.2
STRESSES ABOVE A CIRCULAR TUNNEL ALONG =a (Terzaghi and Richart, lg5z)
!. e a:zo ae •re ah av 'vh
a
A. For vertical load only 0 goo 0 3.000 0 0 3.000 0
0.18 80° 0.04Z 2.781 -o.ozo 0.110 Z.113 -0.4Z7
(p =1.0~ p:c=O)
3 0.36 70° 0.132 2.Z21 -0.137 o.z7g Z.074 -0.550
0.58 60° 0.203 1.547 -0.352 0.234 1.516 -0.406
0.78 52° o.zzg 1.071 -0.527 0.038 1.263 -O.Z81
1.00 45° O.Z50 0.750 -0.625 -0.125 1.125 -0.250
1.38 36° 0.324 0.463 -0.634 -0.19Z o.g78 -0.26Z
1.73 30° 0.4ZZ 0.328 -0.568 -0.141 0.8gl -O.Z44
Z.75 20° 0.661 0.160 -0.384 -O.DZ8 0.84g -0.133
5.67 10° 0.8gg 0.045 -0.181 0.009 o.g35 -O.OZ4
co 0 1.000 0 0 0 1.000 0
0 goo 0 -1.000 0 0 -1.000 0
B. For horizontal load
only 0.18 80° -O.OlZ -0.810 o.ozo -0.007 -o.7g6 0.111
0.36 70° -0.015 -0.337 0.137 0.035 -0.388 -0.001
(p =0, p =1.0) 0.58 60° +0.047 0.203 0.35Z 0.3gl -0.141 -O.Z44
z :c 0.78 52° 0.150 0.550 0.5Z7 0.81Z -0.113 -0.3Zl
1.00 45° O.Z50 0.750 0.6Z5 1.125 -0.1Z5 -0.250
1.38 36° 0.331 0.883 0.634 l.Zg6 -0.081 -0.067
1.73 30° 0.3Z8 0.922 0 •.568 l.Z65 -0.016 O.OZ7
Z.75 zoo o.zzz 0.957 0.384 1.118 0.062 0.058
5.67 100 0.071 0.985 0.181 l.OZO o.oog 0.004
co 0 0 1.000 0 1.000 0 0
0 goo 0 Z.750 0 0 Z.750 0
c. For biaxial loading 0.18 80° o.osg Z.578 -0.016 0.109 2.514 -o.3gg
(p =1.0, p:c=0.25J 0.36 70° O.lzg Z.l36 -0.103 o.• Z88 l.g77 -0.55Z
3
(N=0.25)
0.58 60° O.Zl5 1.598 -O.Z64 0.33Z 1.480 -0.467
0.78 5Z 0 0.267 l.zog -0.3g5 O.Z41 1.211 -0.362
1.00 45° 0.313 o·.938 -0.46g 0.156 l.Og4 -0.313
1.38 36° 0.406 0.684 -0.475 0.13Z 0.958 -o.z7g
1. 73 30° 0.504 0.559 -0.4Z6 0.176 0.887 -O.Z37
Z.75 zoo 0.716 0.39g -0'.288 0.251 0.864 -0.118
5.67 100 o.gl6 0.291 -0.136 o.Z64 0.944 -O.OZl
co 0 1.000 O.Z50 0 O.Z50 1.000 0
UNLINED OPENINGS 231
5·0
lllll CTy
I
Pz
CTov=
0
~ a, CTv
-x
FIG~ll.2 Stress distribution around a circular
c tunnel. N-c>.25. (Terzaghi and Richart, 1952)~
3•0
~ I
2·0 \ I 1\
2~0 \
~ IPz ~.gv
1,.o
oa1·~ oz'
Pz 1 0
L JC 0~·0
~- 2·0
·;-·
3·0
10:
4·0 5-0
~~
X
Q
'""'WF
The fo!lowing expressions for displacements are

quoted by Obert and Duval (1967) for combined uniform
vertical and horizontal loading:
+. (P:z:-Pz, ( a,. + 4a 2:~ } v(l+v)

--J r - - -JCOB 26 ·- - - -
12-0 2 ~. r E
1Q-O
IL
8·0
/_
.st. "J~ / • • • (11.8)
Pz 6-0
~
v . z. d' .,__ 1-v2 .·{(Pz-P:z:.l
Pe =
--- -/ "'-i7--
4•0 tangentia 1-Bpt.<Wentent E J
2
2•0
• (r + 2a + a,.~sinze}
2
r-- ~ -1rt ·- v(l+VJ.((P:z:-PZ)
0 ~" 3-N ~ r r3 E 2
~
/' 1--
2•0
0 0-5 1•0 1·5 2·0 2·5 3•0 3·5 4•0 ••• (11.9)
N
FIG.ll. 3 Circumferential principal stress at surface At the surface of the tunnel (r=a)
of circular tunnel as function of N
(Terzaghi and Richart, 1952). 1-v2 { ·
Pr = - a(p +p ) + 2a(p -p )cos2e}
E :t: z :t: z
(11.10)
2
Pe = - -(1-v J{ 2a(p -p Js1.n2e}
. (11.11)
E :t: z
232 1
l
11.1. 2 CIRCtlLAR nJNNEL IN A SEMI-INFINITE MASS

(Fig.11.4) A sinha • • • (ll.l2b)
cosha- cesS
and A = c tanhat
"' a sinhat
Surface
where a 1 is the value of a correspond-
ing t o the boundary of the
tunnel,
c· ••• (11.12c)
case I
On the circular botmdary ( a=a1J,
Diameter D • 2a [a l = 21JA(cosha, - cos8J{ l-cosha 1 cos8 I

8 a=a1 · sinhat (coshat-cosSJ 2
z
1
FIG.ll.4
{
• • • (11.13)
Mindlin (1940) considered the above problem for

three cases of applied loading:
= ne-na1 (sinhnatcoShnat-nsinhatcoBhatJ
Case I: at depth z (remote from the tunnel), Nn sinh 2na1-n2sinh2a 1
Pz =LIZ
The dist.ribution of as arotmd the tunnel is

ph= LIZ
shown in Fig.ll.S for two values of a 1 •
i.e. isotropic gravitational pressure The variation of asfwD at the highest point of
v~ere Ll = unit weight of mass. the tunnel fa=at . ~J with the ratio c/a is shown
in Fig.ll.6 . This figure shows that the disturbing
influence of the upper free boundary is only effective
Case II: at depth z (remote from tunn~l), i f c/a<l.S.
Pz = t.'z Values of as arotmd the tunnel are tabulated
in Table 11 . 3 for three values of v. It should be
ph= " !liZ
i:; noted that for 'J=O. S, cases I and II are identical.
In this case, there is no lateral

deformation remote from the tunnel. Cases II and III
For these cases, the solution for [asla=a1
is obtained by adding the solution for case I to
Case III: at depth z (remote from tunnel), the following expression:
Pz = t.'z
ph"" 0
...
i.e. no lateral restraint of the mass + 4sinhat I TncosnS} + 61.1GAcscha1
remote f~ the tunnel. 11PZ
The solutions obtained by Mindlin were in terms (11.14)
of bipolar coordinates a and 8, which are related
to the cartesian :r: and z coordinates as follows:
where
· A sinS
• • • (11.12a)
cosha -cosB
-4·0
-3·0
\ ""'-.
-2·0
-1·0
" ""'-.
/ 11=0
1"--c:: v..j-
---
0
-2
(a)a,=0·4 (b) a,=2·0
V•0·5 1•0
FIG.ll.S Tangential stress around tunnel ~~

•• 0
( I'< ~ V=~
IS ~ 2·0
(Mindlin, 1940). ~ ~
..
0
30
~ ....._...__
0
"'
;;
> a)C~ll
4•0
0 4·0
r ...........
1?- W:--- ~ r-....4
11=0 3•0
1·0
( ~ :::::::;;..
11:~
~ ~ 1'--... 2·0
~
V:O
["...
~~
........... ~
.~ - ;::::::...--t:::-
.
0
~
-.......: ~
1·0
v:T
~
............
~~ 0
(b) Case m
3·0
~ ::: 2
valuCl ot ~
3 4
4·0 FIG.ll.7 Variation of tangential stre~s at hiqhest

1 2 3 4 point of tunnel vs. c/a. Cases II and III.
Valuers ot t (Mindlin, 1940).
FIG.ll.6 Variation of tangential stress at highest

point of tunnel vs. c/a (Mindlin, 1940),
Case 1.
n(n 2 -1Jsinhna.l The variation of crsf~D at the highest point of

sn =
sinh 2 na 1-n 2si.nh 2a 1 the tunnel (a.=ah 8--rrJ with c/a is shown in
Fig.ll. 7.
tp = sin-1{sinha1si.nS } ' ' Values of crs around the tunnel are tabulated
cosha1-cosS in Table 11.4 for three values of v.
G = ~ for Case II
6(1-V)
1
or G = for Case III.
8
234 . UNDERGROUND OPENINGS
TABLE 11.3
£ae1a=al
VALUES OF (CASE I)
r.JD (Mindlin, 1940)
B
Ill
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
V=O 0.2 1.63 1.35

0.4 1.69 1.07 0.77 0.71 0.69 0.65 0.57 0.49 0.43 0.40
0.6 1.80 1.42 1.13 0.93 0.86 0.76 0.62 0.46 0.34 0.29
0.8 1.96 1.72 1.37 1.20 1.07 0.93 0.74 0.59 0.45 0.40
1.0 2.18 2.01 1.71 1.49 1.33 1.17 0.98 0.80 0.66 o.-61
Case I 1.2 2.46 2.33 2.07 1.84 1.64 1.46 1.27 1.08 0.95 ·o.9o
1.4 2.81 2.71 2.48 2.24 2.03 1.82 1.64 1.45 1.31 1.26
1.6 ·3.25 3.17 2.97 2.73 2.50 2.28 2.07 1.89 1.76 1.71
1.8 3.79 3.72 3.54 3.31 3.07 2.84 2.62 2.44 2.31 2.27
2.0 4.45 4.42 4.22 4.00 3.75 3.51 3.29 3.11 2.98 2.94
V=~ 0.2 1.63 2.18

0.4 1.67 1.05 0.73 0.66 0.66 0.69 0.74 0.78 0.81 0.85
0.6 1.77 1.39 1.02 0.89 0.84 0.79 0.73 0.66 0.60 0.58
0.8 1.93 1.68 1.33 1.16 1.05 0.96 0.83 0.74 0.65 0.62
1.0 2.14 1.97 1.67 1.45 1.31 1.19 1.06 0.93 0.83 0.79
Case I 1.2 2.41 2.29 2.03 1.80 1.63 1.48 1.34 1.19 1.09 1.06
1.4 2.76 2.66 2.44 2.21 2.01 1.84 1.69 1.55 1.43 1.39
1.6 3.19 3.11 2.92 2.69 2.49 2.30 2.13 1.98 1.88 1.84
1.8 3.73 3.66 3.49 3.27 3.04 2.85 2.67 2.52 2.42 2.38
2.0 4.39 . 4.36 4.17 3.96 3.74 3.53 3.34 3.19 3.08 3.05
v=-t 0.2 1.61 3.85

0.4 1.64 0.99 !).63 0.54 0.59 0.78 1.06 1.35 1.58 1.67
0.6 1.73 1.33 0.93 0.80 0.79 0.85 0.95 1.05 1.12 1.15
0.8 1.86 1.61 1.25 1.08 1.01 1.01 1.01 1.04 1.05 1.06
Case I 1.0 2.06 1.89 1.58 1.37 1.28 1.23 1.20 1.18 1.16 1.15
and 1.2 2.32 2.20 1.94 1.73 1.60 1.52 1.46 1.41 1.38 1.37
Case II 1.4 2.66 2.56 2.35 2.13 1.98 1.87 1.81 1.74 1.69 1.67
1.6 3.08 3.00 2.82 2.62 2.46 2.33 2.24 2.16 2.11 2.09
1.8 3.61 3.55 3.39 3.20 3.02 2.88 2.77 2.69 2.63 2.61
2.0 4.26 4.24 4.06 3.88 3.71 3.56 3.44 3.35 3.29 3.27
VALUES OF e (See Fig.11.5) CORRESPONDING TO B FOR POINTS ON CIRCUMFERENCE
B
Ill £
a 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
0.2 1.020 0 121.0 149.4 160.4 166.5 170.4 173.4 175.8 178.0 180.0
0.4 1.081 0 83.6 123~1 142.3 153.5 161.2 167.0 171.8 176.0 180.0
0.6 1.185 0 62.4 102.7 126.5 141.7 152.5 160.9 167.9 174;1 180.0
0.8 1.337 0 49.8 87.6 113.3 131.3 144.6 155.3 164.3 172.3 180.0
1.0 1.543 0 41.8 76.4 102.7 122.3 137.6 150.1 160.9 170.7 180.0
1.2 1.811 0 36.4 68.3 94.1 114.8 131.5 145.5 157.9 169.2 180~0
1.4 2.151 0 32.5 62.1 87.4 108.5 126.2 141.5 155.2 167.8 180.0
1.6 2.577 0 29.7 57.5 82.0 103.3 121.7 138.0 152.8 '166.6 180.0
1.8 3.107 0 27.7 53.9 77.7 99.0 118.0 135.1 150.8 165.6 180.0
2.0 3.762 0 26.1 51.1. 74.3 95.5 114.8 132.5 149.0 164.7 180.0
TABLE 11.4
[afi1a.::a I
VALIJES OF (CASES II AND III)
wD (Mindlin. 1940)
B
a1
0 20 40 GO 80 100 120 140 160 180
\)=0 0.2 -1.22 1.35 o. 17 -0.34 -0.86 -1.76 .-3.04 -4.41 -5.47 --5.87
0.4 -1.22 1.62 1.55 0.70 -0.20 -1. 19 -2.31 -3.40 -4.22 -4.52
(Case II 0.6 -1.25 1.60 2.01 1.62 0.63 -0.55 -1.79 -2.93 -3.73 -4.03
and 0.8 -1.29 1.20 2. 17 2.21 1.37 0.09 -1.31 -2.57 -3.45 -3.77
Case I I I) 1.0 -1.37 0.80 2.54 2.65 2.02 0.70 -0.85 -2.27 -3.27 -3.62
1.2 -1.47 0.48 2.74 3.03 2.63 1. 31 -0.39 -2.'00 -3.14 -3.55
1.4 -1.61 0.22 2.86 3.54 3.28 1.96 0.08 -1.76 -3.07 -3.54
1.6 -1.79 -0.01 2.96 4.19 4.00 2.69 0.60 -1.52 -3.05 -3.60
1.8 -2.03 -0.23 3.08 4.88. 4.84 3.53 1.20 -1.27 -3.09 -3.75
2.0 -2.33 -0.46 3.24 5.65 5.84 4.54 1.91 -1.00 -3.18 -3.98
\) = 1/4 0.2 -0.28 1.09 0.20 -0.18 -0.46 -0.87 -1.42 -2.01 -2.46 -2.63
0.4 -0.27 1.41 1.24 0.65 0.07 -0.53 -1. 19 -1.82 -2.28 -2.45
0.6 -0.26 1. 51 1.65 1.34 0.69 -o.oa ··0.88 -1.60 -2. 1 1 -2.30
0.8 -0.24 1.33 1.87 1.83 1.25 0.40 -0.53 -1.37 -1.95 -2. 16
(Case II) 1.0 -0.22 1. 16 2.22 2.22 1. 77 0.88 -0.16 -1. 12 -1.79 -2.03
1.2 -0.21 1.05 2.47 2.60 2.29 1.38 0.22 -0.86 -1.63 -1.91
1.4 -o. 19 1.00 2.69 3.07 2.85 1.93 0.65 -0.59 -1.48 -1.80
1.6 -0.17 0.99 2.92 3.67 3.49 2.57 1. 14 -0.29 -1.33 -1.71
1.8 -0.15 1.03 3.18 4.32 4.24 3.32 f. 72 0.05 -1. 18 -1.63
2.0 -0.13 1. 10 3.52• 5.06 5.13 4.21 2.42 0.45 -1.02 -1.57
\)=1/4 0.2 -1.23 1.32 0.08 -0.45 -0.92 -1.67 -2.73 -3.85 -4.71 -5.03
0.4 -1.24 1.59 1.50 0.64 -0.23 -1. 14 -2. 15 -3. 11 -3.83 -4.09
0.6 -1.27 ,1.57 1.97 1.57 0.61 -0.52 -1.68 -2.73 -3.47 -3.74
0.8 -1.33 f. 16 2.13 2. 17 1.35 0.11 -1 .2.3 -2.42 -3.25 -3.55
(Case III) 1.0 -1 .41 0.76 2.50 2.61 2.00 0. 72 -0.78 -2.15 -3.10 -3.44
1.2 -1.52 0.44 2.70 3.00 2.62 1.33 -0.33 -1.89 -3.00 -3.39
1.4 -1.66 0.17 2.81 3.50 3.27 1.97 0.13 -1.66 -2.94 -3.40
1.6 -1.85 -0.07 2.91 4. 15 3.99 2.70 0.65 -1 .43 -2.93 -3.48
1.8 -2.09 -0.29 3.03 4.85. 4.83 3.55 1.25 -1. 18 -2.98 -3.63
2.0 -2.39 -0.52 3.19 5.61 5.83 4.56 1.96 -0.92 -3.08 -3.87
\) = 1/2 0.2 -1.25 1.26 -0.08 -0.66 -1.04 -1.50 -2. 10 -2.71 -3. 18 -3.36
0.4 -1.27 1.54 1. 41 0.53 -0:29 -1.05 -1.82 -2.54 -3.06 -3.25
0.6 -1.32 1.51 1.88 1.48 0.57 -0.46 -1.46 -2.34 -2.95 -3. 17
0.8 -I .39 1.09 2.05 2.10 1.32 0.16 -1.05 -2. 12 -2.85 -3.11
(Case I II) 1.0 -1.48 0.68 2.41 2.53 1.97 0.76 -0.63 -1.89 -2.77 -3.08
1.2 -1.61 0.35 2.61 2.92 2.59 1.37 -0.20 -1.68 -2.71 -3.08
1.4 -1.76 0.07 2.72 3.43 3.24 2.01 0.25 -1.46 -2.69 -3. 13
1.6 -1.96 -0.17 2.82 4.08 3.96 2.74 0. 76 -1.25 -2.70 -3.23
1.8 -2.21 -0.40 2.93 4.77 4.80 3.58 1.35 -1.02 -2.76 -3.40
2.0 -2.52 -0.64 3.08 5.54 5.80 4.59 2.05 -0.76 -2.87 -3.65
Note: Case II. v9; and Case I. ~are identical.

See Table 11.3 for location of points on circumference in terms of B.
r
)

l
I
l
ll. l.3 ELLIPTICAL ruNNEL IN AN INFINITE MASS

(Plane strain) (Fig.ll.8)
Pz
! 1111
z
Q Q
t t t tt
(1) (2)
FIG.ll.S
Ter%aghi and Richart (1952) quote the solutions 2 ... 2

of Neuber (1937) which are in terms of elliptical (-z-) + (--:-:---J = l (11.16c)
coordinates a and B. a and B are defined as coshao S1.Mco
follows:
and the major and minor axes are
Case a
Major axis of ellipse in : direction z(:=OJ = c = coshao (11.16d)
(a>c)
: = cosha rinB (ll . lSa) =rz=OJ = a = sinhuo (11.16e)
z = sinha cosB (ll.lSb)
For CaJJe a (a>cJ, and vertical load.ing p~
The equation for the bo\Dldary of the hole
a = E. {sinzza [cosh2a+l-2Be-2a_C(l-e-2a}]
is a 8 h"
z 2 + -- =-)2 • • • (ll.lSc)
(sinhao) (cosh<io =l
+ ~[cosh2a+l-2Be-za_C(l-e- 2a))
hz.
and the major and minor axes are
+ BinhZa[Zsinh2a{l-cosZB}+ 2Ce- 2 a{l+cosZB}
Zh"
=rz=aJ = a = coshao (ll.lSd)
(ll.lSe) • • • (11.17)
z (:=O} = c = rinhao
caseb E. {~[-sinhZa{l-cosZB} - Ce-z.a{l+cosZB}

8 hit
Major axis of ellipse in z direction
(a<c)
- A + 2Be- 2a{co~ZB}l + sin:zs£(-coshZa)
:C = sinha sinS (ll.l6a) h
z = cosha cosa (11.16b)
- l + ZBe-za + C(l-e- 2 a))
--=--~
The equation for the bolDldary of the hole

is + ~cosZ8{-cosh2a-Ce- 2 a+zBe- 2a}
. ••• Continued
..-..,----r--r--~100
1--+--+--1-r-19•0 Jill J
t--t--+-H-18·0
C1v
t--t--+-H-17·0
1--+----'l'-+-+-16·0 &
t--t---ft-+-ff-15-o Of! fer N:0· 25
..._.___, C1
0 1·0 2-0 l'z
Stnzss seal~.
FIG.ll.9 Stresses about elliptical tunnel (a/~) FIG.ll.lO .Circumferential principal stress· at
in homoqeneous stress fields (NaD.25). surface of elliptical tunnel (a/~).
(Terzaghi and Richart, 1952). (Terzaghi and Richart, 1952).
5•0 5·0
I
4•0 4•0
tz I -
C'lv -
z
3•0
eli.
C1
3·0
-
- -~- -
1--
2c
2
a, - x_ ~
.
ii p;
2•0
~\ 2•0
\ \
~ov
1·0 1·0
~J r-.. l.g,
2 ·0
C1 1·c
! L ""\r-- f-- r-
!z 0 x...J~·O 2·0 3·0 4•0 5· 0
' X
~'-
FIG.ll.ll Stresses abo~t elliptical tunnel (a/c-2.0)

in homogeneous stress fields (N-o.25).
(Terzaghi and Ri~, 1952).
238 UNDERGROUNb OPENINGS
+ cosh2a.- Ce- 2 '1} ••• (11.18)
T = E. { 2Bin2 2B[-Zainh2a.-4Be- 2a.+2Ce- 2a.]

a. 8 h - 2Be· 2 a.} +A + sinh2a{1-cos26}
- Ce· 2 a{1+cos26}- .2Be- 2 <lcos26]
+ si~! 8 [sinh2a{l+cosh2a.-2Be· 2 a.
2
- si~ZB [2sinh2a.+2(C+2B)e· 2 a.]}
. h
(11.24)
= _ e2a.o _ e:-2ao
where A 1
(11.19) 2 2
B = ! - e2a.o - e"a.o
where A = -l-cosh2a.o 4 2 4
B .k2a.o+ ! - e'+a.o
2 4 .4
c = l + e2a.o
and the distortion factor h is determined by
h2 = sinh 2 a. + sin 2 B.
and the distortion factor h is determined by
h2 = sinh 2 a.+cos 2 6. As with the circular tunnel, the above solutions
also apply to an elliptical hole in a thin plate.
At any point of the surface of the elliptical
hole. a. is equal to a. 0 , hence Stresses along the axes of the tunnel have been
tabulated and plotted by Terzaghi and Richart (1952)
for a/c=0. 5 and 2.0, and are reprOduced in Tables
(11.20) ll.S and 11.6 and in Figs. 11.9 to 11.11.
To obtain the resultant stress produced by hori-
At the top of the hole, for which s--o, zontal and vertical stress fields at any point in the
taaJ= -p, while on the :-axis, B=n/2 and material surrounding an elliptical tunnel having a
~a.o
span-to-height ratio of at/c 1 ~ it is necessary to
solve the two component problems first. The stresses
8=0 are determined along the : and z axes for a tunnel .
having span-to-height ratio a 1/c1 (case a) and then
p(l+2cotha.o) = p(l+2
. ff.J
c • • • (11.21) for the tunnel having this ratio= c 1 /at(case b).
For Case b (a<c), and vertic~ loading P~

2
aa = E. { [sin
8
28
~ - --p--
4cos2B] [l-cos
. h2a.+2Be - 2 a.
+ C(l+e· 2 a.)] + ~ [2A+2sinh2a.-2ce· 2 a.

2h..
+cos2${-2sinh2a.-4Be· 2 a.-2ce· 2 a}]}
•• • (11 ."22)
a(/ = E.{~ [-A-sinh2a{l-cos26} + ce· 2 a.

I> 8 h ..
2
{l+cos26}+ 2Be· 2 acos26]+ h [cosh2a.
4
• {l-cos26} + Ce· 2 a{l+cos26} + 2Be· 2 a
. cos26]- si~: 26 r1~ cosh2a+2Be· 2 a

TABLE 11.5 11.1.4 A NEARLY RECTANGULAR TUNNEL IN AN

STRESSES ON AXES OF ELLIPTICAL TUNNEL INFINITE MASS .(Fig.ll.l2)
a/Cfta(). s
pz-1. 0 pz=C pz=l.O
!.or~
a a a,
P:=O
a.It av
p~l.O
ah
N=0.2S
a, ah r
OJ~
(a) Stresses along the z-axis
2.00 0 -1.000 0 5.000 0 0.250
2.03 -0.042 - 0.790 0.254 4.423 0.021 0.316
2.06 -0.565 -0. 636 0. 421 3.974 0.049 0.357
2.12
2.35
-0.039 -0.413
0.155 -0.102
0.630 3.281
0.746 2.155
0.118
0. 341
0.408
0.437 I I Wg
2.88 0.491 0.017 0.547 1.470 0.628 0.385

4.67
7 .89.
""
0.828 0.019
0.943 0.008
1.000 0
0.192 1.114
0.065 1•.035
0 1.000
0.876
0.959
1.000
0.298
0.266
0.250
t
FIG.ll.l2
(b) Stresses along the :-axis
1.00 2.000 0 -1.000 0 1.750 0
1.06 1.925 0. 028 -0.900 -0.013 1.700 0.025
1.11 1.859 0.069 -0.814 -0.021 1.656 0.064 Obert and Duval (1967) SIJIIIII3.1'iz:e the results of
1.23 1.747 0.092 -0.657 -0.026 1.583 0.085 Brock for the boundary stress around a square tunnel
1.59 1.476 0.166 -0.311 0.023 1.398 0.172 with rounded corners. These results are plotted in
2.30 1.219 0.188 - 0. 030 0.234 1.211 0. 247 Fig.ll.13.
4.33 1.043 0.099 0.055 0.660 1.057 0.264
7.70 1.010 0.038 0.028 0.875 1.017 0.257
"" 1.000 0 0 1.000· 1.000 0.250
(Terzaqhi and Richart, 1952)
TABLE 11.6
STRESSES ON AXES OF ELLIPTICAL TUNNEL .
a/c=2.0
Pz~l.O pz=C pz=l.O
p;r!"fl P:=l.O N=0.25
!.or~ av ah av ah av ah
g a
(a) Stresses along the a-axis
0.50 0 -1.000 0 2.000 0 -0.500
0.53 -0.013 -0.900 0.028 1.925 -0.006 -0.419
0.56 -0.021 -0.814 0.069 1.859 -0.003 -0.349
0.61 -0.026 -0.657 0.092 1.747 -0.003 -0.221
0.80 0.023 - 0.311 0.166 1.476 0.065 0. 058
1.15 0.234 - 0.030 0.188 1.219 0.281 0.274
2.17 0.660 0.055 0.099 1. 043 0.685 0.316
3.85 0.875 0.028 0.038 1.010 0.885 0.280
"" 1.000 0 0 1.000 1.000 0.250
(b) St.r esses along the :-axis ,_

1.00 5.000 0 -1.000 0 4.750 0
1.01 4.423 0.254 -0 .790 - 0.042 4.226 0.243 1'1.
1.03 3.974 0.421 -0.636 -0.057 3.815 0.407
1.06 3.281 0.630 -0.413 -0 . 039 3.178 0.621
1.18 2.155 0.746 -0.102 0.155 2.129 0.785 FIG.ll.l3 Bolm4&ry stress uoUDd square open.inq with
1.44 1.470 0.547 0.017 0.491 1.474 0.670 rounded corners (Obert aDd Duvall, 1967).
2.33 1 .114 0.192 0.019 0. 828 1.119 0.399
3.94 1.035 0.065 0.008 0.943 1.036 0.301
"" 1.000 0 0 1.000 1.000 0.250
(Terzaqhi and Richart, 1952)
240 UNIERGROuND OPENINGS
For a rectangular tunnel with rounded corners,

the maxiiiiUIII stress around the t .u nnel (obtained by at- an= ap cosh2~ cosZ(n-8J + a2 p{(l-cosZ8J
Heller, Brock and Bart, 1958) is shown in Fig.ll.l4
for various values of r/fl0 and HofW0 • • (cosZn-l)sinhZ~-coshZt cos28
+ cosZ (n-8J - cosh2t sin28 sin2rJ}
••• (11.25)
7,-----.---~~--~----~-----,
•tn = -lpa sinhZt sinUB-nJ
+ 1pa2 {sinhZt sinZB(cosZn-1)
+ (1-cosZSJ(coshZt-lJsinZn}
(11.26)
where a= (cosh2~-cos2n)- 1
and the elliptical coordinates are
related to the Cartesian
10~--~~--~~--~~--~----~
0·1 0·2 0·3 0-4 0~
corodinates as
r z = c cosh~ cosn
Wo z = c sinht sinn
FIG.ll.l4 MaXimum stress for reetanqular openings
with rounded corners (Heller, Brock and Bart,
On the surface of the crack, E;=O and cosn = c.
:J:
1958). For the case of a crack subjected to pure shear

q per unit area,
a~ = q(coshZ~-1)(a-a 2
JsinZn (11.27)
2
a
n = q[a (cosh2E;-1)-a(coshZE;+l))sinZn (11.28)
•tn
2
= q[acosZn-a (1 -cosZnJ)sinhZE; ... (11.29)
11.1.5 FLAT ELLIPTICAL CRACK IN AN INFINITE
MASS (Fig.ll.l5)
For an uniaxial stress field p perpendicular
to the plane of the crack, the vertical displacement
at the surface of the crack is ·
••• (11.30)
11.1.6 SPHERICAL CAVIT'f IN AN INFINITE MASS

(Fig.ll.l6)
-E ) X
I z
FIG.ll.lS
For a unifom stress field p per unit area

inclined at an angle 8 to the plane of the crack,
Jaeger and Coole (1969) quote the following results in
terms of elliptical coordinates ~ and n:
aE; + an =p cosZB + ap[(1-cosZ8Jsinh2~

·~~---·~ · - 8'inZ8 S'inZn·J~· .-::~(11.25)~-~.~~--~ FIG.ll.l6
Terzaghi and Richart (1952) quote the following The stresses along the axes of the cavity are
solutions obtained by Neuber (1946) for uniform ver- given in Table 11.8 for v=0.2. The case of uni-
tical loading p 3 per unit area: axial loading {pz=l.. P:;r;-py=:?_J and triaxial loading
for N=0.2S {p~1 .. P=--py=0.2S) are considered.
36B (B+a)C ) • 26+ + 24B 2A
aR = [ -p
z --+---
Rs Ra
s-z.n pz -Rs
--
Ra
TABLE 11.8
(6+2a)C STRESSES ALONG TiiE AXES OF A
• • • (11.31) SPHERICAL CAVITY (v=O. 20)
Ra
Along the z-axis Along thev:-axis
re=OJ re= -;J
li a·
••• (11.32) a cp
(a) For the case pz-1. 0.. P=--py=O
acf>
= ess
Rs
+ 3(1-a)C]
Ra
sinze- 12B + :1. + (2a-1JC
Rs Ra Ra 1.00 0 -0.500 0 2.000 0
1.05 -0.025 -0.352 0.080 1.804 -0.020
• • • (11.33) 1.10 -0.012 -0.245 0.130 1.654 -0.033
1.20 0.068 .-0.113 0.177 1.446 -0.044
Tre = [ -p
2 + 24B (a-4)C] •
Rs +---;;--- s-z.necose; Tecp=O;TRcf>=O 1.40 0.279 -0.004
1. 70 0.530 0.031
0.179
0.133
1.231
1.104
-0.045
-0.033
••• (11.34) 2.00 "().688 0.031 0.094 1.054 -0.023
2.50 0.829 0.022 0.054 1.024" -0.013
in which 3.00 0.897 0.014 0.034 1.012 -0.008
R.. e.. and are the polar co-ordinates 6.00 0.986 0.002 0.005 1.001 -0.001
a= 2(1-vJ
cf>
... 1.000 0 0 1.000 0
pz= ~he uniformly distributed vertical (b) For the case pz=l.O.. p=--py=o.2s {N=0.2SJ
stress
A_ (2+Sa) 1.00 0 0 0 1.875 0.375
- - 2(4+Sa) Pz 1.05 0.016 0.094 0.094 1.711 0.343
1.10 0.053 0.158 0.160 1.584 0.320
B = ..Ez_ 1.20 0.15.6 0.238 0.238 1.407 o. 289
4+Sa 1.40 0.368 0.293 0.248 1.219 0.262
1.70 0.597 0.298 Q.299 1.103 0.251
c = ...EE.z. 2.00 0.735 0.289 0.289 1.056 0.248
4+Sa
2.50 0.855 0.274 0.274 1.026 0.248
3.00 0.914 0.270 0.267 1.014 0.249
The results from the above equations for the uni- 6.00 0.989 0.252 0.252 1.002 0.250
axial stress field may be superposed to obtain the 1.000 0.250 0.250 1.000 0.250
results for biaxial or triaxial stress fields. It
should be noted that, in contrast to the plane strain (Terzaqhi and Richart, 1952)
cases of a circular or an elliptical hole,·the stress-
es in this case are dependent on v. Stresses above the spherical cavity, along the
line z=:a, have been tabulated by Terzaghi and Richart
The influence of v on the tangential stress ae (1952) ·for v=0.2, and are reproduced in Table 11.9.
has been evaluated by Terzaghi and Richart for a point
A on the equator, at mid-height of the cavity, and at The stresses above a spherical cavity for the
the centre C of the roof of the cavity. The case N=0.2S and ·v=0.2 are plotted in Fig.ll.l7.
results are shown in Table 11.7.
TABLE 11.7
INFLUENCE OF v ON STRESSES
AROUND SPHERICAL CAVITY
'
aelpz aelpz
v
at A at C
0 1.929 -0.214
0.20 2.000 -0.500
0.30 2.045 -0.682
0.50 2.167 -1.167
TABLE 11.9
STRESSES ABOVE A SPHERICAL CAVITY ALONG THE LINE .:c=a {V=(). 20)
(Terzaghi and Richart, 1952)
li !. aR ae a$ -rre ah a
v Tvh
a a
(a) For the case 1.00 0 0 2.000 0 0 0 2.000 0
1.05 0.32 0.071 1.603 -0.051 -0.086 0.163 1.511 -0.375
p =1.0, p ~ =0 1.324 -0.070 -0.193 0.183 1.261 -0.330
z ::: y 1.10 0.46 0.120
1.20 0.66 0.144 0.970 -0.065 -0.357 0.067 1.046 -0.242
1.40 0.98 0.228 0.626 -0.025 -0.496 -0.073 0.927 -0.189
1.70 1.37 0.393 0.402 0.009 -0.506 -0.082 0.877 -0.160
2.00 1.73 0.539 0.287 0.018 -0.460 -0.048 0.875 -0.121
2.50 2.29 0.705 0.182 0.016 -0.383 -0.015 0.901 -0.069
3.00 2.83 0.801 0.125 0.012 -0.323 -0.003 0.929 -0.039
6.00 5.92 0.959 0.030 0.002 -0.165 0.001 0.988 -0.003
CD
"' 1.000 0 0 0 0 1.000 0
(b) For the case 1.00 0 0 -0.500 -0.500 0 0 -0.500 0

1.05 0.32 -0.015 -0.144 -0.310 0.086 0.023 -0.182 -0.032
p =1.0, p =p =0 0.013 0.084 -0.208 0.193 0.171 -0.074 -0.153
::: z y 1.10 0.46
1.20 0.66 0.101 0.364 -0.092 0.357 0.510 -0.046 -0.260
1.40 0.98 0.230 0.601 -0.024 0.496 0.908 -0.077 -0.195
1.70 1.37 0.271 0.733 -0.011 0.505 1.054 -0.051 -0.064
2.00 1.73 0.242 0.799 -0.010 0.460 1.058 -0.017 -0.011
2.50 2.29 0.178 0.863 -0.008 0.383 1.034 0.007 0.009
3.00 2.83 0.129 0.902 -0.006 0.323 1.019 0.012 0.009
6.00 5.92 0.032 0.974 -0.001 0.165 1.002 0.004 0.001
CD CD
0 1.000 0 0 1.000 0 0
(c) For the case 1.00 0 0 0 2.000 0 0 0 0

1.05 0.32 0.080 -0.020 1.804 0 0.071 -0.011 0.029
py=1. 0, pz--pz=O 1.10 0.46 0.130 -0.033 1.654 0 0.102 -0.004 0.062
1.20 0.66 0.177 -0.044 1.446 0 0.109 0.023 0.102
1.40 0.98 0.179 -0.045 1.231 0 0.069 0.065 0.112
1.70 1.37 0.133 -0.033 1.104 0 0.024 0.076 0.079
2.00 1.73 0.094 -0.023 1.054 0 0.006 0.065 0.051
2.50 2.29 0.054 -0.013 1.024 0 -0.003 0.043 0.025
3.00 2.83 0.034 -0.008 1.012 0 -0.004 0.030 0.013
6.00 5.92 0.005 -0.001 1.001 0 -0.001 0.004 0.009
co
"' 0 0 1.000 0 0 0 0
(d) For the case 1.00 0 0 1.875 0.375 0 0 1.875 0

1.05 0.32 0.087 1.560 0.320 -0.065 0.187 1.463 -0.374
Pz=l.O, 1.10 0.46 0.156 1.337 0.292 -0.145 0.251 1.242 -0.353
1.20 0.66 0.213 1.050 0.274 -0.268 0.222 1.041 -0.281
p:::~y=0.25 1.40 0.98 0.330 0.765 0.277 -0.372 0.171 0.924 -0.210
(N=0.2S) 1.70 1.37 0.493 0.577 0.282 -0.380 0.188 0.883 -0.157
2.00 1.73 0.623 0.481 0.279 -0.345 0.218 0.886 -0.111
2.50 2.29 0.763 0.395 0.270 -0.287 0.243 0.914 -0.060
3.00 2.83 0.842 0.349 0.264 -0.242 0.251 0.940 -0.034
6.00 5.92 0.968 0.273 0.252 -0.124 0.252 0.990 -0.003
co 1.000 0.250 0.250 0 0.250 1.000 0
"'
3·0 11.1. 7 SPHEROIDAL CAVI'IY IN AN INFINITE MASS

Detailed treatllents of this problea have been
aade by Neuber (1937), Sadowsky and Sternberg (1947),
Edwards (1951) and Terzaghi and Richart (1952).
Stresses are tabulated and plotted by Terzaghi
t 2·0 2·0 and Richart (1952) for two cases: a/a=S.O and
a/oaSO. O (see Fig.ll.20 for definition of a and c).
In both ·cases, : is the major semi-axis of the
ellipse and ~.z. Stresses on the a-axis are tab-
ulated in Table 11.10 while stresses above the equator
of the spheroid (i.e. at =-a) are tabulated in Tables
11. 11 and 11. 12.
The distribution of stresses along various vert-
ical lines is plotted in Figs. 11.18 and 11.19.
The variation of circumferential principal stress
at the roof and at mid-height on the cavity with · ale
is shown in Figs. 11.20 and 11.21 which also show the
s tresses for th~ elliptical tunnel.
FIG.11.17 Stresses above a spherical cavity. TABLE 11.11

N-<>.25. (Terzaghi and Richart, 1952). Sl'RESSES ABOVE EQUATOR OF SPHEROID (at z;=a)
c = s.o#
a
v-o.z
!. ah a •vh
a v
(a) For the loading 0 0 7. 059 0
conditions, 0.03 0.932 3.342 -1.185
TABLE 11.10 pz-2.0, 0. 07 0.506 2.178 -0.690
STRESSES ALONG nfE a-AXIS ABOVE .SPHEROIDAL CAVInES .P:--r>y=O 0.13 0. 153 1. 599 -0.404
(V:.0.20) 0.21 -0.063 1.279 -0.375
0.30 -0.129 1. 124 -0.334
For pz=l.O; For p;FJ; For Pz""l.O 0. 40 - 0.150 1.028 -0.305
P:=pyz=O p:r;=py-l. 0 N==0.2S 1.05 - 0.073 0.878 -0.166
1.82 - 0.015 0.909 - 0.075
!. a1) ah av ah ao 0 1.000 0
a av ah
(b) For the loading 0 0 -0.870 0
(a) ~ = s.o) conditions, 0.03 0.039 -0.221 -0.129
0 pz-0, . 0.07 0.518 -0.119 - 0.153
0.20 0 -0 . 655 1.326 0 -0.323 0.13 -0.113 -0. 157
0.30• - 0.012 -0.468 0.002 1.255 -0.007 -0.154 p:t='I'y=l.O 0.760
0. 40 0.008 -0.312 0. 21 0.915 -0. 061 -0. 061
0.003 1.193 0. 009 -0.014 0.30 0.974 - 0.042 - 0.048
0.60 0.138 -0.101 0.005 1.105 0. 139 0.175 - 0.027 . 0.024
1.00 0.536 0. 031 0.004 1.028 . 0.537 0.288 0.40 1.004
1. 05 1.022 0.013 0.018
1.30 0.763 0.025 0.003 1.010 0.764 0. 278 1.82 1.008 0.015 0.015
ao 1.000 0 0 1.000 1.000 0.250 ao 0 0
1.000
,_
(b) ~-so) (c) For the loading 0 0 6.842 0
conditions , 0.0~ 0. 970 3.287 -1.217
0.02 0 -0.696 0 1.037 0 -0.437 pz-1.0, 0.07 0.635 2.148 -0.728
·o.1o -0.001 -0.571 0.000 1.032 -0.001 -0.312 N==0.2S 0.13 0.343 1.570 -0.444
0. 20 0.007 -0.425 0.000 1.025 0.007 -0.169 0.21 9.166 1. 264 -0. 387
0.40 0.081 -0.•188 0.000 1.015 0.081 0.066 0.30 0.115 1.113 -0.346
0.60 0.230 -0.045 o:ooo 1.008 0.230 0.207 0.40 0.101 1.021 -0 . 311
1.00 0.595 0.037 0.000 1.002 0. 595 0.288 1.05 0.182 0.881 -0. 161
1.30 0.793 0.029 0.000 1. 001 0.793 0. 280 1.82 0.237 0.913 -0.071
ao 1.000 0 0 1.000 1.000 0.250 ao 0. 250 1.000 0
(Tenaqhi and Richart;=-1952) (Terz;aghi and RiChart, 1952)
2·0
2·5
~ f~ tu~'!~ =1· 0~
1
2·5
1\ I II
1L Il Il lPz
~·-----
1•5
2·0 2·0 l1 1\\
N • 0·25 1•0 \ \\ 2
~
z 1·5 %·5·0 ~ Npz

"If
V•0·2 a, o-5 ~ h.
Pz .L 1 ~
1·0
0
1/
On to,. tunnel
~ tor spheroid...._
["':-... (N :1-qV•0-50)
(N:0·25)
-0·5 ~ ~ l.ll
a, tor- spheroid -~
r- t-t- t'(N:o025.V•0·25)
3·0 4·0 -1·0 Jl II

Qo10 1·0 10 100
Stnzss
---p;- Q
c
FIG.ll.l8 Stresses above a spheroidal cavity. FIG.ll.20 Circumferential principal stress ah
a/c•S.O (Terzaghi and RiChart, 1952). at centre of roof of cavity (Terzaghi
and Richart, 19~2).
2·5 2·5
2•0 2-0 1000
N • 0-25 HHlPz
~
Q
z 1•5 a, z
0:
1·5 .f• so-o 100
2c :
..s:..
P:r
~ NPz
10
1•0
0 <>25 1•0 2·0 3·0 0"10

Stnzss Q
p;- c- ·
FIG.ll.l9 Stresses above a spheroidal cavity. FIG.ll. 2l Circumferential principal stress a
a/e-50 (Terzagbi and Richart, 1952). at mid-height of wall surface of cavity· v
(Terzaghi and Richart, 1952).
LINED OPENINGS 245
This problem has been considered in detail by

TABLE 11.12 Burns and Richard (1964) and Hoeg (1968). and is
STRESSES ABOVE EQUATOR OF SPHEROID (at ==a) relevant where stresses are applied after tunnel
!! = SO~ . 'V=O. 2 excavation.
c
The stress. and displacement solutions are as
follows:
0 0 63.537 0 r!b 2 !b"
-ip{(l+kJ [1-att;J ] - (1-k) [1-Sa2 (;J
(a) For the loading
conditions. 0.01 1.081 4.787 -1.648
2
- 4a 3 (~
pz=1.0~ 0.04 0.317 2.580 -0.738 ]cos26} ... (11.35)
P:e-""Py=D 0.31 0.000 1.257 -0.267 .:r
1.03 -0.100 0.841 -0.147
.
2.43 0.000 0.948 -0.031
0 1.000 0 a
6
-ip{(1+kJ[1-kZt(~ ] +
2
(1-k) [1-3a2(~"]cos26}
(11.36)
(b) For the loading 0 0 -0.987 0
conditions • 0.01 0.693 -0.142 -0.050
pz=O~ 0.04 0.950 -0.030 -0.046
0.31 0.973 -0.001 -0.010 (11.37)
P:rFPy=1.0
1.03 1.007 0.009 -0.001 2
P_ = -ip ~(1+k}(1-v) [1+ ~ (~) ] - (1-k) 1-"
..
2.43 1.000
1.000
0.000
0
0.001
0
•
•
M 1-2\1
[1-1a2~J'' + 4(1-v)a 3 ~ ]cos26}

:r
2
1-2v
(c) For the loading 0 0 0 0

conditions 0.01 1.254 4.823 -1.661 ... (11.38)
pz=1.0~ 0.04 0.554 2.573 -0.750 ~ 1-" (1-k). [1-a2 f~)·"
N=0.2S 0.31 0.243 1.256 -0.269 Pe = l.....
7t' M 1-2\1 \Z,
1.03 0.152 0.843 -0.147
..
2.43 0.250
0.250
0.984
1.000
-0.031
0
+ 2(1-2v)as (~) ]sin26
2
... {11.39)
(Terzaghi and Richart, 1952) where Poisson's ratio of mass

"M one dimensional modulus of
mass
E(1-v)
11.2 Lined Openings =
(1+v) (1-2\IJ
11.2.1 CIRCULAR TUNNEL IN AN INFINITE MASS Ec•"c Young's modulus and Poisson's
(Plane strain) (Fig.ll.22) ratio of material in tunnel
wall
D = average tunnel diameter= 2R
t thickness of tunnel wall
c compressibility ratio
l (1-vc2 J 1L (~
2 (1-v) Ec: t
A
! F = flexibility ratio
·-·---~---·-·
(1-2v) ( 1-v 2 J 1!... (~
3
l
4 (1-v) c Ec t
kp kp
(Note that a system with both C and F zero
signifies a perfectly rigid tunnel wall).
c
i The values a 1.a2.a 3 are constants which depend
on the boundary condition at the tunnel-mass interface.
Two cases are considered:
Notcz: Boundariczs arcz far away from tunnczl. (a) no slip (i.e. full adhesion) on interface.
for which
FIG.ll.22 (1-2V) (C-1)
... (11.40a)
(1-2V)0+1
((3-2V)+(1-2V)C]F+(i-8V+6V 2 )C+6-8V
• • • (11.40b)
[l+(l-2V)C]F - ~l-2V)C-2
a3 =
[(3-2V)+(l-2v)C]F+(~- BW6v 2 )C+S-Bv
(11.40c)
(b) free slip on interface, for which
(l-2v)(C-lJ
a1 = (11.4la)
(l-2V)C+l
2F+l-2v
a2 = (11.4lb)
2F+S-6V
2F-l
a3 = (11.4lc)
2F+S-6v
The variation of the radial contact stress is

shown in Fig.l1.23 for 6=0 and 90° and for both
no slip and free slip.
The variation of radial stress cr~ with radial
distance from the cylinder is shown in Fig.ll.24 for
F=lO and C=O. 03.
The variation of radial deflection at the tunnel

crawn with flexibility ratio F is shown in Fig.
11.25.
Distributions of stress, displacement,maximum
moment and thrust around the tunnel have also been
presented by Burns and Richard (1964) for a number of
specific cases. Krizek et al (1971) have summarized
the results of Burns and Richard •s calculations. and
dimensionless plots of deflection, thrust, moment and
shear forces are shown in Figs. 11.26 to 11.29. The
sign definition is given in Fig.ll.26. In all cases,
the solutions are for a undirectional uniformly dis-
tributed pressure p acting at an infinite distance
from the opening, i.~. k=O in Hot:!g•s notation, and
for c: small.
LINED OPENINGS 247
1·8
.""'"" --- -
1·4
..............
...._ N.S.
F.:>,_
FIG.ll.23 Radial contact stress versus flexibility
0:
1·0
1--
7 cE::- -~-- f--- 1---
I ---s.
F.
ratio (Hoeq, 1968).
l! /
@
0·6
v ...- ' N.S.
/
/
0·2
0
v
-0·2
V:0•!5 N.S.• No Slippage.
k•0·35 F. S.• Frn Slippage.
-0·6
Cis small
-1·0 I
0 2 3 5 6 7 8 9
FIPibillty Ratio F
1·8
1·4 I
1·0
N.s.l (~e:9o"
!'... .,..-
(~)e.9o" 0·6
v F.S. I FIG.ll.24 Variation in stress with distance from
interface (Hoeq, 1968).
and
N.S. I
(~9:90"
0·2 p F.S.
(~)e=90" -0·2
/
F: 10
-0·6
/ C:·03
K o0•35
-1·0 I I v. 0•35
0 kR ~R i-R R 2R 3R
Radial Oistanc~r from Int~rr1ac~r
2·8
F.S.
I-
L.--- !...--
N.S.
2·0 ,.
v-:: ......-- ~
~
F[i,•-Pr-90"
FIG.11.25 Radial cylinder deflection versus
flexibility ratio (Hoeq, 1968).
I;Y / C:O
0·8
!J/ c is~moll.
0·4
I Vz0·35
k:0·35
I
0 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Fltrxibility Ratio F
t
2·0
N)sllipl
1•6 11 • o~ 2 ~H1---++++1fHil
I
I V• ·~
- _ __ v•0·4
1·2
0:
r;;o:4 ;;;Q".3-f\v.o72 t=:: I I --+-t--+-+tt~
Q.
';:- 0·8
~"~p II
Notcz: T/pR valuczs arcz for spring lincz
(lji•OWaluczs for crown llncz ·
ii1ir, nrm1r llllii

0·4
0
10 0·1 10 10 10 104
MRl M Rl
-rr- Er
FIG.11.26 Deformation versus flexibility _(Kay and . FIG.11.27 Thrust versus flexibility (Kay and
Krizek, 1970). Krizek, 1970) •
~
fa
~
~
f6
~
~
0•5r-~~mm--~~mm--~~~~rr~rnr~-r~~ 1·0 ttl
'
Valuczs "" ljl • 45~J
at 1--.lJ
lor no Slip Cascz 11·0·2
0·4~--~+4Hr~-+~~~~~Tnnr~-+++~ 0•8
v ll
0•3 F=!='~"- 0·8
'
I
' I--
11·0·3
"'
~~ 0·21-~==~~~~~~Q
::;:
'trojojp
0·4
II
0·1~~~~+-~+4~~~~~~--~4+~~+-~+HH 0·2
I I ""ti
0
1 10 0•1 10 102 10} 10.
M Rl MR 3
Er ET
FIG.11.28 Bending moment versus flexibility (Kay FIG.11.29 Shear stress versus flexibility (Kay and
and Krizek, 1970). Krizek, 1970).
Chapter 12
RAFT FOUNDATIONS
where Ep# \lp. " the el astic moduli of

12.1 Strip Foundations on a Semi-Infinite s t rip
Mass t 1/22 ... Ip = moment of inertia of strip
E8 = Young' s 110dulus of soil
12.1.1 BEHAVIOUR IN TRANSVERSE DIRECI'ION b • half- width of strip.
(a) ~oth Smp Subjected to anifonn

Pressure
The variation of maximum shearing force. Nxi•m
bending 110111ent and maxi•,. differential settl ement with
Borowicka (1939) has obtained solutions for K is shown in Figs.l2.7. 12. 8 and 12.9 respectively.
the distribution of contact pressure p beneath a
strip subjected to uniform pressure q. These solut- It should be noted that if vB""'). S. the. solutions
ions are shown in Fig.l2.1. The relative stiffness for a rough strip are identical with those for a smooth
K is defined as strip.
••• (12.1)
O r---------------~---------------,
where Ep# Vp = elastic moduli of strip
t = strip thickness
b .. half width of strip
E8 #v8 = elastic moduli of mass.
(b) ~oth Smp Subjected to CentMZ.

Line Load
Borowicka (1939) bas obtained the solutions
shown in Fig.l2.2 for the contact pressure distribut-
ion p beneath the strip. ParrP/2b where P · is
the line load per unit length. and K is defined in
Equation (12.1).
1-!S Hf--------+- - -- - -- -"-1
(c) Ruugh Smp Subjected to anifonn
hesauzoe
Lee (1963) obtained solUtions for the contact
2·~~
,~-------------0~-x~~
-b-----------~
normal and shear stresses and ·the bending 1110111ents and
the shear forces within the strip. For v8 ·of the
soil =0. the contact normal stresses are shown in
Fig.l2.3. contact shear stresses in Fig.l2.4. distrib- PIG.l2.l Contact pressure distribution beneath
utions of bending 11011ent in Fig.l2.S. and distributions \Zidforal.y loaded AIOOth strip (Borowicka,l939).
of shearing force in Fig.l2.6. In these figures the
relative stiffness X is defined as
K = (12.1)
249
250 RAPT FOUNDATIONS
1·0 Rough strip

K:0•2,~=0·
Rough strip
K=-v,sO
0 ·5 Rough strip
K:O.\Is:~OI' Smooth strip
0
0 0•2 0·6 0 ·8 1•0
FIG.l2 . 4 Contact s hear s tress beneath uniformly

loaded rough strip (Lee, 1963).
1·5~~--------------~----------------~
2·0
-1
1-1...-------.....1..---------U
FIG.l2.2 Contact pressure distribution beneath
smooth strip with line load (Borowicka.,l939).
o<f-
K.O.O~<Y2
or Smooth strip
I I
Rough strip {K=C>02.~=0
K:0· 2 .Vs=0
2r---r---~--~---;--~
\
\
3~--.....1..----._--~----~--~
o-o8L--~--L--~--L--~
0 0•2 0•4 0·6 0•8 1o() 0 0•2 0•8 1•0
%
FIG. l2. 3 Vertical contact stress beneath uniformly PIG.l2 . 5 Bendinq IDOlllents in uniformly loaded rouqh
loaded rough strip (Lee, 1963). strip (Lee, 1963).
STRIP FOUNDA!riON ON SEJII-INFINI'l'B HASS 25l
I _I I
Smooth 0·126 lor K-co
(or rough with lis =¥2 >
-+-- ---
0·10 --
Roughlls=O Q-0921or K-.,..
0•06
/
v
~
--- ~
~
I
1/
0 0·2 0·4 0•6 0·8 1·0
K
0·16 L---l...--.l...--.....1.--..J.._-.....J
FIG.l2.8 ~ bendinq moment in uniformly loaded
0·2 0•6 0•8 1·0 strip (Lee, 1963).
FIG.l2.6 Shear force in uniformly loaded rouqh strip.

VsmO. (Lee, 1963).
0•22
I _I
Smooth 0·210 forK-""
(or rough with v~ ='2)
0·20
,."
.......... ~ ---
0·18
Q-16 0•5
Rough 0·140 lor K-"" v5 =0

0·4
0·12
--- J---- \
v
0·3
)....---
l} \ ~~
0•08
v 0·2
0•1
t'---- ....._
006
I t--- r---
0o()4
j· ', .
0 0·2 Q-6
K
0·8 1·0
I
FIG.l2.9 Maximum differential deflection in
uniformly loaded rouqh strip. v -o. (Lee,l963).
8
Oo02
0 0·2 0·6 D-8 1·2

K
FIG.l2.7 ~shear force in uniformly loaded

strip (Lee, 1963).
252 RAPT FOUNDA'I'IONS
12.1.2 BEHAVIOUR IN LONGinJDINAL DIRECTION C = 1.00 assuming constant reaction pressure

across width of strip
(a) Vel'tica~ and Moment Loading on
Infinite Strip (Fig.12.10) or 1.00<C<l.13 assuming constant deflection
across width of strip
Epip = stiffness of beam (Ip = t /12)
3
E8 ,v8 =elastic moduli of underlying mass

b = half-width of strip.
L
lntinitcz strip
Ep,lp\ d"M X r P,M & V are per unit width.
The functions J 0 (:z:) etc. are given approximately
_.._c•============================~f==~-· as follows:
sczmi-intinltcz mass Es. v5
J o (:::) • 1. 370 (~ •
0 5 87
e- kc (cos A::: sinA:z:)
FIG.l2.10 (12.14a)
(~ o. 333 A:z:
J 1 (:z:) = 0.244((;.1 e- sin).:z: ••• ·(12.14b)
b 0•169 A:z:
J2.(:z:) = 0.332(? e- (cos/.z-sin).:z:)
(12.14c)
Biot (1937) obtained a solution for the maximum J 3 (:z:) =
1T
2 e -A:z:cos).:z: ••• (12.14d)
bending moment beneath an infinitely long smooth strip
loaded by a concentrated load. Vesic (1961) b -0·155 j,:z:
extended Biot's work and obtained the following solut- J,. (:::) = 1. 286 (;J e- (cos/.:J:+sin).:z:)
ions for deflection, rotation,moment, shear and press- (12.14e)
ure, for both vertical loading and for moment loading.
~ -o. 360 A:z:
J 5 (:z:) = 0.269(';; e- sin).:z: ••• (12.14£)
Concentzoa:ted Loading:
0.889 b o. 813
Defl,ection p = ..££:._ J o(:z:) (12.3) where A = -b-[;J
1TE~p
Pc2.
Slope 6 = - - - tlt(:z:) (12.4)
nE~p
(b) Concentrated Loading on Finite Strip
Moment M (12.5) For strips of finite length, Brown (1969c)
gives solutions for the distribution of deflection
and bending moment due to a single concentrated load
v = - 'f.,;3(:Z:)
Tr
(12.6) at various positions on the strip. These solutions,
for various values of relative stiffness K, are
shown in Figs.l2.11 to 12.14 for bending moment, and
Pressure p L ,;,.(:z:J (12. 7) in Figs.l2.15 to 12.18 for deflection. In this case,
C1T
K is defined as
Moment Loading: (12. 8)
K = EPIP(1-vs2.)
(12.15)
Defl,ection p (12 .8) 1TE a'+
s
where Ep = modulus of strip
Slope (12.9)
I = moment of inertia of
P strip section= bt 3/6
M
M = - J3(:z:) (12.10) E8 ,v8 =moduli of foundation
1T
a = ~ length of strip
(12.11)
b = ~ width of strip.
M
Pltessure p = -2.- ,;5(:::) • • • (12 .12)
c 1T
The average contact pressure q=1/4ba (for unit
In the above equations, applied load) • Brown has found that the ratio alb
has a relatively small influence on the moments.
c.= [C(1-vs2.J n.]
Es .
1/ 3 ••• (12.13)
STRIP FOUNDATION ON SBNI-IPFTMTTB MASS 253
0·2
0·1
·o
"'0v
0
~
1:
~
l:
-0:1
-0·2
0 0•8 2.0
Ya.
FIG.l2.11 Moment in strip. FIG.l2.12 Moment in strip.
a/b=25, K•4.lxl0-~ a/b=25, K•4.lxlo~'
(Brown, 1969c). {Brown, l969c).
0•6
1•00
0•5 0·5
0•<1 0•4
0·3
0•3
0
0•1 ~ 0•1
0 v
No
17 ~
"'
)._
.
0::
"
..
E
0
0
E l:
0 -0·1 -0·1
l:
-0·2 - 0·2
-0·3
-0·4
-~5L----L----~--~----~---J
0 0•4 0·8 1•2 1·6 2·0 0•4 0•8 2·0
~a
FIG.l2.13 Moment in strip. FIG.l2.14 Moment in s~ip.

a/b=25, K=4.lxlo: 2 a/b=25, K=4.lxlO.
{Brown, 1969c). (Brown, 1969c).
!\»
¥!
20r---~-----r----~----r---~
K • 4·11x 10"4
~
-.-:
"' 1~J 1\ I I I I I 1!Jr---~-----r----~----r----,
..
~
>..
K a 4 •11 x 10"'
~ I I I I •
~..
101 \ 1
t3
.. c
~
.2
~
;§ ~
0•8 1•2 1•6 2•0
x/a x/a
FIG.l2.15 Deflection along strip. FIG.l2.16 Deflection along strip.

a/b•25, x•4.lxlo:~
(Brown, 1969c).
a/b•25, K•4.lxlo:•
(Brown, 1969c). §
~
sa
~
~
(I)
~ ~
-.
..:r 10
.
; . 10 • . ~
~!J
•
g
~"! · 5 p:oo I:?4> ~ I
t1 ~
Jr
0 ~ 0
;§ ;§
'Yo 'Ya
FIG,l2.17 Deflection along strip. FIG.l2.18 Deflection along strip
a/b•25, K•4.lxlo:a a/b•25, K• 4.lxlo7 1
(Brown, l969c), (Brown, 1969c).
CIRCULAR RAF'rS 255
(c) Uniform Loading on Smooth Finite Stz>i.p

Brown (1969c) has obtained solutions for the
maxiliiUIIl moment, maxiliiUIIl differential deflection and 4•5
central deflection of the strip. These solutions are
shown in Figs . 12.19 to 12.21 for 3 values of a/b.
4•0
..!!1
.<1
In all cases, v of the strip =0. 5. The uniform
.............. ~b·100
applied pressure =q/unit area.
~..
3•5
Ill - --....t--. 30
. 0-()6 c: 3•0
.2
0-1,:10
.,..-- i
0.05 a 2-5
.....__ 10
.<1 0-()4 I ...- 2•0

0·0001 0.001 001 0·1
1//
30
'"g. K
~
;
0
E
l:
0•03
0-()2 t v 100 FIG.l2. 2l Central deflection of uniformly loaded

strip (Brown, l969c),
0-()1 lf
0 ~
0.0001 0 •001 <>01 0·1 10
K
12.2 Circular Rafts
FIG.l2.19 Maximum moment in uniformly loaded strip
(Brown, l969c), 12.2.1 CIRCULAR RAFT ON SEMI-INFINITE MASS
(a) Uniform Loading
This problem was considered by Borowicka (1939)
and ·more recently by Brown (1969b) (refer also to
Section 7.2).
Influence factors obtained by Brown fOr the

central vertical displacement of the raft at the sur-.-
1·0 face are given in Fig~l2.22 for Poisson's ratio v
K•O a no %· ... of the raft of 0. 3. The relative flexibility of fhe
~ raft is expressed in terms of a factor K where
;;. 0·8
~
E ·
~..
3
X = fs (1-vs 1) (~ ... (12.16)
..
Ill 0•6
.§
u where Ep = Young's modulus of raft
~ ().4
;; t = raft thickness
0
0 a = raft radius
~ 0·2
:! Er v8 = elastic moduli of soil
~
0 0
0·0001 0.001 0•01 0·1 \ .
K
Distributions of contact pressure are shown in
Fig.l2.23 for various values of K. Bending moment
distributions are shown in Fig.l2.24 while the variat-
FIG.l2, 20 Differential deflection in uniformly
ion of ma:xiliiUIIl moment with K is shown in Fig.l2 .2S.
loaded strip (Brown, l969c).
Tabulated values of radial and tangential moment per
unit width are given in Table 12.1. The variation
of maxiiDIJID differential deflection is shown in Fig.
12.26. In all cases, q:applied uniform pressure.
·-~------------- -----
256 RAF1' l'OUNDATIONS
2·0 ..........._
1
l
'\. l
_\
I
~
I(
""' 10 100
FIG.l2.22 Central vertical displacement factor

for circular raft (Brown, 1969b)
qa(l-v 2 )I
p - s
Es
~ .---.---~----.---~--,
K o10
1-75 0•05 t----r.:..._;""'l'<:::-\--+~-+----l

M/qa2
1-!j()
r, 0•04r---~~---t~~;r~--~--~
1·25
'Yq
1-()()
0·75 Ko1
Ka0•1
-- -v )I
----r---..,A l/
0·50
0
Ko10
C>2
-----
0-4 Q-6 0•8 1·0 0<8
'i'a
FIG.l2.23 Contact pressure beneath circular raft. FIG. l2. 24 Bendinq moment distributions in circular
'Vp-0.3. (Brown, l 969b). raft. 'Vp-0.3. (Brown, l969b) .
- - ------- ------~---~
CIRCULAR RAF'rS 257
0·1
0·08
~
!-""
Yp•O•j ~15
0•02
~
I
../_,
2 3
FIG.l2.25 Maximum moment in circular raft (Brown, FIG.l2.26 Differential deflection in circular raft
l969b). (Brown, l969b).
TABLE 12.1
BENDING IDMENTS IN CIRCULAR RAFT ON SEMI-INFINITE MASS
Values of ~ for vp=0.3
(Brown, 1969b)
X 10 1 0.1 0.01
r. MZ' Mt MZ' Mt MZ' Mt Mr Mt

a
0 0.0747 0.0747 0.0567 0.0567 0.0146 0.0146 0.0012 0.0012
0.1 0.0737 0.0741 0.0561 0.0564 0.0146 0.0146 0.0012 0.0012
0.2 0.0708 0.0724 0.0541 0.0552 0.0146 0.0146 0.0013 0.0012
0.3 0.0659 0.0696 0.0508 0.0533 0.0145 0.0146 0.0014 0.0013
0.4 0.0593 0.0658 0.0461 0.0506 0.0142 0.0144 0.0016 0.0014
0.5 0.0509 0.0609 0.0401 0.0472 0.0136 0.0142 0.0018 0.0015
0.6 0.0411 o.o551 0.0329 0.0430 0.0125 0.0136 0.0021 0.0017
0.7 0.0301 0.0486 0.0246 0.0381 0.0106 0.0127 0.0024 0.0019
0.8 0.0184 0.0415 0.0154 0.0327 0.0076 0.0114 0.0024 0.0020
0.9 0.0072 0.0343 0.0063 0.0271 0.0037 0.0095 0.0017 0.0018
1.0 0 0.0283 0 0.0222 0 0.0074 0 0.0012
'
258 RAFT FOUNDATIONS
(b) Concentrated Loading

Borowicka (1939) has obtained solutions for the
contact pressure p beneath the raft. These are parameters of the mass.
l~'lme's
shown in Fig.l2.27. pav=P/tra 2 , and the stiffness radial distance from point load
factor is defined as
vertical displacement.
2
1 (1-V ) E (E_ 3.
K = - s .J?. I(;) ... (12.17) For a uniformly distributed load, the displace-
2
6 (1-vp J E ment beneath the centre is almost the same as that due
8
to a concentrated loading provided that the radius of
where t raft thickness the loading is of the same order as the thickness t.
a = raft radius.
0
b·(~}~ r
0·102 0·5 1•0 2·0
0
o."
..a:~
,... ·0·1
Olll.
·0·2
(a)
p/Pav
0
·0209
N -0•1 ·- -·· ~~
%1~
-iL
oin. -0·2
2324
k2:
( Also
·1068
Q d2w
n .
d r 2 whczn r 0 and thcz load
Is distributczd uniformly ovczr a circlcz
radius a • (~)~ b)
(b)
··0062 ··0195
FIG.l2.27 Contact pressure distribution beneath 0~~~~=-~~========~
circular raft with central point loadinq
(Borowicka, 1939). Q,.. -0·1 v~
N L
- ~ ·0088- --·-· ·-- ---- - - - · - - - - - - - -
'D 'D
Olll.
·1530
. -0·2~~----~--------~-----------------'
(c)
FIG.l2.28 Displacement, slope and curvature of

uniform thin raft with point loadinq (Hoqq,l938).
For a raft of infinite extent on a semi-infinite

elastic mass, and loaded by a point load P, llogg
(1938) has obtained solutions for the displacement and
curvature of the raft. These arc shown in Fig.l2.28,
where
D flexural rigidity of raft
12(1-v/ J
12.2.2 RIGID CIRCIJI.AR RAFT ON A FINITE LAYER
t raft thickness
111is problem has heen considered by Egorov and
2G0.+2G) for perfectly rough plate Serebryanyi (1963) and Poulos (1968a).
R
>-+3G
Influence factors for the displacement of the raft
or 2G(>.+G) for perfectly smooth plate have been given in Fig. 7.19 •
. >.+2G
Distributions of contact pressure beneath the raft-
·are given in Figs. 7.15 and 7.16.
CIRCUXAR RAFTS 259
For a raft having ~.ZS, the distributions of

radial and tangential benaing moments are shown in
Figs. 12.29 and 12.30 for a uniformly distributed load
over the raft and in Figs. 12.31 and 12. 32 for a load
concentrated within r=O.la near the centre of the
raft. In these figures, . v8 of the layer =0. 4.
The influence of varying v8 on the central moment
for a uniformly distributed loading is shown in Fig.
12.33 for va~ous values of layer depth h to raft
radius a • .
o~e~---+----~----+----4----~
0·051----+----PI.:~--t--+---l FIG.l2. 30 Tanqential bend.inq 1110111ent distribution in

M/qo2 uniformly loaded riqid circular raft.
" s-Q.4, " p -o.25.
0•9
0 ·8 ~
~\\
FIG. l2 . 29 Radial bendinq moment distribution in

uniformly loaded riqid circular raft.
" s -o.4, "p-o. 25 . 1\/a
co
0·2
~~0·5
O·t
0~ ~
( Also Subgl"~ n~
Rqactton Solution)
I· I ~·
0
0 0 ·2 0·4 0•6 O·lr 1·0
'la
FIG. l2.3l Radial bendinq moment distribution for
concentrated load within r-O.la.
y -o. 4, JP!9~ 2.5._ _ __
5
260 RAF~ FOVNDA~IONS
·12. 2. 3CIRCULAR RAFT OF ANY FLEXIBILITY ON

A FINITE LAYER (Uniform Loading)
This problem has been considered by Brown (1969a).
The relative flexibility of the raft is defined
by a factor K where
K • • • (12.18)
O·~ 1---ll.l~-4:-----f----+--1 where t raft thickness

M/qo' a = raft radius.
For h/a=l, distributions of contact pressure

beneath the raft are shown in Fig.l2.34 for three
values of K.
The variation of central vertical surface dis-
placement with a/h is shown in Fig.l2.35 for two
values of K.
0•1 1----1---+---t
TI1e variation of differential vertical displace-
ment between centre and edge with K is shown in
Fig.l2.36.
For uniformiy distributed loading over the raft,
bending moment distributions are shown in Fig.l2.37
for h/a=1. The influence of h/a on the bending
FIG.l2.32 Tangential bending moment distribution for moment distributions is shown in Fig.12.38 for K=O.l.
concentrated loading within r=O.la.
v s c0.4, vp =0.25. TI1e variation of maximum (central) moment with K
for various h/a values is shown in Fig.l2.39.
12.3 Rectangular Rafts

12.3.1 RIGIIJ ltAI~r ON Sllm-INFINI'I'I! t.fASS
0·08 Gorbunov-Possadov and Serebrjanyi (1961) have

co obtained solutions for the moments, shear force and
pressure distribution within a rigid square slab
0·06 - - - - _!Ia - - - - subjected to a central concentrated load. Influence
--- ---
1
- ~
factors are shown in Fig.l2.40.
--
Contact pressure p P·Pav (12.19a)
0·5
SlzeaP force N (12.19b)
0·02 ---· ·--- ~ ~·-···· -·--· :r: N:r:.a·Pav
~
~~
- 2
Bm1ding momant M
:r: M:r:.a ·Pav (12.19c)
0
0 - 2.
Torsional. moment 1/:r: (12.19d)
-0·02
0 0·1 0·2 0·3 0·4
\ 0·5 where a = !~
H:r:.a ·Pav
width of square
p
Pav =average applied pressure =~
P = total load.
FIG.l2.33 Influence of v5 on central bending moment.
Uniform loading. A rectangular slab (2ax2b} can be considered as
rigid i f
(b>a} ... (12.20)
where D is defined on p.258

CIRCOLAR RJIF'l'S 261
1•7!5
!
Vpa0•3
Va•<>-5
1•50
- - v•• o·s
g. ----- v•• 0
1•25 N>"
-w
I
K•<>-1 )
0·75
K•1
Ka10
--- r--:. l6'l
X
0·2 ,0·4 0-6 0·8 1·0 4
7a
FIG.l2.34 Contact pressure distributions. h/a=l. FIG.l2.35 Central deflection. V -o.3.(Brown, l969a).
p
(Brown, l969a).
.g.
>
0·8
:!: o·e
% -v.·<>-5
----- v•• o
I
""':;-
Ill
X
g 0•4 0•021--+--1-~~~~k---1
;:;
u M/qa2
.!Z
a o·2
:2
...
<:
~
0
i5 0·2
-o·~, -o· 01 o~--o~·2---o-~4--0~·EI---o~.e--~1·0

o-1 10 100
K '/o
FIG.l2.36 Differential deflections. v =0.3. FIG.l2.37 Bendinq moment distributions. h/a•l.
p
(Brown, 1969a). (B:r;own, 1969a).
0.08
--- -
co
0·06
I&
.,., ---
~
2
2
_ _t,
JV,, /
/
h/aa1
__ Q-:i
M
1'qa2 0·010 t:~$~~F:;;~~::5:::-I 0·02
/:'
I~ ~.- ' ....
~---
--- --
.,
~, ----- __ ..Q.:.~
·o·o05 t---+---+---t---'11:-~ A. 0·5

0
-o-oo 5 o'----o~·2---o-~4--o-~s---o~~-~1~
'/a
-0·02
-0·04
().01 0·1
"' ""'
- - - v•• o·s
- - - - v•• o
!'-..
K
r--......
10 100
0·2
1000
FIG.l2.38 B"endinq moment distributions. K=O.l. FIG.l2.39 Variation of maximUIII moment with K.
(Brown, 1969a). vp-o.3. (Brown, 1969a)
262 RAFT FOUNDATIONS
where Ea~"s soil moduli

D flexural rigidity of slab.
The displacement and rotation of a rigid rectang-
ular raft are considered in Section 7.6.
1--------o-s
Distributions of contact pressure for two rect- 0·55
angles are shown in Fig.l2.41 (Butterfield and -·£-,~.l---.:..__-.:..__~o- _ _ _ _~--1...--.LU-..1
Banerjee, 1971).
't (a) fi•4
i
Brown (1972) has obtained solutions for reaction,
shear force, bending moment and torsional moment in
rigid rectangular rafts. TI1e raft proportions and Contours of
the loading cases considered are shown in Fig.l2.42. P• PjPov
Contours representing the solutions are shown in
Figs. 12.43 to 12.51. The shear force and moments
are expressed in terms of the values per unit width of
raft. In all cases, Poisson's ratio of the raft,
"r• is 0.15. In Brown's notation, the shear forces
in the x and y ~irections are denoted as QX and -£-~--------~~--~--~
Qy. the bending moments as Mx and My~ and the
£ (b) ~ •1-!5
torsional moment as Mxy• Tite solutions have been i
obtained by numerical integration of the bihnrmonic
equation. f"IG.l2.41 Contact pressure distribution beneath rigid
rectangular raft (Butterfield and Banerjee,l971).
12.3.2 I'I.HXIBI.I! IIAI~I' ON Sf:m-INFINITE ~!ASS

Gorbunov-Possadov and Serebrjanyi (1961) have
obtained solutions for contact pressure, vertical dis-
placement and moments in a large rectangular raft
subjected to concentrated load at the middle of the
edge. Influence factors are shown in Fig.l2.52 •
Contact pressure p .. • (12.2la)
_ (1-v/ J P
Vc1•ticaZ. dispZ.accmcnt p
2
w -
Es L
(12.2lb)
Moment in x-di1•cction M = "jf P (12.2lc)

X X
f.foment in y-di1•ection M =
y
My P (12.2ld)
FIG.l2.40 Dimensionless reaction, bending moment, where L

torsional moment and shear force in rigid
square raft with central concentrated load X
(Gorbunov-Possadov and Sercbrjanyi, 1961). T.
II !L
[,
arc defined in the

previous section.
263
{81
I 2a 2a I
-ffl} tEJ· I 2a I
2b[l=·=f·-:3·
.
. • X
FIG.l2.42 Loading cases for rigid rafts (Brown,l972).
X
p .~
p 0
"
-~
p
FIG.l2:43. Reaction and shear dist.ributi()nS f(); riqid

SqUare raft with central load (BroWn, l972).
264 RAF7' FOUNDII.TIONS
FIG.l2.44 Torsional and bending moments for a rigid

square raft with central load (Brown, 1972).
4b 4b X
a,.·p- O,.•p
FIG.l2.45 Shear force distributions for rigid square raft

subjected to two loads (Brown, 1972).
RECTANGULAR RJIF'l'S 265
~
"'\. • Pa
FIG.l2.46 Bending moments for riqid square raft

subjected to two loads (Brown, 1972).
FIG.l2.47 Torsional moments for riqid

square raft subjected to two loads
(Brown, .1972).
266 RAF'.r FOUNDA'.riONS
0 X .~
p
FIG.l2.48 Shear force distribution for rigid

square raft subjected to four loads
(Brown, 1972).
FIG.l2.49 Bending and torsional moments for rigid square

raft subjected to four loads (Brown, 1972).
267
p. ~
p
hA
··-y
• ~
Po
....
.... • ~
Po
PIG.l2.50 Behaviour of riqid raft with ~ntru load.

a/b-3 (Brown, 1972).
FIG.l2.51 Behaviour of riqid raft with central load.

ajb!olO (Brown, 1972).
1\l
g:
1J 1J
2·0
F.>'
l1~
/
}J_
_l j
~
~
r-..
0·05 " \
O•i..-' ;I/;
0·1 [:./
p
rr
rt
I
1\ 1\ \0·13-
,\ 1'\;0·19/
.. bkfftf§JJR41 ~II\ IM~
II XI__LkPl I ~--1-11\1 I \7o·o2-l\-o·01
\\'1\' \ \ '~I I II 1\~0:03
1·0
J"" ~~
1\
\ (
1\
\ "~~.L
O:qo-3 0'2 01 0{)5 0 0 \0<15 \ 0 fj_
1\ \ 1\ \
\ il \ 1\ ~
'i
0 \ \
0•60I
v1 o-5 lVo·4
I II /1-C I 2.0
I
3·0 4· 0 ~
I I J4ct ~
~~
~G
v L
//
~.L
v
lf9·35 .!.
/
0·30
v
0'2;
.L 0'20
j_
/
/ w
1·0~
r-t-1 I ~~3b£.1 lJ11 ey
vbVQo01
111
~
~
t.;
~ lL' ~ ~15
!-"""""" v / lL' 0·10 ~ . r--.
!-"""
I-' v I-' i"-.
v
~~Pt\1\
I-' """+-
2·0~~u
1\
r-!- v ~ \
2•0
1J 1J "
FIG.l2.52 Dimensionless reaction, bending moments and vertical displacement
for square raft subjected to concentrated load at edge (Gorbunov-
Possadov and Serebrjanyi, 1961).
Chapter 13
AXIALLY LOADED PILES
13.1 Single Incompressible Floating Pile
This problem has been considered by Poulos and

Davis (1968).
The distribution of shear stress along the pile
shaft is shown in Fig.l3.1 for various L/d values
while the proportion of applied load transferred to 100
the base is shown in Fig.l3.2.
.
.,
t
CJ
(I) 75
pn:dL
p-- c:
~
\
oor---~0~·2~5~~0~·r5--~0~~T5~--~-----1~2=5~~1·5 ....
~
CJ
., 50 -l f-d
~
CJ ...............
.s
0
g.
CJ ~'......... ~
~ 25
.
~
.........
~
0..
..............
-
2
Q-5 0
FIG.l3:l Distribution of shear stress along FIG.l3.2 Proportion of applied load transferred to
incompressible pile. base of incompressible pile.

are shown in Figs.l3.3 to 13.6 for a pile in a finite
layer and for four values of v8 (Poisson's ratio of
mass).
The effect of having an enlarged base, diameter
db, on the pile is shown in Fig .13. 7 for base load,
·· and Fig;l3.8 for displacement.
269
270 AXIALLY LOADED PIIES
~
.
3·0 1--
ill -r-..
I
. - I I I I
~.;'· ~
..
3•0 1--
rfr
....!
I I I I
Oisptocllmllnl
L/d
p•
p
LE!!'___
.2u
t1.
.g
2·5 1--
j~~:
- L~
200
~
.2u
{l
.
."
2•5 1--
-~
~
- 200
100
1--
1--
...-
...- -
.
-
2·0 g 2·0 1----
1--1--
v :5 10
- v ~
-
to-
r-
~" /
100
50
1---
50 1---
-
<:.
E
.
1·5
'I:: v- ......-
--;.--- -
25 1--;.--
1---
<:.
E.. 1/1•5
v 1---
v
2"'
10 ~ ..... -
Iv
1•0 10 1-Q
.. I~ v.........1--
v
u
1--i-- >----
v -
5
- -
0
.2 5 ii
Q.
.!!!
Q
I_1--- Q 0•5 1--- 2
It1-::::.--
0•5 2
01
i%!--: !--'
1·6 2-()
1
I' 'I 01 1·2 1·8 2

Qo5
1
C>4
>----
0·3 C>2 0·1 0

0•5 0·4 0·3 Qo2 0·1 0
L/h L/h
FIG.l3.3 Displacement of incompressible pile in FIG.l3.4 Displacement of incompressible pile in

finite layer. v = o.
5
finite layer. v = 0.2.
5
Oisplacllmllnt p • fe:; Ip
~--+--4 Lkl--+--,---r~ 3•0
_a.
.
.2u
t1.
.
u
c.
.a
:s
E
..
<: <:
.
~
u
~.. ..
.2
Q.
0 0
1·6 2
05 C>4 Qo3 Qo2 Qo1 0 0'4 Qo3 0·2 0·1 0
L/h L/h
FIG.l3.5 Displacement of incompressible pile in FIG.l3.6 Displacement of incompressible pile in

finite layer. vs a 0.4. finite layer. vs a 0.5.
SINGLE COMPRESSIBLE PILE 271
100
p
13.2 Single Compressible Floating Pile
ti
90 The compressibility of the pile in relation to
the soil is expressed by a pile stiffness factor K
where
80
-ldDI- ••• (13.1)

70
.. where Ep = Young's modulus of pile
~ 60 E8 = Young's modulus of soil mass
RA = area of pile seetion/~~
2
~
..
'0
._
i:
50
v"' 40 The influence of K on the shear stress distrib-

ution along the pile is shown in Fig.l3 . 9 while the
proportion of load transferred to the base is shown in
Fig.l3.10 . The difference between the top and tip
displacement of a pile having L/d=2S is shown in
Fig. l3.11. Influence factors for displacement of the
pile top are shown in Fig.l3.12. In all the above
eases, the layer is of infinite depth. The influence
of finite layer depth is shown in Fig.l3. 13.
________._______
o1L--------~------_.2 ~3
of a point within a semi-infinite mass, at depth H
below the surface and radial distance r from the
~lcs axis, due to a pile are shown in Figs.l3 . 14 ~o 13 . 27
for various val~es of Lid and X. These factors
FIG.l3.7 Effect of enlarged base on proportion of have been obtained by Poulos and Mattes (197la).
load transferred to pile base.
0
'\ \
I ~
~
0·1
\
/
v
~11 100
0
CI)'O
g;f
5~
0
o-9 1----+................... 0 •3
~
/.,
L-~cJ • 25
~~ j_
.: j 0•8 1----+--~tt-~---lr-->......--1 0°4
jj
L I
t
I
/L'
I
c~
e.. o·6 1----+----+---~r-~--+-1 0•6
I
....
"' E
=;!
~ 0•5 ._____.____~----..li..---~
Ill
0•7
ff -H-d
~ 1 2 3 ;
I
~ I 11
0•8 v,.o - - - -
FIG.l3.8 Effect of enlarqed base on pile displace- I \
v,.~
~1<·5000
0
ment. ~
0
1<·50
0•9
\
\
1\ ~',
Oo5 1·0 3o() 3·5
The behaviour of piles of non-uniform cross- P·ltdl
-p-
section is considered by Poulos (1969) while the
behaviour of piles having a rigid cap resting on the FIG.l3.9 Effect of pile compressibiliey ~ shear
~-.....,s~
u,r
~f~-a~~
_ce is ~X~Jl~ by PQulo~- (1968b) . stress distribution (Mattes . and Poulos, -1969).~-~
272
toor-----11-----,------~----~------,
The displacement p is given by
p
50 • P • E,l·lp
p • _L_ Ip ••• (13.2) L/d "• ' 0 ·5

L E8
The so lutions are for vg=O.S, but v8 generally

has a relatively saall effect on Ip. For r/L>O.S,
the displacewent due to the pile,is within !3\ of the
value due to a point load P acting on the axis at a
distance ZL/3 below the surface.
I
•o v Yc,· 1
: - - V.·0·5
/
~ 35 -·---- v• • 0
-
I
A' /.,,, ----- 2

0 ·5
i 30
~·
t:
~ 25 --·-- .
.. I
!ro 5
J
0
/ ~
• 15
f~ tO
/ I--'
tO
FIG.l3.12 Displacement influence factors for
I<
l I
/ 25 c~pressible floating pile (Mattes and
,v ~ ~10Qm- ~
~50.: Poulos, 1969).
~
I<
FIC.l3.10 Effect of pile compressibility on load

transferred to pile base (Mattes and Poulos,
1969) .
8r-~----------r--,---r--~--r--,--~
p .__!__.,,.
9 7 - · ·--E-','-L- ;---:::-'::.--If--t--+--t--t-_-f
I l< · tO
7
"'
-,',, -~
' ',
p.L.t~-
E,L
L/cs • 25
-
5 -- -- -- -
. . ..... - ...
- - - _ _ , _____: "·· 0·5 - I - - -
i
l
~· -
6 ' h/l • "" toO J
37
---- ···-··· · -
"··0·5
-- · -- 1.
~~
----- . ."··0
)
,\
'~
J
3 - ----- - ..
o,~~,.~2--~l·~--~,~=-~,~.a=-~2--~-~--~--~--J
hfL ()-5 O·o4 0·3 <>-2 ()ot 0
1
~ - -
_:::.-:..-:..-- - L/h
I .. .. ~
.;,-
-i.in_~
---
FIC. J l.Jl Effect of finite layer depth on pile
displacement (Mattes and Poulos, 1969)
10'
FIC.l3.ll Top and tip displacements of compressible

float.i ng pile (Mattes and Poulos, 1969).
10 ,__ 10 10
L;d •100
~ 5i
LAt •100 1- 5
Lid • 100 I--
1--
5
"• • O•!S 1---1 "• • O•!S I !'i .l.
v.. 0'5 1--
~ ~HIL
K • 20,0001---1 K •1000 f - ~ Hjl
K •· 100
1--
H;L
~ f-Q 1
!'({
F= 1 1=5 1 ~1 ~
fp
·=-
O•!S·~ 1'25
1•!S
2 - = r-:::: ""1
Ip
51-- 1•25
0'5
I - M·5
I= f-2 """'li! fp
0•5· ' S
·~ !::.!-25
~ -2
1•5
~
e
f .,-- '\
""" - B
~ ~ ~
3
0•11
!\
- 0•1I
!\
0•1
'==
3
I
0•05' 0·05i ()-05
B
;;:
~
~
0•0 0•0. ~
0 0·1 0·2 0·3 (}4 0'5 o-o ·o o-1 o-2 0·3 0'4 o-5 0 Q-1 ()-2 0·3 (}4 Q-5
2 1-!5 0-5 0 1•5 1 0-5 0 2 0'5
'it rA 2 r;L
1·5 1 0
L/r Lfr L/r
FIG.l3.14 Factors for displacement due FIG.l3.15 Factors for displacement due FIG.l3.16 Factors for displacement due
to pile. L/d • 100, K•20000. to pile. L/d • 100, X•lOOO. to pile. L/d • 100, X•lOO.
..,
i:l
~
·.
10 10 10
,.._
!5 1--
1-- --
-
~ ·2~ I== ~ ~
L/d" 25
I
I I
"· ·0·~ 1--
V.·0·5
~
1-1 -
~~L
H;,
t-- K • 20,0001--
- ~
H;L
~
K•100
=1
~ ~ f=
i=!S ~
O·~
~ 1-25
= 1•o: ..... ~I 0•5 o-5 - 1-25
~
lp
1-- 2
I-- 1..
I~
- ~~ ~
~
lp lp
1-
I=
1-
1·~
2
3
......;;:."'~
-~ l::
"<
i
~
0· i 0• 0•1
- - ~~ -
~
0•05
' ...., 0•05 0-()5' - t:j
LJ I I l
l
I I 0 01 0·0.
~
O·O. 0 ()'1 0·2 0•3 0•4 0•5 ' o 0·1 0-2 o-3 o-t o-5 0 Qo1 ()-2 o-3 04 05 .
2 1-5 1 0-5 0 2 1·5 1 0-5 0 2 1·~ 1 0-5 0
'/L r/L LJr
r!L
LJr L.f,.
to pile. L/d • 25 1 Ka20000, to pile. L/d a 25, 1<•1000, to pile. L/d g 25, K~loo.
10 10 10
!== I-
5
·L.,{j·10
v. ·0·5
K •20PO<
1-
~
f--
5 LlcJ •10
v. ·0·5
K •1000 f--
r- 5
t-- t"K - H/L

I
~ bQ ' ~ .n
f==;: '25 0•55~
i;= 1
1·25~ ~
0•5
r== 0•5
~
Jp
F
-
1•5
2
.3 lp
-
1--
1·5
i-2·
't - -..::: lp ()
!5 ~ 5 ~ ~
~
0• 0· 0•1
0•05 0•05 0·05

~
&;
~
0·0. - 0•0.
l;;
O•O. 0 <H 0'2 Q-3 Q-4 0'5 0 0·1 0·2 0·3 0-4 0•5 0 0·1 0-2 0·3 0-4 (}5
2 1-5 1 0-5 0
r/L ~{ 2
1·5 1 0-5 0
'/L 2
1•5 1 0•5 0
L/r Lfr L/r
to pile. L/d .. 10, K.. 20000. to pile. L/d • 10, K•lOOO. . to pile. L/d .. 10, K•lOO.
1\)
~
....
~
1•0
~
L;d. 5
v • 0•5
K • 100 r--
0·5
I I
I I
I • :a
lp Ip
lp
II at:
I '<:
3
I g
1
I!
o·1 I - =<::::::: -'
4 · I 0•1 J i.
5 . ! I-=::\ I 0•1
I
liJ
'='
~
!
i I
I
I I
E
o.os ! i I I '
I
0·05 1 . . - - - - - - - - - - : - - - - ' - - - ' 0·05
0 0•2 ()4 0·6 0·8· 0 02 0·4 0-6 08 0 0·2 0·4 08 08 1
0·8 0·6 0•4 0·2 0 0-6 0-6 ()4 0·2 0 1 0·8 0-6 04 02 0
'i'L ,.IL r;L
Lj,. L;,. L;,..
to pile. L/d = 5, K=20000. to pile. L/d = 5, K=lOOO. to pile. L/d ,. S, K•lOO.
1·0 I I
1·0 I
I ' t-
;
Lfd • 2 t- i
L/d" 1
v•• 0·5 t- ' v•• 0•5 t-
~i::l. I : I i
K ;,. 100 t- K 1!1100 t-
H/~ I I
r-... '" ~01
j
0.5 "'1 0•5
I I I r:-LH/L
I I ~
rr~
Ill
~
lp
0•1
...._ ~ -.....;
Jl
~
r- ~
~
II Ip
0•1
*I lsi
'3
~~
~~,._ ...........
~\
&;
n
~
:0
~
~
~
!
' i
I ; I I I I
'\l"
"'1'"
I ; I 1 I !
i\T :!!
0.05
!
I
I
I
i
I
I
I
I 1:
1 I I
o-os
1
I
!
I I I
!
I
I
I
I l
'\ &;
0 0•2 ()o4 0·6 0'8 o o·2 o·4 o-s oe

06 06 ()o4 0-2 0 0•8 0·6 0•4 0•2 0
'i'L Lfr 'i'L L/r
FIG.l3.26 Factors for displacement due FIG.l3.27 Factors for displacement due
to pile. L/d • 2, K ~ 100. to pile. L/d • 1, K ~ 100.
::i
278 AXIALLY LOADED PILES
13.3 Single Compressible End-Bearing

Pile
Mattes (1969a).
For a rigid bearing layer, the distribution of
axial load within the pile with depth is shown in
Fig.l3.28 while the proportion of load transferred to
the pile base is shown in Fig.l3.29. The displacement _
of the top of the pile is shown in Fig.-13.30.
--v,.o·s
- - - - Vs•O
OL.------------~------------~--J
100 1000 10,000
K
FIG.l3.30 Displacement at top of end-bearing pile.
13.4 Negative Friction in a Single End-

Bearing Pile
Mattes (1969b).
For a layer underlain by a rigid base which is
subject to a vertical displacement which varies
FIG.l3.28 Load distribution in end-bearing pile. linearly from s0 at the surface to zero at the base
(z=L). Influence factors for the maximum load PN
induced in a pile (at the tip) are shown in Fig.l3.31.
Distributions of load along the pile are shown
in Fig.l3.32.
0·7
v,.o-s
0•6
0•5
0•4
0
c IN
~ 0'2
L 0·3
0
l 00
L_..._.L_..._r~~=--l---1;:~;=~~~
0·2
FIG.l3.29 Prqportion of load transferred to base 0·1

--v•. o
of end-bearing pile. ----v,.o·s
0
100 1000 10000 100.000
K
FIG.l3.3l Influence factors for downdrag load at

pile tip.
FLOATING PILE GROUPS 219
13.5 Floating Pile Groups
13.5.1 INI'ERACfiON BE'nfEEN TWO IDENTICAL PILES

The increase in vertical displacement of a pile
due to an adjacent identical pile has been considered
by Poulos (1968c) and Poulos and Mattes (197lb) in
terms of an interaction factor a where
a = ratio of increase in displacement
due to adjacent pile to displacement
of single pile only.
The variation of a with centre-to-centre pile

spacing s/d is shown in Fig. l3.33 for two incompress-
ible piles in a finite layer. An example of the
effect of v8 on a is. shown in Fig. l3. 34. Curves
of a vs.s/d for two compressible piles in a semi-
infinite mass having vg=a. S are shown in Figs.
FIG.l3.32 Distribution of downdraq load alonq pile. 13.35 (a) to (c) three values of L/d.
For compressible piles with a rigid circular cap
resting on the surface. interaction curves are given
by Davis and Poulos (1972) .
FIG.l3. 33 Interaction factors for two incompressible

piles in a finite layer.
tO
0·8 ....
0•6 .-
~>··
l./d·25
...... o-5 FIG. l3.34 Effect of v on interaction factors for
"
~~
Cl ' '\.,
K•SCX: - - - · V.•O two floating pile~ in a semi-infinite mass.
0·4
,.......,;_
-
C>-2
--~
~
~
--- r----:.:~
1--
- -..
t-..
......
---- ~-&,
4 5
r--== :0..
0·2 0-()5 0
280 AXIALLY LOADED PILES
(a) L/d • 10
Cl
4 5
0·2 0·15 0·1 0
d/s
L;& • 25
(b) L/d • 25
Cl
0·4
0·2
00 2 3 4 5
0·2 0·15 0·1 0'05 0
s;d
d/s
(c) L/d • 100

Cl
0 o~--~--2~--3~--~4--~5~--~----~--_.--~.
o-2 0·15 ()-1 005 0
~d d}'s
FIG.l3.35 Interaction factors for two floating piles in a

semi-infinite mass.
PILE GROUPS 2Bl
13.5.2 ANALYSIS OF GENERAL PILE GROUPS 13.6 End-Bearing Pile Groups

The two-pile interaction factors in Figs.l3.33
and 13.34 may be used to analyze the displacement and
load distribution in any general pile group by using
the principle of superposition, which has been found For two identical piles resting on a rigid base,
to apply closely for pile groups. interaction factors a are plotted against centre-to-
centre spacing in Figs. 13.36(a) to (c).
For any pile i in a group of k piles, the As for floating pile groups, superposition may
displacement is be used to analyze any general pile group. Typical
solutions for the displacement of load distribution
k within groups of end-bearing piles are presented.by
p. = P1 (I P. a .. + P.) ••• (13.3) Poulos and Mattes(l97lb).
1. j=l J 'Z.J 1.
j#
where P1 = displacement of single

pile under unit load
a ..
'Z.J
=
interaction factor for
spacing between piles
i and j
Pj = load in pile j.
If the above equation is written for all the

piles in the group, and use. is made of the equilib-
rium equation
k
PG = I P. • • • (13.4)
j=l J
where Pa = total group load,

the resulting equations may be solved for two limiting
cases:
(i) equal displacement of all piles. This
corresponds to a rigid pile cap, and the
distribution of load and the uniform dis-
placement of the group may be computed.
(ii) equal load in all piles. This corresponds
to a uniformly-loaded flexible pile cap, and
the distribution of displacement in the group
may be computed. ·
Typical solutions for the settlement and load
distribution in various pile groups are given by
Poulos (1968c) and Poulos and Mattes (197lb).
Similar solutions for pile groups having a pile
cap resting on the surface are given by Davis and
Poulos (1972). •
282 AXIALLY WADED PILES
1•0
0•8
I
L/d •10
0·6
I "·· 0·5 (a) L/d = lO
a \ IValuczs Of K
0•4 ' ' ....
200
'~ b5~
0·2 ..:::...... 50
::.:-:-~ ~ ..._
--- 4 5
0·2 0·15 005 0
1·0
I
I
0•6
I L/d• 25
0•6
\ I Vs•05
a ',, r~uczs
. . . . . . . ,~ I
of K
(b) L/d = 25
0•4
'-,&~ p:...,_
-·~
0•2
t-1000 500
4 5
()-2 0
0•6 '
' ', Val~s of
............ K Lh!•100
v•• o-s
0·6 ~
.... _ :;-10 (c) L/d • lOO
a
0·4 ~
.... ~~
500-.~ ~ t::,...
~
--1000 --...::
--
-
0•2 1500C
.""'"-..
~ 1111::..
4 5
02 015 0·1 005 0
d/s
FIG.l3.36 Interaction factors for two end-bearing piles

resting on a rigid bearing stratum.
Chapter 14
PILES SUBJECTED TO
LATERAL LOAD AND MOMENT
14.1 Single Floating Pile For the free-head· pile, the horizontal displace-
ment p at the pile top is given as
P = I p·" _§_+I ...JL (14 .1)

:a E L pM E L'~-
14.1. 1 HORIZONTAL MOVEMENTS AND ROTATIONS s 8
(Fig.l4.1)
where IpH and IpM are plotted in
Figs.l4.2 and 14.3
against KR~ where
KR= pile flexibility . factor
= EPIP
·~· (14.2)
E L,.
s
Epip = pile stiffness

E8 = soil modulus.
L
-- is
The rotation e at the top of a free-head pile
1-d
FIG.l4.l
-
I
• • • (14.3)
where IeM is plotted against KR

in Fig.l4 . S
IeH = IPM (Fig.l4.3).
For a fixed-bead pile, the displacement at the

pile top is
This problem has been considered by Poulos p = I _§_

(197la). ' ·, . • • (14.4)
pF Esf.
Influence factors for the displacement and rotat-
ion at the top of a pile in a uniform semi-infinite where Ipp is plotted against KR
•: ·~~--~- o-i-l~is--0-.5-·~=.J,.·.
4 4
elastic mass are given in Figs.l4.2 to 14.5 for two
cases:
(i) a free-head pile i.e. free rotation
at the top, In Figs. 14. 2 to 14.5, : ·_
This parameter has a relatively small effect on
(ii) a fixed-bead pile i.e. no rotation the displacement and rotation factors.
~aLthe pile=to:e_. -~-- -·~~- -~--- ~-- ~- ~~-
1
284 LATERALLY LOADED PIUS
50
~ ValuCIS Oft
\OOOr---;r----r----r----r----r---;r---~
20
r-::
10
- ~~ 25
~,~
~"'-.. ....__
IPH
:::::::-
-....._: I
v5 •0·5
1
10 ~6 ~5 ,~ ~3 ~2 ~ 10
KR
PIG.l4.2 Influence factor IPH for free-head pile. FIG.l4.3 Influence factors for free-
head pile.
v5 • 0·5
1
10-6 10""5 10... 10"3 10-2 10-1 10 10
KR
FIG.l4.4 Influence factor IpF for fixed-head pile. FIG.l4.5 Influence factor IeM for free-head pile.
pt.l
~ M"
H
0 100 200 300 400 !500 600 ·---
000 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 !5000
I~r
0200 ·100 0
~
~R•10~~~-- ·4
0·2 I KR•1 0·2 1- KR•10 KR•1
~. 25
I
0·4
I t·25
V5 •0•5 0·4
V5 •0·5 ._
T
z I FN112 Hczad Pll<2
z
L
Fr1212 H12od Pll12
0·6
1/ I I 0·6
l I
0·6
_,/
_
I
I (O) I""'T ""'I Ooly-
1--- 0·6
I
I
1-
I
(b) MOfll(lfl\
l l
Only
1•0 1·0 ~
iti
_t;
~
~
.E!:..2 ~
£H
0200 -100 0 100
H
200 300 400 !500 600 050 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 a
v- T
~
---
/' I I
I / I KR• 1 I
I
R .
0•2
.!... •1C
d
I
I
I
/~·50
v 0· !
vrI I
I
~. 25
I.
0•4 0· I
z
'L ij KR•0•01
Vs• 0•!5
z
T
i
Vs •0•5
I
0·6 0•6l
1 I
0·8
I
(C:) Horizontal Load Only- Frn Hl2od Pll<2
0·6}
I
i
(d) Flxod H12od Pll<2 - Horizontal Load Only
1·0 ----- l// 1·0

I J
--"'-
\
FIG.l4.6 Typical horizontal pressure distributions al~ng laterally loaded piles.
..,
~
286 lATERALLY LOADE:D PILES
~
14.1.2 HORIZONTAL STRESS DISTRIBUTION
00·6 ·0·5 -0·4 -o 3 -o.2 -01. 0 0·1
TYpical horizontal pressure distributions are
given in Figs.l4.6(a) to (d).
0·2
...........
........
..... ... I
4
r\
'-.,
KR•1 ...., KR•10~
14.1.3 MOMENTS IN PILE
Typical moment distributions along a free-bead 0·4 '' ,
....
""1
z I
pile are shown in Fig.14.7 and along a fixed-head pile
in Fig.l4.8.
T
~-6
+·
',
The maximum moment in a free-head pile subject v5 •
25
0·5 '\
to horizontal load only is plotted against Ka in \
\.
Fig.l4.9. For a pile subjected to moment only, the 0·8
maximum moment always occurs at the pile top. \
The variation with KR of fixing moment at the
top of a fixed-head pile is shown in Fig.l4.10.
1·0 '
FIG.l4.8 Typical moment distributions alonq a fiXed-
head pile.
-Mz
HL"
0·10 0·15 0·20
I
FIG.l4. 7 Typical moment distributions alonq a free-
head pile
(a) sUbjected to horizontal load only
(b) sUbjected to moment only.
(a)
Mz
V
0 o;-_ _.o.,_·.::.2-~0,..,·4'--__,:r--....::;,.;=---,,;,.,
.l..
L
Vs• 0·5
MorNnt. Only
(b)
'l'IP-RES'l'RAINED. PILES 287
14.2 Tip-Restrained Piles

0•16
For a pile whose tip rests on a rigid base and
does not move horizontally, infiuence factors for the
0·1A displacements and rotation at the top of the pile are
given in Figs.l4.11 to 14.14. The actual displace-
ments and rotations are again given by equations
0·12 (14.1) to. (14.4). Two boundary conditions at the top
of the pile, free-head and fixed-head, and two
boundary conditions at the pile t ip, a pinned tip (no
. 0·10 displacement, free rotation) and a fixed tip (no dis-
M placement,. no rotation) are considered . These figures
Hi:: show that the tip boundary condi.t ion does not influence
0-()8 displacement or rotation unless KR>lo- 3 •
For fixed head piles, the fixing moment at the
0· pile head is shown in Fig. l4.1S.
l---11c.__,f-h~ Maximum Monwnt in

For fixed tip piles, the fixing moment at the
F',.. HciOd Pi14 pile tip is shown in ·Fig.l4.16 for applied horizontal
HOriZontaI Loacl On!y
load and in Fig.l4.17 for applied moment.
V5 •0·5 ---+---l For free-head piles, the maximum moment in the
pile is plotted against z:~ in Fig.l4.18. ·
10 The force at the tip is shown in Fig.l4.19 for

KA
free-head piles and in Fig.l4.20 for fixed head piles.
FIG.l4.9 Maximum moment along a free-head pile

subjected to horizontal load only.
• 0·5 Filcing rnanwnt at IIIIOd Of t---t-~i't----1

fixcrd·hcrad P'-·
FIG.l4.l0 Fixinq moment at head of a fixed-head pile.
'·
l
i
l
288 LATERAI.Lr LOADED P:!LES
1000 r---~--~--~--~--~--~--~
IPH
IPM
&
t8H
I
)
- - PinncCI•tipl
- - PimacHip
--- rP<cCI~til>
I
- - - FixcCI·tlp
M ·
H \ p • EsL.2 IpM
0•11---.f-...,..--lp • EsL. IpH i---+---t--'r-i
\
l
l
0 ·01 · 6 O·Ot 6
tO 10~ 1cf' 103 102 to' tC tc5 10~ 104 t6 3 ..02 16' 10
KR K,i
FIG.l4.ll Influence factor IPH for free-head pile. FIG. l4. 12 Infl uence factors I pH and 1 ea for
free-head pil e .
- - Pinned-tip
---Fixed-tip
- - Pimcd·tip M
e · ~Ip,.. ,
0•1
\
\
\
\
tO O·\o 6 to~ t6 4 163 t62 t01 10

KR
FIG.l4.13 Influence factor lp f for fiXed-head pile. FIG.l 4.14 Influence factor IeM for fre~head pil e.
'l'IP-RES'.rRAINED PILES 289
FIG.l4.lS Fixing IIIOIIIeDt a t head of fixec!-head pile.
1·0
I I l I ,;,....
- - FiXcrd·hGod.FiXIId·tlp ,v
0·75 - ·""' Fixcrd·tiol '/
,I I I
~·
.. 1001 I110
FIG.l4.16 Fixing IIIOIIIeDt at tip due to horizontal load
0·5 I 1t'X
only.
f) ~
He
Mf
I
0•25
If!
. ~ ~
.
0
10 5- 10 4 10 3 - 10 2 - 10 1 10
KR
1·0
FN~hll0d. 1 riJI:Cid- tip
1
I
v
;i/
0·8
0·6
J.,oo /Jo
Cl - ... FIG.l4. 1 7 ·Fixing moment at tip due to applied
IIICIIIIent only.
1/ II
!:!!. I .
M
0·<4
0·2
li
0 -
............ \
f
2
-0· ,o 5 - -
104
'·
1\.
- -
103
I 102 10 1
. 10
KR
290 IA7'BRALLl' LOADED PILES
Fn:tl-htlad. PinMd·tip.
Fr-=·twlad, FixCid·tip.
o-5 t--t---+-t. 1oo::::;;l;;;-=!===-l
I
10
-0·5
10
(a) (a)
(b) (b)
FIG.l4.l8 ~ moment in free-head pile subjected FIG.l4.l9 Tip force for free-head piles.
to horizontal load only.
- Fixc:d·hCIQCI, FixCid·tip
--- FixCid·hCICICI, PinnCid·tip.
0·51--.....---r---+--+--+--1
FIG.l4.20 Tip force for fixed-head piles.

PILE GRDUPS 291
14.3 Pile Groups 14.3.2 ANALYSIS OF GENERAL PILE GROUPS

As with floating axially-loaded pile groups
(Section 13.5.2), the principle of superposition may
14. 3.1 INI'ERACfiON BETWEEN 'IWO IDENI'ICAL PILES be used together with the two-pile interaction factors
(Fig.l4.21) to compute the loads and displacement within the group
for the cases of equal displacement of all piles, or
equal loads in all piles.
M M The horizontal displacement of a pile i in a

group of k piles is given (for the case of free-
head piles) by:
k
p.1. = PH (j!l Hj apl!ij +-Hi)
jf<i,
k
(j=l
L M.J a,.I"'•"J
...... + M.)
1.
.#
J ••• (14.5)
FIG.l4.2l
where Hj = horizontal load in pile j
a,..,..... =value of apH for spacing
~"3 and value of B between
This problem has been considered by Poulos · piles i and j ·
(197lb). Increases in displacement and rotation of
the top of a pile due to the presence of an identical PH = horizontal movement of
adjacent pile can be, as with axially-loaded piles, single pile due ·to unit
expressed in terms of an interaction factor a where applied horizontal load
a = ratio of increase in displacement (or Mj = moment in pile ·j
rotation) due to the adjacent pile to
the displacement (or rotation) of a a,_u:. = values of apM for spac-
single pile. .-.~ ..J ing and values of B
between piles i and j
· pl.f = horizontal movement of
Five interaction factors are considered: single pile due to unit
applied moment.
a H = interaction factor for displacement due to
P horizontal load only
A similU: expression may be written for 'the rot-
apM;... interaction factor for displacement due to ation of pile i. or for the displacement of pile i
moment only _ for a group of fixed-head piles.
a H = interaction factor for rotation due to AppliCation of the above equation to all piles
6 horizontal load only (a6H = a~ in the group, together with the equilibriUIII equations
a6M = interaction factor for rotation due to enable solutions to be obtained from the load and
moment only moment distributions and the displacement and rotation
of a group for the equal displacement case, or for the
(the above factors apply to free-head piles) displacement and rotation distributions in a group for
the equal load (and moment) case. For moment loading
apP =interaction factor for displacement of the effect of the axial· pile loads must be considered.
fixed-head piles. '
Typical solutions fOr the displacement of a
fixed-head group of piles, fOr the equal displacement
Values of aPH~ Cp/6 aeM and apF are plotted case, are given by Poulos (197lb).
against dimensionless pile spacing s/d in Figs.
14.22 to 14.37 for various values of KR and L/d.
Interaction factors are plotted for values of S(angle
between the line of the piles and the direction of
loading ) of o• and so•. · For other values of S,
it is sufficiently accurate to interpolate linearly
between the curves for o• and so•.
292
1·0 1·0
0·9 0·9
~
I I
Vs • 0·5
0·8 0·5 Vs• 0·8 Values 01 .!..
0·7
~ L -
--13· 0·
'--___ 13 • 90" 0·7
.\'\k_o9 <I
-13•0"
--13. 90"
Values 01
', ', -~ ,
~\\ ·\ \ I I
0·6
100 " . I 0·6 l\~
~~ \
"" "' r--, ~ -t - - ClpH 0·5 \' '~
\
\ \ 1',10\~
...........
', ..... .......... ~0

~ "" IKR· 0·11
~. \' l\2!5 ~ ~~ ,
0·<4
\ \
1\'~
,o;
0·<4
'' ' '~ ~ ... ~ "\
.........
0·3
0·2
\
\\r-,~ ....
'
"-
:.;!5
........
~ ""'
- """ ~
.........~ ..... t'---- r-. ~...... '\
0·3
0·2
10',
' t-.....
..........~
, ....
......
~
'""=
...__ ~~
1~, 1\
0· 1 r--
~~ -- ---
--- ~
0·1
-- ~ ~
2 3 4 5 2 3 . .. 5
0·2 0·15 0·1 0·05 0
...L t 0·2 0·15 0·1' 0·5 0
<I
~ ~
s
FIG. 14.22 Interaction factor apH. PIG.l4.24 Interaction factor apH.
~ • 10- 5 ~- 0. 1
1·0 1·0
I
0·9 . 0·9 v, . 0·5
0 ·8
v•• 0•5
I! • o• 0·8
1\.V~lucs 1
of t --It. o•
t-- r- --It. 90"
~
--- ~.go•
\:~ . I I
~
0•7 t-- 0·7
~\' ~~
~
L 0
\~ ~
llalua 01 d I KR•101
0•8 0•8 ,, ':~10 " J'..,
0·5
1\\f0 !'--." 100
I
0·5
. \ ' ,_~
., ~"' ~
~~~' ' - "' ~
ClpH \
Clp H \ ~ .,~ ~... ~ ~
0•<4 ......... 0·<4
......,--.. ........
\. ~ ~~
''30
~ ~ "\
0• 3
"· ~~ "" -
~-- 2~ ....
-,r-.....-
~
~
0•3
', ,, '
. ............
'-.,
~ . \,
~
\
- - -- l\
0·2 0·2
................
~
~' ~\
"-=
..... 'i<:l
0•1
2 .! 3
~
~- :--...... ~
0· 1
2 3 5
..........
' ~
~ ...... ,
~
o·1
0 g ooe 0 ~
<I
0·2 0·15 0·1
~
s
0·05 0
FIG.14.23 Interaction factor apB. FIG.14.2S Interaction factor apa •

3
. ~- 10- ~- 10
PILE GROUPS 293
1· 0 1•0
0· 9 0·9
I Ys •0·5 I
0· 8 ~ .o• 0·8
:\ Ys• 0·5
0· 7
--- ~ •90"
I 0•7
\\\ - - 13 .o·
--- p •90"
0· IKR •10·51 f--- 0·6
~\\ ~QIUIIS oft t--
Clpr.t ~ Vatuuoft a PM 5$. ~
IKR. 0·11
& 0· 5
0· 4
1\\~
&
a.eH
0·5
0·4 \ ''
""' ,
,, [\..~......~ 1'---- .......___
r\--
0· 3 \~' 0·3
\
\
' ~..... K
', --~
.......
\' 1'---- '25"..., ~ '\
0· 2 '' ......... 0·2
"''
\ ~~>· 1'-.... --...~_ '--- ~. .\
0· 1
',~c~.L
10"1--
2 3 4 5
--- r---....
. . . I'- 1--- ~-- ~ "0·1
00 2 3 4 5
--- --- ""'l::
~....
-~ ~\
: 0·2 0·15 0·1
T
d
0·05 0 ..L
d
0·2 0·15 0·1
f
0·05 0
FIG.l4.26 Interaction factors aPM and aSH. FIG.l4.28 Interaction factors apM and aSH.
~ • 10- 5 ~ .. O.l
1·0 1·0
0·9
I
v •0·5 0·9
~ V~lues of~
5 Ys • 0·5
0·8 13 • o• 0·8
I
13 • o•
0·7
--13 •90"
0·7
~ 100 I ---8 ·90"
,,\'
I
~,\ ~ , I I
0·6
~0 0·6 IKR•10
~ ~
""' ""'
a. PM 0·!5
-¥ 1\\
""' ,2!5~ ~...... ~ r-..... '
&
~ Values of \
100
~....
~~
0·4 a.eH 0·4 ,,
~~ ~
\
; \
0·3
0'2
1\" ~ r--.... r--..._
\, ·~
1 ....
~ !':::.-
-...
0·3
0·2
1',
' --~~
r-~
' ~ ""'
~ .... '\
_~... ~ .\
..........
- ...... ......
0· 1 2 ...
'-<l~ 1""'-=o:
2
7
s
3
-- -.........
1::.-- ~ ~
4
t--- !::::===
5
0·2 0·15 0·1
"'
.!!..
0·05 0 .
0·1
2 3
s
cr
4 5
0·2 0·15
r-........ ~ ~\
0·1
f
0·05 0
s
FIG.l4.27 Interaction factors aPM and aSH. FIG.l4.29 Interaction factors apM and aea·
~. l0- 3 ~ .. 10
294
1· 0
0·9 I
0·9
v5 •0·5 v5 •0·5
0·8
\\ 0 ·8
\\\ ---- p . o•
J3 • so• l\
- - 13 .o•
1-- --- J3 • so•
0·7 Values of? 0·7
l~Val~oft -
0·6
.\\ ~1Jo Ed 10 0·6 t-... 100
I KA·0·1 1
r--
ap,. \\~ 1\~ ,,, ~~
,,,, 10~t::--....
0·5 ........_ 0 ·5
',1'->t~ -.. .; ~t---
~~"
\
aPF
0·~
1\\ f'.... 0 ·4 ' ' · ...1 ~
0 ·3
\
'
\\ ...~',"
. ' ~ ,, ~
2~... ""'
~ ... ~
0·3
I
' ~._......
'-.....
1 ..............
~
r--.. ... t---.'~~"
........ _ ......':::::: '" ~\
' .... I'-. ~ ~
0 ·2 0·2
......
---
''-!,
10 '~ ......
'~
~~
~' r\ 0·1
" ['~~
..........
0·1
t-.... :: ~
---::. ~
,,'V
'~
2 3 4 5 2 3 4 5
.L 0·2 0 ·15 0·1 0·05 0 ..!. 0·2 0·15 0·1 0 ·05 0
,q_ ~
" s " s
FIG.l4.30 Interaction factor apF. FIG.l4.32 Interaction factor apF.

~ .. 10- 5 ~'" O.l
1·0 1·0
0 ·9 0·9
'~
I
v. · 0·5
0·8
Ys • 0·5
0 ·8
~ ~ot~.- -- .p • o•
~ i - p . o•
- -- J3 . so• 0·~
\ - J3
I KR • 10 l
·90·
~
0·7
~a1ua 'o1? '
,--~~
~ ,~
........
100 10
0·6
' ''~~~~
0·6
~~
aPF
0·5
\~'"~~
,~, 1~""'
t' 1--.
aPF 0 ·5 '2' .............
,-a.::,... .......:-_ 1--..
<~
"
0·4
0·3
0·2
\'
'' ' -~~~
....
...,25'.....
,, '~ ~
10
;:,... ~
......
~
_, t'---.
~
~ ' 1\
0•4
0 ·3
0 ·2
-
........... ...... "'-
t--...... "<"
....
~~l\
..........
.......
""'
''\(\\
' ..., [\\
0 ·1 --- ' - ~' .\ 0·1
~ ',~
"'
...............
2 3 ~ 5 2 3 4 5
s 0 ·2 0·15 0·1 0 ·05 0 .1. 0·2 0·15 0·1 0·05 0
o ,q_
s " sd
FIG.l 4. 3l Interaction factor apF. FIG.l4. 33 Interaction factor apF.
~ . 10- 3 ~ .. 10
PILB GROUPS 295
1·0 1•0
0·9
v, . 0· 5
0·9 1 v, . o·5
0·8 -- I!
--- p
·0"
• 90"
0•8 - ~ · 0"
--- 1! • 90"
0·7 0•7
\
0 ·6
~0
0·6
\ Values of t I
KR • 0·11
<leM 0·5
~~
0•4
,\,~~"""' ...........
0·3
\ 0 ·3
', \.10 ~ ... ~ ......_
'\J .............
~
'~
\
\ " 'olua oft \
25' ........ ~
'- I
'
"""
0·2
0•2
... ....,
:\~ \ ~ ......,:-
0 ·1
0 0
~~
100
2
......_
3 4
--~
!-_ _
5
t:::-- ~
0·1
00 2
't.~ .
3
'~
4
'
--~
5
~
....
.....
__ ~k~~~
---
~
.!.. 0·2 0•15 0 ·1 0·05 0 .!.. 0·2 0·15 0·1 0·05 0

0 0
0
f T
FIG. l 4.34 I nteraction factor aeM. FIG.l4.36 Int eraction f actor aeM.
~ • 10 - 5
~ • O.l
1·0 1·0
0 ·9 0· 9
v,.o-5 v, · 0·5
0·8 0· 8 ~ . o•
- - Ji•O"
0·7 .....-+---+--+---+- -+- -- (. 9: =-,-+---1 0· 7 ~ Values ol j. ---:- ~ . go•
0·6 0·
\ \' ~~~
\\\ ~
I ~·10 I
\ ', ~
a eM 0·5 a eM O·
\\ '"\ '!SYJ" "'-

,,""
..... ...............
0·4
',....,
~
\
\· ' ....., t'-......
0·3~-r-+--4-~-+--+---4---4---~ .0· 3
\
....... .. ...
!'.... ·
0·2
1',
' ~ '\
,,o
~' 1\
'
........
0· 1 ... .....___ ... ~ ',~
2 3 4 5
0·2 0·15
---~
- ~
0·1 0·05
..1.. 0
0 d
T
PIG.l 4 . 35 Interaction f actor aeM. FI G.l4. 37 Interaction factor aeM.

~- 10- 3 ~ • 10
:
~~~-----·--- - ' .
- ---~-·---j
296 U2'ERAU.1" LOADED PILES
14.4 Battered Piles Homontat displ.acement of ~Mad pile:
f1ap • / L(V.IFV + H.IFH} (14.9)

8
This problea bas been considered by Poulos and
Nadbav (1971). For normal batter angles, it is where IFV =r (I -I~sinv co~
found that the axial displacement due to the axial
IFH • Ipsin "4* Ip708~
2
coaponent of load on a battered pile are almost
identical with the vertical displacements due to ver-
tical load on a vertical pile (Clapter 13). Similar-
ly, the normal displacement due to the normal compon- In equations (14.6) to (14.9)
ent of load on a battered pile may be talten as approx-
imately equal to the horizontal displacement due to v• angle of batter of pile froa
horizontal load on a vertical pile (Sections 14.1 and vertical (positive batter is in
14.2). the direction of the horizontal
load or moment)
If the simplifying assumption is made that the
normal load bas a negligible effect on axial displace- I p = displacement influence factor
ment and that the axial load bas a negligible effect for axially loaded pile, e.g.
on normal displacement, the following expressions may Figs. 13.3 to 13.6: Fig.l3.12
be derived for the vertical and horizontal displacements
and the rotation of a battered pile subjected to a Ip/I~ Iplrf Iee~ IBM' IpP
vertical load V, a horizontal load H and a moment
M at the surface of the mass: = horizontal displacement and
rotation influence factors for
laterally loaded pile (see
Sect ions 14.1 and 14.2) •
• • • (14 .6)
I'PH,;,. {Ip-Ipelsin"41 cosljl
Itil = -I(:JI!in'41
Horizontal, dispt..acement of free-he4d pile:
f1t • / L[V.IhV + B.IhH + ~ • IhM} • • • (14. 7)

B
where Ihv • (Ip-IpBJsinljl cosljl

IhH = Ipsin 1jl + IPll cos~
2
IhM • rpM cosljl
Rotation of free-head piZe:
9 • • • (14.8)
where Iay • -I98 sin"(l
IaB=I9B cos;
I8N. IaN
Chapter 15
'·
MISCELLANEOUS PROBLEMS
15.1 Thick-Wall Cylinder in Triaxial 15.2 Cylinder With Rough Rigid End
Stress Field (Fig. 15.1) Plates (Fig. 15.2)
r a,
a,
4 H
az = Pz
FIG.lS.l
••• (15.la)
Lo_J
J.
a2b2(p -p.) p.a2- p b2 FIG.l5.2
0 1- 1- 0
ar =- (15.lb}
(b2-a2 Jr2 b2- a2
a2b2(p -p.) p.a2-p b2

0 1- 1- 0 Moore (1966) has obtained solutions for the
ae =+ ••• (15.lc)
(b2-a2Jr2 b2- a2 stresses and displacements within the cylinder for
various values of v, HID and a1/a3. For unconfined
compression (a 3=0), these solutions are given in
Tables 15.1 and 15.2. For no axial movement (b--oJ~
Tre = o • • • (15.ld) the solutions for H/1>=2 are shown in Table 15.3. In
Tables 15.1 to 15.3, the vertical displacement pz is
taken as positive when directed towards the centre of
the cylinder, a1 and a3 being compressive •
• •• (15.le}
The relationships between the apparent and true
Poisson's ratio and Young's modulus of the cylinder
are shown in Figs.lS.3 and 15.4.
The solution for any ratio of alfa3 can be der-
ived from a combination of the solution for unconfined
compression (Tables 15.1 and 15.2), with the solution
for a 3/a1 = vI (l-v). This latter solution can be
(15.1£) calculated straightforwardly since there are no radial
strains throughout the cylinder in this case, i.e.
az--al, ar-a 3 and the roughness of the .plates has no
effect.
Pe = o. (15.lg)
29'1
298 MISCELLANEOUS PROBLEHS
TABLE 15.1 r
i
\
STRESSES AND DISPLACEMENTS FOR UNCONFINED COMPRESSION, H/D = 1
{Moor e, 1966)
!
\
.]
i
2r/D 2r/D i
2a/B
0 0.25 0.50 0.75 1 0 0.25 0.50 0.75 1
P/ll (Ou~) P/A
1 0 0 0 0 0 0.500 o.soo 0. 500 0.500 0.500

0.75 0 0.015 0.032 0.054 0.085 0.394 0.393 0. 392 0.385 0.357
0. 50 0 0.026 0.053 0.084 0.115 0.271 0.270 0.266 0.257 0.240
0.25 0 0.032 0.064 0.096 0. 127 0.137 0.137 0.134 0.128 0.121
0 0 0.033 0.067 0.099 0.130 0 0 0 0 0
v • 0. 2S
a.- o Tr:/01 O:/Ot
BID • 1
1 0 0.048 0.101 0.173 0.686 0.892 0.893 0.898 0.932 3.130
0.75 0 0.039 . 0.076 . 0.092 0 0.980 0.982 0.994 1.022 0.924
0.50 0 0.020 0.030 0.018 0 1.039 1.038 1.033 1.006 0.908 .
0.25 0 0.006 0.007 0.000 0 1.065 1.059 1.038 0.993 0.925
0 0 0 0 0 0 1.012 1.064 1.037 0.989 0.933
az~a1 Oef01
1 0.297 0.298 0.299 0.311 1.043 0.297 0.298 0.299 0. 311 1.043
0.75 0. 177 0.170 0.146 0.082 0 0.117 0. 174 0.163 0.138 0.066
0.50 0.083 0.076 0. 053 0.018 0 0.083 0.079 0.066 0.041 0.005
0.25 0.030 0.026 0. 015 0.004 0 0.030 0.027 0.017 0.003 -0. 013
0 0.014 0.011 0.005 0.001 0 0.014 0.011 0.003 -0.007 -0. 017
P./A (Ou~) P/A

1 0 0 0 0 0 0.500 0.500 0. 500 0.500 0.500
0.75 0 0.029 0.060 0. 101 0.154 0.420 0.419 0.416 0.406 0.359
0.50 0 0.048 0.099 0.152 0.203 0.299 0.298 0.291 0.275 0.246
0.25 0 0.058 0.116 0.172 0.221 0.155 0.153 0.148 0. 138 0. 126
0 0 0.061 0.121 0.177 0.226 0 0 0 0 0
v • 0.40.
as• 0 Tr:/Ot O:/Ot
HID • l
1 0 0.078 0.165 0.280 1.236 0.862 0.859 0.853 0.875 6.975
0.75 0 0.061 0.119 0.142 0 1.002 1.002 1.006 1.025 0. 811
0. 50 0 0.029 0.042 0.021 0 1.092 1.086 1.066 1. 004 0. 824
0.25 0 0.008 0.007 - 0.005 0 1;127 1.114 1.071 0. 985 0. 867
0 0 0 · 0 0 0 1.136 1.120 1.069 0. 981 0.885
az~at OefOt
1 0.574 0.512 0.569 0.583 4.650 0.574 0.572 0.569 0.583 4. 650
0.75 0.333 0. 320 0. 274 0. 156 0 0.333 0.325 0.297 0.233 0.048
0.50 0.154 0. 140 0.099 0.037 0 0.154 0.144 0. 112 0.053 - 0.033
0.25 0.055 0. 047 0.028 0.009 0 0.055 0.046 0.023 -,0.012 - 0. 049
0 0.025 0.020 0. 010 0.003 0 0.025 0.018 - 0.002 -0. 028 - 0.051
P./1:. (Out:.lazods) P/A

1 0 0 0 0 0 0.500 0.500 0.500 0.500 0.500
0.75 0 0.035 0.073 0. 120 0.180 0.434 0.434 0.431 0. 419 0:367
0.50 0 0.059 0. 119 0. 182 0.239 0.315 0.314 0. 307 0. 288 o:254
0.25 0 0.071 0. 140 0.206 0.262 0.164 0.163 0. 157 0.146 0.130
0 0 0.074 0.146 0.202 0.268 0 0 0 0 0
v • 0.4S
as• o -rnfat 0:/0t
H/D • l
1 0 0.091 0. 188 0.315 . 1.378 0.864 0.858 0. 843 0.853 11. 966
0.75 0 0.068 0.133 0.161 0 1.021 1.017 1.011 1. 016 0. 757
0.50 0 0.032 0.049 0.026 0 1.120 1.110 1.081 1. 004 0.790
0.25 0 0.009 0.009 -0.005 0 1.160 1.143 1.090 0.986 0.845
0 0 0 0 0 0 1.171 1.152 1.090 0.985 0. 868
az1at oefat
1 0.101 0.702 0. 690 0.698 9.791 0.707 0.702 0.690 0. 698 9. 791
0. 75 0.406 0.390 0.334 0.201 0 0.406 0.394 0.356 0. 273 0.032
0. 50 0.189 0.173 0.124 0.051 0 0.189 0.175 0.134 0. 060 -0.053
0. 25 0.069 0.059 0.035 0.011 0 0.069 0.058 0.027 -0. 020 - 0.068
0 0.034 0.027 0.012 0.003 0 0.034 0.024 - 0.003 -0. 039 -0.069
CYLINEER JII7:'B RIGID END PLATES 299
TABLE 15.2
STRESSES AND DISPLACElENTS FOR UNCONFINED COMPRESSI ON, B/D = 2
(Moore , 1966)
2r/D 2r/l)
b/H
0 0.25 0.50 0.75 1 0 0. 25 0.50 0. 75 1
P/6 (Oub.lard6) P/6
1 0 0 0 0 0 0.500 0.500 0.500 0. 500 0.500

0.875 0 0.007 0.015 0.026 0.042 0.448 0.448 0.447 0.443 0.430
0.750 0 0. 012 0. 025 0.035 0.056 0.389 o;388 0.386 0. 381 0. :572
0.625 0 0.015 0.030 0.044 0.062 0.325 0.324 0.322 0. 318 0. 313.
0.500 0 0.016 0.032 0.047 0.064 0.260 0. 259 0.257 0.254 0.252
0.375 0 0.016 0.033 0.048 0.064 0.194 0. 194 0. 192 0. 191 0. 190
0.250 0 0.016 0.033 0.049 0.064 0.129 0.129 0.128 0. 127 0. 127
0.125 0 0. 016 0. 032 0.048 0.064 0.064 0.064 0.064 0.064 0. 064
0 0 0.016 0".033 0.048 0.064 0 0 0 0 0
v• 0.2S
as- o -rr;/at . a,;at
BID • 2
1 0 0.046 0.098 0.170 0. 683 0. 886 0.887 0.895 0.932 3.118
0, 875 0 0. 037 0.072 0. 089 0 0. 969 0.973 0. 989 1.021 0. 926
0.750 0 0. 016 0.024 0.013 0 1.022 1. 024- 1.026 1.007 0.915
0.625 0 0. 001 - 0.002 -0.008 0 1.039 1.037 1.026 0.997 0. 943
0.500 0 -o. oo5 - 0.010 -0. 011 0 1.035 1. 031 1. 018 0.995 0.967
0.375 0 -o.oo5 -0.009 -0. 008 0 1.025 1.022 1.011 0.996 0.984
0.250 0 -0. 004 - 0.006 -0.005 0 1.016 1. 014 1. 007 0.999 0.993
0. 125 0 -0.002 -0.003 -0. 002 0 1.011 1.009 1.005 1.000 0.998
0 0 0 0 0 0 1.009 1.008 1. 004 1. 000 0.999
a/at aefat
1 0.295 0.296 0. 298 0.311 1.039 0.295 0.296 0.298 0.311 1.039
0.875 0.179 0. 172 0. 147 0.082 0 0.179 0.176 0.165 0.140 0.068
0.750 0. 087 0. 079 0. 054 0.018 0 0. 087 0.083 0.070 0. 045 0.010
0. 625 0. 033 0.028 0. 016 0.005 0 0.033 0.030 0. 021 0.008 -0.006
0. 500 0. 007 0. 006 0. 003 0.001 0 0.007 0.006 0.002 -0.003 -0.008
0.375 -0.002 -0.002 - 0.002 o.ooo 0 -0.002 -0. 003 -0.004 -0.006 -0.007
0. 250 -o.oos -0.004 - 0.003 - 0.001 0 -o.oo5 -0.005 -o.oo5 -o.oo5 - 0.004
0.125 -0.005 -0.004 -0.003 -0.001 0 -0. 005 -o. oo5 -o.oo5 -0.004 - 0.003
0 - o.oo5 -0.004 -0.002 -0.001 0 -o.oos -o.oos -0.004 -0.004 - 0.003
P/6 (Oub.lard6) P/6

1 0 0 0 0 0 0. 500 o. soo 0. 500 0.500 0.500
0.875 0 0. 013 0.027 0.046 0.072 0.463 0.463 0.461 0.456 0. 434
0.750 0 0.022 0.045 0. 070 0.094 0. 409 0.408 0 .403 0.395 0.381
0.625 0 0. 026 0.052 0.079 0.103 0.344 0.342 0.338 0.330 0.323
0.500 0 0.028 0. 055 0.081 0.106 0.275 0.273 0.270 0.265 0.261
0. 375 0 0.028 0.055 0.082 0.107 0.205 0.204 0.202 0. 199 0.197
0.250 0 0. 028 o.oss 0.081 0.107 0.136 0.136 0. 134 0.133 0.132
0.125 0 0. 027 0. 054 0.081 0.107 0.068 0.068 0.067 0.067 0.066
0 0 0.027 0.054 0.081 0.107 0 0 0 0 0
v - 0.4
<7J~ Tr;/at _ a,;a1
BID • 2
1 0 0.073 0. 157 0.273 1.223 0.843 0.842 0.843 0.870 6.889
0.875 0 0.056 0.112 0.136 0 0.975 0.978 0.992 1.020 0. 812
0.750 0 0.022 0.032 0.012 0 1.054 1.054 1.047 1.002 0. 835
0.625 0 -0. 002 -0.010 -0.019 0 1.075 1.069 1.046 0,989 0.895
0.500 0 -0. 010 -0.019 -0.021 0 1.065 1.057 1.032 0. 990 0.994
0.375 0 -0. 010 -0.016 -0.014 0 1.047 1.040 1. 022 0. 996 0.975
0. 250 0 -0.007 -0.010 -0.008 0 1.032 1.028 1. 016 1.001 0.992
0.1i5 0 -0. 003 -0.005 -0. 004 0 1.024 1.021 1.013 1.004 1.001
0 0 0 0 0 0 1.021 1.018 1.012 1.005 1.004
aziat aefat
1 0.562 0.561 0. 562 0. 580 4.599 0. 562 0.561 0.562 0;580 4.599
0. 875 0.333 0. 320 0.272 0.155 0 0.333 0.325 0.299 0.236 0.053
0.750 0.159 0. 145 0.101 0. 038 0 0.159 0.150 0.120 O.Q63 o.ooo
0.625 0.058 0.050 0.030 0. 010 0 o. o58 0.052 0. 032 0.002 -0.032
o. soo 0. 011 0. 009 0.004 0. 002 0 0.011 0. 008 0.001 - 0.014 - 0.025
0.375 -0. 006 -0.005 -0.004 -0.001 0 -0. 006 -0. 007 -0.010 -0.01~ - 0. 016
0. 250 -0. 010 -0.009 -0.006 -0.002 0 -0. 010 -0. 011 -0. 011 -0.013 -0.013
0.125 -0.011 -0.009 - 0.006 -0.002 0 -0.011. -0.011 -0.010 -0.010 -0. 008
0 . - 0.010 -0.009 -0.006 - 0.002 0 - 0.010 -0.010 -0.009 -O.ooa -o. oos
300 IIISCZI..LANEOUS PRDBUJIS
TABLE 15.2 (Conti.Dued)

STRESSES AND DISPLA.CEMENJ'S FOR tJNC(J(FINED COMPRESSI(J{, H/D = 2
(}Core, 1966)
2r/D 2r/D
Za/11
0 0.25 0.50 0.75 1 0 0.25 o. so 0. 75 1
P./4 (~) P,/4
1 0 0
0.875 0 0.015 0.017 0.029 0.081 0.412 0.471 0.469 0.463 0.440
0.750 0 0.025 0.043 0.069 0.107 0.420 0.419 0.414 0.404 O.lU
0.625 0 0.030 0.057 0.087 0.117 0. 356 0.354 0.344 0.340 0. 330
0.500 0 0.032 0.063 0.093 0.122 0.285 0.284 0. 279 0.273 0.268
0.375 0 0.032 0.064 0.094 0.124 0.213 0.212 0.209 0.206 0.203
0.250 0 0.032 0.064 0.095 0.124 0.142 0.141 0.139 0.137 0.136
0.125 0 0.032 0.063 0.094 0.125 0.071 0.070 0.070 0.069 0. 068
0 0 0.032 0.063 0.094 0.125 0 0 0 0 0
v • 0.4S
OJ• 0 Tr/Ol o;o1
B/D • 2
1 0 0.082 0.175 0. 300 1.342 0. 827 0. 824 0.818 0.836 11.648
0.875 0 0.061 0.122 0. 150 0 0.971 0.912 0.979 0.997 0.750
0.750 0 0.024 0.035 0.014 0 1. 058 1.055 1. 044 0.989 0.796
0.625 0 -0.002 - 0.011 ..0.022 0 1.083 1.076 1.048 0.981 0.812
0.500 0 -o.ou -0.022 ..().023 0 1. 075 1.066 1.038 o.9aa 0.933
0.375 0 -0.011 -0.018 ..0.017 0 1.059 1.051 1.030 0.999 0.973
0. 250 0 -0.007 -0.012 -0.010 0 1.045 1.040 1.025 1.007 0.996
0. 125 0 ·0.004 -0. 006 -0.004 0 1.037 1.033 1.024 1.003 1.008
0 0 0 0 0 0 1 .034 1.031 1. 023 1.014 1.011
0./01 or(o1
1 0. 677 0.674 0.670 0.684 9:531 0.677 0.674 0. 67.!) 0. 684 9.531
0. 875 0.399 0.383 0. 328 0. 196 0 0.399 0.389 0. 354 0.275 0.038
-o. 750 0. 193 0. 176 0.126 0. 051 0 0.193 0. 181 0.143 0.072 -0.038
0.625 0.073 0.063 0.039 0.014 0 0. 073 0.064 0.039 0. 001 -0.043
0.500 0.015 0.012 0.006 0.002 0 0. 015 0.011 -0.002 - 0.01& -0.032
0.375 -o.oo8 -0.007 -0.006 -0.002 0 -o. oo8 -0. 009 -0.014 -0. 019 -0.021
0.250 -0.015 -0.013 -0.009 ..().003 0 -0. 015 -0. 015 -0.016 -0. 016 -0. 014
0.125 -0.016 -0.014 -0.009 -0.004 0 -0. 016 -0. 015 -0.015 ·0. 013 -0.009
0 ..0.016 ..0.014 -0.009 ..().004 0 -0. 016 -0. 015 -0.014 ·0. 012 -o.ooa
Cl'I..IBDD 'III'tB RIGrJJ DD PIA!nS
TABLE 15.3
S11tESSES AND DISPLACE!ENTS FOR CtlfflMIHG PRESSURE 1fi1H J«> AXIAL ICVE)£HT
(Moore, 1966)
l:r/D tr/D
b/B
0 0.25 0.50 0.75 1 0 0. 25 0. 50 0.75
p~/Dt1, ( bwt:zoti6) pzE/l)a'
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0.175 0 0.035 0.076 0.130 0.209 -o.o55 ..0.053 ..() . ()« .0. 030 0.038
0.750 0 0.062 o.u8 0. 203 0. 280 -0.070 -0.067 -o.o55 -0. 029 0.014
0.625 0 0 . 016 0.153 o.m 0. 309 -0.062 -o.o58 -o.046 -0.025 -0.003
0. 500 0 0.011 0.162 0.241 0.319 ..().047 -0. 044 -o.Ol4 -0.021 ..0.010
0.375 0 0.082 0.163 0.243 0.321 -0. 032 -0.030 -o.024 -0.016 -0.012
0.250 0 0.082 0.163 0.243 0.321 -0.019 -0.018 -0. 015 -0. 011 -0.010
0.125 0 o.082 0.162 0.242 0.321 - 0.009 -0. 009 -0. 007 -0.006 -0.005
0 0 0.081 0.162 0.242 0.321 0 0 0 0 0
v. o.u
111 /at.C. 4SS a;oa
BID • 2 <:o:/Os
1 0 0.117 0.250 0.436 1.738 0.750 0.746 0.728 0.638 -4.938

0.875 0 0. 094 0.186 0. 228 0 0.535 0. 525 0.485 0.399 0.642
0.750 0 0.041 0. 062 0.033 0 0.398 0.393 o.m 0.434 0.668
0.625 0 0. 002 ..0.001 -0.023 0 0.354 0. 360 0.387 0.463 0.601
0.500 0 -o.ou ..().025 -0.028 0 0.365 0. 375 0. 408 0.469 0. 539
0.375 0 -o.ou ..().023 -0.021 0 0.392 0. 401 0. 427 0.465 0.497
0.250 0 -o.009 -o.OlS .0.012 0 0.416 0. 422 0.439 0.460 0.473
0.125 0 -o.oo5 -o.007 -0.006 0 0.430 0. 434 o.«5 0.457 0.461
0 0 0 0 0 0 0. 435 0.438 0.447 0.456 0.458
o:fa• aefas
1 0.250 0.249 0.243 0.213 -1.646 0.250 0.249 0.243 0.213 -1.646
0.875 0.548 0. 565 0.629 0 . 191 1.000 O.S4S 0.555 0.581 0.647 o.828
0.150 0.782 0.802 0.865 0.957 1.000 0.782 0.792 o.825 o.aa8 o.9n
0.625 0.921 0. 932 0.961 0 .990 1.000 0.921 0.928 0.949 0.982 1.018
0.500 0.985 o.9aa 0.995 0.999 1.000 0.985 o.9aa 1.018 1.011 1.022
0.375 1.008 1.007 1.00S 1.001 1.000 1.008 1.009 1.012 1.015 1.011
0.2.50 l.OU 1.011 1.007 1.002 1.000 1. 013 1.013 1.013 1.013 1.011
0.125 1.012 1.011 1.006 1.002 1.000 1. 012 1.012 1.011 1.008 1.007
0 1.012 1.010 1.006 1.001 1.000 1.012 1.011 1.010 l.OOS 1.006
;~E/DOs ( Z,.....Jan:I.) P1:'&/Das

1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0.875 0 0.018 0.038 0.065 0.101 -0.036 -o.036 -0. 033 -0.025 0.005
0.750 0 0.030 0.063 0.098 0.132 -o.047 -0.046 -0.040 -0.027 -o.ooa
0.625 0 0.037 0.074 0.110 0. 144 -o. 044 -0.042 -o.o3s -0.025 -0.014
0.500 0 0.039 o.on 0.114 0.149 -0.034 -0.033 -0.028 -0.021 -0.016
0.375 0 0.039 0.077 0.114 0.150 -0.025 -0.024 -0.020 -0.016 -0.014
0.250 0 0.039 0.077 0.114 0. 150 -0.016 0.015 -0.013 -0.011 -0.010
0.125 0 0.038 0.076 0.113 0.150 -0. 008 -0.007 -0.006 -0.006 -o.oo5
0 0 0.038 0. 076 0.113 0. 150 0 0 0 0 0
v . 0.4
a1/a.-c. ?63
H/1>-2 'r/Os a:faa
1 0 0.054 0.116 0.202 0.904 0.878 0.878 0.878 0.858 ~3.60 1
0.875 0 0.042 0. 082 0.100 0 0.780 0.778 0.768 0. 747 0.901
0.750 0 0.016 0.023 0.009 0 0. 721 0. 722 0.725 0.760 o.au
0.625 0 -o.ooz -o.006 ..().015 0 0.706 0.110 0.728 o.no 0.839
0.500 0 ..(). 008 -o.Ol4 -0.015 0 0.714 0.719 0.738 0. 769 0.803
0.375 0 ..(). 007 -o.o12 ..().011 0 0.727 0.732 0.746 0.765 0.780
0.250 0 -o.oos -o.ooa ..().006 0 0.738 0.741 0.750 0.761 0.767
0.125 0 -o.oo2 .0.004 -o.oo3 0 0.145 0.747 0. 753 0.759 0.761
0 0 0. 0 0 0 0.747 0. 749 0.753 0. 758 0.759
0./01 aefa•
1 o. sas o.5as o.sas 0.572 -2 .401 0.585 0. 585 o.sa5 0.572 -2. 401
0.875 0.755 0. 764 0.199 0.886 1.000 0.755 0.760 0.780 0.826 0.961
0.750 0.883 0.893 0.926 0.913 1.000 0.883 0. 890 0.912 0.954 1.007
0.625 0. 957 0.963 0.976 0.993 1.000 0.957 0.962 0.976 0. 999 1. 024
0.500 0.992 0.993 0.997 0. 999 1.000 0.992 0. 994 1.001 1. 010 1.019
0.375 1.004 1.004 1.003 1. 001 1.000 1.004 1. 005 1.008 1.011 1.012
0.250 1.007 1.007 1.004 1.001 1.000 1.007 1.008 1.008 1.008 1.001
0. 125 1.008 1.007 1.004 1.001 1.000 1. 008 1.008 1.007 1. 006 1. 005
0 1.008 1.007 1.004 1.001 1.000 1.008 1.007 1.007 1.006 1.004
302 IIISCBIJ.AlrEOUS PICBUJIS
TABLE 15.3 (Continued)

STllESSES AND DISPLACa£NTS FOR CCifFINING PRESSURE lfi1H NO AXIAL M)VB£Nr
(Moore. 1966}
::Z./D ::Z./D
h/H
0 0. 25 0.50 0.75 0 0.25 0.50 0.75
pr E/Da, ( butmU) P,i:/Da,

1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0.175 0 0.009 0.047 0.034 0.051 ..0.022 -o.on -0.021 ..0.017 ..0.002
0.750 0 0.016 0.035 0.051 0.061 -0.030 -0.029 -0.026 -0.020 -0.009
0.625 0 0.019 0.039 o.osa 0.075 -0.028 -0.027 -o.ou -0.018 -o.ou
0.500 0 0.021 0.041 0.060 0. 079 -0.024 -0.023 -0.020 -0.016 -0.013
0.375 0 0.021 0.041 0. 061 o. oao -0.018 -0.017 ..0.015 -0.013 -o.on
0.250 0 0.021 0.041 0. 061 0. 081 -0.011 - 0.011 -0.010 -0.009 -o.ooa
0.125 0 0.021 0.041 0. 061 0.081 -0.005 -0.005 -0.004 -0.004 -0.004
0 0 0.021 0.041 0. 061 0.081 0 0 0 0 0
v • O. fS
as/a,.-().8'14
B/D • 2
1 0 0.028
•rz~a,
0.060 0. 104 0. 460 0. 934 0. 935

rl:/rl•
0.937 0.932 -2.771
r
l
0.875 0 0.021 0.042 0. 051 0 0.885 0. 885 o.883 0. 879 0.963
0. 750 0 0.008 0.012 0.006 0 0.855 0. 857 0.861 o.aao 0.946
0.625 0 o.ooo -0.003 -0.007 0 0.847 0.849 0.859 0. 881 0.919
0.500 0 -o. 003 -0.007 -0. 007 0 0.848 0.851 0.861 0. 878 0. 897
0.375 0 -o. 004 -0.006 -o. 006 0 0.853 0.856 0. 863 0.874 0.883
0.250 0 -0.002 -0.004 -0.003 0 0.857 0.859 0.864 0.870 0.875
0.125 0 .0. 001 -0.002 -0.002 0 0.860 0.861 0.864 0.868 0.870
0 0 0 0 0 0 0.861 0.862 0.865 0.868 0.869
a/a, ar/a•
1 0.765 0.76.5 0.767 0.763 -2.267 0.76.5 0.765 0.767 0.763 -2.2.67
0.175 0.860 0.865 0.884 0. 930 1.000 0.860 0.863 0.175 0.904 O. H6
0. 750 0.931 0. 937 0.954 0.981 1.000 0.931 0.935 0.948 0.973 1. 012
0. 625 0.973 0.976 0. 985 0.995 1.000 0.973 0. 976 0.985 0. 991 1.014
0.500 0.994 0.995 0.997 0.999 1. 000 0. 994 0.995 1.000 1.006 l,OU
0.375 1.002 1.002 1.002 1.001 1.000 1.002 1.003 1. 007 1.007 1.001
0.250 1.005 1. 005 1.003 1.001 1.000 1.005 1.005 1. 006 1. 006 1.005
0. 1.25 1. 006 1. 005 1. 004 1.002 1.000 1.006 1. 006 1.005 1.005 1.004
0 1.006 1.005 1. 004 1. 002 1.000 1.006 1. 006 1.005 1.004 1.003
CYLINDER Win RIGID END PLATES 303
0·6
0·5
Hfo•'-
~ Hfo•2
~-/
sf
-a
a: 0•4
~ ~/
~/
·~
0
"'
"'
·a
-.
11.
c:
...0
0 •3
0·2
v/ c
~
~
c.
<(
O•t
0
v 0·2 0•3
True Poisson's Ratio
O•S 0·6
FIG. lS . J Apparent Poisson's Ratio versus the

Poisson's Ratio (Moore, 1966)
1•3 .---,---.--"T'"---r---,
True Poissol'l's Ratio
FIG.lS . 4 Ratio of apparent E to true E versus

true Poisson •s Ratio (Moore • 1966)
304 HISCBLLANBOUS PROBLBIIS
15.3 Inclusion in an Infinite Region ae = lf(p +p )(l + Bifl ~ - lf(p -p J

zy r2. :y
(Fig. 15.5)
•
scFt1
{1- -rcos26 • • • (15.3b)
r,.
G. II
• = -lf(p -p J {1 +~ seE'*}
- +- •
- nn26 ••. (15.3c)
r6 : Y r1 r".
where A = 2 ( 1-kJ
fkx+1)
B = £xo-1-kfx-1Jl
\,_ Full Cldhcsoon at
(2k+xo-1J
tnt<lrloccz.
c= (k-1)
tt tf
y
fkx+l)
FIG.lS.S
15.4 Stiff Plate Subjected to Moment and
Jaeger and Cook (1969) quote the following
solutions: Horizontal Load
The solutions for displacement h and rotation
r<R 6 . of a stiff vertical plate in a semi-infinite mass,
Principal stresses are have been obtained by Douglas and Davis (1964). and
are shown in Fig.l5.6. The upper edge of the plate
[kfx+2J + x 0 lkfx+1Jp= is at the surface and the loads are applied to this
edge. The results are for v=o.s but are not sig-
2(2k+xo-1Jfkx+1J nificantly different for other values of v.
£kfx-2J - xo +2lkfx+1J
e-[if1 v
+ - - - - - - - - - Py ••• (15.2a) i I I
2 (2k+xo-lJ fkx+lJ v
r, /
£kfx-2J - xo
2(2k+xo-lJ fkx+1J
+2Jkfx+1Jp=
[k(X+2J + xoJk(X+l) .
1: 1·5
2·0 r-
e-0 J;··: t/
II'
/
~ U,H-
I8H
v
+
2(2k+xo-1J fkx+lJ
Py • • • (15.2b)
.
;:;
;: leM y I~ ~ 'tt1M
~
::;;;...
r
0
u
where k Go/G . /
x
u
c. 1•0 / ~
~~
3-4v for plane strain
or
3-v for plane stress
y.;:v
.a
:s / /
M H
e =Eeii' "le"' • Esi5 • leH
X
lh'l ~
/
lhH I =ffi"' •
h H
lhM. EB·IhH
and similarly for xo. 0•5
~ I
r>R
CJ
0 I
r 0·1 0·2 0·5 1•0 2·0 5•0
Bfo
3CR'+
- --}cos26 ••• (15-.3a) FIG.l5.6 Influence coefficients for rotation and
r'+ translation of rigid plate (Douqlas and Davis,
1964)
305
15.5.2 TRANSLATING ROUGH BASE (Plane Strain)

15.5 Streses in a Layer With a
This problem is as shown in Fig.l5. 7, except that
Yielding Base lower surface is now perfectly rough throughout.
15.5.1 TRANSLATING Sr«xmi BASE (Plane Strain) Finn (1963) obtained the following solutions:
(Fig.lS.7)
a= = - d [.le.. { :r:+b - ::r:-b J

1T(3B-eJ B+p f=+bJ 2+ z2 r::r:-bJ 2+ z2
• X
zr:z:+bJz
2
+ zr::r:-bJz
2
i+ m
MatRrial Unit Wcright • y {(=+bJ2+ 22}2 {(::c-bJ2+!2}2 I-v
h
••• (15.5a)
+ · zr:z:+bJz 2 Zf::r:-bJz
2
] + yz
{(:fb)2+ !2}2 {(::r:-b)2+ l!2J2
(lS.Sb)
FIG.lS. 7
d [B-e ~ -i + z }
1rr3a-eJ S+p r::r:-bJ2+ z2 f:r:+bJ2+ z2
- !Hz2- f:::-bJ2} + .:.ii.:::l!:..2,;;.-~f.=:r:+b:.::.!.J-2~}]

Finn (1963) obtained the following solutions for iz2+ r:::-bi2J2 {z2+ f=+bJ2J2
a base translation of d: ••• (15.5c)
= - ..L [ :r:+b
2
- ::;-b where z = h-s
cr= ZS1r (:r:+bJ + z 2 (:::-b/+ 22
S = I-v2
2(:r:+bJz 2 + zr:::-bJz
2
J E
{(:r:+b)2+ z2}2 {(::;-b)z+ i2}2 V(l+V)
e=-
E
+ E:!:L ••• (1S.4a)
1-v
15.5.3 ROTATING SMOOTH BASE (Plane Strain)
(Fig.l5.8)
..L [- (:r:+b) + :::-b
2
2 Sir (:r:+b) + z 2 (:::-b) 2+ z 2
2
__;Z;.:.f.;;;:r:+b~J=-z2_ _ + zr:::-bJz ] +ys
{(:J:+b)2+ z2}2 {(::;-b)2+ -z2}2
• • • (15.4b)
2a [ !2_ r:r:+bJ2 .. !2_ r:::-bJ2 ]

2S1T • {(::r:-b)2+ z2}2 {(::;+b)2+ z2}2
••• (15.4c)
where z = h-s
_ I-v2
S- E
FIG.lS.S
306 JIISCBLLANEOUS PROBUJIS
Finn (1963) gives the following solutions: az = - ----=-=----

4sa
(58-p) (S+p)nb
[% r:2+ 8 2J2
bbn---:.::::....:..-=-""-----
{(=+b) 2+!2}{(:-b) 2+!2}
a
= =--[
d
nab
.\" (:2+ 22)2
bt-t--..:..:......:....::~---
. {(=+b)2+ !2}{(:-bJ2+.i2} +£..{ =+b - =-b n
2 f=+~JJ2+ 2 2 r:-bJ2+ 1 2
+1!.{ =+b
2 r:-bJ2+ 8 2
- =-b
r:-bJ2+ 2 2
} 2d [ z2
~bf5B-pJ 2{r=+bJ 2+ z2 }
z2 z2
+
:z2 b!2(=+b)
+ --=---."""'--:-
Z{f=+bJ2+ i2} Z{(:-bJ2+ z2}
Z{ r:-bJ2+ z2} {f=+bJ2+z2}2
bz 2 (=+bJ bz 2 r:-bJ
-
bz 2 f:-bJ ---
z ] + .,,a
- {f=+bJ2+ 2 2}2 - {f:-bJ2+ 1 2}2
{f:-bJ2+ 1 2}2 :2+ z2
(15.7b)
••• (15.6a)
where z= h-z
S = l-v2
E
. V(l+'IJ)
p=-E-
15.6 Stresses Behind Retaining Walls·

The following solutions have been derived by Finn
(1963) , using the_ solutions for a layer with a yielding
base in Section 15.5.
15.6.1 SMOOnl TRANSLATING WALL

••• (15.6b) (Fig.l5.9)
where z =h-a
S = 1-v2
-j d r { Fr'ft SW'facct of lilyvr
X
E
!-Smooth Rigid
Wall
15.5.4 ROTATING ROUGH BASE (Plane Strain) h
This problem is as shown in Fig.l5.8, except that

lower surface is now perfectly rough.
Finn (1963) gives the following solutions: I

:..-Notct: Octfonnatian Of thiS linct
1 assumed nczgligiblc
4pd [% bz (:2+ :z2 )2 Tz COI\'IPOI"'lCC to d
f5B-pJ(S+pJnb {f=+bJ2+!2}{f:-bJ2+z2}
FIG.l5.9
+e.{ =+b - =-b }]
2 (:-b)2+ !2 (:-b)2+ !2
2d -2 The horizontal pressure a: along the wall (:=0)
+ nbf5B-pJ [- Z{(=+b~ 2 + i 2 } 2 (noting the assumption in Fig.l5.9) is
a uvz
= ~+ 4zh dh , ••• (15.8)
= 1-v (a+h) (z-h) s~
3
+ b! 2(:-b) + i _ ] + E!::!. where S

1-v
=--
2
{(:-bJ2+ z2}2 =2+ !2 1-v .E

••• (15.7a)
S'ZRBSSES BEIIDD RB'ZUNING li7AU.S 307
15.6.2 ROUGH TRANSLATING WALL + z(2h+z) + ~ _ ! ] . 0 •• (15.11)

As in Fig.15.9, except that wall is now perfectly h(h+a) 2 fh+zJ 3 h
rough.
where a= 1-v 2
a: along the wall (:r:=O) is E
v(i+v)
{L _1_ _ r rit-azJ} p=~
2 2 3
f3+p z -h fh+zJ
• • • (15 .9)
a = 1 -~
2
where
E
p = V(1+V)
E
15.6.3 SKXml ROTATING WALL

(Fig.l5 .10)
I
J
(" Fnza surfacll of ICI)IQI"
Smooth Rigid
Wall
- X
I
h I
I Matarlal Unit W.Zight • y
I
I
NoW: Dllformatlon Of thiS )Inez
QSSUmczd ""9ligibiQ
z cornpai"Cld to d .
FIG.lS.lO
.Along the wall (:r:=O)~
a= = m_ ~R.n z" + dh. 1

1-v 4'1l'ah (z2-h2J2 a'll' (z2-h2J
+ 2dh. • h+2z ,_,_ ••• (15.10)

B'll' fh+zJ.31 =.
2
1
. where 6 = -"
E
15.6.4 ROUGH ROTATING WALL

As in Fig.l5.10, except that wall is rough.
Along the wall (:r:=O)
a = m__ 46 2 [ ~ .2n z" _ <Ih

:r:
1-v f3a-pJ(S+p) 4'1l'h6 (z 2 -h 2 ) 2 6'11'
. 1 ]- d [-~-1-
(z2-h2) n(3B-pJ B+p (h+z) 2
308
Appendix A
STRESSES AND DISPLACEMENTS IN A

LOADED ORTHORHOMBIC HALF SPACE
C. M. Gerrard
W. Jill Harrison
309
3l0 2
The material in this Appendix was originally

published as Technical Paper No.9 of the Division of Applied
Geomechanics, C.S.I.R.o •• Australia and is reproduced in
full herein with kind pexmi.ssion of the authors and the
Chief of the Division of Applied Geomechanics.
Corrections to the original published version

have been supplied by the authors of the Technical Paper and
have been incorporated in the reprinted version herein.
For convenience, the page numbers of this Appendix

are identical with those of the original publication and any
reference to page numbers in the text refers to the pages of
this Appendix only.
Jll
OJiiiEHIS
,.,.
~ 4
I. ~a. 5
II. NDTAnC:W 5
III. OllHJIIDeiC HALF SPACE 7
IV. LOAD TrPES 9
v. MlmtOD OF SOLUTION 11
VI. PJtESEHT'AnO. OF RESULTS 11
VII. SOwrtO.S FOR DISPI.ACEJEMTS, STIAINS AHD STRESSES
1(a) llU.fom Vertical Pressun 14
1{b) llU.£om Vertical Disp~t 15
2(a) LiDear Vertic:&l Pressure 16
2{b) Uaear Vertical Disp1-t 17
l(a) llU.fom Laun.l Sbear Suus 11
l{b) llU.fom ~e.ral Sbur Di.Jpl-t 19
4 (a) 1.iDear ~ Shear Suess 20
4{b) LiDear LaU:ral Shear Disp~t 21
IDteptls for Loadill& by Uaifom Preuure 22
lnteptls for LoadiD& by thifom Disp1&CI8ellt 23
1ntearals for Load.iD& by LiDear Pressure 24
Inteanls for Loadin& by LiDear Displa~t 25
Values of Coefficients 26
VIII. REFERENCES 27
3l2 STRESSES AND DISPLACEJENTS IN A LOADeD
OR'lHORHOMBIC HALF SPACE
by C.M. Gerrard* and w. Jill Harrison*
This paper gives a complete range of solutions for all the displacement, strain, and stress c:o.pcments
developed in a loaded anisotropic: half spac:e. The half spac:e is h01110geneous, linearly elastic: and infinitely
deep. The stress-strain response types of ortho:rhombic:, cross-anisotropic: and isotropic: are all considered.
A range of SUple load types are included as follows :-
1. !DAD PRODtx:ING RESULTANT VEID'ICAL FORCE -
(a) Uniform vertical pressure.

(b) Uniform vertic:al displac:maent.
2. LOAD PRODUCING RESULTANT K>MENT
(a) Linear vertical pressure.

(b) Linear vertical displac:e~~ent.
3. !DAD PRODUCING RESULTANT LATERAL FORCE
(a) Uniform lateral shear stress.

(b) Uniform lateral shear displac:maent.
4. LOAD PRODtx:ING NO RESULTANT FORCE OR K>MENT
(a) Linear lateral shear stress.

(b) Linear lateral shear displac:ement.
The solutions produced have Jlrac:tic:al value in soil and roclc engineering for two main reasons :-
(i) The loadings, when considered singly or in combination, represent the c:onditions existing under
many typic:al footings and foundations.
(ii) The nature of the half spac:e analysed represents the c:CIIIIBOJlly oc:c:urring situation where the
loaded soil or roclc masses. are anisotropic:.
• Division of Applied Geomechanics, CSIRO, P.o. Box 54, Mount Waverley, 3149, Victoria, Australia.
s
I. nrriCIU:I'I Clf
lD tile aal)'Sis of -r pnaical sitaatiou iA soil Dll 1'0Ck ..claalcs, sadl as lCa, baUcliDa fcalll-
atiou 8Dil 1aaJ tlllb•t-nu, it is ~le to u . - that tta. lclqitudi.aal direet straiJa prodDceod b)' tile
loM.iq will be aero. . . _ . o f this u,...,Uoa of plae straia tbese pnlbl- ca be treuecl as beilla
~ioaal.
Solutiou buecl on eluUc theory have prond to be useful ill precU.c:UDa t.ecliate sau~u. ill
c:ouoliclatioa aalysis, llll4l in the reeenUy developed 'stress pau• &D&lysis (LaM, 1967). Tbesa sol-
utiou .ay also be applied to the aalysis of the perf~ of ~ad ~llil\1 plmt siac:e the lo8dil\a in
this c:ua produces appnua..ately p l - strai.ll coaditiou.
n.re is a arowi.Jll llpln'Kiatiol\ that in -r soil Dll rock •cUDJ.c:s simuiou the st:rus-de~011
propenies of the uurta.ls c:oacemed are Gli.sotropic. This factor was tabll into ac:cau~~t iD }nOdlacina the
solllti- c:oatei.Aecl ill this report. Helice these solutiou ca be used to paap the effect of aisotropy 011
a partiaalar CIJIIIllllleDt of illte:rut, sudl as surface detonation or spuial stress patum. lbe existi.lla
solutiODS for liuarly elastic half pl8De pnlbl- are ~ucl iJa Table 1. It ca be S&eD th&t the sol-
lrtiODS presaated bereia are .ne ~in thm _., of the previoas wort for loeds of finite viclth, in
oee or ~ of tile follariJia vqs. ·
1. IWaae of loacl types c:ODSidend.
2. IWip of stresses, strains, md displac:eents solved.
3. lliAI• of &llis'onopic uterial respoase• consiclezoed.
II. Nat'ATION
faJ eo-~. Diq~w. stz.aiM, sm.•• tWI Bta.tio Nodii.Zi
:, ... half loaded width
rectqu.laz co-ordiD&us (late%&!, lcmcitudinal, vertical) .xprn.secl in ..Uu of the

half 1~ width
w, 11, ., clisp~u ill the nspecti.,. c:o-orcli.llate ~ctiou
l&U%&1 clispl-t 8DAl vertical clispl~t respectively at the point ill the half
• o
p~ lllhere • • :
a.;;;,u,.u clirec:t stress aDil shear stress CO'IpODeDts of the stress tensor
clirect strai.ll aDd shear strai.ll =-poDeuts of the strain teDSOr

':::• 'w• 'u• 'u
a,b,o,d,e,f calpOMilU of the elasticity teDSOr (see equatims 1,3,4, azul S)
'taaDI'S .oclali iJa the :, y, md • clirectioas for a ~ic uterial (see

equaUOIIS 2 &Dd 3)
'l'CIUDI'S Wlduli ill the horiUDtal md vertical clirec:tiou for a c:ross-81li.sotropic

uteria1 (s" eqaatioa 4)
B 't-a•s aocbUus for m iso~c uurial (see equati011 S)
~icuuri&l
Poissoe's :ratio: effect of '::: OD cYH (see equatiODS 2 &Del 3)

v%¥
v'I/Z Poi.s soa's ratio: effect of 'Yll on '= (see equatiODS 2 md 3)
VY•
Poissoc's ratio: effect of 'yy on 'u (see equatioas 2 mel 3)
v
q
Poissoa's :ratio: e£fect of 'u on 'yy (see equatioas 2 Dll 3)
v~ Poi.ssciD' s ratio: effect of '= 011 'u (see equatiODS 2 ad 3)

va: Poissoa' s ratio : effect of ' .u on '= (see equatioas 2 Dll 3)
Poissoe's :ratio: effect of horiUDtal strai.D OD vertical st:rail\ (see equatioa 4)
PoissOil's ratio: effect of vertical strai.D 011 hori:011tal strai.D (see equ&tiCil 4)
PoisSOD's ratio: effect of horizontal strai.ll on ca.plt..entary horiUDtal

strain (see equation 4)
v Poissoa's ratio for m isotropic aaterial (see eqaatiOD S)

3l4
TABLE 1. stMIARY OP EXISTING SOwrii:m
NA'nJRE OF RESTRICTI~S ON DETERMINED STRESSES

.A1J'l'HDil ELASTIC RESPONSE ELASTIC PARAMETERS AND DISPLAcEMENTs
.Carothers Isotropic Various distributimls of :ver All stresses ill. half plane.
(1920) tical pressure. (Terrace,
trapezoidal, triangular)..
Love Isotropic Vertical and lateral line All stresses and displace-
(1927) loads. ments in half plane.
Kolosov t Isotropic Uniform vertical pressure.

(1935) Uniform lateral shear stress
Wolf ·cross- Restriction Uniform vertical pressure All stresses ill. llalf plane.
(1935) Anisotropic on the value distribution.
of f.
Gray Isotropic Vertical line load. All stresses and displace-

(1936) Uniform vertical pressure. ments in half plane.
Various •triangular' and
•terrace' vertical pressure
distributions.
Egorov t Isotropic Uniform vertical displacement L1 throughout half plane.
(1940)
Jurgenson
(1940)
Isotropic Uniform vertical pressure.
'Triangular' vertical pres-
- - =-
llll# =#
Principal stresses and
sure. 'Terrace • vertical principal stress directions
pressure with taper.
Holl Isotropic Vertical and lateral line All stresses and displace-
(1941) loads. Vertical pressure ments in half plane.
distributions; triangular,
trapezoidal, etc. Also con-
siders loads on inclined
surfaces.
Cross- Restriction on the Vertical line load. All stresses in half. plane.
Anisotropic value of f.
Quinl Cross- a2 positive Vertical line load. All stresses and displace-
(1949}'·· Anisotropic ments in half plane.
e2 positive Various vertical pressure L1 on surface (a•O)
distributions (Uniform, Z3 · on load axis (:c-0)
parabolic, inverted para-
bolic).
Uniform vertical dis-
placement.
Tilloshenko Isotropic Vertical and lateral line All stresses and displace-
and Goodier loads. ments in half plane.
(1951)
Florin * Isotropic Uniform vertical pressure. L1 on the surface.

(1959 ,l961) Uniform lateral shear stress. u on the surface.
Linear ·vertical pressure. Zz# .=. n#
L1 on the surface
Linear lateral shear stress. u, a,=·
Lekhnitskii Orthorhombic Characteristic Vertical line load. 'Radial' stress- all other
(1963) stress patterns stresses are zero as for an
depend on isotropic body.
parameters.
De Urena Cross- a2 positive Vertical line load. All stresses in half plane.
et aZ.. Anisotropic
(1966) e2 positive l.ateral line load •. All stresses and displace·
ments in half plane.
Linear vertical pressure.

Linear lateral shear stress. throughout half plane.
t As referred to by Harr {1966)

•• AS~rererrea to~'6y flair {1966j and scott (1963).
7 Jl5
(b) Dmwd E"Z.a.ti.c QuaxtitUe
o1 ,
D - functions of Poisson's ratios (see equations 3f and 4e)
2
o2 • {ad - a2 - af + f(ad}~} t 2fd
s2 • {ad - a 2 - af - f(ad) ~} t 2fd

~»2 • ._ 8 2
+• o-8
p • o+8
Coefficients appearing in the solutions for the ciisplaeeMnt.s . strains, and stresses (defined on page 26) •
9t• 9g
hl' hg
it • ito
it• ito
(a) Loadings
P unif~ vertical pressure.

1
P aaxiaa value of linear vertical p-ressure. ·
2
p uniflml lateral shear stress.
1
p ~ value of linear lateral shear stress.
2
11 IIU~ value of linear vertical ciisplaceMnt.
2
6 aaxi&a value of linear lateral shear ciisplaeeMnt.
2
Tv total resultant vertical force applied to produce the unifol"'D vertical displaeaentiunit
length of st.r ip .
Th total resultant lateral force applied to produce the unifora lateral shear displaeelleftt /unit
length of strip.
T total resultant 11011ent (about y axis) applied to produce the linear vertical displaeeMS~t/
11 unit length of strip.
( dJ InugraZ..
Interrals appearing in solutions for displaee•nts, strains, IIDil st-resses. These are defined in ~tion
9 and evaluated on pages 22, 23, 24 and 25.
Xne~(~). xns~(~)
c:Knc11 cKns~
' Qn~(tjl) cQnu

k transfcma parameter appearing in equation 9.
III. OR'mORHOMBIC HALF SPACE
The half space analysed in this work ean be described as an ' elastic: body having infinite lateral extent .
and depth vith loads applied to its horizontal plane surface. Being elastic and orthomOIIbic the aaterial has
three atually perpendicular planes of elastic s~try. ·The noraals to these planes an assu.ed to be paral-
lel to the vertical, lateral, and longitudinal directions associated with the load.
The solutions given in this -report c:an therefo-re be applied to cases where the elastic: properties are
different in t .h e th-ree cartesian directions. The spec:1al c:ases of a cross-anisotropic uterial with a ver-
tical axis of elastic: s~try and an isotrOpic material are al so considered. ·
For an orthorhc.bic: half space (with e yy = 0) the stresses, expressed in te!'IIS of the strains are:
i: • a.c:: + c. czz la
yy • b.t:: ~ e.czz lb
%i • c.£:: + c:l.czz lc:
%:"' •f.c:C% * . c .. 11~ + aw} ld

• In- thu work :cz 21a.a · -a:c
3l6 APPEIIDIX A 8
Six independent elasti<: <:o-effieients, a, b, c, d, e, and fare involved. The dire<:t strains, in terms of
the dire<:t stresses, are given as:
2a
2b
2<:
The elasti<: eoeffi<:ients are related to the Young's moduli E, Ey• E2 , and the Poisson's ratios v~,• vy~
v v v v by the following: ::: -"
:z:z• =' yz! zy
E_
a =~D- 1-vzy .vyz ) 3a
1
E E
b = ~D::: v= .vyz +vy::: ) = ~D v:::z .vzy +vzy ) 3b
1 1
E::: E
c s ~D v
y:::.vay +vz:::) =-rF{D
3
vzy .vyz +v:::z ) 3<:
1 1
E E2
e • ~Dv= .vzy +v zy ) = -rF{D v:::z .vy::: +vyz ) 3d
1 1
Ez
d=-;F(D 1-v . v ) 3e
1 ::y y:::
where D
1
= 1-vzy .vy:::-vyz .vzy -v:z:z .vz:::-vzy .vyz .vz:::-vy::: .v:z:z .vzy 3f
The stress-strain equations for a <:rOss-anisotropic half spa<:e, having a vertical axis of S)'llllletry, are
similar to equation 1. However, because of this symmetry e = c, and henee the number of elasti<: coefficients
is redueed from six to five. In this case the relationships between the elastic eoefficient:s a,b,c,d, and
Young's moduli Eh' Ev and the Poisson's ratios vh, vhv' vvh are:
Eh
a =~1-vvh"vhv) 4a
Eh
b = ~vvh"vhv+vh) 4b
c = :~ • vvh • (1+vh) = ~~ • vhv • (1+vh) 4c
Ev 2
d = -(1-vh
D2
) 4d
.where 4e
For an isotropic body:

E(1-v)
a= d = (l+v)(l-Zv) Sa
E.v
b c = (l+v) (l-2v) Sb
f =a-b=_!_
l+v Sc
The fact that the strain energy is positive imposes restrictions on the values of the elastic constants.
For a cross-anisotropic material with a vertical .axis of elastic symmetry Hearmon (1961) gives these restric-
tions as:
a > 0 6a
d > 0 6b
f > 0 6c
a2> b2 6d
2
(a+b)d > 2c 6e
2
ad> c 6f
JJ.7
9
In ~ems of t.he Poissoa's ra~ios these restrictions illpose tbe lim.ts; ·
1 - "h - 2"b. vv1a > 0 7a
1- .,.> 0
l + "h> O 7c
IV. LOAD TYPES
The eiah~ loads consiclerecl in ~his report .are defined below ancl are s~ in FiJUft 1 . M C&Jl be seen,
the loads CD be arouped in~o four pairs such tha~ ~he firs~ of each pair is a partic:alar n:ress-clefined
loacl while the second i s the analOJOUS clisplac~-definecl loacl.
1. The loacliD& by unifora vertical pressure aul unifora vertical clisplac-llt :rep:resa~ s:r-trically
placed vertical loacls on uoo~h based fOWid&tions •
(a) IJAifora Vertical Pressure
:t: < 1
:t: > 1 Ia
a. o for all z
(b) · Unifom Vertical Displac.e~~t
"! - "'·oo • 0 z < 1
iir •. 0 :t: > 1 lb
a. o for all z
2. The effects of - t s applied t o fOWICiations CD be SHD froa the solutions for loacliq by lillear
vertical pressure ad linear vertical clisplac-~ . ·
(a) Linear Vertical Pressure
z < 1
:t: > 1 lc
:a • 0 for all z
(b) Linear Vertical Displac-t
., . :.~ z < 1
.n. 0 z > 1 whell a • 0 8cl
iiJ • o for al.l z
3. Lateral forces applied ~o founclatioas can be represatea by the solutions for llftifol'll la~eral shear
stress ancl UDifom l ateral shear displa~t -
(a) Unifom Lateral Shear Stress
iiJ • Pl z < 1
iiJ • o z >1 wba a • o ae
ia. 0 for all z

(b) Unifom Lateral Shear Displacaent
~o~ - u
00 •0 :t: < 1
D • o z >1 If
ii. 0 for al l z
4. Thee~ of roulh fOUDdations supportina vertical loads ca be aauaecl by the s~sition on the sol -
uti ODs for loads l (a ) or l(b) of either l oaclina by linear lateral s hear stress or linear lateral clisplacaent.
(a) Linear Lateral Shear Stress
z < 1
z > 1 when a • o
ii. 0 for all z
318 APPDDXZ A 10
+P, +Tv
U!UU - + -
I (a) UNIFORM VERTICAL PRESSURE I (b) UNIFORM VERTICAL DISPLACEMENT
+Ty
----!:3 ~
2(o) LINEAR VERTICAL PRESSURE *
2( b) LINEAR VERTICAL DISPLACEMENT
3(o) UNIFORM LATERAL SHEAR STRESS 3(b) UNIFORM LATERAL SHEAR DISPLACEtENT
-p2 MAX.
~----~
4(o) LINEAR LATERAL SHEAR STRESS 4(b) LINEAR LATERAL SHEAR DISPLACEMENT
Fig. 1.- Load Types.

APPENDIX A 11 3l9
(b) Linear Lateral Shear Displac•ent

:t:<l
:t: > 1 8h
ii. 0 for all :t:
The case of a uniform vertical pressure with completely rough contact can be solved exactly by super-
imposing the solutions for l(a) and 4(b). The linear lateral shear loadings produce no resultant force or
-ent.
V. MmiOD OF SOLI1riON
The method used to obtain the solutions reported herein was developed by Gerrard and Harrison (in
preparation) and is based on the application of integral transform techniques and dual integral equation
techniques to elasticity problems (Sneddon (1951), Tranter (1966)). The solutions for the displacements,
strains, and stresses are expressed in terms of integrals of products of trign0111etric functions, Bessel
functions, and exponentials. The following symbols are used to express these integrals;
nu (111) .. J:.r~(kl
Q (cos k:.e-1!1k_l). k~(u-4 ) • rJk 9a
0
c0nu
.. fo·.r~(k) (cos k:.cos wka • e-aka-1) • k~(u-4) .dk 9b
Kncu (1!1)'" f.r~n (k) cos k:.e-1!1k k~(u-4)

dk 9c
0
Knsu (111)'" f.r~n (k) sin k:.e-1jlk k~(u-4)

dk 9d
0
K
c ncu .. f.r~(k) cos k:.cos wka e-akz k~(u-4) .dk 9e
K
c nsu =f.r~n(k) sin k:. cos wka e-akz k~(u-4)
dk 9f
=f.r~n(k) k~(u-4)
cos 'k:r:.sin wka -aka
K
s ncu
e dk 9g
=f.r~n(k)
k~(u-4)
sxnsu sin k:l:.sin wka • e-aka .dk 9h
The parameter 111 contained in equations 9a, 9c, 9d is in the form of either oz. ~z. or az for anisotropic
materials. Hence it is a function of the elastic properties as well as the depth. In contrast, for iso-
tropic materials 111,. z. The integrals shown above (equations 9a •••••• h) were evaluated using the results of
the Bateman Manuscript Project (1954) and Watson (1966).
Compressive direct strains and stresses are considered to be positive. Positive shear stresses are
defined :frOIII the fact that both the stress and strain tensors obey the right hand rule. Displacements in
the negative coordinate directions are considered to be positive. Hence, a load defined by a positive
stress acts in the positive coordinate direction, whereas a load defined by a positive displacement acts in
the negative coordinate direction. For example, vertical loads are compressive if defined by a positive
stress or a negative displacement.
VI. PRESENTATION OF RESULTS
The eight loading conditions CCIISidered in this report can be conveniently grouped into four pairs, as
follows:-
l(a) Uniform vertical pressure.
(b) Uniform vertical displacement.
2(a) Linear vertical pressure.

(b) Linear vertical displacement.
3(a) Uniform lateral shear stress.

(b) Uniform lateral shear displacement.
4(a) Linear lateral shear stress.

(b) Linear lateral shear displacement.
It will be noted that the first in each pair is a stress-defined load and that the second is the dis-
placement-defined analogue of the first. As would be expected, the solutions for the second of each pair
are very silllilar to those of the first. Use of this fact is made in the presentation of the solutions for
each pair of loads on a pair of facing pages. ·an the left hand side page the complete solutions for the,
displacements, strains, stresses are given for the stress-defined load. The analogous displacement-defined
load is treated on the right hand page by stating the ~stitutions that need to be made into the solutions
for the stress-defined load in order to produce the solutions for the displacement-defined load.
11ie solUti-ons given i:ont:ilin an Stress, strain, and aispfacement· i:oillponenu-:~ This~··anows·the calc:Ulation
of quantities such as total deformations, principal stress and strains, and principal direction.
no 12
In pural the soluticms for the Gisplaca.nts, · strains, ad stnsses iDvolve piOdacts of coefficients
(gl' ' ''g9, hl''''h9' il''''ilO' ~l' ' ''jlO' •l•••••g• tl'' ' 't9) aDd inte,rals (Q type lAd~ type) .
The coeffieiants an fulletions only of the elastic }n'OPe1'ties tllhile the intelftls an in pDeral fullctioaa
of depth, lateral offset, 8114 elastic pzoperties. · ·
The Yaluu of thue coefficients are p'YIIn oa pap 26. Depadina oa the~ of the loMiq the
intepals fall into four separate cat.e aones: · ·
those 8ppzopriate to UDifom JlftSsun load.ina (load.ina types l(a) a 3(a)).

those 8ppzopriate to UDi.fcma displ~t 10adina (loadina types l(b) IIDil 3(b)).
those apptvpriate to linear pressv:re lolllti.Aa (l'oad.ina types 2(a) ancl 4 (a)):
those app1'0Fiate to linear Gispl-t lo~l (10~1 types 2(b) IIDil 4(b)),
The values of the inte,rals in each of the above four cateeones an ·s~ oa pa11s 22, 23, 24 IIDil 25.
Values of the inte,rals for the special cases of:: • 0 IDcl a • 0 are includecl as well as the aenera1
case where both :: 8114-. are ncm-zezo. ·
The fcma of the solutions clepand.s to a sipificant extent on the nature of the anisouopy as reflec:tecl
by the values of ca1 and 81, both of etch are funetions oa.ly of the elastic properties.
The strain ~qy CODGitions. liven by equations 6&, ... 6f are suffieiant but DOt necessary CODtitioas
that
be positive. However, vban 8 1 is vritteD in the fora

8 2 • [aa-o2 -f{(ad)~+"}](2fd)-l
it caa be sean that the sip of '82 is DOt restricted by the strain eneriY coaditi.als. HeDce, for each lcMII·
ina coaditioa, four sepcate cases .are c:oasiclencl as follows :
2 2
A. OrthOJtiCIIIbic aDd Cl'Oss-anisonopic:; ca positive, 8 positiw.
B.
2
OrthothCIIIbic: ancl cross-ani.Otropic:; ca positive, 82 neaative.
2 2
c. OrthOJtiCIIIbic: and cross-anisonopic:; ca positive, 8 zero.
D. Isotropic: (this is a special case of Case C in wbi.c:h o • 1).
The coaversioa. boa orthorhCIIIbic: to cross-anisotropic: in Cases A, B 8114 C is sillply ac:hievecl by puttina
• • c. • • • • • • • • • • • •
The coefficients to be aUereci by this are g;. g8 , ~· n8 , 1.7 , 1.8 , ~7 ; ~8 • a 7 , .•a• t 7 , ad t 8 aDcl heDCe
it will be DOtecl that the lonaitucliDal direet stress cW>
is the only stress, strain, or Gispl-t c:hanpcl
by c:oavertiDI &c. orthorhCIIIbic: to cross-anisotropic:. §
For the cases of loadina by un.ifom vertic:al pressure1 or UDifora wrtic:al Gi.spl-nt a finite
•asure of vertical Gisplac-t can only be obtainecl by c:onsiclerina a rilatiw quantity rather thaD u
absolute oae (Gibson, 1967). Hance the relative vertical Gisplac.ent (»-w ) at ay poi.Dt ill tbe half plane
00
(y-0) is definecl as the vertical cl.i.spl~
(w) at that point llimls the vertical cl.isplac.nt (w ) on the
00
surface of the half plane on the lou axis (i.e. the point a • 0, : • 0). Bec:aue of this the solutioas for
the UDi.fora vertical Gisplac-t are referrecl to a total resultant vertical lou (!!'") IDcl DOt a refereDCe
vertical cl.isplaUMnt. .
·The solutions for loading by linear vertical pressute ancl liuar vertical displacunt an aivn on
.paps 16 8114 17. For the clispl-t definecl lou it is possible to .clerive relatioaships between the total
resultant ac.ent (about the lf uis) that is ucesscr to procluc:e a defiDecl uxiaa Gisplac-.R · iD each of
the cases of 82 positive, 82 neaative, ancl 82 zezo. By use of these relationships the solutioas for the Gis-
'p lac:e•nt cl.efinecl loa.cl can be referred to either a total resultant .,.nt (2' ) or a aazi.a vertic:al Gisplac:e-
.ent c~ ).
2 lf
For loaclina by unifcma lateral pressuret a finite •asun of the lateral clispl-Dt can oDly be obtain-
ed by c:onsiderina a relative quantity rather than u absolute one. tt Hence the relative lateral Gispl&c:e8811t
(v-v ) at any point in the half plane is definecl as the lateral Gispl-nt (11) at that point .una. the
00
lateral cl.ispl~t (v ) on the surface of the half p l - on the loall axis (i.e. the point • • 0, :: • 0).
00
Bec:ause of this the solutions for the un.ifora lateral displac.88Dt an referred to a total resultant lateral .
loall (Th).
Loacls of the type of linear lateral pressure and linear lateral Gisplac-t (see solutioas on paps 20
and 21) are self caac:ellinl in nature sizu:e DO resultant forces or .,.nts are proclucecl. HeDce the solutions
for the Gisplace.ent defined case can oDly be referred to a . W . . lateral Gisplac:e.nt.
5 The solutions for these cases are liven on paaes 14 and lS.
t The solutions for these cases are liven on paaes 18 ancl 1g,
----~- _ t1' This situation is anal~oaous to that applyina in the case of loaclina by unifora vertical pressure_ancl__~-----~
un.ifora vertical displac:-nt.
J:U
::;.. ·
VII. SOWl'IONS FOR, DISPLACEMENTS, STRAINS AND STRESSES
~-~-- ---
APPiliiDir A 14
322
1 (a) UNIFORM ~mCAL PRESSURE
1be solutiCIIS given below involve proclucts of coefficients (gn• in• Bn) and integralS (Q11 (t),
n
c•11' Klc~ (•·) K (•·) K K K
~ • ls~ ~' c 1c~' s lc~' c lsp'
&Dd s K1s~) • These coefficients and integrals are evaluated
on pages 26 and 22 respectively. ·
A. Orthora..bic and Cross-anisotropic; 82 Positive.
r.l-lo/00 = (~)ls.Pl.zO.{-gl.Qll(+~) • g2.Qll(pa)}

2 Is }
u = (~) .Pl.=o·<-g3.Klsl(+a) • g4.Klsl(pa)
£::
2 Is.Pl.{-g3.Klc3(+a) • g4.!lc3(p~) }
= (~)
2 Is
£az" (~) .Pl.{gl ••• Klc3(+a) - g2.p.Klc3(pa)}
£= ·" ~)ls·.fi4g·rl.{Xls3<+z) - xls3(pz)}

;1
- • c2,Js .P .g .{+ -1 . x c3(+a) - p -1 .x c (pa)}
zz 1 9 1 1 3
- 2ls
:: = (;r) .P1.{-gS.K1c3(+a) • g6.K1c3(pa)}
2 Is
YY" (~) *
.P1.{-g7.K1c3(+a)
*
• g8.K1c3(pz)}
za = f.tza .
B. Orthorhombic and Cross-anisotropic; 82 Negative.
r.l-lo/00 = (~)~s.Pr=o·<-il.cQll - i2.sxl cl}

u. (~)Is .P1·-=o •{i3 · cxlsl • i 4 · sKlsl}
cfJls .Pl. {i3. cKlc3 + i4. sKlc3}

£
zz (~)ls.Pl . {i9.cKlc3 • ilo·sKlc3}
(~)ls.Pl.i2.sKls3
2 Is { -1
zz= C;r) .Pl. cxlc3 + !l.lol ·llc3}
==(~)Is 2 ~
.Pl. {iS. cKlc3 + i6 ·sKlc3}
... .*
C;rl .Pl.{~7·cKlc3 • ~s·sxlc3}
D. Isotropic
The displacements, strains, and stresses are as for the case of Orthorhombic and Cross-anisotropic;
s2 Zero but with the following simplifications;
8 = 2.(1-v 2).E-1 8
2 " ll+v).E-
-1
s = (l+v).(l-2v) . E-1 s4 = (.l+v) .E-l
1 3
8
.. = 2v s = (l+v) .(1-Zv).E·l
7 ------~~~-·
9
- - - - . - - ·· -!
(l .. l f =a- b • E.(l+v)
APPENDIX A 15 323
1 (b) UNIFORM VERTICAL DISPLACEMENT
The solutions given below involve products of coefficients (gn• in• sn) and integrals (Q02 c•J • eQ02 •
KOe(~+ 1 )C•J. KOs(~+ 1 )C•). eKOe(~+ 1 ). sKOe(~+l)• eKOs(~+l)• and sKes(~+ 1 ). These coefficients and integrals
are evaluated on pages 26 and 23 respectively.
A. Orthorhombic and Cross-anisotropic; S2 Positive.
The displacements, strains, and stresses are obtained by malting the following substitutions into the
equations for the ease of uniform vertical pressure loading (Orthorhombic and Cross-anisotropic; s2 Positive).
These equations are shown on the opposite page.
(i) substitute Tv.(2w) -~ ·=o -1 ---------------------------for------------------------------------ P1
(ii) substitute Q02 C•) ---------------------------for------------------------------------ Q11 C•)
KOe(~+ 1 )(•) ---------------------------for------------------------------------ x1 e~(•)
KOs(~+l)(•) ---------------------------for------------------------------------ K1s~(•)
B. Orthorhombic and Cross-anisotropic; S2 Negative.
The displacements, strains. and stresses are obtained by making the following substitutions into the
equations for the case of uniform vertical pressure loading (Orthorhombic and Cross-anisotropic; s2 Negative).
(i) substitute Tv.(2w) -~ .z0-1 ·---------------------------for------------------------------------ P 1
(ii) substitute eQ02 --------------------------- fer ------------------------------------ eQ11
cKOc(~+1) --------------------------- for ------------------------------------ cKlc~

sKOe(~+l) --------------------------- for ------------------------------------ sKleu
eKOs(u+l) --------------------------- for ------------------------------------ cxlsu
sKOs(u+l) --------------------------- for ------------------------------- s K1Sil
C. Orthorhombic and Cross-anisotropic; S2 Zero.

The displacements. strains and stresses are obtained by making the following substitutions into the
equations for the case of uniform vertical pressure loading (Orthorhombic and Cross-anisotropic; s2 zero).
These equa'tions are shown on the opposite page.
substitute Tv.(2w)-~.z -
1
(i)
0 ---------------------------for----------------------------------- P1
(ii) substitute Q02 (az) ---------------------------for----------------------------------- Q11 (az)
KOC(Il+l)(az) --------------------------- for ----------------------------------- Klcu(az)

KOs(u+l)(az) ---------------------------for-~--------------------------------- Klsu(az)
D. Isotropic
The displacements, strains and stresses are obtained by making the following substitutions into the
equations for the case of uniform vertical pressure loading (Orthorhombic and Cross-anistropic; 62 Zero) •

-~ -1
(i) substitute Tv.(2w) .z0 -------------------------- for P.l
(ii) substitute Q02 (z) for Q1l(z)
KOc(u+l)(z) for Klc11(z)
KOs(u+l)(z) for Klsu(z)

(iii)In addition the simplified values of a, f and sn (shown on the opposite page) are applicable.
324 16
2(a) LINEAR VERI'ICAL PRESSURE
'lhe solutioas pva below involve products of coefficiats (gn• in• en) and integrals·
(X3c
11
C•>• X3s 11 <•>• cX3c11 , sg3cll' cx3511 , and sx3s 11). These coefficients and integrals &1'8-evaluaed
an pages 26 ad 24 "spectively.
A. OrthoztlcUic ad Cross-anisotropic; S2 Positive.

2 Is
w • <w> .P2·=o·<-gl.x3sl<••> • g2.x3sl(ps)}
2 Is
"• <w> .P2·=o·<g3·!3c1<••> - g4.!3cl(ps)}
£= • <w>2 Is.P2.{-g3.x3s3<••> • g4.x3s3(ps)}
£•• • (~1s.P2.{gl ••• x3s3<••> • g2.p.X3s3(ps)}
2 Is -1
E:s <w> .P2.g9.f .{-K3c3<••> • x3c3(ps)}
2 Is { -1. -1 .
i i • <w> .Pz.gg. • .x3,3<••> - P .x3s3(ps)}
2 Is
a • £i"l .P2.{-gS.X3s3(.s) + g6.X3s3(ps)}
2 Is • •
iY • <w> .P2.{-g7.x3s3<••> • gs.x3s3(p.a:)}
ii.• f.£:•
B. Orthorhalbic and Cross-anisotropic; s2 Negative.
w• (~)Is .P2 ·=o •{ -ir cg3sl - i2 · sx3sl}

" • (~)1s.Pz·=o·<-i3'cx3cl - i4'sx3cl}
£= • (~)'s.P2.{i3'cK3s3 • i4·s!3s3}
£•• • Cf)ls.P2.{i9.cK3s3 ·• ilO'sK3s3}
E:s • Cf)ls.P2.i2.{-sK3c3}
2,1s { -1
w
ii • ( 1 .P2. cK3s3 + ca.w 'sK3s3
a • Cf)ls.P2.{iS'cX3s3 + i6'sK3s3}
YY • <f>1s.P2.{i;.cx3s3 • i;.sx3s3}
a· f.£:.
D. Isotropic.
.The displacelleDts, strains, and stresses are as for the case of Orthorh.om&ic and Cross-anisotropic;
S2 Zero but with the following simplifications;
2 -1
e • 2.(1~v ).E- 1 8
2
• (l+v).E
-1 . 8
3
• (l+v).(l-2v).E
1
• • (1+v). (l-2v) .z:-1
7 • 2v
8 8
9
f • a- b • E.(1+v) -1
UPIUIDIZ A 17 325
2 (b) LINEAR VEmCAL DISPLACEMENT
The soluticms given below involve products of coefficients (gn• in, sn) and integrals (K2C(II+1) (;), ·
K2s(ll+l) (;) • cK2 C(II+1)' s~C(II+l), cK2s(ll+1), and s~s (ll+l)). These coefficients and integrals are evalu-
ated on pages 26 and 25 respectively.
A. Orthori!DUic and Cross-anisotropic; B2 Positive.
The displac-ts, strains, and stresses are obtained by malting the following substitutioas into the
equations for the case of linear vertical pressure loading (Orthorhollbic and Cross-anisotropic; s2 Positive).
. . 2 Is 1 11 Is 1 _f__ (c•d• 2) • fc+dc 2)
(1) subsutute r1/ C;r) -~ OR -42• c2) ':co . 2ii+! . d.p ••. p••) -------------- for ---------------- P 2
This alternative substitution follows from the moaent - displacement relationship for this case of s2
Positive. This relationship is :
,. _f__ (tt+d• 2) • (c+dp 2) A_
1 • 2 · =o ·"'Iii+!·
11 (P••) a.p .•.
• -z
(ii) substitute x2C(II+l)(+) -------------------------------------------------------for----------- K3c11 (;)
~S(II+1)(;) -------------------------------------------------------for -----------·K3SII(;)
B. Orthorhollbic and Cross-anisotropic; s2 Negative.

The displac..,nts, strains, and stresses are obtained by lllllking the following substitutions into the
equations for the case of linear vertical pressure loading (Orthorhombic and Cross-anisotropic; s2 Negative).
• . 2 IJ 1 ,. l:! 1 ad-c'};
(1) subst1tute T • (-) ,......,.. OR -42 • ('!) . - •
Y ,. =o"' =o 2a. (ad)~ • --------------------------- for ---------------- P2
This alternative substitution follows from the moment-displacement relationship for this case of s2
Negative. This relationship is :
,. ad-c2
1
11 • - 2 ·=o· 2a. cadlli • 42
(ii) substitutec~C(II+ 1 ) ----------------------------~·---------------------------- for ----------- cx3c11
S~C(II+l) -------------~-------------------------------------------- for ----------- SK3CII
C~S(II+1) -------------------------------------~-----------~-------- for ----------- CK3SII
sl2s(ll+1) ---------------------------------------------------------- for ----------- sK3sll
C. Orthorm.bic and Cross-anisotropic; s2 Zero.
The displac..,nts, strains and stresses are obtained by making the following substitutions into the
equations for the case of linear vertical pressure loading (Orthorhoabic and Cross-anisotropic; s2 Zero).
2 2
(i) substitute T • (,!)l:! •....!.,.;. OR -6 • (~)l:! .L ,_f__ • (c+da ) ----------------------- for --------------- P
y ,. =o"' 2 "'. :c0 "2c+f 2dcl3 . 2
This alternative substitution follows from the moment-displacement relationship for this case of s2
Zero. This relationship is:
,. _L (ct+da 2) 2
6
Til " 2 · =o·ZC+f • 2d43 • 2
(ii) substitute Xzc(ll+l)(aa) ------------------------------------------------------for--------- lJc11 (aa)
~S(II+1)(az) ------------------------------------------------------for--------- lJs11(az)
D. Isotropic
The displac..,nts, strains, and stresses are obtained by lllllking the following substitutions into the
equations for the case of linear vertical pressure loading {Orthorhombic and Cross-anisotropic: s2 Zero).
(i) substit~te 'l . (_!)l:! •

Y ,.
-b
OR -62" (!.)l:!
=o 2 ,_!. =o . ~
2(1-v )
-------------------------- for --------------- P2
This alternative substitution follows from the moment-displacement relationship for this isotropic case.
This relationship is;
" . E
ril • 2 · =o .---z-
2(1-v )
· 62
(ii) substitute x2C(II+ 1)(a) ---------------------------------------------------------for------ x3c (a)

11
K2s(ll+l)(a) ---------------------------------------------------------for------ K3sll(a)
(iii)In addition the simplified values of a, /. and sn (shown on the opposite page) are applicable.
326 18
3(a) tiUFORN LATERAL SHEAR snESS
The solutions given below involve produc:ts of coefficients (hn• in• and tn) and integDls
("•11 <•> • c•u•

" K
lC\1 <•> ' x_
~Sll
(••)
.. ' c:K lC\1' x_ x_
s~C\1· c:-~sll'
and s Klsu ) • These coefficients and integrals are
evaluated on paps 26 and 22 respectively.
A. Orthorbo.bic: and Cross-anisotropic:; s2 Positive.
111 • (f)~ ,pl.:O. {-hl.Kls1 (+.a) + h2.K1sl (p.a)}
u-"'oo • ~)~.pl.:O. {h3.~1 (+.a) - h4.Qll(oz)}

'= = <f>~.pl.{-h3.Kls3(+.a) • h4.Xls3(o.a)}
ezz " <f>;.p 1 • {+.hl.Kls3(+.a) - P• h2 .x1s3(oz)}
· 2 ~ -1 -1 -1 X ( )}
c= = (-;) .Pt·f .h9.{-o .Klc:3(+z) + • • 1c3 p.a
2 ~ -1
.ii: • <;> .P l'h9.o ·+-1 ·{K1s3(+.a) - xls3 p.c
( )}
a • <f)~.pl·l·hs.K1s3(+z) + h6. Kls3(p.a)}

2 ~ • •
NY • <w> ·P1·{-h7.x1s3(+.a) • hs.x1s3(o.a)}
.& ,. f·.:.=
B. Orthorbolllbic and ~oss-anisotropic:; 82 Negative.
<f>~·Pt•:o.{-jl.cxlsl-i2·sx1sl }
"''"
u-&100 = <f>~.p1.:0.{j3.c:Qll • j4"sKlc1}
c='" <f>~·Pt·{-j3'cKls3. j4 "sXls3}
czz cf>\pl. {.i9.c:Xls3 • .ilO"sxls3}

c:z (~\,l.fl. {c:Klc:3. Cl. lll·l·sxl.c3}
2 ~ -1
a = <w> .p 1""' . sxls3
£r = (~)\pl.{·.is·cxls3 • .i6"sxls3}
2 ~ .• .•
YY • <:;-> ·Pl · {·J7·cK1s3- Js·sxls3}
a= f · c=
C. Orthorn.O.bic and Cross-anisotrt~pic; s2 %era.
D. Isotrt~pic
The displacements, strains, and stresses are as for the case OrthorhCllllbic: and Cross-ani.sotrt~pic:;
s2 zero but with the following simplifications;
t1 = {1+v).(l-2v).E-1 t
2
= (1+v).E-1 t 3 " 2. (1-v2 ) .E-1 t
4
,. {l+v) .E-1
t
5 .. 2
..
7 • 2v
t
t 9 • 2v. (1-+<'f) .E-1 f • a- b • E.(l+v)- 1
19 321
3 (}I) llmORM LATERAL SHEAR DISPLACfJIEH'I'
'nle solutions Jiven below involve products of coefficients (hn• in• me! tn) me! intenals CQ02 Ct),
cQ02' Koc(u+l)(;), KOs(u+l)(v), cgOe{u+l)' sgOe{u+l)' cXOs(u+l)' and sXOs(u+l)). These coefficients me!
integrals a:re evaluated on pages 26 and 23 respectively.
A. ~ie and Cross-anisotropic ; S2 Positive.
The c!isplae-ts, strains and stresses are obtained by uking the following substitutions into the
equations for the ease of unifcma lateral shear -stress loading (~i.e and Cross-anisotropic; s2
Positive). These equations are shovn on the opposite page.
(i) -s ubstitute x11• (2w) -Is.:0 -1 ------------------------- for --------------------------------:p
1
(ii) substitute Q02 <•> -------------------------for----------------------------------- Q11 C;)
XOc(u+1) c.> ------------------------ for ---------------------·------ ~cu (;)

xOs(u•l) <v> -------------------------for------------------------------------- K15u<•>
B. OrthorhOIDbic and Cross-Anisotropic; s2 Negative.

The c!isplac.-ents, strains, and stresses are obtained by aakiag the following substitutions into the
equations for the case of unifora lateral shear stress loading (Clrthortlo.bie and Cross-anisotropic; s2
Negative). These equations are shown on the opposite page.
-Is -1 .
(i) substitute Th.(2w) ·=o --------------------------for -------------------------------------·p1
(ii) substitute cQ02 -------------------------- ·for --------- - --------------------------- cQll
cXOe(u+l) --------------------------for-------------------------------------- c~cu
sxOc(u+l) -------------------------- for ------------------------------------- s~cu

cXOs(u+l) -------------------------- for ------------------------------------ cllsu
sXOs(u+l) for ------------------------------- ------ sxlsu
c. Orthorhcabic and Cross-anisotropic; s2 Zero.

'nle c!isplace~~ents, strains and stresses are obtained by aalting the follovi ng substitutions into the
equations for the ease of unifom lateral shear stress loading (OrthorhOIIbie and Cross-anisotropic; 82 zero) .
(i) substitute x .(2w)-~.=o-l --------------------------for------------------------------------- Pl
11
(ii) substitute Q02 (~) --------------------------for-------------------------------------- Q11 (ma)
XOc(u+l)(ma) --------------------------for----------------------------------- ~cu(ma)
XOs(u+l)(«a) --------------------------for------------------------------------- ~su(aa)
o. Isotropic.
The displacements, strains and stresses are obtained by making the following substitutions into the
equations for the ease of uniform lateril shear s tress loading (Orthortao.bic: and Cross-anisotropic:; 82 Zero).
-Is -1 -------------------------for------------------------------------- P
(i) substitute Th.(2w) . z
0 1
(ii) substitute Q02 (z) ------------------------- for------------------------------------- Q11 Cz)
XOc:(u+l)(z) - ------------------------for------------------------------------- X1cu(z)
for------------------------------------ xlsu(z)
.(iii)In addition the si~lified values of a, f and •n (shown on the opposite pap) are applicable .
328 20
4(a) LINEAR LATERAL SHEAR STRESS
The solutions given below involve products of coefficients (hn• in• and tn) and integrals
(K3c~ (11) • K3s~ (;) • cx3 c~ , ·s K,._ , x

~~ c 35 ~
, and x
s 3s~
)• These coefficients and integrals ue evaluated on
pages 26 ancl 24 respectively.
A. OrthorhOIIbic and Cross-anisotropic; e2 Positive.
"' • (~)lf.p2.=o· {hl.K3cl (4>z) - h2.K3c1 (pz)}

u • (~)~.P2·=o·{h3.K3s1(4>z)- h4.K3s1(pz)}
2 ~
&:: C;) .p2.{h3.K3c3(4>z) - h4.K3c3(pz)}
£
22
• cf)~.p 2 .{-4>.h 1 .K3e3(4>z)
+ p.hz-K e3(pz)}
3
£= 2 ~ -1 -1 -1
C;l ·P2·f .h9.{-p .K3s3(4>z) + 4> .K3s3(pz)}
2 ~ -1 -1
.U '" C;) .p2.h9.p · 41 .{-K3c3(4>z) + K3c3(pa)}
S; • cf)~.p2.{hS.K3c3(4>Z) - h6.K3c3(pz)}
-
yy,. 2 ~ •.p!.{h7.K3c3(4>Z)
(;) * *
- h8.K3e3(pz)}
=. ,.&=
B. Orthorhombic and Cross-anisotropic; e2 Negative.
"' .. cf)\Pz·=o·<.il"cx3cl + j2.sx3cl 1
u • cf)~. Pz-=o· {j3. cK3sl + .i4 "sK3s1)

&:: cf)~. p2.{j3"cK3c3 + .i4 "sK3c3)
&.liZ" (f)~•Pz·{-:.i9·cK3c3 - jlO"sK3c3)
£= 2 ~ ·1
C;) ·P2·f .{cK3s3 - a.w
-1
·sK3s3)
2 ~ -1
Zz = (;) ·l'2·"' {-sK3c3)
& s: (*)~.p2.{.is·cK3c3 + j6.sK3c3}
2 ~ .* .*.
fiY = C;) ·Pz·{ 3 7"cK3c3 + .7s·sK3c3}
a • f·&=
D. Isotropic.
The displaeements, strains, and stresses are as for the ease of Orthorhombic and Cross-anisotropic;
s2 Zero but with the following simplifications;
t1 = (l+v).(l-2v).r-1 t
2
= (1+v).E-1 t
3 = 2.(1-v 2).E -1 t4 = (l+v).E -1
t
5
= 2
-1
t
6
= 1 t; = 2v
-1
t; "'Q
t
9
= 2v. (1+v) .E a = 1 f = a-ll = g. (l+v)
21
4(b) LIMEAR LATERAL SHEAR DISPLACEHEHr
The solutions given below involve procluc:ts of coefficients (hn• ;in• ancl tn) ucl inteara!s
(K2c(~+l)<•>• K2s(u+l)<•>• cXzcc~+l)' sg2c(u+l)' cKls(u+l)' and sK2s(~+l)). These coefficients ud integrals
are evaluated on pages 26 ancl 25 res~ively.
A. Orthorhc.bic and Cross-anisot:ropic; 82 Positive.

The clisplac-ts, strains, ancl stresses are obtained by ulting the substitutions into the equations
for the case of linear lateral shear stress loading (Orthorbc.bic mel Cross-anisotropic; s2· Positive).
2 2
.>
(1 substitute
_ "2
~ c•,Js ! _1_ (e+d+ >. Ce+dD >
• 2J ·-;, '2ii+f' • (L (p++) ----------------------- for ·------------------··p2
(ii) substitute K2c (~+l) (lfo) ·-------------------------------------------- for------------~------ AJc~ (lfo)
K2s(~+l)(ljl) ----------------------------------------------for------------------ K3s~(lfo)
B. Orthorhombic ancl Cross-anisotropic; 82 Negative.

The clisplac•ents, strains, ancl stresses are obtained by uking the following substitutions into the
· equations for the case of linear lateral shear stress lOading (OrthorhCIIIbic and Cross-anisotropic; 82
Negative). These equations are s"- on the opposite page.
los 1 (ad-c ) 2 .
(i) substitute - 62 •
11
<-rJ ·z-0 -~ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - f~ p2
(ii) substitute cK2c(~+l) ------------------------------------------------ for - cllcu
sK2c(~+l) ------------------------------·················- for ------ 5~

cKzs(~+l) ----------------------------------------~--------- for -------- - - - cKlsu
sK2s(u+l) -------------------------------------------------- for - s!3~
C·. Orthorhoabic ancl Cross-anisotropic; s2 Zero.

The clisplac•ents, strains, ancl stresses are obtained by aaking the follewing substitutions into the
equations for the case of linear lateral shear stress loading (OrthorhCIIIbic md Cross-anisotropic; s2 Zero).
2 2
(i) substitute - 6 .(!)"s.~~ . 2~/. (ia!o) ----------------------------·- ·f or------------------- p 2
2
(ii) substitute x2 c(~+l)(oa) ------------------------- ---------------------for------------------- !3 c~(oa)
K25 (~+l)(oa) ----------------~---~---------------------- ---for---------------~-- Rls~(oa)
D. Isotropic.
The displac-ts, strains, and stresses are obtained by ulting the following substitutions into the
equations for the case of line&;r lateral shear stress loading (Orthorhollbic ancl Cross-anisotropic; s2 %'ero).
(i) 11 ls
substitute _ 62.(2') 1 E ·
. ~0 . 2.(1-v~) ------------------------------------for----------------- p2
(ii) substitute x2 c::(~+l)(.z) ----------------------------------------------for----------------- K3c~(.z)
K2s(~+ l)(.z) ----------------------------------------------for----------------- K3s~(.z)

(iii) In addition the st.plified values of a, f, ancl t (shown on the opposite page) are applicable.
330 APPBBDIZA 22
INTEGRALS FOR LOADING BY UNIFORM PRESSURE
(Loading types la and 3a)
When z ~ 0 and z ~ 0 the values of the integrals are given by;
Qll{ljl) .. (~)l:i,[- u:=l.ln{.2+(1+:)2}- (l~z>.ln{1f12+(1-z)2}- !.artan{21jl:(ljl2+z2-1)-1}]

2 l:i 2~
~c3(11) "' C;r) ,Js,artan 2 2
ljl +z.-1
K1cS(IP) = (~)l:i,{IP2-z2+1}.{1f12+(1+:2}-1,{1j12+(1-z)2}-1
K s (IP)
1 1
(~)l:i. {~. 1jl.1n[ £>1>2 +(1-:) 2 }. h 2+(1+z) 2 }- 1 J + l:i.artan{2=P. (1i+1-.:i) • 1 } + l:£.z.artan{21jl. (IP2+:2 -l)- 1 }}
K1s3(1P) "' (~)l:i.lt.ln[{IP2+(1+z)2}.{>1>2+(1-z)2}-1]
K1sS(IP) " (~)l:i,2zljl,fW2+(l+z)2}-1.{1f12+(1-~2}-1

2 l:i 1+::+~3 1-=-~ 1+=-~ 1-z+~ az
C;r) .{- - -8-.lnr; 1 - - 8--.1nr; 2 - - 8--.lnr; - - --.lnr; - j={artanx + artanx )}
3 8 4 1 2
2 l:i [(=+~) (z-~3)
s K1c1 = C;r) • 4 artanx1 + ~artanx 3 - - 4--.artanx 2
cK1c3 = (~)l:i.~t. (artanx1 + artanx )

2
2 l:i 1 .
C;r) ·s·
Un(r;l' r;4) - ln(r;2. r; ) }
2 l:i{1+::+~3
C;r) ---.lnr; + -1-=-~ --.lnr; - -1+=-~ 1-::+~3 a3 }
8 1 8 2 8--.lnr; 3 - - 8--.lnz; 4 + j={artanx1 - artanx2 )
2 l:i 1 .
C;:;l •8 . Un(r;l' r; 3 ) - ln(r;z- r;4)}
2 l:i
C;:r) .~( -artanx1 + artanx2 )
2 2 2 2 2 2
z; = a z + (l+z+wz) x = 2az~{a z +(::+~3) - 1}
1 1
2 2
r; =az + (1-=-~)2 x = 2az~{a
2 2 2
z +(z-wz) - 1}
2 2
r; 3 = a 2z 2 + (1+:-~) 2 x = 2az.(z+~)~{a 2 -(=+~)
2 2 2
+ 1}
3
2 2
= a z + (1·z+~z)
2 2 2 2
z; x = 2az.(z-~z)~{a a-(=·~) + 1}
4 4
When z = 0 the values of some of the integrals are significantly simplified. These integrals are;
K1s1(1P) = K1s3(1P) = KlsS(IP) = cK1sl = sKlsl = cKls3 = sK1s3 = 0
Q (1P)
11
(~)l:i.{-l:iln(1P2 +1) - lj>artantj>-l}
2 l:i 1
(;r) • artan ~
When z = 0 the relevant integrals are given by;
Klc3(0) = cKlc3 = c.CJ'.

1T
{I
0
:<1
z>l
Kls3(0) K
c ls3
= (~)\~. {ln(l+:e) 2 2
- ln(l-zj }
NOfE: The values of artanxl' artanx 2 • artanx 3 lie in the range o. "·
The value of artanx4 lies in the range 0, " when =-~z>O, and in the range _,. 0 when =-~z<O.
23 33l
INl'EGRALS FOR IDADING BY UNIFORM DISPLACBIENI'
(Loaliing types lb and 3b)
When:: ~ 0 and • ~ 0 the values of the integrals are given by;
4o2<•> • -1nSo cQ02 • ~.(-lnSP-lnSm>

-1 1
Koc4<•> • Jo .co~o s~c2 • ~. (F;p -em>
. 3 - 3 -3 -1 1 -1 1
Koc6(;) .,. <•·co~o+.:.s1~d· To cKOc4 "' ~. (TP .cosrcp•Tm .cosrcm>
L -1 . 1 -1 1 )
xos2(1j1) • to sKOc4 • .,. (TP • 5 ~p -Tm .sinr'm
cKOs2 = ~. (F;p•tm>
sKOs2 = ~ . (lnSP-lnSm>
-1 . 1 -1 . 1 )
cKOs4 • ~ •.(Tp .s~p•Tm .s~m
. -1 1 -1 1 )
sKOs4 ,. ~. (Tm .cosrcm-Tp .cosr:P
where
to = arsin{2:+[£•2•(1+:)2}~•£•2•(1-:)2}~J} w:
0 =artan£Z:t•C•2-:2+1)}
~ = arsin{2(:+wa)t [{a2z 2+(1+~) 2 }~+{a2a 2+(1-:-wa) 2 }~ ] } w:
p
= artan[2az.(~)+{a 2a 2 -(~} 2+1}]
F; = arsin{2(~)+ [£a2 a 2+(1+=-a) 2 }~+£a 2a +{1-:+1113) J~l1
2 2
m
w:
111 = artan(2az.(:-wa)+{a2a 2-(:-wa) 2+1}]
s0 = £•z·+:2•To 2+2.T0 .(•• co~
1 . 1
0+:.s1~0 )J
~
To = <<•2-z2+l)2•4:2•21%
22 2 2 1 . 1 ls T = ({a2a2-(z+wa)2+1}2+4a2a~(:+wa)2]~
Sp = [a z +(:+wa) +Tp +2.Tp . {'az.C05z"p+(:+IIIII) .sl~p}) p
S
m
a [a 2a 2+(:-~) 2+Tm2+2.Tm. {az.Co$o:<C
1
2 m
+(:-111Z).sin-,c })~
1
2 m
T = [£a 2a 2 -(:-wa) 2+1} 2+4a 2a 2 (:-IIIZ) 2 J~
Ill
When :: " 0 the values of s011e of the integrals are significantly sillplifieci. These integrals are;
Q02 c•> c -arsinh •
KOc4(.) = <•2•1)-~
:<1
:>1
:<1
:>1
NOTE: The values of w: and w:p lie in the range 0, w.

0
The. value of w: lies in the range 0, 1r when :-lllll>9 and in the range -•, 0 when :-11111<0.
111
Dn'B:iRALS fOR LOADING BY LIHEAR PRESSURE
(Loadina types 2a GICl 4a)
IIIla c ~ 0 aDd t ~ 0 the valuu of the inteJrals are given by :

2 2 1
z3c:l <•> • ct>ls. r• ·: • .artan 2 -
• +: -1
_l(l t-
~.ln<•2•(1-c) 2 } • ::.ln{•2 •(1+z) 2}]
2 Is _t 2 2 -1 2 2 2 2
z3c3<•> • <;> . [1 2 .artan<2•·<• +c -1) } + 4.Ia<• +(1-c) } - -r·la<• +(1+:) }]
= =
llcs<•> . (~)ls. [\artan{ 2•·<•2•:2- 1 )-1} _ •·<•2•:2•1).{•2•( 1+:)2}-1.(t2+( 1-z)2}-1J
2 2
Xsst <•> • (~)ls.{f -~.~ • t -~ 1 2 2
• .£ln{t +(1+:) } - 1D{t 2+(1..:~:) 2 })}
t +Z •1
~53 (•) • (~)1s.E!·artan{2111. (.;2+:2-1) - l } 2 2
•l.lnh +(1-z) } - t·ln<•2•(1+z) 2} J
llss<•> • (~)Is. r•.lD{.2+(1+c) 2 }- •• lnh2•(1-z)2} -.z. <•2·=2-1) .{.2+(1+:)2}-1. <•2•(1-: )2}-1)
22
z l_,ls {o
c: 3c:l • 1...} •
.11 ·j-) 2
+1 artaD
• x1 +
22
8
2
a .11 - ( -) +1
.artanx2 - r. -Cl.ll -
a.11 (- . . )
8 - . (lnl;1· 1111;2)
.Q.ll< -~> ( lnt -lnt >>

8 3 4
2 Is IIIZ a.z. (:+wr) u. (z-wr) a 2a 2 -(z-:) 2+1
5x3c:l • <w> • <r - 4 . artanx1 + 4 .artanx2- 16 . (lnt 3 -1n~; 4 )
2 2 2
-a .11 -(:-~) +1 (lD -ln )}
16 • 1;3 1;4
2 Is z.._
~x3c:3 • <w> .u4«a . (artanx1•artanx2> ~ :+GI.ll
- 8- . (ln~; 2 -1Dt 1 ) • =j=<1nt4 -tn~; 3 )}
2 Is ~ :-111.11 · az })
x c: • (;r) ·L-:--
5 3 3
- .artanx1 - - r -·artanx2 •. j='fln(t2 .t3) - ln(t1 .t4)
4
2 Js a.li(:+GI.ll} a.li(Z•IIIll}
c:K3s1 • (w) ·~2-
rZ
4 · . artanx1 - 4 .artanx2 • r16 • {a 2a 2-(:+IIIli) 2+U. ( 1nt
.
1 -lnt 2 )
1 2 2
+n'.{o 2 ·<=-->2+1}.(1111;3-1111;4))
22 2 22 2
d~ls{ a ~ • jrtlllS) +1 a .s -(a:•tU) +1
sx3s1 • 'it - . artanx1• 8 artanx2
,«a(~) .(lnt -lnt ) - «a(~-lll.ll} . (lnt - lnt )}

2 1 4 3
2 Is ·L-:-
c:K3s 3 • <w> ..:+11121
4- .artanx1 + - 4
=--- .arunx.z a.ll
+ j={ln<tz: t 4 )-ln(trt3 )})
5K353 • (~).Is. <:a. (artanx 1-artanx2 ) - =;-.(lnt2-lnt1 ) • =;-. ( lnt 4

- lnt 3)}
where
1;1 • a2a 2+(1+:+GI.ll)2 x1 • 2u+{a 2a 2 +~} 2 -1}
2 2 2
1;2 • a2.li2+(1•Z-IIIll)2 x2 • 2u+{a a + (c -wz) -t}
2 2 2 2 2 2
t • a a +{1+:_.) x3 " 2aa. (:+GI.ll)+{a .11 -(Z+CIIa) +1}
3
2 2 2
t 4 • o a +(1--) ~. 2az.(z-GI.lll+{a 2a 2- (z-lllll) 2+1}
When: • 0 the values of soae of the integrals are signific:.antly s illplified. These integrals are;
NOTE: The values of artanx • arunx • artanx lie in the r.mge 0, 11.
1 2 3
The value of artanx lies in the range 0, ,. when z-1112:>0, and in the range
4
-w, 0 when z-oaa<O.
UPIQIDIZ A 25 JJJ
INTEGRALS !=OR LOADING BY LINEAR DISPI.\CBIENr
(Loaciing Types 2b ancl 4b)
When: f. 0 and • f. 0 the values of the integrals are given by;

1
!zez<tl • 1o·eos-rco·•
1
x252 Ct) • :-T0 .s~0
1 . 1 ) T -1
!2e4<•> • <To·t.eo~o·:.s 1~0 • 0
1. . . 1 ) T -1
K2s4 ( • ) • (:.e~o-•·s 1~0 • o
-3 3
K2e6(t) • 1o .eo~o
-3 . 3
K2s6(t) • TO .s1~0
x_ 2 • Js. (+Tp .eos!.c +T .eo~ -2az)

e~e -~p m ~m
sKzez"' Js,(-Tp .si~p+Tm.si~m+2»•)

-1 1 -1 1 1 ( ) ,. -1 . 1 ( ) "' -1 . 1 }
ex2e4 • Js.{2-aa.(Tp . eo~p+Tm .eosr'm'- :+IIIli ·•p .s1nr:p- z-.a ·•m .s~m
K 4 • Js,{-aa.(T -1.si~2 -T -1.sin:c21. 1+(:+~).2' -1 .eos:c21 -(~) .Tm·1.eo~2 }

s 2e .P p m Ill' p p m
1
x_ • Js.(-Tp .sin:c -T .sinl.: +2:)
e~s 2 2p m 2m
1 1
sKzsz ,. Js, (Tm . eo¥m-Tp.eo~p)
1 1 1
1 )+(:+l>lli).T - 1 .eo~ +(:-l>lli).Tm·.l .eos:c
x_ . • Js.{-ca.('lp• 1 .sin:c
e··zs 2 p+Tm• .sin:o:
2m p ~ p 2 m}
4
sKZs4 • Js,{+az. (Tp
-1 .eo~p-Tm
1 -1 1.1
.eosr'm'+(:+1013) •Tp -1 .s~p-
- 1 (Z-1013 ) • Tm-1 .s1~m
. 1 } ·
where
• arsin{2:+,<t 2+(1+:) 2 lls•<t +C1-:) l~l}
2 2
t
0
t
p
= arsin{2(:+~)t[{a2a 2 +(1+:+1013) 2 }~+{a a 2 2
+(1 -z-.a) 2 }~] } ~
p
= artaD{2aa.(:+l>lll)t{a2• 2-(:+1013) 2+1}]
t
m
• arsin{2(:-~)t[{a2a2+(1+z-l>lll) 2 }~+{a2z 2+(1~) 2 llsl} ~m"' artan[2aa.{~)t{a2a2 -(z..-) 2+1}]
2 2 2 1 .1 ~ T = {{t2-:2+1)2+4z2t2}%
s0 • {t +z •To +2.r0 .(,.eo¥ 0+:.s~0 J> 0
sp = [a22
a +(:+~) 2+Tp 2+ 2.1p.{aa.eos:c
1 . 1 }]Is 22 2
-(:+~) •l}
2 22 2lt
2 p +(:+l>lli).S1n:c
2p Tp = [{a a +4a • ( - ) ).
sm ,. [a2a 2+(:-1013) 2+Tm2+2.Tm.{aa.eo~m+(Z-I>Ill).s~

·~ ~m
}]~ T
m
= [{a23 2_(z-1013)2+1}2+4a2•2(:..-)2]%
When : • 0 the values of so.e of the integrals are significantly simplified. These integrals are;
:<1
z>l
:<1
:>1
~
NOTE: The values of
0 and ~p lie in the range 0, 1t.
The value of ~m lies in the riDge 0, 11 when _z-~>0 and in the range - 11, 0 when :-.wr<O.
334 26
VALUES OF COEFFICIENrS
Valus of co-efficients g11 , ha, i 11• i 11• ·~ tn.
gl • {2c+/).p... r l ,(p-+)
. -1 •' ( c+.
d 2~1
I g2 • (2c+J).o.+.f-1.(P-+) -1. (c+dD2)-1
g3. p.(2d+2- J) . f -1 . {p- +) -1 .{c+d+)

2 -1
g4 • •• (._
~~-2
-f) •
,-1 • (P-+) -1 • (c+dD 2) -1
gs • a . g3-c.+. g1 g6 • a.g4-a.o.g2
g; • b.g3-····9t g; = b.g4-e.p.g2
-1
g9 • p ••• (P- f)
ill • (2c+J) ••• r l • (P-+) -1 • (c+d+2) - 1 h2,. (2c+f).p.f-l. (P -+)-1 . (c+dp2)-1
h3 = (2d+2-J).fl.(P-+)-l . (c+d+2)-l h
4
= (2@2-f) .,-1. (P-+) -1 • (c+dp2) -1
"s • a.k3-c.+. hl h6 • .a.h4 - a.o.h2
h; " b. h3-e.+.h1 h•8 = b. h4-e.p.i!2
-1
119 • p.+.(P- +)
i = 2Cl. (ad) Is. (ad-c 2 ) - 1 . =a~• d-Is.f-1 .w-1

1.2
1
i3 = {(ad)ls+c}-1 . -1 Is -1
1.4 =-a.w .{·(ad) -c}
is " a. i 3+c. i 9 i 6 "' a.i4+a.i10

i 7• "' b. i 3•e. i 9 i; = b.i4+e.i10
i9 • a~s.r.{(ad)~+c}-l •
1. " a~ .a-lc•.a.w- 1 . { (ad) .Is-c} - 1
10
jl = {(ad)~+c}-1 J
.
= Cl.w-1 , {(ad) ~- c }-1
2
j l = - 2a.d. (ad-c2) - 1 .. = ,-1 ...-1
"4
is-= a.j 3-c.j9 j6 = a . j4-c. jl0

j; "' b. j3- e.j9 j; = b. j4-e.j10
i9 • -~.(ad-c )- 2 1
j to'"' (f•e). (r.:.fciJ -1
2 -1
8
1 " (2c+J) ·2fh3 .f-1 . (c+®2) -2 s
2
"' (2c•f) .Cl .f . (c+d4 2) -1
2 2 -1 2 -2 = (2dCl2-f).a.f- 1.(c+d42) - 1
s " {(2c+3f-2&:l ).&:1 +cf}.f .(c+d4) 84
3
8
5
=a.s3 + a.s 9 s
6
=a . s 4 - c.Cl.s 2
• = b.s4 -
•7 " b.s3 + •·•g s; e.Cl. e 2
2 2 -1 2 -2
8 • (2c+J) .Cl • (del -c) .f . (c+d4 )
9
2 -1 -1 2 -1
t • (2c+J). (® -c) .f . (c+d4 2) -2 t
2
• (2c+f) .a.f . (c+d4 )
1
-1 2 -2 t4 D (2dCl2-f) , f-1,(c+aG2)-1
t3 .. (2c+J) .2d4.f • (c+d4 )
t "a.t3 - a.t 9 t 6 • a.t4 - c. a.t 2

5
t 7 = b.t3 - e.t 9 t*8 = b,t4 - e.a.t 2
-1 2 -2
t • (2c+f1 .• 2C4./ • (c+da )
9
• for a eTOss.anisotropie material e • c

APPENDIX A 27 335
VIII. REFERENCES
CAROTHERS, S.D. (1920) .- Plane strain; the direct dete:rmination of stress. 'Pzeoc. Roy. Soc. Series A. • 97,
pp. 110-23.
DE URENA R., PIQUER, J.S., MUZAS, F., and SANZ SARAOIO, .J.M. fl966).- Stress distribution in c:zoss-aniso-
tropic media. Proc. 1st Cong. Int. Soc. Rock Mech., Vol. 1, pp. 313-7.
EGOROV, JC.E. (1940) .- Distribution of stresses in base 1n1der rigid strip footing. Nauchn. Iss1ecl. Stantsiya
Fmuiamentstroya, No. 9.
ERDELYI, A. (1954) .- Tables of integral transfcmDS, Vols 1 and 2. Bateman Manuscript Project, Califomia
Institute of Technology. (McGraw Hill).
FLORIN, V.A. (1959, 1961).- "F1Dldamentals of Soil Mechanics", Vols 1 and 2, Gosstroiizdat, Moscow.
GERRARD, C.M. and HARRISON, W. Jill (in preparation).- The analysis of a loaded half space c:c.prised of
anisotropic layers.
GIBSON, R.E. (1967).- Some results concerning displacements and stresses in a nan-ha.ogeneous elastic half-
space, G6ot;ec1mique, 17, 1.
GRAY, H. (1936).- Stress distribution in elastic solids, Proc. lst Int. Conf. Soil Mec:b. Fein Engng, Vol. 2,
p. 157.
HARR, M.E. (1966).- "FOIDldations .of Theoretical Soil Mechanics". (McGraw Hill).
HEARKJN, R.F.S. (1961).- "An Introduction to Applied Anisotropic Elasticity", Oxford Univ. Press.
HOLL, D.L. (1941).- Plane strain distribution of stress in elastic media, Bulletin No. 131, Iowa Engineer-
ing Experiment Station.
JURGENSON, L. (1940) .- The application of theories of elasticity and plasticity to foundation probleiiS,
Boston Soa. Civ. Engn, Contzoibutions to Soil Net:h., 1925-1940, pp. 148-183.
KOLOSOV, G.B. (1935).- Application of complex diagrams and the theory of functions of complex variables to
the theory of elasticity. O.N.T.I.
LAMBE, T.W. (1967).- Stress path method. 'Pzeoc. ASCE, J. Soil Nech. Pdns Di.v., 93, No. SM6, 309-31.
LEIHNITSJCII, S.G. (1963) .- "Theory of Elasticity of an Anisotropic Elastic Body''. Holden - Day Series in
Math. Physics. .
LOVE, A.E.H. (1927).- "Mathematical Theory of Elasticity", 4th Ed., (Cambridge Univ. Press).
PIQUER, J.S., MUZAS, F., DE URENA, R. and GRAJERA, F. (1966).- FOIDldations in cross-anisotropic ground.
Proc. 1st Cong. Int. Soc. Rock Mec:b., Vol 2, pp. 531-6.
QUINLAN, P.M. (1949).- A Fourier integral approach to an aeolotropic medium, Ph.D. Thesis, Califo:mia
Institute of Technology.
SaJ'IT, R.F. (1963).- "Principles of Soil Mechanics". (Addison-Wesley).
SNEDDON, I.N. (1951).- "Fourier Ti-ansfcmDS". (McGraw Hill). .
TI!oDSHENJCO, S. and m<lDIER, J.N. (1951).- ''Theory of Elasticity". (McGraw Hill). pp. 85-96.
TRANTER, C.J. (1966).- "Integral Transfol'IIS in Mathematical Physics", 3rd Ed. Methueus Monographs on Physic-
al Subjects.
WATSON, G.N. (1966) .- ''The Theory of Bessel Functions". 2nd Ed. Cambridge Univ. Press.
WOLF, JC. (1935) .- Ausbreitung der kraft in der halbebene und im halbraum bel anisotropem material. Z. ange/4
Math. und Nech., 15, (5), 249-54.
336
AppendixB
CIRCULAR LOADS APPLIED TO A

CROSS ANISOTROPIC HALF SPACE
C. M. Gerrard
W. Jill Harrison ·
337
338 APPBNDIZ B 2
The material in this Appendix was originally

published as Technical Paper No.8 of the Division of Applied
Geomechanics. C.S.I.R.O •• Australia and is reproduced in
full herein with kind permission of the authors and the
Chief of the Division of Applied Geomechanics.
Corrections to the original published version

have been supplied by the authors of the Technical Paper and
have been incorporated in the reprinted version herein.
For convenience. the page numbers of this Appendix

are identical with those of the original publication and any
reference to page numbers in the text refers to the pages of
this Appendix only.
339
CONTENTS
Page
SIHCARY 4
I. INTRODUCTION s
II. NOTAnON 6
III. CROSS-ANISOTROPIC HALF SPACE 7
IV. LOAD TYPES
v. MEniOO OF SOLUTION 10
VI. PRESENTATION OF RESULTS 11
VII. SOLUTIONS FOR DISPLACEMENTS, STRAINS AND STRESSES 11
l(a) Uniform Vertical Pressure 12 - 13

l(b) Uniform Vertical Displacement 14 - IS
2(a) Linear Vertical Pressure 16 - 17
2(b) Linear Vertical Displacement 18 - 19
3(a) Linear Radial Shear Stress 20 - 21
3(b) Linear Radial Shear Displacement 22 - 23

4(a) Linear Torsional Shear Stress 24
4(b) Linear Torsional Shear Displacement 25
S(a) Uniform Unidirectional Shear Stress 26 - 27
S(b) Uniform Unidirectional Shear .Displacement 28 - 29
VIII. REFERENCES 30
IX. LIST OF TABLES OF INTEGRALS 31
X. TABLES OF INTEGRALS 33
I·
I
1
l
1
l
1
'Ihis paper prestmts the solutions to a Jl'OUP of probleu involvi.DJ s~le
loads of circular plan area. These loads are l!pplied to a h«*)ltllleous • linearly 1
l
elastic. cross-anisotropic half space iD which at any point the axis of ~tty
in the elastic properties is vertical.
The ten .loads considered fora five pairs. each consistinl of a stress-defined
load and a displace.ent-defined load:
l(a) Unifon vertical pressure.
l{b) UDifon vertical displaceMnt.
2(a) LiDear vertical pressure.
2(b) Linear vertical displac.t~~~t.
3(a) LiDear radial shear ·stress.
3(b) LiDear radial shear displaaMnt.
"4(a) LiDear tonional shear stress.

l
l
4(b) Linear torsional shear displa~t.
S(a) Unifcma unidirectional shear stress .
S(b) Unifora unidirectional shear displa~t.

l
)
The solutions contained iD this report are of considerable value in soil and
roclt engineering. Firstly. they allow a full range of practical loadiDg conditions
to be considered for a eo~~plete range of displac:aent. strain. and stress COIIpODents.
Secondly. the stress defcmaation anisotropy treated is that which ~y occurs in
soil and rock aasses. ,
CIRCULAR LOADS APPLIED TO A CROSS-ANISOJ'ROPIC J4l
HALF SPACE
by C.M. Gerrard
.. ad W.Jill Harrison..
I. INTRODtX:riON
The loacls considered in this report are applied over a circular plan area to the sur£ace of a
eross-aisotropic half space. The circular shape was chosen because of its clirect application to wheel
loads on p~ts and foundation loads under structures sueh as silos, c:hilllneys, llllcl tanks containing
liquids. In addition, for reasons of ease in analysis, it is convenient to consider the circular shapes
as approxilllating to rectanrular foundations of ap-proxillately equal breaclth and width.
The nature of the anisotropy of the elastic half space corresponds to that observed in soil eel
roek deposits fomecl under the action of preclomnantly vertical forces. Sueh deposits may be natural or
placed.
Hence the solutions proclueecl are relevat to a wide range of practical situations where it would
be unrealistic to assu.e isotropy.
The existing solutions for ·a xi-sywaetric probleas involving a ~oss-anisotropic half space are
-.ri:ecl in Table 1. The solutions in this report are 110re c:aDprehensive than those in any of the previous
worlt in the following ways:
1. Range of load types considered;
2. Range of stresses, strains , and clisplaee~~ents solved;
3. Range of cross-anisotropic material response considered.
TABLE 1 . SINCARY OF EXISTING SOLUfiONS
NA1tJRE OF RESTRICTIONS ON 'I"iPE OF LOADING

DETERMINED STRESSES
ELASTIC RESPONSE ELASTIC PARAMETERS AND DISPLACEMENTS
2 Vertical point load on surface of half space:

Michell Cross- o · positive 1.1
(1900) anisotropic 2 stresses throughout half
8 positive space
Barden
(1963)
UnifOl'll vertical pressure zz on load axis
1.1 on surface
Wolf Cross- Restriction on the Vertical point loacl Stresses and displacements
(1935) anisotropic value of f, and in half space
vh = v~ = vvh 0 =
2 Stresses and displacements
Quinlan Cross- o positive Vertical point loacl
(1949) . anisotropic 2 in half space
8 • positive
Uni£01'11, parabolic, and 1.1 on sur£ace
inverted parabolic distrib- u on load axis
utions of vertical stress.
Unifor. vertical displace-
ment ·
2
o positive Vertical point load All stresses and displace·
Koning Cross-
(1957) anisotropic UnifOl'll vertical displacements in half space
82 positive
Anon. ment
(1960)
Uniform vertical pressure 1.1on surface at centre and
edge of load
a.a down load axis
Lekhnitslcii Cross- cs+8anclo- 8 Vertical point load All stresses throughout

(1963) anisotropic must not be pure- half space
1y i.lllaginary
2 Uniform vertical pressure All stresses, strains, and
Gerrard Cross- cs .positive
Uniform vertical displace· displacements in half
(1968) anisotropic 82 positive or ment space
zero Linear radial shear stress
Torsional loacls
• Division of Applied GeODeehanies, CSIRO, P.O. Boic 54, Mount Waverley, 3149, Victoria, Australia.
342 APPENDIX B 6
II. NafATION
(a) Coordi714tes, Displacements, Stl'ai.ns, Stresses, EZastic ModuZi
2'0 loaded radius

2',8,.3 cylindrical coordinates (radial, tangential, and vertical) expressed in units of
the loaded radius
u,v,111 displacements in the respective coordinate directions
rio,ee,a direct stress and shear stress
ra~ez.;e components of the stress tensor
e:1'7',e:88'e:zz direct strain and shear strain
e:2'Z'E8z'e:2'8 components of the strain tensor
a,b,c,d,f components of the elasticity tensor
Eh modulus of elasticity in the horizontal direction
Ev modulus of elasticity in the vertical direction
\lh Poisson's ratio - effect of horizontal strain on complementary horizontal strain·
vhv Poisson's ratio effect of horizontal strain on vertical strain
vvh Poisson's ratio effect of vertical strain on horizontal strain
E modulus of elasticity - isotropic material
\1 Poisson's ratio - isotropic material
(b) Del'ived EZastic Quantities
a2 = {ad-ri-cf+f(ad)~}f2fd
e2 = {ad-c2-cf-f(ati/~}":2fd
,} = -82
' = a-e
p a+S
l (a-b)+f
Coefficients appearing in the solutions for the displacements, strains, and stresses (defined on pages 13,
21, 27) are gl ••• g9, h1 ••• h9' i1 ••• i10' jl ••• jlO' sl ••• s9' tl ••• t9.
(c) Loadings
uniform vertical pressure
maximum value of linear vertical pressure
maxiiiiUID value of linear radial shear stress
maximum value of linear torsional shear stress
uniform unidirectional horizontal shear stress
uniform vertical displacement
maximum value of linear vertical displacement
maximum value of linear radial shear displacement
maximum value of linear torsional shear displacement
uniform unidirectional horizontal shear displacement
total resultant vertical force applied to produce the uniform vertical displace-
ment (.t. )
1
total resultant torque applied to produce the linear torsional shear displacement
(maximum value o2)
total resultant moment applied to produce the linear vertical displacement (maxi-
mum value t. 2)
total resultant horizontal force applied to produce the uniform unidirectional
horizontal shear displacement (o 3)
(d) Integro.Zs
Integrals appearing in solutions for displacements, strains, and stresses. These are defined in equation 8.
In•u($), cin•u' sin•u
An•u($), cAn<u' sAn•u
MnTu($), cMn<u' sMn•u
k transform parameter appearing in equation 8.
APRNDlZ B 7 343
III. CROSS-ANISOTROPIC HALF SPACE
This half space can be described as a tu.ogeneous elastic: body bavinJ infinite extent horizontally ad
infinite depth below the horizontal plane surface to which loads are applied. The axis of elastic: , _ t r y
is ass~ to be vertical. The effect of the anisotropy can be puJed by c:a.parison with the solutions for
the is!)tropic: case whic:h are also iDc:luded.
For a cross-anisotropic: uterial vi.th a vertical axis of s,_try the stress-strain relations expressed
in c:ylindric:al co-ordinates are;
~ • a.cr.r + b.c88 + c.caa la
8e • b. 'r.r • a. 'ee • c. 'aa 1b
.U • c. 'r.r + c . c 88 + d. ca.a lc:
n. f.tn lcl
8i • f·'ea le
re • (a-b). cre lf
~ive ind~~~ el~tic: constants a.b!c1 d1 and f are involved.
The clirec:t strains can be expressed in teras of the direct stresses by the following r elations;
1 ...., vh - vvh-
'r.r • 'Eitr.r - ih 88 ·r-·u
v
2a
v,.- 1 - vvh -
'ee · ·r·r.r
h
• i . ee
h
· r·•a
v
2b
2c:
The interrelationships between the elastic: constants in equations 1 ancl 2 are;

-1 -1
3a
a • Bh.(l-vhv. vvh).(l+vh) .(1-vh-2.vhv. vvh)
-1 . -1
b • Eh. (vh+vhv. v11h). (l+v,.) • (1-vh-2.vhv. v11n>
-1 3c:
c • Eh.vvh' (l-vh·2·Vnv· vvh)
-1 -1 3d
d • Eh. v11h. (l-vh).vhv .(l-vh-2.vhll.v11h}
3e
The strain components are;
'r.r . ~
au ...
, • .!!. +.!.. av 4b
ee r r ar
3LI
'aa • aa 4c:
au 31.1
2 'rz • aa +. rr 4cl
av 1 ar.~
2 tea • h z; . ar
+
4e
2£
re • .!.
r
. !!!
ae + !£.
ai' - £.
r
4f
The condition that the nrain energy IIUSt be positive imposes restrictions on th~ values of the elastic:
constants. These are t; .
a> 0 Sa
d > 0 Sb
f >0 Sc:
a2 , 0 2 Scl
2
(a+b)d > 2c Se
ad> c 2 Sf
In teras of the Poisson's ratios these restrictions illlpose the limits;
1-v,.-2.vhll. vvh > 0 6a
1-vh > 0 6b
l+vh > o..___~---~----------------6£ ------~---·----1~'-

t See Hearmon (1961}
344
8
1
IV. LOAD TYPES
The ten loads considered in this report can be crouped into five pairs. The first in each pair is a
particular stress-·d efined load while the second is the analogous displace.nt-defined load. The load pairs
are defined below md are shown in Figuze 1.
1. Loading by unifol'll vertic:al pressure is typical of pneaatic tyres md flexible foundations while
loading by uniform vertic:al displaceaent corresponds to relatively rigid foundations . In both eases the
contact is smooth.
(a) Uniform Vertical Pressure

n . Pl r < 1
n.o r > 1 when z .. 0 7a
n• fz . 0 for all r
(b) Uniform Vertical Displac-nt

"' • 61 r < 1
u.0 r > 1 when z = 0 7b
rz= 9z • 0 for all r
2. Loadi.n g by linear vertical pressure and linear vertical displacement represent ~ts about horizontal
axes applied to flexible and rigid foundations respectively.
These moeent loadings would be normally considered in combination with vertical loads.
1
)..
(a) Linear Vertical Pressure

Ua eose.P .r r 1
1
2
<
I
Zi= 0 r> 1 when.;:=O 7c
ria 9z .. 0 for all r J.
(b) Linear Vertical Displaee~~ent
"'"' cose.~.r r < 1
ii .. 0 r > 1 whenz=O 7d
rz "' ez= 0 for all r
3. The linear radial shear stress loading is typical of the stresses developed in the surfaces of road
pavements due to the grip of pneuutic tyres. Measurements by Bonse and IC1Ihn (1959) and Marwiek and Starks
(1941) in4ieate that the magnitude of the maximum stress is of the order of the· inflation pressure of the
tyre. A similar pattern of stress is developed under both stationary tyres and those moving at constant
linear velocity. The linear radial shear displacement loading when colllbined with the uniform vertical
pressure loading gi ves the exact solution to the problea of a flexible foundation wit.h a rou&h base.
(a) Linear Radial Shear Stress

rz .. pl.r r < 1
(b)
;;z . o
n.fz .. o
Linear Radial Shear Displacement
r > 1
for all r
when z = 0 7e
l
u . cS . r r < 1
4.
n• 0
u.
1
9z = 0
r > 1
for all r
when z =0 7f
The state of s tress defined by the linear torsional shear stress is similar t o that developed under
I
pneuaatic tyres during cornering and under foundations in certain conditions. On the other hand the linear
I
torsional shear displaee~~ent aay be applied t o the analysis of vane shear tests at sub-failure loads.
(a) Linear Torsional Shear Stress

9z • p2.r r < 1
8% • 0 r > 1 when z =0 7g
zz :o rz=O for all r
(b) Linear Torsional Shear Displacement

11 = 6 .r 1' <
1
2
9z . 0 r > whenz=O 7h
%Z • rz = 0 for all r
S. The unifont unidirectional shear stress is t ypical of shear loads imposed on paveaents by the braking,
acceleration, and traction of pneuutic tyres. On the other hand the uniform, unidirectional shear displace-
ment represe.n ts lateral loads applied to foundat ions.
9 345
I (a) UNIFORM VERTICAL PRESSURE I (b) UNIFORM VERTICAL DISPLACEMENT
2(a) LINEAR VERTICAL PRESSURE 2 (b) LINEAR VERTICAL DISPLACEMENT
3 (a) LINEAR RADIAL SHEAR STRESS 3(b) LINEAR RADIAL SHEAR DISPLACEMENT
4(a) LINEAR TORSIONAL SHEAR STRESS 4(b) LINEAR TORSIONAL SHEAR DISPLACEMENT
5( a) UNIFORM UNIDIRECTIONAL SHEAR STRESS 5 (b) UNIFORM UNIDIRECTIONAL SHEAR DISPLACEMENT.
Fig.l.- Load types.

346 UPiliiDU B
10
(a) Uniform Unidirectional Shear Stress

Rl 8ir
ls(cose - sine~ ., P3 l' < 1
z:z
l:i(cose -
ea
sine~ • 0 l' > 1 whena•O 7i
L(...fi_ +
.,. cose
G ~ =0
s1ne 7 for all r
iir .. 0 for all r
(b) Uniform Unidirectional Shear Displacement

u v < 1
l:i(cose - sine) = 03 %'
z:z
l:!(cose -
ez·
sine~ = 0 %' > 1 when z =o 7j
;z
l:i(cose +
ez
S1ne~ ., 0 for all r
za • 0 for all r
It should be noted that the load pairs 1, 3 and 4 produce axi.-s~tric distributions of stresses ,strains
and displac:ellel\ts whereas the load pairs 2 and S produce a s~etric distribution about the plane e • 0.
V. METRlD OF SOL11I"ION
The method used to obtain the solutions reported herein vas developed by Gerrard and Harrison (1970) and
is based on the application of integral transform techniques and dual integral equation techniques to elasti-
city problems (Sneddon, 1951, Tranter, 1966). The solutions for the displaceJDents, strains, and stresses. are
expressed in terms of integrals of products of trigonometric functions, Bessel functions, and exponentials.
The following symbols are used to express these integrals:
Sa
8b
8c
Sd
8e
8£
8g
8h
8i
· nte parameter • contained in equations Sa, 8d, Be is ·in the form ' of either pz, ,z, az, or yz for anis-
otropic materials. Hence it is a function of the elastic properties as veH as the depth. In contrast, for
isotropic materials • = z. ·
For stress defined loadings the value of n in the integrals· (equations 8) is either 0, 2, or 4. Under
these conditions the integrals can only be evaluated directly if r = 0 or z = 0 and for other values of r
and z numerical integration has to be used. However, for displace~~~ent defined loadings the corresponding
values of n are 1, S, and S. In this case the integrals shown in equations 8 can be evaluated directly for
all values of r and z.
Those integrals evaluated directly were obtained by using the results of the Bateman Manuscript Project
(1954) and Watson (1966). ·
Compressive dizect strains and stresses are considered to be positive. Positive shear stresses are
defined f%0111 the tact that both the stress and strain tensors obey the right hand rule. DisplaceJDents in the
negative coordinate directions are considered to be positive. Hence, a load defined by a positive stress
acts in the positive coordinate direction, whereas a load defined by a positive 'displacement acts in the
negative coordinate direction. For example, vertical loads are compressive if defined by a positive stress
or a negative displacement.
APPifiiJ)XZ B 11 347
VI. PRESENTATION OF RESULTS
The solutions for the displac:eaents, strains, aD4 stresses for each pair of loading c:4nclitions are pre-
sented in the order previously indicated.
· The presentation is arranged so that the complete solution for each loading c:4ndition c:an be seen froa
a single opening of this report, i.e. no 110re than two consecutive, facing pages are used for any loading
condition.
The solutions given contain all displacement, strain, and stress cOlllpOilents. This allows the calcula-
tion of quantities such as total deformations, principal stresses &Del strains, and principal directions. In
general the solutions are stated as products of coefficients U;1 • ••; 9, h ••• h , i ••• i ,
1 9 1 1
•••8 ,
109
J 1 •••J 10 , 8
t ... t ) and integrals (I, A, and. H types). The coefficients are functions only of the elastic properties
1 9
while the integrals are in general functions of depth, radial offset, and elastic properties.
The fCmD of the solutions ciepencis to a significant extent on the nature of the anisotropy as reflected
by the values of a 2 and 8 , both of which are functions only of the elastic properties.
2
The strain energy conditions given by Sa ••• Sf are sufficient but not necessary conditions that
a 2 • { (ad)l:f-d}. { (ad)l:f + c + f}. (2fd) -l
be positive. However, when 82 is written in the fom
82 , [ad- c 2 - /{(ad)l:f + c}]• {2fd)-l
it can be seen that the sign of 82 is not restricted. by the strain energy conditions. Hence, for each
loading condition, four separate cases are considered. as follows;
2
A, Cross-anisotropic; a positive, s2 positive
2
1. Cross-anisotropic; a positive, s2 negative
. . 2 . . 2
C. Cross-anuotrop~c; a pOS1tlve, B :zero
D. Isotropic (this is a special case of C in which a = 1)

A typical layout fbr a stress defined loading (i.e. load l(a), 2(a), 3(a), 4(a), or S(a))consists of
the complete solutions fbr the displacesaents, strains, and stresses fbr each of the above four cases. In
addition reference is given to the values of the coefficients ~ , r. , i , j , s , t ). Finally the values
of the integrals are given in the fOllowing way; n n n n n n
reference to tabulated values when r ~ 0 and. a ~ 0
statement in closed. fOrm for the special eases of r z 0 and a = 0.

The layout fbr a displace~~ent-defined loading differs frO. that of the analogous stress-defined loaci
in several respects. Firstly, the solutions are given by simply stating the substitutions that need to
be made into the solutions for the stress-defined. load in order to obtain the solutions fbr the displace-
ment-defined load. In general these substitutions are referred. to a ~ defined displacement OR a defin-
ed total load. This considerable econcay in presentation is made possible because of the similarity in the
forms of the solutions for a given stress-defined loading and its displacement-defined analogue.
Secondly, t.he values of the integrals can be stated in closed form for all values of r and a and
hence no tables are required.
The general case of r ~ 0 and z ~ 0 and the special cases of r = 0 or a = 0 are considered.
VII. SOUTI'IONS FOR DISPLACEMENTS, Sl'RADIS AND STRESSES
The solutions for the displacelllents, strains and stresses for each pair of loading conditions are
presented on the ~ollowing pages.
348 APPBNDIX B 12
l(a) UNIFORM VERTICAL PRESSURE
A. Cross-anisotropic; s2 Positive
w • Pl.rO.{-gl.I2ooCtz) + g2.I200(pz)}
u • Pl.r0.{-g3.I220(tz) + g4.I220(pa)}
~zz z Pl.{gl.;.t202(;a) - g2.o.I202(pa)}
-1 -1 }
~~ =Pl.[-g3.{I202(;z) - r .I220(ta)} + g4.{I202(pz) - r .I220(pz) ]
-1 . ( -1
~ee =Pl. { -g3.r .I220 tz) + g4.r .I220(pz)}
-1
trz = Pl.g9.f .{I222(;z) - I222(pz)}
;z = f.~ rz
B. Cross-anisotropic; S2 Negative
w = Pl.rO.{-il.ci200 - i2.si200}
u .= Pl.rO.{i3.ci220 + i4.si220}
tzz = Pl.{i9.ci202 + i1o·si202}
1
t~ = Pl.[i3.{ci202- r· ·ci220} + i4.{si202- r- ·si220}]
1
• -1 • -1 }
tee= Pl. { ~3.r ·ci220 + ~4.r ·si220
tra =Pl.i2.si222
- [. I . I ( b) {. -1 • -1 }]
~=Pl. ~s·c 202 + ~6"s 202- a- • ~3.r ·ci220 + ~4.r ·si220
ee = Pl.[i1.ci202 + is·si202 + (a-b).{i3.r· 1 ·ci220 + i4.r-l.si220}]

-
zz -1
= Pl.{ci202 + a.w ·si202} rz = f.trz
C. Cross-anisotropic; s2 Zero
~ = Pl.r0.{-sl.I200(az) - s2.z.I202(az)}
u = Pl.rO.{s3.I220(az) - s4.z.I222(az)}
£zz = Pl.{s9.I202(az) + 8 2.a.z.I204(az)}

£~ = P .[s .£I202 (az) - r -1 .I220 (az)} - 8
1
4 .z.{I204 (aa) - r- .I222 (az)}]
1 3
-1 -1
~ee = Pl.{s3.r .I220(az) - s4.z.r .I222(az)}
2 -1
trz = P1 .a .f .z.I224 (aa)
- =P .[8 .I
~ (az) - s 6 .z.I204 (az) - (a-b).r -1 .{s 3.I220 (az) - s 4.z.I222 (az)})
1 5 202
- = P .[s .I2 (az) - s .z.! -1
ee 1 7 02 8 204 (az) + (a-b).r .{s 3.I220 (az) - s 4.z.I222 (az)}]
D. Isotropic
The stresses, strains, and displacements are as for the case of Cross-anisotropic; s2 Zero but with the
following simplifications;
s
1
= 2. (1-v2 ).E-1 8
2
= (l+v) .E
-1
8
3
= (l+v).(l-2v).E-1 8
4
= (l+v).E-l
s5 =s 6 = 1 8
7
= 2v 88 =0 s
9
= (l+v).(l-2v}.E-l.
a =1 f = a-b = E, (l+v)-l
}
I
13
l(a) tlaFORM VEli'ICAL PRESSURE
Values of coefficients gn• in• •n

( it • (2c+f).p •••f
. -1
. (p-t) -1 • ( .._.-)
-· .3 2.. -1
g 2 • (2tt+f) .p...r 1 .CP·t> -1 • -~-2
c~ >-1
g
3
• p.(2dt 2-f).f-1 .(p-t) -1 • c..-t
--~ 2> -1
94. •·<- - ...~.2 f) 4""1
.J .(p-t )
-1 (
• ~
~2 -1
)
9s • c.g3 - c.t.g1 96 • c.g4 • c .p.g2
91 • b.g3 - c.t.gl 9s =b.g4 - c.P•92

-1
9g • p ·•· (p-t)
•
~ 2 -1
-t • 2a. (ad) • (cd-c ) ~2 • c .d-Is.f-1 .~-1
~
1 . -1 ~ }-1
i3 • {(ad)~+ c}-1 i
4
• - a .w {(czd) - c ·
is .. c.i3 + c. i 9 i6 • c.i4 + c.i10
i • b.i + a. i 9 i 8 • b.i4 • c .i10

1 3
i9 • c~.c:r~. {{czd).ls + cr"1 ~
• c ls. d..-lc·.a .~-1 .{(czd) Is-c }-1
10•
. 2 - 1 -· .3.2 -1
e
3 - 1 __ ..._2) -2
• (2c+f) .2dCI •f • (.,....... 82 • (2c+f) .a .f . c~ )
1 2 -1 • 2)-1
' • {{2c+3f- 2442) .do2 + cf} .f-1. (c+d42)-2 s4 • (2da -f) • a.f • (c+GCI
3 .
s • C.e4 • C.CI.8'2
's • c.•3 • c.e9 6
s • b.s4 - c.a.s 2
87 • b.s 3 • c.s 9 8
2 2 -1 • . .3_2)-2
89 • (2c+f).a .(do -c).f .(~
Values of integrals I 2Tu<•>. ci2Tu' si2Tu

When :zo ~ 0 ancl .a ~ 0 the values of the integrals are given in tableson the page n~ers inclicatecl in
brackets;
1zoo<+> [34] 1no<•> [37]

c1 200
[35] 1
c 220
[38]
1zo2<•> [34] 1 222('fl) [37]

s1 200
[35] .
s1 220 [38]
[34] 1 224<+> [37)

1 zo4<•> c1 202 [36]
c1 222
[319]
s1202 [36)
s1222 [319)
When l" =0 the integrals are eiven by;

2 ls
I 2oo<•> • <• •1) -•
l" < 1
l" • 1
:zo. > 1
I•"'"
I.
350 14
l(b) UNIFORM VERI'ICAL DISPLACEMEHT
A. Cross-llllisotropic; s2 Positive
111e displa-ts, strains, and stresses are obtained by llllting the following substitutions into the
equations for the case of Unifora Vertical Pressure loading (Cross-anisotropic; S2 Positive). These equ-
ations are shown on page 12.
2 2
(i) substitute 7' • (!)ls •..L...
v w 4ro2
OR -t.1 • (~ls.L•...t:_
1f 1'0 2C+l
2 Cddo ) ·
.o.+. fc+dl
o•+ ) ---------------------·-------·· for P
1
111is alternative substitution follows froa the 1oad-displa~nt relationship for this case of s2 Posit-
ive. nus relationship is;
7'
2
b. 41' ___!_ (e+do ) • (
v ~ • 1· o·zc+or· a.o.+.(o•+)
2
c+d. )
(ii) substitute IlT(~+l)(~) ------------------------------------------------------------------ · for I2 T~(~)
B. Cross-anisotropic; s2 Negative
The displaceaent.s, strains, and stresses are obtained by making the following sllbstitutions into the
equations for the case of Unifora Vertical Pressure loading (Cross-anisotropic; 82 Negative). These equ-
ations are shown on page 12.
2 Is 1 ad-c2
(i) substitute Tv. (~)Is.~ OR -61. (r,) "l'o. 2a. (ad) 11 ------------------------------------------- for P1
·
41'0
11lis alternative substitution follows from the load-displacement relationship for this case of 82 Negat-
ive. This relationship is;
(ii) substitute cilT(~+l) for ci2 T~
s 1T(~+l)
1 for siZt~
The displac~ts • strains. and stresses are obt~ed by ulcing the following substitutions into the
equations for the case of Unifo:m Vertical Pressure loading· (Cross-anisotropic; 82 Zero). These equations
are shown on page 12.
.(!)1s.L.~.(c+da
2da3 ) ·------~-------------------------------
2 2
(i) substitute Tv. (~)Is.~ OR -t.1 " for P1
41'0 1'0 2c+r
This alternative substitution follows from the load-displacement relationship for this case of s2 Zero.
This relationship is;
f" (e+da2)2
·Tv= -t.1.4r0.2e+r 2da3
Ilt(~+l)(aa) ----------------------------------------~-----------------------for I T~(az)

(ii) substitute 2
D. Isotropic
111e displacements, strains, and stresses are obtained by llalcing the following substitutions into the
equations for the case of Unifo:m Vertical Pressure loading (Cross-anisotropic; S2 Zero}. These equations
(i} substitute T
v w
.(!)Is.~
41'
OR -t.1 .(!)1s.L. E 2
w ro 2.(1-v)
-------------------------------------------- for P1
0
This alternative substitution follows from the load-displa~t relationship for this Isotropic case.
This relationship· is;
E
Tv = -t.l.4ro. 2
2.(1-v )
(ii) substitute IlT(~+l)(z) ---------------------------------------------------------------·- for I2 T~(z)

(iii)In addition the following simplifications apply with regard to a , f, and. coefficients sn ;
8
1
= 2.(1-v2 ).E-1 s
2
= (l+v).E-1 s = (l+v).(1-2v).E-1
3
s
4
= (l+v).E-l
8
5 =s 6 = 1 s7 = 2v s8 =o s
9
= (l+v).(l-2v).E-l
-1
-~-----~·a-=-1---~----:f • a-b • E. (l+v·:r-::.-.---·-------~-~
APPBNDIX B 15 35l
l(b) UNIFORM VERTICAL DISPLACEMENT
When r ;. 0 and a ;. 0 the values of the integrals are given by;

2 ~ 2 ~ .
1 101 (tjl) • (;r) .aO c1 101 '" ~. (;r) • (ap+am)
1 103(tjl) • <f>~· 9o -l.si~o s 1 101 '" ~. <fJ~. (lnLp-lnLm)
2 ~ -3 ( -~ 3 ) I L (2'~ (N -1 . 1 -1 . 1 )
1 105(1j1) = (;r) .NO • ljl.sl..:z:-0-cosy.O c 103 '" '2• if' • m • 5 i.D¥m + 9p .s1"T-p
2 ~ -1 (1 • 1 ) L 2 ~ ( -1 1 -1 1
1 121 ('I') = (;r)· .r • -No· 5 ~0 s 1 103 = '2• (;r) • 9m .cosrm - 9p .cosrp)
I123(tj1) ,.
2 ~ -1 -1 ( 1
<;-J .r .NO • cosro-ljl.s~O
. 1 )
ci121 = '2• d'i') ~ .r-1 • (2 -Nm.s~:l.m
L · 1 • 1
- Np.s~p)
2 ~ -3 . 3 - 2 ~ -1 . '1 1
I 125 (w) • (;r) .r.N0 .s1¥o 5
I 121 - ~.(;r) .r .(Nm.co'Tm- Np.co'Tp)
2 ~ -1 [ -1{ ) 1 . 1 }
l 123 • ~-<;r> .r • Nm {1-"'a .co~m- aa.s1~:1.m + 11p -1{ (1 +"'a ) .cosrp
1 . 1 }]
- aa.s~P
1
sr123. ~-(~)~.r- 1 [TNm- 1 .{aa.costAm + (1-llllll).sin¥-m} + Np- .{aa.co~p + ·{l+lll/ll).sin¥-pn
where
a =arsin{2.[{tjl2 + (1+r) 2 !~ + {tj12 + (1-r)2}~J-1}
0
a • arsin{2.{l+llllll).[{a 2a 2 + {l+llllll+r) 2 }~ + {a2a 2 + {l+lll3-r) 2 }~]- 1 }
p
2 2
am • arsin{2.(1-llllll).[{a a + (1-llla+r) 2 }~ + {a 2a 2 + {1-llla-r) 2 }~J- 1 }
No • {(tll2+r2·1)2 + 4~2}~
N
p
= [{a2a 2 2 2
- (l+llla)2 + r } + 4a 2a 2 (1+11l3) 2 ~
Nm • [{a 2a 2 - {1-llllll) 2 + r 2}2 + 4a 2a 2 (1-lll3) 2 ]~
2 1
Ao • artan{2tjl(tj1 +r2 - 1)- }
Ap • artan[2aa(l+llla).{a 2a 2 - {l+lll3) 2 + r2}-1)

2 2 2
Am • artan[2aa(l-llla).{a z - (1-llllll) + r 2 }- 1 )
Lp " [{Np.cosf:l.p + aa}

2
+ {Np.sm!:~.p + (l+lllz)} 2 ]~
Lm = [{Nm.cosf:l.m + aa}
2
+ {Nm.si4:~.m + (1-llla)} 2 J~
When r • 0 the values of the integrals are given by;
r 101 (tj!) CfJ\arcot til
Il03(1j1) CfJlf.(t112+1)-~
IlOS(Ijl) CfJlf.2tjl. (1j12+l)-2
'" (~)~.~.artan{2aa. (a a +ciz -1) -l}

2 2 2
/
101
/101" (~)\~.ln[{a222 + (1+1112)2}.{a2z2 + (1-wz)2}-1]
2 If 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 -1 2 2 2 -1
crl03. (;r) .{a 2 - "'z + l}.{a z + (1+wz) } .{a z + (1-1112) }
2 ~ 2 2 2 2 -1 2 2 2 -1
5
I
103
= C;r) .2a1112 .{a 2 + {l+llla) } .{a a + (1-llllll) }
1 121($) '" 1 123(1j1) = 1 12s(w) '"·c1 121 = s 1 121 = c1 123 = s 1 123 = 0

-1 -1 -1
r •1 121(1j1) "'~· 1103(w) r •1 123("') = ~· 11os<w) r ·c1 121 = ~·c1103
When 2 ,. 0 the relevant integrals are given by;
r < 1
r • 1
r > 1
r.{l + r < 1
c!>~ 1 r • 1
1f { -1
r r > 1
i
l
35Z
16
2(a) LINEAR VERTICAL PRESSURE
A. Cross-anisotropic; 82 Positive
»• P2.cose.~o·<-gl .I420(+a) + g2.I420(pa)}
u • P2.cose.~o·<-g3.H420(+a) + g4.H420(pa)}
v • P2.sine . ~o·<-g3.A42o<+a) +
tzz • P2.cose.{g1.+'I422(+a) - g2.p.I422(pa)}

c~
g4.A420(pa)}
a.P2.cose.[-g3 • { I 422 (+a) - ~-1 .I440 (+z)} + g4 £z422 (pz) - r -1 .z440 (pa) }]
I
c~
.
cee =P2.cose. {
3
-g .~ .I
-1 -1
440 (+a) + g4 .~ .z440 (pa)}
-1
= P2.cose.g9.f .fH422(tz) - H422 (pz)}
tea • P2.sin8.g9.f-1.{A422(ta) - A422(pa)}
l
c~
8 • P2 .sine.{g3 .~- 1 .I440 (+a) - g4 .~-1 .I440 (pz) } 1
~ • P2.cose.[-g5 .I422 (tz) g6 .z422 (pz) + (a-b).~-1 .{g3.z440 (ta) - g 4.z440 (pz)}J
+
- -1 .
ee • P2.cose.[-g7.z422 (+a) 8 422 (pa) - (a-b).r .{g3.z440 (tz) - g 4.z440 (pa)}J
+ g .I
- • P .cose.g .<+-1 .I
aa 2 9
-1
422 Cta) - P .I422 (pa)}
-
~ • f.crz
- • f .c a
ez 8
-
re • (a-b).c~8
B. Cross-anisotropic; 82 Negative
~a P2.cose .~o ·C-i1'ci420 - i2'si420)
u • P2.cose.~o·<i3'cH420 • i4'sH420)
v "'P2.sine.ro.( 3'cA420 • i4'sA420)

tza = P2.cose.(i9'e1 422 + i10's1 422)
• -1 ) . ( -1 }
£~" P2.cose. { ~3.(c1422 - r ·c1 440 + ~4. s1 422 - ~ ·s1 440)
• -1 . -1 I )
tee= P2.cose.(~3.r ·ci440 + ~4.r ·s 440
£~ • P2.cose.i 2.sH•22
cea = P2.sine.i2'sA422
. • -1 . -1 )
t~ = P2 .s1n8.(-~ 3 .r .ci440 - ~4 .r ·si440
rr a P2.cose .{is·ci422 + i6'si422 - (a-b).r-1. (i3'ci440 + i4'si440)}
ee =P2.cos8.{i7'ci422 + is·si422 + (a-b).r·1. (i3'ci440 + i4'si440)}
-
za • P2.cose.(ci422 +
-1
a,CI) ·si422) ra "f.crz
C. Cross-anisotropic; 82 Zero
» • P2.cose.r0.{-s1.z420 (az) - s 2.z.I422 (az)}
u a P .eose.~ .{s .H420 (az) - s 4 .z.H422 Caa)}
2 0 3
v = P2 .sine.~0 . {s 3 .A 420 (az) - s 4 .z.A422 (aa)}
czz • P2.cose.{s9.z422 (aa) + s 2.a.z.I424 (az)}
c~ = P2.cose.[s .{I422 (az) - r - 1.I440 (az) } - a 4.z.{I424 (aa) - r -1 .I 442 (az) } ]
3
-1 -1
tee% P2.cos8.{s3.r .I440 (az) - s 4. z.r .I442 (az)}
crz =P2.cose.a2.f-1 .z.H424 (az)
c8z =P2.s1n8.a
. 2 •, -1 .z.A ( )
424 az
t~ = P2. sin8.{-s 3.r· 1 .I440 (az) + s 4.z.r-1.I442 (az)}
-
~ = P2.cose.[s5.r422 (az) - s 6.z.I424 (az) - (a-b).r -1 .{s 3.I440 (az) - s 4 .z.I 442 (az)}]
ee =P2 .cos8.[s 7 .z422 (~) - s 8;z.I424 (az) + (a-b).r- 1.!s3.I440 (aa) - s 4 .z.I442 (az)})
APP811DIZ B 17 353
2(a) LIHEAR VERI'ICAL PRESSURE
D. Isouopic:
'Jhe stresses, strains, and displa~s are as for the c:ase of cross-aisotTopic:; 82 Zero bitt with the
follori.DI sitlplific:atiCJDS; ·
2 -1 -1 -1 s 4 • (1+v).E-1
s • 2. (1-v ) .E s 2 • (1+v) .E a 3 • (1+v). (l-2v) .E
1
-1
.7 2'11 = s 9 • (l•v) . (1-2v) .E
f =a-b = E.(l+v)-l
Values of c:oeffic:ients gn• •n• in
The values of g ••• g , s ••• s 9 , i 1 ••• i 10 have been given previously on page 13
1 9 1
Values of integrals I4T~(~), c:14T~' s14T~' A4T~(tj1), c:A4T~' SA4T~' N4T~(~), c:M4T~' sN4T~
When r ; 0 and a ; 0 the values of the integrals are given in tables on the page !limbers indic:at eci in
brac:lteu;
1 420(tll) [51] 1 [52] A420(~) [56] c:A420 (57] (60]

c: 420 c:N420
(51] [52] [56] [57] [60]
1 422(tjl) s1 420 A422(.) i420 sM420
1 424N) [51] 1 (53) A424 (tjl) [56) eA422 (58] c:M422 [61)
c: 422
[54) [53] [59] [58) (61]
1 440(tj1) s 1422 N420(t) sA422 sN422
1422((1) (54) (55] [59)
c:1 440 N422(t)
[55) [59]
s 1 440 M424(t )
When r • 0 the integrals are given by;
When a • 0 the relevant integral s are given by;

3 1 2
~.r. :f1 ('!,- 2 ;2;r ) . r < 1
2 -1
1420(0) • c:1420 • 3• 11 r • 1
{ 1 -2 3 1 -2
!'.r ·?1 ('!•'!;3;r ) r ,. 1
r < 1
r > 1
r < 1
r > 1
A.
2(b)
Cross-eisOUOpie; 8 2 Positive
11
tlMEAR VERJ'ICAL DISPLACEMENT

'l
.,
'Jbe cfispla-..U, straias, lllld stresses are obu.iAed by Mking the followi.Dg substitatiaas into the
eqaati«<S sbolm oo pqe 16 for the ease of LiDear Vertical Pressure loading (Cross-aisotropie; 82 Positive).
I
.(~Is
2 2 I
(i) substituter •...!.,. OR ·•L.e.)ls._t,...L.._
m w 4r ~ -z w r 0 ~ (o+dl> ).fe+dt
d.o.t. o++J ) ---------------------- for P2
0
'Ibis alternative substi~ion follows froa the ~t-displace.ent relationship;
&ro _L
rm • - 62·--z-·~
(c+(uh.td•
d.o.+.o•+)
2
>
(ii) substitute I 3t(lJ+l)·(·) -------------------------------------------- for I 4 T\I(.)
A3t(ll+1) ("+) for A4 T\I(t)
N3t(ll+1) (.) for N4 T11 (t)

B. Cross-ai.sotropic; 82 Negative
'Die displ~ts, strains, and stresses U!t obtaiDed by uldng the following substitutions into the
equatioas shOIIft on pqe 16 for the ease of LiDear Vertical Pressure loading (Cross-aisotropie; 82 Negative).
(i)
. 2 Is 3 2 Is 2 ad-c2
substl.tute rm. (;-) •4r0 3 OR -t.2. (;-) 'ro. 2a(ad)ll ------------------------------------- for p2
i
'Ibis alterDative substitution follows froa the ~t-displace.ent relationship;
I
Bro2 ad-c2 )
r • - 6 2 •._.....----,-
m ~ 2a(ad)"1 l
(ii) Sllbstitute er3t(ll+1) - ---------------------------------------- for ei4 T\I
si3t(ll+1) ---------------------------------------------- for si4Tll
eA.\T(\1+1) for cA4Tll
SA3T(ll+1) for SA4Tll
eN3t(ll+1) for cH4Tll
sH3t(ll+l) for sH4Tll

C. Cross-Mi.sotropie; 82 Zero
The displac:e.e11ts, strains, and stresses are obtained by .aking the following substitutions into the
equations shOWD on page 16 for the ease of Linear Vertical Pressure loading (Cros.s -.ru.sotropic; 82 Zero) .
(c+da~
2
3
(i) substitute r • (l)ls.-
m • 4ro3
OR -A.... (1)1s .
-z w ro
.1.,_L
2C+T 2443
--------------------------- for P·2
This alter~~ative substitution follows f!'OIII the -.nt-displace.ent relationship;

ar02 ....L (c+da2)2
Tm. -62'3""'2c+r 2443
I3t(ll+1)(aa) -------------------------------------------- for I4Tll(aa)
A3t(ll+1) (aa) for A4tll(a.a)
H3t(ll+1) (aa) for H4tll (a.a)
D. Isotropic
the displac:eMDts, strains, and stresses are obtained by .Uing the following substitutions iDto the
equations shOWD on page 16 for the ease of Linear Vertical Pressure loading (tross-Mi.sotropic; 82 Zero) .
substitute T • (l)ls.- - OR -~· .1..~ ------------------------------------

3
(i)
m 11 4r 3 11 ro 2(1-v )
c31s . for. P2
0
This alternative substitution follows from the ~KH~ent-displaceaent relati onship;
ar2
T
m
• -6 2 .-==t--~
2(1-v )
(ii) substitute I3t(\l+l)(z) ---------- ----------------------------------- for r4T\I(z)
A3t(ll+l) (z) for A4Tll(z)
H3T(ll+l) (z) for H4 T (z)

11
(iii) 1n addition the following silllplifications apply vith regard to the coefficients •n;
•
1
• 2.(1-v2 ).E-1 •
2
• (l+v) . E-1 a 3 • (l+v).(l-2v).E-1 8
4 = (1+v).E-1 's • 8
6 =1
-1
s
9
=(1+v).(l-2v).E- 1 (l =1 f • a-b • E. (l+v)
APniiDIZ B 19 355
2(b) LINEAR VERNCAL DISPLACEMENT
Values of Integrals I 3 ('tjl) • I 3 • I 3 , A3 (11), A , A , M (11) • M 1 M

TP C TP S TP TP C 3TP S 3TP 3Tp C 3Tp S 3TP
When :zo p 0 and a ; 0 the values of the integrals are given by;
I 321 (11), I 323 C'f) and 1 325 ('f) are shown on page 23 for the corresponding ease of :zo ; 0 and a ; o
2 ~ 1
1 341 (tjl) • C;rJ .£4 + 2.11.H0 .eosr0 - 2.N0 .c+2+:zo2+2).s~
. 1 1 -2
0 }. 6.:zo
1343(11) = (f)~.{(No2·2).11.s~O- (!j12·1).eos¥o}.r-2.N0-1
I ( ) ,2, ~ {N 2 ( 2 1 N 2) . 1 2 ( 3 . 3 } -3 -2
345 11 • ~";1 • ·o • 1jl +- 0 .S1~AO +_r • 11.co~O-s~O) .NO .:zo
I
301
(tjl) • I
303
C;) and I 305 (1j1) are shown on page 23 for the corresponding ease of r ; 0 and a ; o
A32p(tjl) = ~{I34p(1~) + 130p(1~)} M32p(1~) "'~{I34p(.) - 1 30p(tj1)}
e1 • si • ei and si
323
are shown on page 23 for the corresponding ease of .r ; 0 ancl a ; 0
321 321 323
1
c 341
s (!)~.[-{a
1r
2 2 2
a +:zo +(1+~)(2-wa)}.Np .si~
2 p - {a a +:zo +(1-~)(2+wa)}.Nm.si~
1 2 2 2 1
2m
1 1 1 -2
(1+2~).aa.N .co~
+" +
m 2 m + (l-2wz).aa.Np .eo~-zp].- 6
.r
2 2 2
5
1
341
= (~~.[-{a a +r + (1+wa)(2-.a)}.Np.cos~p + {a a +:zo +(1-wa)(2+wa)}.Nm.eos~m
2 2 2
aa.(1+2wa).Nm.si~m- aa.(1·2~).Np.si~PJ.t.:zo- 2
+
L {(1+wa)
2 + ~.N 2 - a2 a 2 }.eo~ .N - 1 + {{1-~) 2 - wz.N
2
- a 2 a2 l.eo~ .N111- 1
e1343 = C;-J~
2
2 . p 1 -1 p p 2 1 ~1 m .~.:zo-
2
+ aa. (Np -2-2oia) .si~p.Np + aa. (N111 -2+2wa) .si~m.Nm

1
{(1+wa) 2 - wa.N 2 - a 2 a 2 }.si~ .N -l - {(1-~) + wz.N
2 2
- a2 a 2 }.si~m.N -
C;-J~ ~1 .~.:zo-
2 2
s1343 "' 2 p 1 -1 p p 2 1 m
+ aa. (Np +2+2wa) .eo~p.Np - aa. (Nm +2•211111) .eo~m.Nm
c13o • 1 • e1 ancl si are shown on page 23 far the corresponding ease of :zo ; 0 ancl a ; 0
1 5 301 303 303
cA32p s ~(ci34p+ei30p) sA32p =~(s134p+s130p)
cM32p = ~(c134p·ei30p) sM32p =~(s134p-s130P)
where a , ap• am• 0 , Np• Nm• Lp• Lm• >.0 , ).p• ).m are given on page 15.
0 0
When :zo = 0 the integrals are given by:
1 321(1jl) =
1 323(1j1) • 1 325(1j1) =
e1 321 = c1 323 = s 1 321 = s1 323 = 0
-1 -1 -1 -1
1 341(1j1) =r • 1 341(1j1) =1 343(1j1) • r •1 343(1j1) = e1 341 =r 'c1 341 = s 1 341 = r ·s1 341 =0
2 ~ 2 ~ 2 -1
A321 (w) = - M321 (tjl) (;-) .~. {1-ljl.arcot-41} A323(1j1) = - M323(1j1) = (;-) -~· {areot-41·•· (tjl +1) }
A32S(tj1) =- H325(1j1) (f)~. (tj/2+1)-2

A
c 321 =- M
c 321 =
(!"~.~.
1r7
{2 - aa. (artan 1+wa + artan 1·wa,7 + C&l% .ln[{a 2 a 2 +(1-~) 2 }. {a 2a 2 +(1+~) 2 }- 1 J}
aa aa 2
sA321 =- sM321 = (~)~.~.{~.(artanl;:..wa + artan1~~ + ~.ln[{a2a2+(1-wa)2}.{a2a2+(1+u~a)2}-1J}
2 ~ 1+C&l% l•0a aa aa
cA323 =- cM323 = (;-) .~. {artanaz + artan-;;:z - a 2a 2+(1+~) 2 - a 2a 2+(1-~) 2}
sA323 =- sM323 = (~)~.~.{~ 1n[{a2a2+(1+wa)2}.{a2a2+(1-11111)2}-1] + 2 2 1-wa 2- 2 2 l+wa 2}
a a +(1-~) a a +(l+wa}
When a =
0 the relevant integrals are given by:
I CO), c1 • I CO) ancl c1323 are shown on page 23 for the corresponding ease of a a o
321 321 323
r 2 {2+ (1-r2 ) ~}
I341 (0) = l341 = (~)~ 3{1+(1-r2)l5}2 1343(0) = l343 = (!)Is {0 :zo < 1
(r2-1)-~
{
j.r-2 1f r-2. i' > 1
2\
l' < 1
356 APPDDIZ B 20
3(a) LINEAR RADIAL SHEAR STRESS
~ • pl.rO.{h1.I4oo(9z) - hz.I400(pa)}
u • p1.rO.{h3.I420(9z) - h4.I420(P 3)}
&33 "'p1.{-•• h1.I402(93) + p.h2.I402(pz)}
-1 -1
e-rr= p1.[h3.{I402(.z) - r .I420(9z)} - h4.{I402(pa) - r .I420(pz)}l
-1 -1
tee =p1.{h3.r .I420(93) - h4.r .I420(pz)}
-1 -1 -1
&rz = P1·f .h9.{-p .I422(tz) + f .I422(pz)}
-
rr • p 1 .[h5 .r402 c;z) - h6 .r402 (pz) - (a-b).r -1 .{h 3 .r420 (;z) - h4 .I420 (pz)}]
-ee • Pr[h .r h 8 .r402 (pz) + (a-b).r -1 .{h .r420 (;z)- h .r
7 402 c;z)- 3 4 420 (pz)}]
-
.u • pl"h9.p -1 .;-1 .{-I402(9z) + I402(pz)} -
n • f.&rz
~ = P1·ro!.i1·ci400 + .iz··si400}
u "'p1.ro{.i3·ci420 + j4.si420}
&zz =p1.{-j9.ci402 - j10"si402}
• { -1 } • { -1
&rr =P1• [ J3· ci402 - r ·ci420 + J4· si402 - r ·si420}]
• -1 . -1 }
tee =P1· { J3·r ·ci420 + J4.r ·si420
-1 -1
£2'3 = P1·f .{ci422- a.w ·si422}
1
;; = p1.[is·ci402 + i6·si402- (a-b).r- .{j3.ci420 + j4.si420}J
1
98 =p1.(j7"ci402 + is·si402 + (a-b).r- .{i3·ci420 + j4.si420}]
- -1
33 = P1·(-w ).si402 ri: = f.£ l'3
C. Cross-anisotropic; 82 Zero
~ = p1.rO.{t1.I400(az) + t2.z.I402(az)}
u "p1.ro.{-t3.I420(~) + t4.z.I422(az)}
E3Z = p1.{t9.I402(az) - t2.a.z.I404(az)}
trr =P1·[-t3.{I402(az) - r -1 .I420(az)} + t4.z.{I404(az) - r
-1
.I422(az)}]
trz =p1.f-1 .{I422(az) - a.z.I424(aa) }
- • p .[-t .r
rr (az) + t 6 .z.I404 (az) + (a-b).r -1 .{t3.r420 (az) - t 4.3.I422 (az)}]
1 5 402
- = p .[-t .r
ee -1
1 7 402 (az) + t 8 .3.I404 (az) - (a-b).r .{t3 .I420 (az) - t 4.3.I422 (az)}]
zz = PrZ.{-I404(az)} rz = f.£2'3
D. Isotropic
The stresses, strains, and displacements are as for the case of Cross-anisotropic; e2 Zero but with the
following si.llplifications;
t1 = (1+v).(l~2v).E-1 t
2
= (l+v) .E-1 t3 = 2.(1-v 2).E-1 t
4
= (1+v).E -1
t6 = 1 t
9
= 2v. (1+v) .E-1 a "' 1
f =a-b = E.(l~v)- 1
21 J$7
3(a) LlliEAil RADIAL SHEAa STII!SS
Vaiues of coefflcieDU 1111 , i11~ tn
~1 • (~f) •••,-1. (p-t) -1. (~~ -1 h2 " (2<'1+fl.p.f..l.(p-+) :o-1 ;(~;-1

1l3 . (2ft2-f).,-1.(p-·)-1.(~2) -1 11 • (2do2·f),f·l,(P-+) ·1,(~~-1
4
11s • 11.1l3 - ~. •· 111 h6 • IL1l4 - a.p.1l2
117 • b.h3 - a.t. h1 118 • b.h4 ~ a.p.1l
2
t. -1
n9 • P • t. (P•t)
jl • {(ad)~ • a}-1
j 3 • -2od. (cicJo.c2) -1
is • a..i3 - c.$9
i7 • b.j3 - a.$9 is • b.$4 - c.jlO
.
J~ • -2aa• c-~
....- a 2>-1 $10• (J+c). (wftl) • 1
- -~-2 -1
t ~-2- o).f-1 • (..-..
• (2a+f). (..... -- ~-2) -2 t • (2a+f) . a.f-1 , (.,..... )
1 2
t3. c~n.2da.rl. Cc+da~-2 t
4
• (2da2-f).f-1.(c+dG2)-1
ts • 1Lt3- o.t9
t 7 • b.t3 _- o.t9
-1 2 -2
t9 • (~f) .2co..f • (c+da )
Values of inte,rals I4TV(t), ei4TII' si4TII

When zo ;. 0 mel • I 0 the values of the integrals are eiven in tables Clll the pap nUIIIbers indieateci in
brackets;
1 4oo<t> [48] 1420(~) [51] 1 [49] 1 [52]

e 400 e 420
[48] 1422(~) [51] · s1 4oo (49) [52]
1 402(1j1) s1 420
1 404 (+) [48] 1 424(+) [51]
c:1402 [SO] c:1 422
[53]
1
s 402
[SO] 1
s 422
[53)
When :r • 0 the inteeraJ.s are Ji'tell by;
1400 <•> • ~.{(•2•1)~- •> 2 I 402 C•) • {(t2+1)~- +l 2 •Ct2+1)~ 1

404
(t) ~ 2- t(2.2+3).(f 2+1)i~ .
~.I401(+) ~ ~.I404(.)
1 1
r420(.) • 1 422(.) • 1 424(+) • 0 :r· • 1 420(+) • :r· •1 422(+)
2 2 2 11 \1 • \1 11 \1 , _u,. 2
c1400 • (a -w ).a - R .a.-(a.cos-r- •·S1"2) + ~ sr400 • R .a. (•·cosro·suar - 2.a••• a
e1 • - 2.a.a + z 2 .R-~ • { (a2 -w2) .co~+

\1 • \1
2.a.w.smr} + R11 .co~
-u
402
5
I 402 =. 2 .w.a +a2.R-~• {(a2·-w2).s1"2-
. -u \1
2.a.w.co~} -
~
R .s~
-u
1
r· ·c/420 "'~·c:1402 ~·s 1402
1
e1 420 • c1 422 = s 1 420
.. s1 422 • 0 r· ·s1 420 •
2 2 2 2 2 2 4 ~ 2 2 2 2 -1
where R = ({(~ - • ).z + 1} + 4,a .w .a] mel -u • UUD(2.a.w.a ,{(a - 1.11 ).a + 1} ]
When a • 0 the relevant inte,rals are given by;
:1' < 1
:1' > 1
:1' < 1
z422 coJ • ,z422 • {: :1' • 0
:1' > 1
351 22 .
3(b) · LIHEAJl RADIAL SHEAl DISPLACEIENT
A. Closs-misotropic:; s2 Positive
'lbe dis11l~ts , strai.D.s, ad stresses are obtained by aaJd.ng the following substitutions i.Dto the
equations for the case of Linear Radial Shear Stress loading (Cross-misotropic:; S2. Positive) . These equ-
ations are shown Clll page 20.
-ol" (~~ .; £.f ce;~i~!tr• )

2
(i) substitute •2 ---------------------------------------• for p 1
0
(ii) substitute I 3T(II+1) <•> ------------------------------------------------- for . I 4T11 (•)
B. Cross-anisotropic; s2. Negative
'lbe displace.DU, straiDS, ad stresses are obtained by aaJting the followi.Dg substitutions into the
equations for the case of LiDear Radial Shear Stress loading (Cross-anis otropic:; S2. Neaative). 'lhese equ-
ations are showD on page 20.
-o 1 . (~~.;0 .<~aa
22
(i) substitute --------------------------------------------------- for p 1
(ii) substitute eilT(II+1) --------------------------------------------------------------- for c:I4T11
~I3T(II+1) ------------------------------------------------------------------ for si4TII
c. Cross-anisotropic:; s2 Zero
'lbe di.splac:ants, straiDS, and stresses are obtaiDed by aaJting the following substitutions into the
equations for the case of Linear Radial Shear Stress loading (Cross.-anisotropie; 82. Zero). These equations
2 2
(i) substitute -o 1 .(~)~.;0 . 2£.,. <e;j:
> -------------------------------------------------- for p 1
I3T(II+1) (a.z) -------------------------------------------------------------- for I4TII (a.z)
D. honopic:
The displaee~~eDts, strains, and stresses are obtained by 1118lting the following substitutions into the
equations for the ease of Linear Radial Shear Stress loading (Cross-anisotropic:; S2 Zero). These equations
(•;) s ub st1tute
. - ...~ 1 • (~)
i? ~ ·z;-·
2 E
------- --- --------------~------------------------------ for ):)1
0 2. (1-v2 )
(ii) substitute I3T(u+l)(z) --------------------------------------------------------------- for I4Tu(z} .
I1
(iii) In addition the following s implifications apply with regard to cs, f, and the coefficients tn;
-1
cs =1 f =a-b • E.(1+v) t 1 • (1+v).(1-2v).E-1 t 2 • (l+v).E
-1
-1
t
3
= 2.(1- v2).E-1 t4 = (l+v) .E. t5 • 2
t1 = 2v t8 .. 0 t " 2 • ( l+v) .E-l

9
1
APnNlJIZ B 23 359
3(b) LINEAR RADIAL SHEAR DISPLACEMENl'
~en r ~ 0 and a ~ 0 the values of the integrals are given by;
I301 (;) " cfJ\ (NO.s~o-t·ao)

2 ~ -1 1 )
I3o3(tjl) • C;rl • <ao-8 o .cosro
2 ~ .No-3 • (N o2 .s_z··o-s
I3osC;) .. C;rl ink 1-~ "' ~ )
··~-o- .. ·co-z-·o
I321 (tjl) = (;r) ·..1.-o-No·co_z··o

2 ~ .~.r-1 • (r 2 .ao•!ll. No·n·-z ~ )
I323(tj1)
2 ~ .r-1 .No-1 • {;.cosro•
= C;rl 1 ~ }
(1- No2) .L.z··o
I32S(tjl) Ct)~.r-1.No-3.{No 2(co9o-ljl.s~o)-r2 .co9ol

cz
301
.. Ctl\~. {+Np.s~p•Nm.su9m-aa. (crp+crm)-a(1nLP-lnLm)}
/
301
= (f)~.~.{+Np.co~-Nm.co~+wll• (ap+am)-all(1nLp-1I1Lm)}
I ,. (!)~.~. (-Np- 1 .co~p-Nriz - 1 .co~+ap+am)
c 303 'If
si303 = ~)~.~.(-Np-l.su9p•Nm-l·s~+lnLP-1nLm)
.{-{1-1118).N .cos,...., -(l+lll.li).N .cos,;~. +az.(N .sinl. +N .si~
2m
1
2 ;~.711'\+r .ap+r .a}
1 1 1 2 2
cI 321 = (!)1s.%.r-
'If p 2 p m p -;.··p m m
= (!)~.%.r- 1 .{+(1-111a).N .si.IS. -(1+111a).N .si~ +aa.(N .co~
2
1
2
1
-N .co~
2
1 1
z )+r2 .(1nL -lnL \}
s 321 'If p 2 p m m p p m m p 711'
&I
323
= (f)~.Js.r- • [+{(l+lll.li).Np -
1 1
-Np}.si+p•{ (l-1113).Nm- -Nm}.sin¥m•aa. (Np -
1 1
.co~p+Nm- 1 .cos¥-m>]
z
s 323
= (!)Js.Js.r- 1 .[-{(l+1111).Np-l+Np },cos,....,
'If
1 +{(1-1113).N -l+N }.co~
2 p m m 2 m+aa.(Np-l.si~
1
··z-pm
1
-N -l.si~
2 llr'\)
where a 0 , ap, am• N0 , Np' N~, A0 , Ap• Am' Lp, Lm are given on page 15
When r =0 the values of the integrals are given by;

2 -2
z305 c"'J = 2.(1j1_+1) _
ci301 = cfJ~.Js.{- aa.artan( 1 :alll.ll~ - az.lirtan( 1 ~=~ + ~.ln[{a 2 z 2 2 2 2 2 1

+ (1-llla) }.{a a + (1+1113) }- ) + 2}
si301 = cfJ\Js.{+ II!Z.artan( 1 :~~ + IIIZ.artan( 1 ~~~ + ~3 .1n[{a2 z 2 2 2 2 2 1

+ (1-llla) }.{a z + (1+1113) }- ]}
I =. (!)~.Is. [+ artan( 1 +1113~ + artan( 1 - 1113 ~ - aa. {a2l + (l+111a) 2 1-l - aa. {a2i + (1-1113) 2 }.;. 1 ]
c 303 'If az aa
si303 = cf)ls.~s. {Js.1n[ {a2a 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2

+ (1+1113) l. {a a + (1-1113) }- ] - (1+1113). {a 3 + (1+1113) 2 }- 1
+ (1-IIIZ).{a 23 2 + (1-1113) 2 1-1 }
1 -1
r- .I321(1jl) "Js.I303(tj1) r .I323(1j1) "~.I305(!11)
-1 -1
:r· 'ci321 = Js,ci303 r • si321 = Js, si303
When z =0 the relevant integrals are given by;
r < 1
r > 1
r. (1-:r 2) -1:1
!
~.'If.:!' r < 1
2 l:i
c;-) .' (!)l:i
. -1 - (:r2-1) l:i.r-1 }
J:i.{r.ars1nl'
I323 (O) 'If
1
0 .r > l
360 24
4(a) LINEAR TORSIONAL SHEAR STRESS
Cross-anisotropic *
-1 -1
~ • -p2.2ro.f ·Y .I420(ya)
-1
E:ea • P2·f .I422(ya)
-1 -1
E:re • P2·f ·Y .I442(ya)
ea "a p2.I422(ya)
;e = P2•Y•I442(ya)
D. Isotropic
. -1
~ -p .2r .(1+v).E .z420 (a)
2
2 0
-1
E:ea = p2.(1+v).E .I422(z)
-1
E:re = P2·( 1+v).E .I442(a)
8i 2
p2.I422(z)
re "' p2.I442(a)
Values of Integrals I 4Tll(ya)
When r ~ 0 and a ~ 0 the values of the integrals are given in tables on pages indicated in brackets.
When z " 0 the integrals are given by;
2' < 1
2' =1
2' > 1
r < 1
2' =1
2' > 1
2' < 1
2' =1
r > 1
* The solutions for the Cross-anisotropic cases on pages 24 and 25 are independent of the value of s2
M'PBNDZX B 25 36l
4(b) LINEAR TORSIONAL SHEAR DISPLACEMENT
Cross-anisotropic •
215
v • (ii) .2o2.I321(ya)
2 Js -1
e:ez "' -(ii) • 62·Y·ro .I323(yz)
2 Js -1
e:re '" -(ii) .o2*r0 .I343(yz)
2 Js.orf.y.r -1 .z
- .. -(;r)
ez 0 323 (yz)
2 Js .o • (a-b) .r :.1 .I
-re = -(ii)
2 0 343 (yz)
The torsion-displacement relationship is;
sro2
Tt = -.s2.-:s-·fY
D. Isotropic
2 Js
v • (;r) .2o2"I (z)
321
2 Js -1
e:ez • -(;r) • 62·ro .I323(z)
2 Js -1
e:re "' -(ii) • 62·ro .I343(z)
- 2 Js -1 -1
ez,. -(ii) .o2"E.(1+v) .r
0 .z323 Cz)
- • -(;r)
re 2 Js .o .E.(1+v) -1 .r -1 .z
2 0 343 (z)
The torsion-displacement relationship is;
Sr 2 E
Tt .. -.s2·-T-·!+V
Values of Integrals I 3 ($)

Til
When r ; 0 and z ; 0 the integrals are given by;

I 321 ($) (f)Js.{Js.r.a 0 + Js.N0 .(wsinfAo- eostA 0).r- 1}
2 Js 1 2 . 1 -1 -1
z
323 C~) • C;r) .{w.cos2 A0 + (1-N0 ).s1~A 0 }.r .N0
2 Js { 2 . 1 ( 2 1 } -2 -1
r
343 (~) ,. C;r) • (N0 -2).1jl.s1~ 0 - tjl -1).eostAo .r .N0
where
a = arsin{2.[{w 2 + (1+r2 }~
0
+ {~ 2 + (1-r) 2 }~J- 1 }
No • {(~2+r2-1)2 + 4w2l~
A0 = artan{Zw.(~ 2+r2-1) -1
When r "' 0 the integrals are given by;
When z =0 the integrals are given by;

~."lr.r 1' < 1
2 ~
I321(0) = (-) ~."lr r "' 1
1r
{
~. {r. arsi~ - r > 1
r. (1-r 2) -Js r < 1
cl:l~ .. r =1
1r
{
0 1' > 1
1' < 1
1' =1
1' > 1
362 UPilltDZX B 26
5 (a) UNIFORM UNroiRECI'IONAL SHEAR STRESS
A. CroSS•aDisOtropic; S2 Positive
w • p 3 .cose.r0 .{-h1 .x220 C+a} + h2.I220 (pa)}
u • p3.eose.ro.{-h3.H220(+a} + h4.H220(pa) - h10"A220(ya)}
v • p3.sine.ro.{-h3.Az2o(+a) + h4.A220(pa) - h10"H220(ya)}
B. Cross-anisotropic; S2 Negative
w • p3.cose.ro.(-jl.ci220- i2·s1 220)

u z P3•cose.ro.{-j3.cH220 - j4"sM220 - jll"A220(ya)}
v • P3•sine.ro.{-j3.cA220 - j4.sA220 - jll"M220(ya)}
&az =p3.cose.(+ig·ci222 + j10"s:222)
1 1 1
&rr = p3.cose.{-j3.(c1 222- r- ·c1 240) - j4.(s1 222- r- ·s1 240) + j11.r- •1 240(ya)}
{ . -1 I . -1 I . -1 I ~ )}
&88 =P3.cose. -J3.r "c 240 - 4.r ·s
3 3 240 -
13 11.r • 240l
-1 . -1
&ra =p3.cose.f .{-cM222 + a.w ·sM222 + A222(yz)}
&ez =p3.s1. ne.f-1 .{-cA222 + a.w-1 ·sA222
+ M222(yz)}
1 1 1 1
&re • p3.sine.[j3.r- ·c1 240 + j4.r- ·s 240 + j11"{r- •1 240(yz) - ~.I222(yz)}]
1
r; • p3.cose.[-is·c1 222 - i6·s=222 + (a-b).r- .{j3·c1 240 + i4·s1 240 + j11" 1 240(yz)}]
1
ee • p3.cose.[-j7·c1 222 - is·s1 222 - (a-b).r- .{j3·c1 240 + i4·s1 240 + j11" 1 240{yz)}]
w =p 3.cose.r0 .{-t1 .r220 (az) - t 2.z.I222 (az)}
u =p3.cose.r0 .{t3.M220 (az)
- t 4.z.H222 (az) - t 10 .A22P(yz)}
v = p 3.sine.r0 .{t3 .A220 (az) - t 4.z.A 222 (az) - t 10 .H220 Crz)}
& =p .cos9.{-t9 .r222 (az) + t 2.a.z.I224 (az)}
33 3
& = p .cos9.[t .{I222 (az) - r -1 .r240 (az)} - t 4 .z.{I224 (az) - r -1 .I242 (az)} + t 10 .r-1 .I240 (yz)]
rr 3 3 .
&99 =p .cos9.{t .r-1 .z240 (az) - t 4 .z.r-1 .I242 (az) - t 10 .r-1 .I240. (yz)}
3 3
&rz =p3 .cose.f-1 .{-H222 (az) + a.z.M224 Caz) + A222 Crz) }
. -1
&
63
=p 3.s1n8.f .{-A222 (az) + a.z.A 224 (az) + M222 (yz)}
. -1
&re = p 3.s1n8.[-t3.r .r240 (az) + t 4 .z.r-1 .I242 (az) + t 10 • { r -1 .I240 (yz) - ~.I
222 (rz)}]
-
rr =p 3.cos9.[t5 .r222 (az)
- t 6 .z.I224 (az) - (a-b ).r-1 • {t 3.I240 (az) - t 4 .z.I242 (az) - t 10 .r240 (yz) }]
-
99 • p .cos9.[t7.r (az) - t 8 .z.I224 (az) + (a-b).r -1 .{t3.r240 Caz)- t 4.z.I242 (az)- t 10 .r240 (rz)}]
3 222
(a-b).& r9 re ..
27 363
5 (a) lfiiFORM UNIDIIECl'ICJW. SHEAR STRESS
I D. Isotropic:
'l1le stresses. strains. ad displ~ are as for tlle c:ase of Cross-aisouopic:;

the followinc sU!plific:atiOilS;
t 1 • (l+v). (1-2v) .E-1 t 2 • (l+v) .E-1 t 3 • 2.(1-v 2 ).E-1

s2 Zero. but vitll
t 4 • ( 1+v) .E
-1
t5 " 2 t6 • 1
t • 2v. ( 1+v) .E-1
t 10 = 2. (1+U} .E-1
9
f • (a-b) • E.{1+v}1
Values of c:oeffic:ieDU 411 • !n• jn
The values of hr ••119 • t 1 ••• t 9 • ; r ••j 10 have beellJiven previously on pqe 21. In addition
. -1 -1
1110 • t10 • 311 • 2 ·f .y
Values of Int.,rals I 2 t\IC•>• c:I2 t\l• si2 t 11 • A2t\l{.). eA 2t 11 • 5A2 tll. N2 t\IC•>• eN2t 11 • 5N2t 11
When p ; 0 mel a 1- 0 tlle values of tlle integnls are civen in tables on the Pill• nu.bers inclic:atecl in
brackets;
I22o<+>- (37) ei220 [38) A22o<•> [42) eA220 [43) c:M220 [<46)
I222<•> (37)
si22o [38) A222<•> [42) (43) [46)
sA220 sM220
!224(+) (37) [39) A224 (+) "(42) (44) (47)
ei222 eA222 c:M222
I24o<•> (403 [39) M22o<•> (45) (44) (47)
si222 sA222 sM222
!242<•> (40] (41) M222<•> [45)
ei240
si240 [41) N224 (t) (45)
When r • 0 the integrals are given by;
I22o<•> = I222<•> • 1224 ( • ) • 1 240 ( • ) . = 1242(+)=r -1 •1240<+> • r -1 .I242(t) = 0

-1 -1
e1 220 • s 1220 = c:1222 • s 1222
= e 1240 = s1 240 = r ·e1240 = r ·si240 : 0
AzzzC+> • -H2zz <•> • ls.U-•-<• • 1 >~>
2 2
A22o<•> '"-M22o<•> • Js.£(+ • 1>1s-c.>
A224(•) • -M224(.) • Js.(+2+ 1 ) ~
eA220 • ·eH220'" ls.(Ris.eo4 -a.a) sA220 • ·sM220 • Js.(-Ris.s~• ..a)
Is u .u -Is • .u u -ls
cA222 ,. ·eM222 • Js. (R -a. a . cosr •4ol.a.smr>-R sA222 • -,H222 = ~-(·aya.s~··•·cosz).R
where 2 2 2 2 2 2 4 Is
R '" [ {(a - )a +l } + 4a Cll .; J
u • artan(2~2 .{(a2-4612)a2+1 }-l)
When a • 0 the relevant integrals are given by;
r < 1
• 222 ro> .,..,,.{: r • 1

Is.r-2 2' > 1
H222(0) =cH222= 0
r Is.r-2
2' <
2' •
2' >
1
1
...
~8
S(b) IJNIRJRM UNIDIRECTIONAL SHEAR DISPLACEMENT

The clisplacements, strains, and stresses are obtained by making the following substitutions into the equ- ·
ations shown on page 26 for a Unifona Uniclirectional Shear Stress loacling (Cross-anisotropic; '82 Positive).
2 2
(i) substitute Th.(~~.~ OR -cS .(~)ls.;.
4r 3 f.y.(e+dp ).(e+d~ >
o (2e+f)•d.y.(p++) + 2.(e+d~2).(e+dp 2)
--------- for p
3
0
This alternative substitution follows from the load-displacement relationship;
'" • -cS Sr f.y.(e+dp2).(e+d4>2)
"'·h 3" o·
(2e+f).d.y.(p++) + 2.(e+d+ 2).(e+dp)
2
(ii) substitute r 1,(p+l)(w) for r 2, (w)

11
AlT(p+l) Cwl for A2, (w)

11
MlT(p+l) Cwl for M2, (tjl)

11
The clisplacements, strains, and stresses are obtained by making the following substitutions im:o the equ-
ations shown on page 26 for a Unifona Uniclirectional Shear Stress loacling (Cross-anisotropic; 82 Negative).
2
substitute Th. (~)ls.-- OR -6 3 • (~)\L.
1
(i) w w r f.x· (ad-c ) 2 ------------------------------ for p 3
4r 2 - 0
0 2fday + 2(ad-c )
2
T • -cS .Sr. [.y.(ad-c)
h 3 0 2fday + 2 (ad-c~)
(ii) substitute cilT(IJ+l) for ci2TIJ
silT(IJ+l) for si2TIJ
cAlT(p+l) for cA2TIJ

sAlT(p+l) for sA2TIJ
cMlT(p+l) for cM2TIJ

sMlT(p+l) for SM2TIJ
The displacements, strains, and stresses are obtained by making the following substitutions into the equ-
ations shown on page 26 for a Uniform Unidirectional Shear Stress loading (Cross-anisotropic; 82 2ero).
2 2
(1.) . (2'~ 1 (2,ls 2 f.y. (e+da ) f
subst1tute Th. i;"J • 4ro2 OR -c53. ifJ ·ro. 2do.y(2;;f) + 2(e+da2)2 ---------------------- or p3

. 2 2
T = -cS .Sr • · f.y. (e+da )
h 3. 0 2day(2e+f) + 2(e+da2)2
(ii) substitute IlT(IJ+l)(tjl) for z2, 11 (1j1)

AlT(p+l) CwJ for A2, (1j1)
11
MlT(IJ+l) CwJ for M2, (tj1)

11
D. Isotropic
The displacements, strains, and stresses are obtained by making the following substitutions into the equ-
ations shown on page 26 for a Uniform Unidirectional Shear Stress loading (Cross-anisotropic; S2 Zero).
(l") subst1"tute T ( '~ l
2
h" ifJ " r / OR - 63" (ifJ'~ ·r "2.(1+v).(2-v)
2 2
E -------------------------------- for p 3
4 0
This alternative substitution follows from the load displacement relationship;
(ii) substitute I 1T(IJ+l)(a) for I 2, (z)

11
AlT(p+l) (z) for A2,ll(z)
MlT(p+l)(z) for M2,ll(z)

(iii)In addition the following simplifications apply with regard to a, y, [, (a-b), and the coefficients t ;
-1
f =(a-b)= E.(l+v)- 1
II
a = 1 y '" 1 t 1 = (1+v).(l-2v).E
t =
2 (l+v}.E-
1 2
t = 2.(1-v ) .E
3
-1 .. .
t 4 = (1+v) .E
-1
t
5
2
-1
=
-1
t 6 '" 1 t., = 2v t
8
= o t
9
= 2 • (l+v) .E t
10
= 2.(l+v).E
29
5 (b) llfiFORN UNIDIRECTICIW. SHEAll DISPLACEII!NJ'
Valaes of int.,rals 1 1T11<•>• c11-n~' l1T11' A1-n~<•>• c~TII' sA1T11' 111T11<•>• c'1t-n~• sltl-n~
lfbeD 2' ~ 0 aDCl a ~ 0 the values of the intqrals are pwa by;
I 121 (;), I 123 <•> .mel I 125 <•> are sbOWD 011 pqel$ for the conespood.ina c:ase of 2' ~ o aDil a ~ o
2 Is 1 1. -2
1 141<+> • <w> ·<•o·•·· 1~o • 6o·c~o- 2 ·•>·2'
2 Is 2 2 1 1 -1 -2 .
Ito<'> • ~ .<(+ ·•o -I).si~o • 2.Bo- 2.+.cosro>· •o . 2'
1145(!) • (~~.{(2.co~o- 2 ••• s~o>:•o·-l.r-2- <+·si+o - co~o>·ao-3>

1 101 (+), 1 103(+). mel I 105 Ct) are shown Oft pqe 15 for tbe ~rrespcmclinJ case of 2' 1 o I:Dcl a ~ o
Al211(+) • lsU1411(.) + 1 1011(.)} ~211(.) • W1~11{.) - 11~(·)}
cr , 1 121• c1123
121 5 5 123 are sbolm on page IS for tbe corresponding c:ase of zo 1 0 and a 1 o
Mel 1
(1-).N . co~
2
1
1 • • (!)ls.Js,{+ + (1--).8 + aa(N .s~ + 8 .s~ l - 4caa}.r· 2
c 1..1 1r p p m .cosk·2 m p - ·r p m -z··lll"
.~
2
1 2
1 ..•
5 1 1
• (!)ls,Js,{-
1r
(1-).B
• p .suJ.l
·.: p + (1-wa).R .smk
Ill -~ill
+ aa(Rp p - R .cask l + ._}.r-
Ill --- 2 . , .
I ~ (!lls,Js.[+ {a2a2- (1+wa)2 - R 2}.8 -1 . si~ + {a2a2 - (l•.a)2 • B 2} . 8 -1.s~
c 143 1r' p p --2 p Ill Ill _2 ..111
-1 1 ·-1 1 } -2
-2aa.{(1+.a).Bp . co~p + (l-.a).R111 .cos~ + 4).2'
111
2 Is 2 2 2 2 -1 1 2 2 2 2 -1 1
1 .. (~ .Js.(- {a a - (1-.) + NP }.RP .co~P • {a • - (1-.a) + R111 }.8111 .cosr-111
5 143
-1 1 -1 . 1 }] -2
.s~p- (1-~~~&).6
-2caa.{(1-).Rp 111 .S1Df\
111
.r
c/1ol' 51 1oi• c1103 mel 51 103 are shOWD on paae 1S for tbe conespoocliq case of zo -1 o an4 a ~ o
cA1211 =~(c11411 • c1 1011) sA1211 • Js(5I1411+ 51 1011) cH1211 • ~(c11411- c1 1011) 5H1211 • Js(si1411- s1 1011)
1rhere e~ , CJP, e~111 , Ir0 , BP, R111 , Lp• L111 , 10, >.P, lm , are aiven on paae 15
0
When zo • 0 the intearals are given by;
1121(;) • 1 123<+> • 1 12s<•> • c1 121 = c1 123" s1 121 • s1 123 • 0

-1 -1 -1 -1
!141(;) '"r •1 141((1) • 1 143(+) '"2' •1 143(+) • c1 141 • zo ·c1 141 • 51 141 "zo ·s1 141 • 0
(~)ls.Js.&rc:ot• A123<•> • -H123(t) • (~ls.~s. <• • 1)-
2 1
.;121 <•> = -H121 (+) •
At2s<•> = -H12S<+> .. <~>ls·•·<+2•1)-2

2 Is 1+.a 1-~
cA121 '" - cH121 '" C;r) .~&. (~ + ~)
sA121 "-5H121"' (~1s.j-.t.n[{a2a2 + (1._)2}.{a2.i + (1-.a)2}-1)
2 Is 2 2 2 -1 { 2 2 2}-1)
cA
123
• - cH
123
'" Ci-3 ·"·[(1+C113). {a z + (1+wa) } + (1-C113). a a + (1-wa)
sA123 " -l/123 = (~)1s.a.w.z2 • {a2_.2 + (1+wa)2}·1·. {a2z2 + (1-.a)2}-1
When a • 0 the relevant intearals are given by;
2' < 1
r > 1
11
4 r < 1
c.!.>~
1r •
{
1
Is{ arsinr + 2' > 1
- ( 1-r2) -Is .{1+(1-zo2) Is}-1 2' < 1

c!>ls
• { -2
r 2' > 1
366 30
VIII. REFERENCES
ANON. (1960).- De spcmiJlpverdeliDg in ea homgeezi aisotroop elastiscb half MditiiD. L.G.M. Mededelingen,
Vol. S, Ho. 2, Delft Llboratory.
BARJEN, L. (1963).- Stzesses ad clispla~ in a cross-esotropic soil. ~~ U 1 198-210.
Ba.SE, R.P.H. act mtH, S.H. (1959).- Dyuaic forces exerted by .,ving vehicles on a road surf.ce. Blln. !
Higla}. Bu. Bd Mo. 233, pp. 9-32. l
ERIELYI, A. (1954) . - Tables of intepoal trasfoms. Vols 1 811d 2. Bateun Mmuscript Project, Califo:mia
Institute of Tec:lmology (McGrw Hill). l
'
GERRARD, C.M. (1968) .- The axi,_tric defonation of a ha.oteneous, cross-esotropic elastic: half space.
11igla1. Ru. Rile., No. 223, pp. 36-44.
GERRARD, C.M. 811d HARJUSCW, If. Jill. (1970) •• Stresses 811d displ&c:ellellts in a loaded orthorhollbic: half
sp.ce. CSIRO, Aust. Div. of Applied Geotledlaics, Tech. Pap. No. 9.
.·,i
HEAIIKlH, R.F.S. (1961). • "Applied Anisotropic: Elasticity''. (Oxford Uaiv. Press) .
JCONIHG, H. (1957) •• Suess distrib~ion in a· ho.oteneous , anisotropic:, elastic: sem-infinite solid. Proc:.
4th Int. Conf. Soil Mec:h. Fein Engng, Vol. 1, p. 335.
LEIHNITSIII, S.G. (1963).- "Theory of Elasticity of 811 Anisotropic: Elastic: Body'', Holden- Day Series in
Math. Physics.
MARifiCl, H.D. and STARJCS, H•.J.H. (1941).- Suesses between tyre 811d road • .;, Inatn Ci.v. EJtgM, 16, 309- 25.
MIOIELL, J.H. (1900).-: The stftSS distribution in 811 aelotropic: solid with an infinite ,plane boundary.
. Proc:. Lcmdon Math. Soc:. Vol. 32, pp. 247·58.
QUINLAN, P.M. (1949) .- A Fourier inte~ qproac:b to an ael9tropic: aeclitlll. Ph.D. Thesis, California
Institute of Tecbnolou.
SNEDDON, I .H. (1951).- "Fourier Transform". (McGref··Hill).
TRANTER, C. J. (1966).- "Integral Transfoms in Matheutical Physics", 3rd Ed. Methuens Mollographs on
Physical Subjects.
WATSON , G.M. (1944).- "The Theozy of Bessel Functions". 2nd Ed. Calllbridp Uaiv. Press.
WOLF. X. (1935) . - Ausbreitung der kraft in der halbebene und ill halbr- bel anisotropea uterial. Z. anga.1
ltrth. NBt:h. 1 151 (S), 249-54.
APPENDIX B 31
IX. LIST OF TABLES OF INTEGRALS
!'age
I200(~), I202(w), I204(') 34
o.s~ 1.0) 34
ci200' si200 (w+a •
36
ci202' si202 (wta • O.S, 1.0)
I220(,), I22i(,), I224(') 37
1.0) 38
l220' l220 (wta " O.S,
39
ci222' l222 (w+a • O.S, 1.0)
I240(~), I242(') 40
ci240' si240 (w+a ~ O.S, 1.0) 41
A220(,), A222(,), A224(ljl) 42
cA220' sA220 (w+a • O.S, 1.0) 43
cA222' sA222 (w+a • O.S, 1.0) 44
M220(~), M222(ljl), M224(ljl) 45
cM220' sM220 (w+a = O.S, 1.0) 46
47
cM222• sM222 (w+a • O.S, 1.0)
I400(w), I402(ljl), I404(ljl) 48
ci400' l4oO
(wta = O.S, 1.0) 49
/402' SI402 (wta = O.S, 1.0) so
I420(~), I422(ljl), I424(ljl) 51
ci420' si420 (w+a = O.S, 1.0) 52
ci422 , 5I 422 (wta = O.S, 1.0) 53
I440(w), I442(ljl) 54
ci440' si440 (w+a = O.S, 1.0) ss
A420(~), A422(ljl), A424(ljl) 56 .
57
cA420' sA420 (lllta • O.S, 1.0)
58
cA422' sA422 (wta • O.S, 1.0)
M420(~), M422(ljl), M424(ljl) 59
(wta • O.S, 1.0) 60

l420' sM420
61
cJ.J422' sM422 (wta " O.S, 1.0)
368
33 369
X. TABLES OP tm'ECIW.S
.34:
370 APPBNDIX B
Izoo Cw)
1·.50 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 1.oo
~ 0 .25 .so .75 1.00 1.25
,9842 ,9342 .8394 .6366 .4<441 .35!59 .2!587 .1691 .1260 .1005 .0716
0 1·0000 .1257 .1003 .oZJ.s.
.• 2.5 .7808 ,7661 ,7219 .6419 ,5312 .4248 ,3474 .2558 .1685
.6061 ,5735 .5192 .4514 .3839 .3272 .2487 .1665 .1250 .1000 .0714
.so .6180 .0993 .0712
.75 • !5000 ,4920 ,4689 .4328 .3887 .3434 .3021 .2380 .1635 .1237
.4087 .3929 .3686 .3388 .3072 .2768 .2256 .1595 .1220 .098!5 .0709
1·00 .4!42 .1175 .0961 ·0700
.uu .3001 .2925 .2806 .2657 .2490 .2319 .1994 .1497
1·50 .1962 .1753 .1387 .1121 .0931 .0688
z.oo .2361 .2347 .2306 .2242 .2160 .2065
.1618 .• 1603 .1580 .1549 .1511 .1468 .1372 .1174 ,0999 ,.!)858 .0657
.3. 00 .1623 ,0982 .0780 ·0620
4.oo .1231 .1229 .1222 .1212 .1197 .1179 .1158 .1108 .0995
,0990 .098f ,0986 .0980 .0972 ,0962 ,0951 .0922 .0854 .0779 .0706 .0581
s.oo .0655 .0619 .0581 .0504
1.oo .o'111 .0711 ,0710 .• 0708 .0705 ,0701 .0696 .068!5
.10 .o ,Oof99 .0501 ,OS01 .0500 .0499 .0497 ,0496 .0492 .0480 .0465 .0448 .0410
.0340 .0340 .0340 .0340 • 0.339 .0339 .0337 .0334 ,0329 ,0323 .0308
1S. 0 .0333
.0265 .026S .0264 .0264 .0264 .0264 .0263 .0262 .• 02.60 •. !)257 t.D2~.0
20,0 .ozso
IzozC")
,75 1.25 1.50 2.00 3.00 4.00 s.oo 7.00
'~
0 .25 .50 1.00
1·0000 1.0000 1.0000 ,5000 .oooo .oooo .oooo .oooo .oooo .oooo .oooo
0 1t0000 .0010 .ooo4
.2!5 .7575 ,7471 ,7080 .6071 ,3627 .1395 .0638 .0211 .OOS3 .0017
• 5528 .5390 ,4937 .4068 .2815 ,1658 .09SO .0370 .0100 .0041 .0021 .ooo8
.so ,0059 .0030 .0011
.75 ,ofOOO ,38U .3!532 .2951 .2228 .1542 .1026 .0471 .0142
,2929 .2847 .2606 .2233 .1787 .1350 ,0985 :0519 .0174 .0076 .0039 .001S
1·00 ,0805 .0212 .0101 .005!5 .0021
1·50 .1680 .1643 .1S38 .1380 .1189 ,0991 .0512
o10S6 .1039 .0991 .0918 .0827 .0727 .0628 .0450 .0222 .0116 .0066 .oo27
z.oo .0122 • 0077 .oo35
3.oo .o!SU .0509 .0496 .0475 .0449 • 0418 .0384 .0315 .0198
,Q299 .0297 ,0292 .0285 .0275 .0263 .0249 .0219 .01S9 .0111 • 0077 .0039
4.oo .0095 .0071 .0040
5.oo .0194 .0193 .0191 .0188 .0184 .0178 .0172 .01S7 .0125
.0100 ,0099 .0098 .0097 .0096 .0094 .0089 .0078 .0066 .0055 .0036
7.00 .0101 .0027
.ooso .0049 ,0049 .0049 ,0048 .0048 ,0047 .0046 .0043 .0039 .0035
10 .o .0020 .0019 .0018 .0015
15.0 .0022 .0021 .0021 .0021 .0021 .0021 .0021 .0020
20,0 .0012 .0011 ,0011 .0011 .0011 ,0011 • 00.11 .0011 .0010 .0010 .0010 .D009
Izo4Cw)
,75 1.00 1,25 1.50 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 7.00

~
0 .25 .so
.25 .9131 ,9433 1.0314 1.1092 .3882 •0.2686 •0.1952 •0.0766 -0.0201 •0.0083 -0.0042 •0.0015
.so .7155 ,7143 ,6917 .5711 .2720 • 0071· •0.0691 •0.0530 •0.0180 •0.0079 -0.0040 -o.001S
.7!5 ,5120 ,4990 ,4512 .3499 .2022 ,0703 •0.0004 •0.0288 -0.0148 •0.0070 -0.0037 -0.0014
1.00 • 3536 ,3410 ,3017 .2355 ,1536 .0788 .0281 •0.0100 •0.0112 •0.0061 -0.0034 -0.0014
1.50 .1707 .1647 ,1475 .1216 .0915 ,0624 ,0383 .0092 -0.0045 •0.0040 -0.0027 -o.oo12
z.oo ,Q894 .0870 ,0799 .0693 .0567 ,0437 ,0319 .0142 .0001 •0.0020 -o.oou -o.oo1o
,0311 ,0296 .0273 ,0244 .0212 .0178 .0117 .0037 .0005 -0.0004 -o.ooo6
3.00 .0316 .0038 .0015 .0004 •0·0002
4.00 .0143 .0141 ,0137 .0130 .0121 ,0111 .0100 .0077
.007!5 .0073 .0071 .0068 .0064 .0059 .0050 .0031 .0016 .0008 .oooo
5.oo .oo75 .0012 .0008 .0003
1.oo .ooze .0028 ,0028 .0027 .0027 .0026 .0025 .0023 .0017
.0010 .0010 .0010 .0010 .0010 .0009 .0009 .0008 .0006 .0005 .ooo3
10.0 .0010 .0003 .0002 .0002
15,0 .o003 .ooo:s ,0003 .0003 .0003 .0003 ,0003 .0003 .0003
.0001 .0001 .0001 .0001 ,0001 .0001 .0001 .0001 .0001 .0001
20.0 .0001 .0001
»PDDIZ. 3S Til
ci200 •+o • O.S
•.orr
~
0 .. 2!5 , 50 ,7!5 1. 00 1 . 25 1 .50 2. 00 ;s . oo 5. 00 7.00
0 lo OOOO ,9842 ,9342 ,1394 . 6366 .4441 • 3!5!59 .2!587 .uti . 1260 .100!5 · :oHi
. _._a,__J7~6 - , 758f .7139 .• 6340 ,5283 ,4262 .3490 .256!5
.2!504
. 1 686 . •1258.
.1671 . 1252
.• 100~ -
.1001
.azu
.0715
.so ,f957 ,5846 ,5!522 ,5023 ;4430 ,3830 .3292
•••.7.!5 . • 4647 ,4571 ,4383 .4094 , 3748 ,3319· . 3016 .2400 . 1645 .1242 ,0996 . 0113
1 · 00 , 3721. . 3683 • 3!514 ,3408 . 3201 .2f6 9 .2726 .2265 . 1609 .1228 .09119 .071 0
.1. 50 ... ,,2!596 .2!584 ,2!549 . 2491 .2413 .2316 .2206 . 1961 . 1!508 .1187 . 0969 .0703
2. 00 . 1974 ·,1969 .1956 .1933 . . • 1899 . 1856 .1803 .1675 . 1383 .1130 .0940 . 0693
.L.OO ·- .....J..J26 _ _ .• 132!1 .1322 · •.1316 .1308 .1297 .1282 • 1242 .1126 L0990 .• 0.861.. . .0663 .
4.00 .0997 . • 0991 ,0996 .0994 .0991 .0986 • 09'81 .0966 .0917 .01147 .0769 .0624
..5.:. 00. ,0799 ' .0799 ~0798 .0797 ,0796 ,0794 . 0791. .0784· .0761 .0725 .0679 .0578
7.oo ,Q!I71' .0571 .0571 .0571 .0570 ,0570 .• 0569 . 0566 .0559 • 0547' ,0530 • 04114
10 . 0 .o•oo .0401 ,0401' ,0401 ,0400 ,0400 .0400 . 0399 .0397 .0393 .0388 . • 0372
15.0 .0267 .0271 .0271 .0271 .0271 .0271 .0271 .0270 .0270 .0269 .0267 .0263
..2..0...A~U.ll.ll _....... 11211 .0211 . 0211 . 0211 .0211 .0211 .0211. .Jl.211....-, OllL . ~Jl.Z.1D . gzna.
ci20 ~ Cllta • 1.0
.as 4. 00 5.00 7.00

~
0 ,50 .7!5 1·. oo 1.25 1.50 2.00 3 . oo
0 1·.oooo , 9842 ,9342 .8394 .6366 , 4441 .3559 .2587 . .1691 .1260 .1005 .0716
.n
.so
.7!119
.5291.
• 7369
.5192
• 689!1
, 4927
.6115
.4576
.5196
.4189
• 429!1
.3769
.3538
.3328
.2586
.2553
.1691
.1688
.1260
.. 1259
.1005
.1005
.o716
;0716
.. .• 7!5 .3692 .3667 ,3600 .3496 .3356 .3174 .2951 .244!1 . 1677 .1257 .1004 .0116
1 . 00 ,2720 . 2724 ,2730 . 2725 .2698 . 2637 .2541 .2257 . 1649 .1251 .1002 . Q715 '
1 . 50 . 1748- .175!1 .1773 . 1199 .1824 .1842 .1846 . 1798 .1523 .1218 .0992 .0713
z.oo .1286 .1290 .1301 .uu . 1330 .1360 . 1379 . 1399 .1325 .1146
,0921
.0965
,0853
,Q708
.0681
3.oo .0145: .0846 ,0850 ,0856 .0864 ,0875 .0886 .0910 .0941
•. oo .ono .ono ,0632 .0635 .0638 .0643 .0649 .0662 .0690 .0701 .0701 .0624
5 . 00 .oso2 . 0502 ,0503 ,0505 .0507 .0!109 .0512 . 0520 .0538 ,0556 .0566 .0547
1.oo .on e .0356 .0357 .0357 . 0358 . 0359 .0360 . 0363 .0371 .0380 . 0390 .0402
10.0 .0250 .0246 .0246 .0247 .0247 .0247 .0248 . 0248 .0251 .0255 .0259 .0261
15.0 . o·u, .0160 ,0160 .0160 .0160 .ouo .0160 .0161 . 0161 .0162 .0163 . 0166
zo.o .0125 .0127 ,0127 .0127 .0127 .0127 . 0127 .0127 .0128 .0128 .0129 · 0132.
si200 lll+a • o.s
4 , 00 5.00 7.00
~
0 .25 ,50 . 75 1 . 00 1 . 25 1.50 2.00 3.00
0 . oooo .oooo .oooo .oooo .oooo .0000 .oooo .0000 . oooo .o ooo .0000 .oooo
. • 25 .094!1 . 1095 ,1047 .0901 .0616 .0361 .0246 .0190 .0174 .0169 . 0167 • 0167
.so .1359 .1489 . 1370 .1150 .0862 .0594 .0414 .0262 .0192 .0177 .0172 .0169
.75 .1435 .• 1557 .1427 .1223 .0983 ,0751 .0566 .0351 .0221 .0189 . 0178 .0171
t .oo . 1356· .1485 .1377 .1216 .1027 .0837 .'0671 .0439 .0251 . 0205 . 0187 .0174
1·50 . uo1 . 1253 .1195 .1106 ,0 997 . 0879 .0763 .0563 .0334 . 0246 .0209 .0183
z . oo . o898 .1054 .1023 .0974 . 0912 . 0841 .0765 .0617 .0400 .0289 . 0236 .0194
~.oo .o635 .0798 ,0787 . 0770 .0746 .0717 .0685 .0612 .0468 .0359 .0289 .0221
4.00 .on7 .0651 ,0647 .0639 .0628 .0614 . 0598 .0561 ,OH5 .0393 ,0327 .0248
s.oo .0393 .0558 . 0556 .0552 .0546 .0539 .0530 . 0509 .0457 .0400 ~0347 .0271
1.oo ,Q283· .0448 .0447 .0446 .0444 • 0441' ,0438 .0429 . 0407 , 0380 .0350 .0295
10.0 .o199 .0362 .0362 . 0361 .0361 ,0360 .0359 .0356 .0347 . 0337 ,0324 .0295
15.0 .0133 . 0290 .0290 .0290 .0289 .0289 .0289 .0288 .0285 .0282 .0277 .0266
ao.o . 0100 .0241 , 0248 .0248 . 0248 .0248 .0248 .0247 . 0246 .0244 .0242 .0237
si200 Cll+a • 1.0
3 . 00 4.00 5.00 7.00

~
0 .25 .50 .75 1 .00 1.25 1.50 2.00
0 .oooo .oooo .oooo ·• 0000 .oooo .0000 .oooo . oooo .oooo .oooo .oooo .oooo
. 25 o1176 .2011 .1899 .1584 . 1056 .0581 .0339 .0219 .0181 .0172 .0169 .0167
. 50 .2!71 .2652 .2390 .1982 . . 1508 .1063 .0719 .0375 .0219 . 0188 .0177 • 0171
.75 .2474 .2562 .2345 .2037 .1688 .1339 . 1025 .0584 .0284 .0214 .0190 ·0175
1 . oo .2138 .225t .2130 .19315 . 1701 . 1448 .1198 .0777 • 0367. ,0250 .0208 .0182
1 .50 .1!165 .1711 ,1676 .1606 . 1511 .1395 .1265 ,0988 ;0551 ,0344 ,0259 .0200
2.00 .1209 .1370 ,1353 .1324 .1283 .1230 .1166 .1013 .0683 ,0448 . 0323 .0226
3.00 .0821' . 0986 ,0982 .0974 .0962 . 0947 ,0929 .0880 .0743 ,0583 .0446 .0290
4.00 .o62o . 0786 .0714 ,0781 .0776 .0170 .0762 .0743 .0684 ,0602 .0509 .o 355
--~- s.oo- • 049.,- -, 066~- - ,0662 • 066t- · 0658 - ,0655 • 0652__, 06_42 .0613 ,0570 .0516 .0398 ____,
7.00 .o356 .0521 ,0520 .0520 .0519 .0518 . 0517 . 0513 .0503 ,0489 ~o~-6-9- .0416
10.0 .oa5o .ouo . 0410 .0409 .0409 .0409 .0408 .0407 . 0404 ,0399 .0393 .0375
15.0 . 0167 .0310 . 0310 .0310 .0310 .0310 .0310 .0309 .0308 .0306 .0304 · 0297
20.0 .0125 .0244 .0244 .0244 .0244 .0243 . 0243 .0243 .0242 · . • 0241 . 0240 .0236
J6
J12 unnmrz •
c:I202 111+0 • 0.S
~
D !25 , 50 ,75 1.00 1.25 1', 50 2.00 3 . 00 4.00 5.00 7.00
0 s..oooo 1·.oooo 1,0000 · 1.0000 . sooo .oooo .oooo .oooo .oooo .oooo .0000 .oooo
-· 2'. .. • 1123- ,740!1 ,6t66 .5793 . 3!57!1 .1570 .0673 .0213 .oon .0021' .DOlL ,QQQ4 •
. so
. 7!1
1:.00
.5151:
.3474
.uee
.5016
.3356
.222t
• 4!16!1
.3026
.2061
.3699
• 2!168
. 1844
.2711
.2073
.1588
.1718
. 1S83
.U17
.1070
.113!1
.1044
.0403
.o5:"
. 0593
.0104
.0152
. 0193
.0042
,0062
. • oou·
,OOZ1
.oou· • oou·
.0041
.ooo8
.oou
.,~
1 . 50 .uoz· .1092 .1063 · . 1015
.0609
.0949 ,0865 .0761
• 053!1
.0556
.0446
.024!1
. 0254
. 0113
. 0134
,0060
.007S
.0022
.Q029 r
2·. oo .0622 .0621 .0617 .0593 . 0!169 I
3-00 . 0273 .027~ • 0274 .0275 .0276 .0275 ,0272 .0258 . 0203 . 0139 • Q090.. ,QQ39. .
4.00 • 01!52. • 0152 • 01!13 . 0154 .0155 .OU!I . 0156 .0154 .0141· .ou5= . 0086 .004!1
5.oo .0097' .oo" .oot7 . 0098 .0098 .0 099 . 0099 .0100 .0097 .oDae ,0074 .0046
7.oo .0049· .004t .0049 .0049 .0049 .0050 . 00!10 .0050 .0051 .0050 , 0047 . oo:s8
10.0 .0024 .0023 . 0023 .0023 .0024 .0024 ,0024 .0024 . 0024 .0024· ,0024 . 0023
u.o .oou .ooot ,0009 .0009 .0009 .0009 . 00'09 ,0009 . 0009 .0010 .0010 . 0010
2_G. 0.. .• 0006· .0004 .0004 .0004 .0004 • 0004· • 0004 .0004 .OD04 .• 0004.. . • 0004 . .. ..A.Dilt•
ci202 w+o • 1.0
""-..r 0 ! 2!1 .so ,75 1.00 1.2!1 1·. so 2.00 3.00 4.00 · 5.00 1.oo
aa"'-...
0 1·0000 1·.oooo 1.00,00 1.0000 .!1000 .oooo .oooo .0000 . oooo .O OOD .0000 .oooo
. ·2.!1 .7360 • 720 6 . ,6594 .!1067 ,3441 ,1910 .0 821 .0228 .OOS4 ,OD25 , 0011 • 00'04 .
.50 .uu· '·,4083 , :5!101 .2898 .2432 . usa .1311 . 051!1 .0116 .0044· .0022 .ooo8
.75 ,1f19 .1811 . 180!1 .113!1 .1652 . 1!11-4 .129!1 .0729 .0187 .0070 . oou .0012
1·00 .o196 .out . 0911 .1002 . 1D6!1 .1D78 .1028 .0764 .0259 .DD98 .D047 .oou
1.50 • 017·t .0191 .0248 .0321 .D401 .0474 . 0527 .0!148 .0340 .0156 ,O D76 .D025
2.oo .oQ58 .006!1 ,0015 . 0116 .0156 . 0200 .D244 .0312 .0305 .D190 .0104 . 0036
;s . oo .oou .oou .0017 . 0024 .0034 . 0046 . D06D .OD91' '0145 ;o153· .D122 .0056
4.00 o0004· .oD04 .ooos · . ooo8 .0011 • oou· .0020 .0032 .0060 .oou .0089 .Q063
s.oo .ooD2' .0001 .OD02 .0003 .0004 .0006 .0008 .0013 .0027 . 0042' ,0053 .oo55
1.oo .oooo . oooo .oooo .0001 .0001 .0001 .0002 .0003 .OD07 ;oou· ,0018 .oo27
10.0 .oooo •0, OODO ·•0 , DODO •0.0000 •0.0000 •0.0000 •O.ODOO .DODO .0001· .oDo2· .DDD4 .DD08
u. 0 .oooD •O.ODD2 •O.OD02 •D. OOD2 •O.D002 •0.0002 •0.0002 -D.D002 -o.ooo2· -o.ooo2· -D .D002 -o . ooDt
2Pt0 oODDO •0.0004· •0,D004 •0.0004 •0 . 0004 •0.0004 •0.0004 •0 . 0004 •0.0004 •0. OD04· •0 ,0004:.•.Q..OOlto\:..
5
1 202 tll+o • o.s
~ ·"
0 .25 ,50 1.00 1.2!1 1.SO 2.00 3 . 00 4 . 00 5,00 7 . 00
0 .oooo .DOOO .oooo .ODDO .DODO .DODD .oooo . • 0000 .oooo . oooo .DODO . oooo
·2' ·1147 • 118!1 .1294 .1354 .0480 •0.0316 •0.0236 •O.OD92 -0.0025 •0.0014 •0.0006 •0 .• 00.02.
. 51! ·1717 .1774 .1676 . 1318 .0664 .0087 -o. 0144 •0 .0133 •0 .0046 -0.0020 •0 .001D -0.0004
.7!1 •1U3 .177t .1566 . 1192 , 0731 .0318 .0052 •0 . 0091 •0 . 0056 •0 . 0027 -0.0014 -o.o oo5
1.oo .1596 .152t .1337 .1051 ·.0727 .0426 .D194 •0.0027 •0 . 0055 •0.0031 -0 .0017 -o . ooo7
1.50 o1029 .0997 ,Ot06 .0773 .0616 .0458 .D313 .01D5 •0.0026 • 0.0029 -o . oo2D -o . o oo9·
2.oo ,Q666 .0653 .0614 .0553 .0478 .0396 .0313 .0168 .oou •O.OD17 -o.oou -o . oo1o
3 . oo o0328 .032!1 ,0315 .0300 .028D .0256 .0228 .0170 .0 071 .0017 -0.0003 •0.0009
4.00 .out .0190 . 0187 .0182 • D17!1 .0166 .0156 .0132 .oou .0039 .oo14 -o.ooo3
s .. oo .0124 .0124 .0123 .0121 . 0118 .0114 .0109 . 0098 .0072 . OD46 .0025 .ooo4
1.oo • D064· .D06!1 ,0064 .0064 .OD63 .D062 . 0061 .0057 .0049 .0039 .0029 .0013
10.0 ·0032 .0032 .D032 .0032 .0032 .0032 . 0031 .0031 .0028 ,OD26 ,0022 .Q015
15 . 0 .o014 • 001!1 ,OD 15 .0015 • 0015 .D015 . OD15 .001!1 .0014 .0014· .0 013 .0011
20,0 .ooo8 .ooot .0009 .0009 , 0009 ,O D09 . 0009 .OD09 .ooo8 . 0008 ,0008 .• OOQ.7.
5
1202 111+0 • 1.0
~ 0 .25 .50 .7!1 1 . 00 1.25 1.50 2.00 3.DD 4,00 5.00 7.00
II .oooD .oooo .oooo .OODD .DODD .0 000 .ODOD .OODO • 0·000 .oooo .0000 .oooD
.2!1 .n31 . 240• .2603 .2403 .0918 •D .0386 •0.0493 •0.0197 -0.0051 •0 .0022 -0.0010 -o . ooo4
.sa .uu .3411 .2982 .2173 .1250 .0438 •0.0 098 •O .D260 •0.0094 - 0.0040 ·0 .0020 -o .ooo7
. 75 . 3072 . 29D5 .2469 .1905 .1326 . 079D .0344 •0.0118 •0. 0115 - o.oo55 -o .oo29 - o.oo11
1.00 .2173 .2094 . 1879 .1578 .12311 .D893 .0571 . 0097 •0.0104 •O.D063' •0 .0036 -o .oo14
1.50 o1078 . 1061 .1D31 .0968 .0876 .0760 .0627 . 0350 .0003 •0.0053' •0.0041 •DoD019
2.00 .out . 0617 .06D9 .0595 .0572 .0538 . 0493 .0373 . 0119 -o . DOD6 •D . 0031 -o.oozL
3.oo .0277 ,D271 .0277 .0275 .0273 .0269 .0263 .0244 .0174 .oou .0023. -D .001l
4.oo .0156 .0156 .0156 .0156 .D156 ,0155 .0154 .0150 .0132 . 0099 .006D .ooo7
s.oo .0100 .0100 .0100 .01DO .0100 .0100 • 0100~_._0099_ .0093 • 0D8 2 - .JJ 0..._ . oo25
- 1. oo- -. oo5 • 051 - .0052 • 0052- . -.0052 .0(!52 .D052 .0052 . 0051 .D049 .0046 .Q034
10.0 .0025. .0026 .OD26 .0026 .DD27 .DD27 .0027 .0026 .0026 ,0026 .0026 .OD24
15.0 ·DD11 .oou .0013 .OD13 .0013 .0013 .0013 . 0013 .0013 .o ou .0013 .0013
20.0 .0006 .0007 . OD07 .0007 .OD07 .OOD7 .0007 .0007 .0007 .0007 ,0007 .OD07
37 373
UniiDZX •
I220(4ol
3 .00 4, 00 5,00 7.00

~ 0 .25 , 50 .75 . 1.00 1 .25 1·.50 2.00
, oooo .1250 ,2500 .3750 .5000 .4000 .3333 .2500 .1661 .1250 .1000 .0714
0 .0950 .0689
. 0940 ,1UD .2609 .3005 .2948 .2664 .2157 " . 1523 .1171:
- . ..25- . ... • DODD .2104 .1836 .1381 .1092 .0899 . 0663
.so .0000· .o68t .1311 . 1814 .2108 . 2110
.1665 .1552 ,1247 .1015 .0850 . 0638
•.75 .oooo .0493 . 0942 .1303 .1541 .1652
.oooo .0361 , 0691 .0964 . 1161 .1279 .1330 .1310 .1121 .0940 .0801 . 0613
1·00 . 0881 .0942 . 0901 . 0803 . 0709 .0564
1.50 .oooo . 0201 ,0402 .0572 .0709 .0812
, oooo .0131 • 0256' .0369 . 0468 .0549 .0612 .0691 .0723 .0682 .0624 .0517
z . oo .0476 .0493 .0481 .0 431
3, 00 . oooo .0064 ,0126 .0185 .0240 .0289 .0333 .0402
.0037 ,0074 .0109 .0143 .0175 .0205 .0256 .0326 .0361 .0372 .0358
4-00 . tooo . 0270 . 0290 .0297
5.• oo . oooo . 0024 ,0048 .0072 .0094 .0116 .0137 .0175 .0233
7.00 . oooo . 0013 ,0025 .0037 .0049 .0061 .0073 . 009' .0133 .0162 .0184 .0207
.oooo .0006 ,0012 .0018 .0024 .0030 .0036 .0048 .0069 .ooe8 .0103 .0126
10.0 .0030 .0040 ,0048 .0062
15.0 .oooo .0003 .0005 .0008 .0010 .0013 .0 016 .0021
.oooo .0001 , 0003 .0004 .0005 ,00 07 . ooo8 .0011 .0016 .0021 ,0026 . 0034
20.• 0
Izn <+>
3.00 4.00 5.00 1.oo

~0 0 . 25 ,50 .75 1.00 1.25 1.50 2.00
J
. oooo .1281 , 2719 .5029 ••••••• .4577 . 2747 .1390 . 0580 .0320 .0203 .0103
0
.25 .oooo .1155 ,2430 • 3899 ,4755 ,3670 .2496 .1343 .0574 .0315. .0202 .0102
.50 .oooo .0894 ,1770 .2515 . 2818 .2521 .2000 .1215 . 0553 .0312 .0200 .0102
.1833 .1758 .1531 .1052 .0522 . 0302 .0196 .0101
·"
1 .00
1.50
• oooo-
.oooo
, ooo o
.0632
.04341
.0210
.1209
.0120
, 0397
.1644
.1106
.0545
.1252
.0640
.1256
. 0684
. 1162
.0683
. 0885
.0 604
. 048"3
.0397
.0290
.0259
.0191
.0177
.0100
.0096
.0091
2.00 . ooo.o .ouo ,0211 .0296 .0359 .0400 .0419 .0 410 .0315 . 0224 ,0161
.nvo .003t ,oon .0110 .0139 .0163 .0180 .0 199 .0190 .0158 ,0126 .ooao
3.oo .0116 .0109 .0095 .0067
4.00 ,oooo .0011 , 0035 .0051 .0066 .0079 .0090 .0106
5.oo .oooo .ooot .0019 .0027 .0 036 .00 43 .0050 .00 61 .0074 . 0075 .0070 .0055
.oooo .oou ,0007 .0010 .0014 .0017 .0020 .0025 .0033 .0031 ,0039 .0036
7. oo .0018 .oozo
10.0 .oooo .0001 .0002 .0004 . 0005 .0006 .0007 .0009 .0013 .0016
.oooo .00 01 .0001 .0002 .0002 . 0002 .0003 .0004 .0006 • 0007, .ooo8
15 .0 .oooo . 0003 .0004
.zo .. o • 0000. .oooo , 0000 :ooo1 .0001 .0001 . 0001 .0 001 .0002 . 0003
I2i4 <•>
.75 1:. 50 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 1.oo
~ 0 .25 ,50 1.00 1.25
.oooo .0891 .2428 . 6379 1 .1749 • 5165 .1756 .0371 • . 0058 .0012 . .0007 .0003
-25 .ooi3 .0003
.n· .oooo . 1127 ,2573 .4402 .5240 . 3751 . 2037 .0607 . 0106 .0032
,188 7 . 2704 . 2947 . 2448 .1683 .0678 .0142 .0045 .0 018 .ooo5
·"
1 - 00
1.50
.oooo
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,0 931
,-Q656
.028f
.1255
,0539
.1688
.0714
.1820
.0794
. 1631
.0780
.1275
,0699
.0643
.0472
.0165
. 0173
.0055
.0068
.0023
.DO.U
.0006
.0009
2.00 .oooo .0131 .0247 .0335 .0387 ,0403 .0390 . 0314 .0153 .0070 .0035 .0011
;oooo .003' ,0068 .0095 .0116 .0130 .0138 .0135 .0 096 .0058 .0034 -0013
3. 00 .0055 .0041 .0028 .0012
4.00 ,oooo .0 012 , 0024 .0035 .0044 .0052 .0057 .0062
.oooo ,ooo' .0011 .0 016 .0020 .0024 . 0027 .0031 .0032 .0027 .0021 .oou
s.oo .0011 .0008
1.oo .oooo . 0001 ,0003 .0004 .0006 . 0007 • 0008 . .0010 .0012 . 0012
. oooo .ooo.o , 0001 .000 1 . 0001 .0002 .00 02 .0003 .0 004 . 0004 .0004 .0004
10.0 . 0001 . • 0001
15.0 .oooo .oooo .oooo •.oooo .oooo .0 000 . oooo .00 01 .OD01 .0001
.oooo .oooo .oooo .oooo .oooo .DODO .0000 .0 000 .oooo .oooo ,0000 .0001
20 •.o
374 APPENDIX B 38
cl220 ~a~-<a = 0· 5
~
0 .2!5 .so
.2500
.75
.3750
1. 00
.5000
1.25
. 4000
1. 50
.3333
2.00
.2500
3.00
.1667
4.00
.1250
5.00
.1000
1.00
.0714 I
0
.25
.so
. oooo
.oooo
. oooo
. 1250
. 0933
.0646
.1820
.1228
.2552
.1618
.2930
.1956
. 2903
.2064
.2653
. 2040
.2154
.1817
.1522
. 1378
.1171
.1090
.0949
.0899
. 0689
. 0663 i
l
.7!1 .oooo .042'1 .0811 .1122 .1346 .1486 .1547 . 1503 .1236 .1011 .0848 .0638
1.00 .oooo .0282 .OS44 , 0169 . 0951 .1087 .1115 .1228 .1100 .0933 ,0798 . 0612
1.50 .oooo .013'1 . 0271 .0397 .0512 .0614 . 0699 . 0811 .0851 .0783 .0700 .05b1
2.00 . oooo .0071 .0155 .0231 . 0305 .0315 . • 0439 . 0544 .0646 .0646 .0607 . 0512
3 . oo .oooo , OO:s.t .0068 .0103 .013'1 • 0112 . 0206 .0270 .0373 ,0427 . 0442 • 0417
4. 00 .oooo .oou .0038 .0057 .oon .0096 .0116 . 0155 .0227 .0282 .0316 .0333
. 0227
s.oo
7.00
.oooo
. oooo
.0012
.0006
.0024
.0012
.0036
.0018
.0009
. 0049
.0025
.0061
.0031
.0015
. 0074
.0037
.0018
.0099
.0050
.0024
.0148
.0075
.0036
.0192
. 0101
.0048
. 0125
. 0061
·0262
· 0162
• 00&4
1
l
10.0 .oooo .0003 .0006 .0012
15 . 0 .oooo .0001 ,0002 .0003 .0005 .0006 .0001 .0009 .0014 .0019 .0024 .oo33
20,0 .oooo .oooo ,0001 .0001 .0002 .0002 .ooo:s .0004 .0006 .0008 .0010 • 0014
cl 220 11170
= 1.0
4.00 5.00 1.oo
~
.25 .so .75 1.00 1.25 1.50 2 . 00 3.00
0
1
0 . oooo .1250 . 2500 .3750 .sooo .4000 . 3333 .2500 .1667 .1250 .1000 . 0114
.2!1 .oooo .0911 .1753 .2384 .2716 .2767 .2612' . 2145 .1520 .1110 . 0949 .0689
.so .oooo . 0!52!1 .0970 .1307 .1S60 .1741 .1833 .1153 .1367 .1087 ,0898 .0663
.7!1
1-00
.oooo
.oooo
.0237
.0102
,0464
.0214
.0611 .0878 .1060 . 1206 .1341 .1203 .1001 ,0844 .063,7
.0343 .0485 .0630 .0167 . 0971 . 1029 . 0911 ,0789 .0610 1
l
1.50 .o ooo .0024 .0054 . 0095 .0151 .0220 .0298 .0464 .0685 .0711 .0671 . 0554
2.oo .oooo . 000 8 .0018 .0033 .0054 .0084 . 0121 .0214 ,0413 . 0525 ,0547 .0494
3.oo .oooo .0002 .0004 .0007 .oou ,0018 ,0027 ,0054 .0138 ,0237 .0315 .0368
4.00 .oooo .oooo ,0001 .0002 .0004 .0006 .0009 . 0018 .0051 .0102 . 0160 . 0248
s.oo .oooo .oooo ,0000 . 0001 .0001 ,0002 .0004 .0007 .0022 .0047 .0081 . 0155
7.oo .oooo .oooo . oooo . oooo .oooo .0001 .0001 .0002 .0006 .0013 . 0024 . 0057
10.0 .oooo - o. ooo·o •0.0000 -o . oooo - o.oooo -o.oooo -o.oooo • 0.0000 . oooo .0002 .0004 .0013
15,0 .oooo - o.oooo • 0.0001 •0.0001 •0.0001 •0.0001 -o.ooo2 • 0.0002 - o.ooo3 - o. ooo4 -o.ooos - 0.0006
20 . 0 . oooo •0. 0001 •0.0001 •0.0002 • 0.0002 •0 , 0003 -o.ooo3 - o·. o.004 - o.ooo6 - o.ooo8 -0.0010 -0.0014
si220 IIIia = 0.5

3.00 4.00 5.00 7.00
~ ·''
0 • 25 . 50 • 1.00 1.25 1.50 2.00
0 .oooo .oooo .oooo .oooo .oooo .0000 .oooo .oooo .oooo .oooo .0000 .oooo
.oooo .014!1 .0308 .0490 .0562 , 0460 .0310 .0168 .0072 .0040 .0025 . 0013
·2' .0607 .0613 ,0497 .030S .0139 .0078 . ooso .0 026
.so .oooo . 0223 . 0437 .0669
. 7!1 .oooo .0226 ,0427 .0512 .0637 ,0624 .0558 .039<4 .0197 . 0114 .0074 .0038
1.00 .oooo .019!1 .0366 .0492 . • 0562 .0577 • 05'50 .0436 .02<43 • 0146 .0096 .ooso
1.50 .oooo .0121 ,0242 .0336 ,0403 .0442 .0456 .0427 .0296 • 0195 ,0134 • 0072
. 2.00 .oooo .0082 .0160 .022! .0284 , 0325 .0352 .0366 .0305 . 0223 .0161 . 0092
3.00 .oooo .0041 .0080 .0118 . 0152 .0182 .0207 .0242 .0256 .0227 .0196 .0120
4 . 00 .oooo .0024 .0047 .0070 . 0091 .0111 .0130 .0160 .0194 • D.196 . 0179 .0133
5 . 00 .oooo .oou ,0031 .0046 .0061 ,0074 .0088 .0111 .0144 .0159 .0158 . 0133
1. oo .oooo .oooe ,0016 .0024 .0032 .0040 .0047 .0061 .0085 .0102 ,0112 .0115
10.0 .oooo .0004 ,0008 .0012 .0016 .0020 .0024 . 0031' .0046 • 0055 ' . 0068 .oo8o
15. 0 .oooo . 0002 .0004 .0006 .0008 .0009 . 0011 .0015 .0022 .0029 .0035 .0046
20 . 0 .oooo . 0001 ,0002 .0003 .000 4 • 0005· .0007 .0009 .0013 .0017 . 0021 .0028
/ 220 wta = 1.0

2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 7.00
~
0 .2!5 .so .75 1.00 1 . 2!5 1.50
. oooo .oooo .oooo .oooo .oooo . 0000 .oooo . 0000 .oooo .oooo .oooo .oooo
0 .0025
. 2!1 . oooo .0296 ,0625 . 0954 .1072 , 0902 . 0632 .0339 .0144 .0080 ,0051
. so .oooo .0433 .081'1 .1081 .1182 .1127 .0970 . 0619 .0280 .0157 . 0100 .0051
. 15 .oooo . 0373 ,0689 .0912 .1034 .1062 .1011 . 0781 . 0400 .0230 . 0149 . 0076
1 . oo .oooo .0267 . 050!1 .0696 .0829 .0901 .0917 .0818 .0492 .0296 .019<4 .0101
.01J4 .026 4 .0384 .0490 ,0576 , 0639 .0689 .0570 .0394 • 0272 .0147
1.50 .oooo .0326 .0187
2.00 .oooo .oo" .0154 .0228 .0299 ,0364 .0421 . 0!50!5 . 0!530 . 0433
.003!1 ,0069 .0104 .0138 .0111 .0204 .0264 .0351 ,0374 ,0344 . 0240
J.oo .oooo .0285 .0251
4.00 .oooo .0020 .0039 .0059 .00711 .0097 .0116 .0154 . 0221 . 0267
:;.oo . oooo . oon .0025 . 0038 . 0050 . 0063 . 0075 .0100 .OH7 .0187 ; o216 .0228
7.00 . oooo .0006 ,0013 .0019 . 0026 .0032 .0039 .0052 .oon .0102 .0124 . o1s1
.oon ,0007 .0010 .0013 .0017 .0020 .0026 .oo•o .0053 ,0066 . 0090
10.0 . oooo ,0033 .0046
u.o .oooo .0002 .0003 .000!5 .0007 .0008 .0010 .0013 .0020 .0026
.0001 , 0002 .0003 .0004 .0004 .0005 .0007 .0011 ,0014 . 0018 .oo24
20.0 . oooo
39 375
APPENDIX B
ci222 Ulfa = 0.5
1.50 2.00 3.00 4,00 5.00 7.oo
·~
. 0 .25 .50 .7S 1.00 1.25
0 .oooo .1281 .2779 .5029 ••••••• .4577 .2747 .1390 .0580 ,0320 .0203 .0103
.2!5 .oooo .1180 • 2463 .3846 .4424 .3632 .2S27 .1350 .0575 .0318 .0202 .0103
.so .oooo ,0882 .1689 .2246 .2434 .2318 .1967 .1233 .OSS8 .0314 .0201 .0102
.75 .oooo .OS43 ,0995 .129S .1449 .1482 .1401 .1050 .0530 .0306 .0198 .0102
1.00 .oooo .0303 ,0!561 .07S6 .0887 ,0961 .0973 .0844 .0490 .0294 .0193 .0100
1.50 .oooo ,009!5 ,0187 .0274 .0352 ,0417 .0465 .0497 .0389 ,0262 .0180 .0097
2.00 .oooo .0036 .0073 . 0112 .0153 .0193 .0229 .0281 .0283 .0221 .0163 .0093
3.oo .oooo .0009 ,0018 .0028 .0040 .0052 ,0066 .0094 .0132 ,0136 .0119 .0080
4.oo .oooo ,0003 ,0007 .0010 .0015 .0019 .0025 .0037 .0061 .0076 .0079 .0065
5.oo .oooo .0002 .0003 .0005 .0007 .0009 .0011 .0017 .0030 .0042 .0049 .0049
7.oo .oooo ,0001 ,0001 .0002 .0002 .0003 .0004 .000!5 .0009 .0014 .0019 .0026
10.0 .oooo .oooo .oooo .0001 .0001 .0001 .0001 .0002 .0003 .0004 .0006 .0010
15,0 .oooo .oooo .oooo .oooo .oooo .0000 .oooo .0001 .0001 .0001 .0002 .0003
20.0 .oooo .oooo .oooo .oooo .oooo .0000 .oooo .0000 .oooo .0001 ,0001 .0001
CI:! 22 lllTC = 1.0

3.00 4.00 5.00 7.00
X 0
0
.oooo
.2S
.1281
,50
,2779
.75
.5029
1.00
•••••••
1.25
,4577
1.50
,2747
2.00
.1390 .0!580 .0320 .0203 .0103
.oooo .1236 .2!560 .3578 .3635 .3437 .2613 .1381 .0579 .0323 .0203 .0103
·2!5 .0575 ,0319 .0203 .0103
.so .oooo ,0770 .1289 .1489 .1606 .1741 .1763 .1278
.75 .oooo .0192 .0344 .0483 ,0642 .0816 ,0963 .0991 .0555 ,0316 ,0202 .0103
1.oo .oooo •0.0026 •0. 0012 .0057 .0172 .0313 .0457 ,0645 .0506 ,0308 .0200 .0103
1.50 .oooo •0.0053 •0,0092 •0.0106 •0.0091 •0.0047 .0019 .0172 .0327 .0268 .0189 .0101
2.00 .oooo •0.0030 •0.0057 •0.0076 -0.0086 •0.0084 •0.0068 •0.0006 .0146 .0193 .0164 .Q098
3.oo .oooo •0·0010 •0.0020 •0.0030 •0.0037 •0.0043 -0.0047 •0.0046 •0.0009 ,0048 ,0083 .oo8o
4.00 .oooo •0.000!1 •0,0009 -o. 0013 •0.0017 •0.0021 -0.0024 •0.0028 -o.OD2S •0.0006 .0020 .ooso
5.oo .oooo •Oe0002 •0,000!5 •0.0007 -0.0009 •0.0011 -0.0013 •0.0017 -0.0019 -0.001!5 -0.0004 .0022
7.00 .oooo •0.0001 -0.0002 •0.0003 -o.ooo3 •o.ooo4 -o.ooo5· •0.0007 •0.0009 •0,0010 -0.0009 -o.ooo2
10.0 .oooo -o.oooo -o.ooo1 -0.0001 •0.0001 •0.0001 -0.0002 •0.0002 •0.0003 •0.0004 -0.0004 •0.0004
15.0 .oooo -o.oooo -o.oooo •0.0000 -o.oooo •o.oooo -o.oooo •0.0001 •0.0001 •0,0001 •0,0001 -o.ooo2
20,0 .oooo -o.oooo -o.oooo •0.0000 -o.oooo -o.oooo -o.oooo •0.0000 •0.0001 •0.0001 -o.ooo1 -o.ooo1
! 01ta " 0,5

5 222
1",50 3.00 4.00 5.00 1.oo

~
0 .2S ,50 .75 1.00 1.25 2.00
0 .oooo .oooo ,0000 .oooo .oooo .0000 .oooo .DODD .oooo .oooo .oooo .oooo
.2!5 .oooo .0111 ,0316 .0846 .135!5 ,0688 ,0225 .0049 .ooo8 -0.0001 ,0001 -o.oooo
.so .oooo .0300 ,0669 .1062 .1188 ,0911 .OS30 .01S9 .0027 .0008 .0003 .0001
.7!5 .oooo .0353 ,0683 .0919 ,0975 .0850 .0628 .0269 .0055 ,0017 ,0007 .0002
1.00 .oooo .0299 ,0554 .0719 .0774 .0723 .0604 .0334 .0087 .0029 ,0012 .0003
1.50 .oooo .0161 ,0301 ,0403 ,0460 ,0474 ,0451 .0342 .0138 .OOS4 ,0024 .ooo7
2.oo .oooo .008!1 ,0162 .0225 .0271 .0298 .0305 .0277 .0157 ,0075 ,0037 .0011
3.oo .oooo .0029 ,OOS7 .0083 .0105 .0124 .0137 .01SO .0130 .0088 .0054 .0020
4.00 .oooo .0013 .0026 .0038 ,0049 .0059 .0068 .0081 .0087 .0075 .0056 .0026
s.oo .oooo .0007 .0013 .0020 .0026 ,0032 .0037 .0046 .0056 ,OOS6 .0048 .0029
7.oo .oooo .0003 ,000!5 .0007 ,0010 .0012 .0014 .0019 .0025 .0029 .0030 .0025
10.0 .oooo .0001 .0002 .0003 ,0003 .0004 .ooos .0007 .0010 .0012 .0014 o001S
15,0 .oooo .oooo .0001 .0001 .0001 .0001 .000-2 .0002 .0003 .0004 .0005 .0006
20,0 .oooo .oooo .oooo .oooo .0000 ,0001 .0001 .0001 .0001 ,0002 ,0002 .0003
5
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222 lllTC = 1.0
3.oo 4.00 5,00 7.oo
~
0 .25 .so ,75 1.00 1.2S 1o50 2.00
0 .oooo .oooo .oooo .oooo .oooo .0000 .oooo .0000 .oooo .oooo .oooo .oooo
.2!1 .oooo ,0260 ,072!5 .1764 .2309 ,1433 ,0516 .0099 .0014 ,0004 ,0002 .oooo
.so .oooo .0692 .138!5 .11132 .1885 .1616 .1128 .0365 .0057 .0017 .0006 .0002
,7!5 .oooo ,Q617 .1085 .1345 ,1420 .1346 .1151 .0612 .0124 ,0037 ,0014 .0004
1.00 .oooo ,0361 ,0663 .01174 .0990 .1018 .0966 ,0693 .0203 .0064 ,0026 .0006
1~50 .oooo .0113 ,0225 .0331 .0425 ,0498 .0543 ,0543 .0310 .0127 ,0055 .0014
2.00 .oooo .004!1 ,0092 • 0139 . ,0187 .0234 .0276 .0331 .0298 .0173 ,0087 .0025
3.oo .oooo .0013 ,0025 ,0039 ,0052 .0067 .0082 .0112 .0157 .015!4 ,0116 .0047
4.00 .oooo .000!1 ,0010 .0016 .0021 .0027 .0033 .00<46 ,0072 ,0090 ,0092 .0059
s.oo .oooo .ooo:s ,0005 .0008 ,0011 ,0013 ,0016 .0022 .0036 .0049 ,00511 .0055
7.00 .oooo .0001 .0002 .0003 ,0004 ,0005 .0006 .00011 .0012 .0017 ,0022 .0030
10.0 .oooo .oooo ,0001 .0001 ,0001 ,0002 ,0002 .0003 .0004 .0006 ,0007 .0011
15.0 .oooo .oooo ,0000 .oooo ,0001 .0001 .0001 • 0001 • 0002 . ,0002. ,0003 .0004
20.0 .oooo .oooo ,0000 .oooo ,0000 .0000 .oooo .0001 .0001 .0001 ,0002 .0002
376 APPENDIX B 40
1 240 ('l>)
~ s.oo
0 .25 .so .75 1 .00 1. 25 1. 50 2. 00 3.00 4.00 7.00
0 .oooo .0079 , 0335 .08<12 .2122 .2853 . 2713 .22S2 .1S96 .1220 .098S .0709
.25 . oooo .0080 .0295 .0703 .1267 .1666 .1799 .1692 .1 336 . 1072 .0888 .0659
.so .oooo .OOS6 .0222 .0<188 .0801 .10S9 .1210 .1271 .1114 .0939 . 0800 .0612
.75 . oooo .0040 • 015<1 .0327 .0525 .070<1 .0836 .09S5 .092S .0919 ,0719 .oS68
1.oo .oooo .0027 .0105 .0221 .03S5 .0<18<1 .OS92 .0723 .0768 .0714 .06<1S .OS27
l.SO .oooo .0013 . OOS1 .0108 . 0177 .0249 . 0317 .0427 .OS30 .OS41 ,0518 . Q<IS2
2 . 00 .oooo .0007 .0027 .OOS8 .0097 .0140 .0184 .0265 .0370 . 0410 .0415 .0387
3 . oo .oooo .0002 .00 1 0 .0021 . 0036 .OOS4 . 0074 . 0116 .0190 .0241 .0268 ·0282
<~ . oo .oooo .0001 .0004 .0010 .0017 .0026 .0036 .OOS8 . 0106 .0147 . 0176 .0207
s.oo .oooo . 0001 ,0002 .0005 .0009 .0014 .0020 . 0033 . 0063 . 0094 • 0119 . 0153
7. 00 .oooo .oooo .0001 .0002 .0003 .0005 . 0008 .0013 .0027 .0043 ,0059 .0086
10.0 . oooo .oooo . oooo .0001 .0001 .0002 . 0003 . 0005 , 0010 . 0017 . 0025 .0041
15.0 .oooo .oooo .oo oo .oooo .oooo . 0001 , 0001 .0002 .0003 .0006 . 0009 .0015
20.0 .oooo .oooo .oooo . oooo . oooo .0000 .oooo .0001 .0001 ,00 03 .000<1 .0007
I 242 CwJ
~ 0 .25 . so . 75 1.00 1 . 25 1.50 2.00 3.00 4, 00 5 . 00 7 . 00

0 .oooo .oooo .oooo . oooo .5000 .6400 , 44<1 4 .2500 .1111 .062S . 0400 . 0204
. 2S .oooo .oos• .0243 . 08S7 . 2425 .3313 , 2919 .1946 .0962 .0561 .0368 .0193
. so .oooo .0069 ,03 02 .0768 .1406 . 1829 .1856 .1466 . 0820 ,0504 .0339 ·0182
.7S . oooo .oose .023S .OS23 . 0853 . 1101 .11 94 .1081 .0690 . 044!1 .0309 • 0171
1.00 . oooo . 0041 . 0160 . 0339 . OS35 .0696 . 0789 . 0792 • 057"3 . 0394 .0281 • 0160
1 . 50 .oooo .0018 .0070 .0144 .0229 . 0308 . 0370 .0430 . 0388 .0300 .0229 . 0140
2.00 .oooo . 0008 .0032 .0067 . 0108 .0150 .0188 .0241 . 0260 .0225 .0184 :o121
3 . oo . oooo .0002 ,0009 .0019 . 0031 .004S .0060 .0087 .0119 .0124 .0115 .0089
4 . 00 .oooo .0001 . 0003 . 0007 .0012 .0017 .0023 .0036 . 0058 . 0069 .0072 .0 06<1
5.00 .oooo . oooo .0001 .0003 .0005 .0008 .0011 .0017 . 0030 .0040 .0045 .00<15
7. 00 .oooo .oooo .0000 .0001 .0001 .0002 .0003 . 0005 .0010 .0015 .0019 .0023
10 . 0 .oooo . oooo .oooo .oooo .oooo .0001 .0001 .0001 .0003 . 0005 ,0006 .0009
15.0 .oooo .oooo .oooo . oooo .oooo .0000 . oooo .oooo . 0001 .0001 .0002 . 0003
20 , 0 . oooo .oooo .oooo .oooo .oooo .0000 .oooo .0000 . oooo .oooo . 0001 . 0001
APPENDIX B 41 377
cr240 w+c:t • 0.5
3.00 4.00 s.oo ~.oo

~ 0 .2S .so .75 1.00 1 . 2S 1.So 2.00
0 .oooo . 0019 .0335 .0842 .2122 .21153 .2713 .22S2 . 1596 .1220 .0985 .0709
.25 .oooo .007" ,0301 .07011 .1223 .1606 .1757 . 1677 .1331 .1070 .0887 .0659
.so .oooo .0055 .0216 .04S4 .0713 .0944 .1107 .1217 .1097 .0931 .0797 • 0611
.0265 .0417 .0567 .0699 .01162 . 0890 .01104 .0711 .0565
·"
1 . oo
1.50
. oooo
.oooo
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.0034
.0019
.0006
.0129
.0073
,0024
.0151
.0052
. 0246
.0090
.0347
.0137
.0445
.0189
.0603
.0 29S
.0714
.0445
.0689
.0493
.0632
.0491
.OS22
. 0441
2.00 .oooo .0002 ,0009 .0021 .00311 .0060 .0086 .0149 . 0271 .0345 .03 7.4 .0368
3.00 .oooo .0001 ,0002 .ooos .0009 • 0015 .0023 .0044 .0103 .0163 .0208 .o2so
4.00 .oooo .oooo ,0001 .0002 .0003 .0006 .0009 .0017 .0043 .0078 .0114 .0165
5.00 . oooo .oooo .oooo .0001 .0002 .0003 ,0004 .00 08 .0020 . 0040 ,0063 .0107
7 . oo .oooo .oooo .oooo .o ooo .0001 .0 001 .0001 .0002 . 0006 .0013 .0022 .0046
10.0 .oooo . oooo .oooo · .oooo .oooo .0000 .oooo .0001 .0002 .0004 .• 0007 .0015
15 . 0 .oooo .oooo .o ooo .oooo .oooo .0000 . oooo .0000 .0001 . 0001 .0002 .0004
20.0 .oooo . oooo .oooo . 0000 .oooo .0000 .oooo .oooo .oooo .0001 , 0001 .ooa2
er240 w+a " 1.0
1.50 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 7.00

~ 0 .25 , 50 .75 1.00 1.25
0 .oooo .0019 ,033S .01142 .2122 .21153 . .2713 .2252 .1596 .1220 .098S .07U9
.25 .oooo . oou .0317 .0706 . 1100 .1436 .1631 .1631 .1318 .1064 ,0885 .0658
.so .oooo .0049 .0175 .0328 ,0483 .0652 .082S .1053 . 1045 .0909 .07!15 .0607
.75 .oooo .oou ,0045 .0094 .0162 .02S3 .0365 .OS96 .0784 ,0756 ,0686 .o5!i6
1.00 .oooo •0.0002 • 0.0004 .0002 .0024 .006S .0128 .0294 .0551 • 0610 .0589 .0506
1.50 .oooo •0 .. 0003 • 0.0012 •0.0024 • 0. 0033 •0.0035 -0.0027 .0024 .0211 .0352 ,0407 .04U7
2.00 . oooo • 0.0002 •0.0007 •0.0015 • 0.0025 • 0.0033 - 0.0039 • 0.0036 .0043 .0164 .0251 .0313
3.oo .oooo •0.0001 •0.0003 •0.0006 • 0.0010 - 0.0015 - 0.0020 •0.0029 •0.0033 -0.0001 ,0056 .0156
4.00 . oooo -o.oooo - o.oo01 •0.0003 •0 . 0004 • 0.0007 - 0.0010 •0.0016 •0 . 0027 -0.0027 •0 .DOll .oo54 '
s.oo .oooo . o.oooo · -o.oo01 -0 . 0001 -o.ooo2 - o.ooo4 -o.ooos -o.ooo9 -o.oo11 - o.oo23 - 0.0023 .0004
1.oo .oooo • 0.0000 •0.0000 •0.0000 - 0.0001 -0.0001 -0.0002 •0.0003 •0.0007 -0.0011 -0 .001_5 -o.oo 16
10 . 0 .oooo - o.oooo -o.oooo •0.0000 - o.oooo •o.oooo ~0 . 0001 -o.ooo1 - o.ooo2 -o.ooo4 -0. 0006 -0 . 0009
15.0 .oooo .oooo -o.oooo -o.oooo - o.oooo -o.oooo -o.oooo -o .oooo - o.ooo1 -o . ooo1 -0.0002 -o.oo o3
20.0 .oooo .oooo -o . oooo •0 .0000 • o.oooo -o.oooo -o.oooo •o.oooo -o.oooo -o.ooo1 -0.0001 -o.ooo2
/ 240 w+a "' 0.5
.so 1~50 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 1.00

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0 .2S .75 1.00 1.25
.oDOD . oooo .DODO .oooo .0000 .o ooo .oo oo .DOOO .oooo .oooo .0000 .oooo
0 ,0071 .0045 .oo24
.25 .oooo .oou .0032 .0115 .0299 .0392 .0364 .0240 .0120
.sa .oooo .0019 .ooeo .0194 .0334 .04211 .0447 . 0361 .D204 .0126 . 0085 .0045
.75 .DODO .0022 .D087 .01114 .D290 .0373 .0414 .D391 .0256 .0167 .0116 .0064
1.Do .DDOO .0019 .0072 .0147 . 0229 .0300 . 0348 . 0370 .0281 .0196 ,0140 .oo8o
1.50 .oooo .0010 ,0039 .0081 .0130 .0179 .0222 .0277 .0275 .0220 .0170 .6105
.ooo!J ,0021 .0044 .0073 . D10S ,0137 .01 90 .0232 . 0213 ,0179 .0120
2 •.00 .oooo .0159 .0129
3.oo . oooo . 0002 .0007 .0016 .0027 .0041 .0056 .0 0811 .0140 .0161
4.00 .DDOD . OD01 ,0003 .OD07 .D012 .DD19 .0027 .0 044 .D081 . 0105 .0122 .0118
s . oD .oOOD .oooo ,0002 .0004 .D007 ,0010 .0014· .0024 .00411 . 0071 .0088 .0100
.oooo ,0001 .0001 .OD02 .0004 ,0006 .0010 .D020 .OD33 . OD45 . .0064
7.00 .ODDO ,0013 .0019 .0031
10.0 .oooo .oooo .oooo .oooD · .D001 .0001 .0002 .0003 .0007
. oooo .oooo .0000 .0000 .DDOO .DODO .0001 .0001 .D002 . 0004 ,0006 .0011
15.0 ,ODD2 .OD03 .0006
20.D .DODO .oooo .ODOO .oooo .0000 .0000 .ODOO .0000 .0001
si240 w+c:t .. 1.0
1.2S 1.50 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 7.00

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0 .oooo ,0141 .0091 . 0048
.25 .oOOD .oou ,0077 .0260 .D567 .0740 .0711 .0480 .0240
.004:5 .0174 .0371 .0573 . 0727 . 0792 .0697 .D406 .D251 .0169 .Q091
.so .oooo .0332 .0231 .0128
.75 .oooo .003t ,0144 .0284 .0429 , 0558 . 06S1 .0696 .0499
.DOOO .0023 ,00116 .0177 .D282 .0386 .0478 . 0589 .0527 ,0382 .0277 .0160
1.00 .0404 .0326 .0207
1.50 . oooo .0007 ,00211 .0063 .0109 .016S . 0225 .0339 .0447
.0011 .0026 .D046 .0073 .0105 .0178 .0310 .0351 ,0324 .0232
2 . 00 .oooo • 000:5 .0233 .0229
3.oo . OOOD ,0001 ,0003 .0007 .0013 .0021 .D030 .0055 .0123 .0192
4.0D .oooo .oooo ,0001 .0003 .OOD5 .0008 .0012 .0022 .OOS3 .0094 .0135 .0181
.oooo .oooo .0001 .0001 .D003 .0004 .0006 .0011 .0026 ,00411 .0075 .o12s
s.oo .0027 .0054
1·, 00 .oooo .oooo .oooo .0001 .0001 .D001 .0002 .0004 . 0009 .0017
.ODOO .oooo .0000 .oooo .oooo .0001 .0001 .OOD1 .DDD3 .0005 .0009 .0018
10.0 .0002 .D003 .0007
15.0 .oooo .oooo .oooo .oooo .0000 .0000 . oooo .0001 .DOD1
. oooo ,0000 .oooo .DOOD .oooo .oooo .DODO .DD01 .0001 .0002 .0004
20,0 .oooo
I
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42
378 APn61JU B
A220 (t)
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R 0
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.1510
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.9687 1
.25 .3904 ,J8i'1 .3757 .3561 .3289 .2957 .2637 .2125
.50 .30'10 .3062 .2978 .2840 .2658 .2449 .2241 ,1879 .1389 .1094 .0900 .0663
.75 .;!500 .24110 .2421 .2328 .2206 .2069 .1928 .1668 .1280 .1028 • 0856 .0640
1.00 . 4!071 . 20~7 . 2017 .1954 .1872 .1778 .1680 .1489 ; 1181 .0967 ,o8i5 .•.ifu·8 1
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1 . 50 .1514 .150 7 . 1488 .1457 .1417 .1370 .1318 ·.1211 .1013 .0858 . 0740 •.057~
2.oo .uau .1177 .1167 .1150 .'1128 .1102 . 1073 .1009 .0879 .0766 ,0613 ,0537
3.00 .QSll .0810 . 0807 .0801 .0792 .0782 .0771 .0 744 .0682 .0620 ,0563 ,0 469
4.00 ,:J6l~ . 0615 . 0613 . 0611 .0607 .0602 .0597 .0583 .0551 . 0514 , 0478 .0413
5.00 .0 495
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10. 0 .32'1il . 0251 . 0250 ,0250 . 0250 . 0250 .0249 .0248 .0245 .0241 . 0226
15. 0 .016~ .01/0 • 0170 . 0170 . 0170 .0170 .0170 , 0169 .01 68 ,0167 .0166 . 0162
20. 0 .c125 ,iJ1l2 . 0132 .0132 . 0132 .0132 .0132 .0132 . 0132 .0131 .01.50 . 0128
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0 .25 .50
0 . :>000 .5000 .5000 ,5000 .sooo .3200 .2222 .1250 .0556 .0313 ,0200 ,01 02
.25 . ,3787 .3762 .3662 .3464 . 3026 .2354 .1779 .1078 .0507 . 0289 .0 189 ,0098
.;o .2704 .2730 .2620 .2418 .2110 .1744 .1403 .0918 ,O<C60 .0 273 .ouo .0095'
• 7') . z ouo .1971 .1883 .1737 .1541 .1321 .1110 .0776 .0 416 . 0254 • 01'10 ,0091
1.0 0 .1404 .1444 .1383 .1286 . 1161 .1023 ,0887 ·.0655 . 0374 .0235 . 0160 .0 088
1.5 0 .us-io .i)8Jl .0804 .0762 . 0709 .0649 .0587 .O<C71 ,0300 ,0201 , 0142 .0081
2.oo .0524 .0512 . 0492 . 0468 .0439 .0408 . 0346 .0241 . 0171 .0125 .0074
' " 5"5 .0123 ,0096 ,00 62
3. 00 • .,2:> 7 .0255 .0252 .0247 .0240 .0231 .0222 . 0201 . 0159
4.00 . :.: 1'1il .0149 .0148 .0146 .il143 .0140 . 0136 .0128 . 0109 .0090 .00 14 • 00!>1
s . oo .0097 .OOY7 .0096 .0095 . 0094 .0093 .0091 .0087 .0078 .0068 . 0058 • 0Df2
7.00 . 00:>0 . ooso .0050 .0050 .0049 .00 49 .0048 .0047 .0044 ,0041 • 00.57 , 0030
10.0 . 004!5 .002<C .0024 .0024 .0024 .00 24 .002<C .0024 . 0023 . 0022 . 0021 .0018
15.0 .:>011 .0010 .0010 .0010 .0010 .0010 .0010 .0010 .0010 • 0010 , 001 0 .0009
20 . 0 . 1) 0 0~ .OilU5 ,0005 .0005 .0005 .0005 • 0.005 .0005 ,0005 .0005 . OO U5 ,0005
A224 ( ill)
.75 1.00 1.25 1 .50 2 .00 3.00 4 .0 0 5.00 7,00

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0 .25 .50
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.50 .~578 .3576 .3540 .3353 .2818 . 2017 .1334 . 0608 . 0184 .007! , 0040 ,0015
.75 -~500 .2528 .2417 .2192 .1833 .1406 .1021 .0526 .017 4 .007 6 .OO.S9 . 0014
1 . 00 ... 7(?5 .1736 .1640 .1474 .1252 .1005 .0775 . O<C42 .0161 . 0072 ,0038 • 0014
1.50 . CS5 3 . 0838 , 0795 . 0726 .0640 .0547 .0455 . 0302 .0 132 , 0065 .OO.S5 . 0014
2.00 .:)447 .O<C41 . 0423 .0395 . 0359 .0320 .0279 .0205 .0105 .00 5 6 ,00.52 ,00 13
'3 , 00 .015S .0157 .0153 . 0147 . 0139 .0130 .0120 . 0099 .0063 . 0040 . 0025 ·.oo11
4 . 00 .u0/1 • 0071 . 0070 .0066 .0066 .00 63 .00 60 .0053 .0039 .0027 .0019 .00 1 0
5.00 . • coss .0038 .0037 .0037 . 0036 .0035 .0034 .0031 .0025 .0019 ,0014 ,0008
7 . 00 .0014 .cou .001" .0014 . 0014 .0014 .0013 . 0013 .oou .0009 ,0008 .0005
10.0 .coo:; .0005 .0005 .0005 .0005 .0005 .0005 .0005 .0004 ,00 04 . 0004 ,0003
15.0 . COill .0002 .0002 . 0002 .0002 .0002 .0002 .0001 .0001 .0001 , 0001 ,0001
20. 0 . u Oill . QGDl .0001 .0001 . 0001 . 0001 . COOl .0001 .0001 .0001 ,0001 ,0001
43
APPE111JIX B .
~ 2& Ulta •
2 0.5
2.00 3.00 4,00 s.oo i.oo

X 0
0
• :;ouo
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• 4961" - • 4838 ·
.75 1.00 1.25
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.2S .38o8 .38~2 .3720 ,3524 .3253 .2934 .2624 .2121 .1509 .1164 .0945 .• 0687
.so .;!9/!! . ;29Si .. ··.2if69 .2738-:2572- ·.2:387'--- .2199 .1860 .1384 :1o9i .o899 .0663
.7S .~3'3 .2306 .2256 .2179 .2082 .1973 .1858 ·,1631 .1268 .1023 ,08:)4 .0639
1.00 .18oi ···· --.185:1. · · .. -. i823 ·-:1tao-·-:T723-- ::1.658 · ·-· .1s8·6 .1434 ,uu· ,095!f .osio- ;06i6-
1.So .12~8 .1295 .1286 .1272 .1252 .1227 .1197 .1128 .0976 ,0840 ,073o ,0572
2.00 .u9d7 .o9s6 ,0982 :o9'7?... :o968 .o958 .0945 ,0912 .0827 .0738 ,06:H .0531
3.00 .~6o3 .0663 .0662 .0661 . • 0659 .0656 .0653 .0643 ,0615 .0577 .os.ss ,045?
4.00 .u4~9 .0499 .0498 .ti49i. -:6~jj .0496 .0495 ;0491 .0480 ,0463 • 0441 0 0394
s.oo .J3~9 .0399 .0399 .0399 .0399 .0398 .• 0398 .0396 .0391 .0382 .0371 ,0342
7.00 .u2~5 .0266 .0286 .oi85 ;aia~ .0285 .o2s5 ,0284 .0283 .0280 .o276 :o265
10.0 .u2UO .0200 .0200 .0200 .0200 .0200 .0200 .0200 . • 0200 .0199 .0196 .0194
1S.O .~1J3 ;o1~5 ,0135 ;0135 .Oi35 .0135 .0135 .0135 .0135 .0135 . ;o1.ss .0134
20.0 . o1u0 .0106 ,0106 .0106 .0106 .0106 .0106 .0106 .0105 .0105 ,0105 .0105
,75 1.00 1.25 1.50 2.00 3.00 4.00 s.oo 7.00

X 0
0
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.so .~645 ;2621 .2551 .2452 .2336 .2211 .2076 .1803 .1366 .1084 ,089S .0661
.7S .1!146 .1840 .1822 .1795 .1759 .1714 .1658 .1520 .1231 .1007 ,0845 .0636
1.00 ol30Q o1361 .1363 .1364 .1361 .1351 .1334 .1275 .1100 .0930 ,0796 ,0611
1.SO .0874 .08/6 .0880 .0888 .0896 .0903 ,0909 .0911 .0867 .0785 ,0699 .0560
2.00 .o6<i3 .0644 ,0647 .0651 .0657 .0663 .0670 ,0681 .0684 ,065S .0608 .0511
3.00 ,Q4'2 .0423 .0424 .0425 .0427 .0430 .0433 .0440 .0454 .0460 ,04:)4 ,0418
4.00 .o3l5 .0315 .0315 .0316 .0317 .0318 .0320 ,0323 .0332 • 0340 ,0345 .0339
s.oo .02:71 .0251 .0251 .0252 .0252 .0253 .0254 .0256 .0261 ,0266 .0272 ,0276
7.00 . (,179 .0178 .0178 .D.178 .0179 .0179 .0179 .0180 .0182 .0185 ,0187 .0193
10.0 .0125 .0123 .0123 .0123 .0123 .0123 .0123 .0124 .0124 .0125 .0126 .0129
1S.O .ouB3 .oo8o ,0080 .oo8o .0080 .0080 .0080 ,0080 .0080 .0081 .0081
,0064
,0082
20.0 .oo~3 .0063 ,0063 .0063 .0063 .0063 .0063 .0063 .0064 .0064 .0065
i 220 wta = 0.5

3.00 4,00 5.00 7.00
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0 .25 .so ,75 1.oo 1.25 2.00
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
.25 ,()4/2 .05:15 .0540 .OS08 .0457 .0377 .0305 .0215 .0147 .0120 .0106 .0095
.so .;HiSil .07:14 .0725 .0672 .0598 .0511 • 0430 .0312 .0198 . .0152 ,0128 .0107
.75 .o717 .0790 ,0757 .0704 .0636 .0562 ,0490 .0371 .0239 .0178 .0147 .0118
1.00 .Q67!1 .0752 .0724 .0681 .0628 .0569 .OS09 .0404 .0269 0 0201' ,0163 .0127
1.50 .os53 .0632 .0617 .OS93 .0563 .0529 ,0493 ,0420 .0304 .0233 ,0169 .0144
2.00 .:;449 .os.so .0522 .0509 .0493 .0473 .0451 ,0404 .0316 ,0251 ,0207 .0157
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2.00 -1).0643 - 0.0646 - 0.0 654 • 0.0667 - 0 . 0682 • 0.0697 - 0.0709 • 0.0718 • 0.0641 • O. OC91 --o.03:i7 •0.0197
3.00 -ll.0422 - 0.0423 - 0.0 426 • 0.0431 - 0.0437 • 0.0445 -0 . 0453 • 0.0470 • 0 . 0487 • O.OC61 • 0.0398 -0.026 2
4. 00 - 0 . 03H - o . o3!5 - 0.03!6 • 0.0319 • 0.0321 • 0 . 0325 • 0.0329 • 0 . 0339 ·- 0.0359 • 0 . 0 36 7 -0.03:>6 :.o.o2&5
5.00 -O.il2H - 0.02~1 -0.0252 • 0.0253 -0 .0254 • 0.0256 • 0.0259 • 0.0264 - 0.0278 • 0.028 9 -0.0294 •0.0271
7.oo -o.c17~ • O.i!l7!! - 0.0179 • 0.0179 -0.0179 •0 .0180 •0.0181 • 0 . 0183 - 0 . 0189 • 0,0196 •0 ,02U2 -o . o2·o9
10.0 - 0.0125 - 0.0123 -0.0123 • 0.0123 -0.0124 • 0.0124 -0.0124 • 0.0125 • 0.0127 • 0 . 0129 -0.0132 •0. 0138
15 . 0 -o.ooo3 - 0.001:!0 -o>.oo8o •0.0080 - 0.0080 - 0.0080 •0.0080 •0.0080 • 0.0081 • 0.0082 -0.0083 -o . ooes
20.0 -o . coo3 • il . Oil63 - 0.0063 • 0.0063 - 0.0063 • 0.0063 • 0 . 0064 • 0 . 0064 - 0 . 0064 • 0.0065 - o.oo&s -0. 0067
.50 ,75 1 . 00 2,00 3.00 4,00 5.00 7.00

~
0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0
.25 -li. \i4i 2 - G.054il - 0.0507 .().0393 - 0 . 0159 . 0016 .0059 . 0025 - 0 . 0027 • 0.0049 • 0.0061 -0.0071
. so - ~.0660 - 0 . \)7.35 - 0 . 0645 •0.0478 - 0.0264 • 0.0083 .0016 . ooso .0006 • 0.0025 - 0. 0044 -0 .0062
- O.y7l7 - o . o768 -1) . 0670 • 0 .052 0 - 0.0346 • 0.0189 - 0.0076 .0020 .0018 • 0 . 0011 -0.00~1 •0 .005 3
.75
1.00 -C. C67S - 0.07J3 -0 . 0653 • 0.0534 - 0 . 0399 - 0.0269 • 0.0161 • 0.0034 .0012 • 0 . 0005 -0.0023 •0 .0047
-il.0578 • 0 . 0512 - 0 . 0433 • 0 . 0350 •0.0271 • 0.0143 - 0.0030 - o·.oo13 -o.oo~o -o.oo39
1.50 -o. u553 - 0.0621
2.00 -G.u4.. ~ - o.o5:t?4 -0.0501 • 0.0465 - 0.04'19 • 0.0368 • 0.0314 • 0.0214 • 0.0084 •0. 0038 • O.OOl8 •0 .0037
3.00 -O.v3lS - 0 . 0398 - 0.0390 • 0.0377 - 0.0359 • 0.0338 • 0.0314 • 0.026 2 - 0.0164 • 0 . 0099 •0.0065 •O ,OO C6
4.00 -O. C243 - 0.0325 - 0.0322 • 0.0316 -0.0308 • 0 . 0298 - 0.0286 • 0 . 025!! - 0.0197 • 0.0142 - 0.0103 -0.0065
5 . 00 -~ . ... 197 - o.o2n - 0.0277 • 0-0274 - 0.0270 - 0.0264 - 0.0258 - 0.0242 - 0.0204 - 0 . 0164 • 0.0130 -0 .0085
7 . 00 - O.v1'12 - 0.0224 - 0.0223 • 0.0222 - 0.0221 • 0.0218 - 0.0216 • 0.0210 -0,0193 • 0.0174 - 0.0153 -0. 0116
10.0 - 0.1.:100 - 0.01!:!1 - 0 .0181 • 0.\1160 - 0.0180 • 0.0179 • 0.0178 • 0.0176 •0.0170 •0. 0162 -0. 01:13 -0.0132
15.0 - 0 . 1,.007 -0 . 0145 -0.0145 • 0.0145 - 0.01 45 •0.0144 - 0.0 144 • 0.0143 •0.0141 • 0.0 139 -0.01.56 "•0, 0127
20.0 -0. (,0;)0 -0.0124 -il .0 124 • 0.0124 - 0.012 4 - 0 .0 124 - 0.0124 - 0.0123 - 0.0122 • 0.0121 • 0.012U •0.0116
.75 1.00 1.25 1.50 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 7.0 0

~0
0 .25 .5u
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
i) 0 0 0 0
.25 -li.u93!! •0.09Y6 - o. 0911 ·0-0662 - 0.0245 .0080 .0186 .0130 .0030 • 0.0015 • 0.0039 • 0.0059
.50 - O.l265 • 0.1305 -o.uil8 · 0-0805 • 0 . 0467 • 0.0168 .0037 .0161 .0093 .0032 -0. 0004 •0 .004 0
•0.0877 - 0.0629 • 0.0391 • 0.0187 .0056 .0108 . 0059 .oo~o - 0.0"024
.75 - 0.1237 -0.1261 - 0.1101
1.00 -0.106~ -0 .1118 - () .1022 • 0.0 879 - 0.0709 • 0 . 0531 - 0.0360 • 0.0094 .0080 .-D066 .0 034 - 0.0011
1.50 -il. u7 o3 -o.o8'5 - 0 .0824 • 0. 0772 - 0.0701 • 0.06!5 - 0.0520 • 0.0324 - 0.00!>2 ,0030 .OOJ4 ,0003
2.00 - J , IJ6114 - 0 .061:!3 - 0.0671 • 0 . 0649 -0.0618 - 0 .0579 - 0.0531 •0.0417 - 0 . 0187 - 0.004!! .0001 .0003
3.00 -0.~4l1 - 0 .04 93 - 0.0489 • 0.0 483 - 0.0475 • 0.0463 - 0.0 449 • 0.0413 • 0 . 0310 • 0.0195 - 0.0107 -0 .0031
4 . 00 - O.U3l0 -0 . 0393 -0.0391 • 0 . 0389 •0.0385 • 0.0381 • 0.0375 -0.0360 -0.0316 - 0.0254 - 0.0187 -0 .0087
s.oo -O.u249 -0.03Jl -0.0331 • 0.0330 - 0.0328 • 0.0326 - 0.0323 - o. 031.5 - 0.0293 • 0,0261 - 0.0220 -0 .0137
7.oo · - o . ~t7!! -o.026 3 -0.0260 • 0.0260 - 0.0259 • 0.0258 - 0.0257 • 0.0255 - 0.0247 • 0.0236 - 0.0221 - 0.0181
10.0 -O.U125 •0.02U5 - 0 . 0205 • 0 . 0205 - 0.0204 - 0.0204 • 0 . 0204 • 0.0203 -0.0200 • 0 . 0197 - 0.01il2 - 0.0178
1;.o -o .uo63 - o.o1'5 - 0.0155 • 0.0155 -0.0155 • 0.0155 - 0.0155 • 0.0154 -0,0153 • 0.0152 - 0 . 01:i0 •0 .0145
20.0 -J.u062 - 0.0122 -O.C!22 • 0. 0122 -0.0122 • 0.0122 • 0.0122 • 0.0121 - 0 . 0121 • 0. 0120 • 0.0119 -o . o116
4i 383
_M_ ~ .. Q-5
c-z21
.75 1.50 2.00 3.00 4,00 s.oo 7,00

~o - o .sooo
0 .so 1.00 1.25
- o. 5ooo - o.sooo • 0.5000 0 .3200 .2222 .1250 .0556 .0313 ,0200 ,0102
. 25-0.3762 - 0.3673 - 0 , 3339 · 0. 2389 • 0. 0637 .&!~2 :.l097 • .90~4 • 0454 !.0271 ,_OH9 •.0094
.5o -0.2625 - o .25o2 - o:2io·r :.o-.1461 - o . o757 -o.o131 . 0289 .oso6 ; o:s55 .0231 .01:S9 ,0087
.75 -0.1 737 •0 .1648 - 0 .1404 • 0.1073 •0.0726 • 0 .0394 •0. 0104 • 0217 ! 0.~60 . .0191 . 01.58 .•poao
1 . oo-·o.1i44 -·o :l.100 ·.;:o·. 09Bi ;o-:o-819 :o·:0637' -o ~-o447 ~o:-o26i :oo21 . 0173 .0152
. 0082
·;0119
• 001:11
,0072
.• oo5e
1 . 5o-o.o551 - o.0543 - o.os22 •0.0486 • 0 . 0436 • 0.0374 • 0. 0302 • O,Q150 ,0038
2.0 0 ,;0.0311 - o.03lO - o.o3o7 ;o :o3oi ~-o~o2ae - o:o269 • 0.0243 .. 0.0174 - 0.0039 .0027 .0047
• 0.0032 • 0.0001
,0044
,0020
3.00 -0.0137 - o . o:.37 :-0. QP~
- 0 . 0137 .:...Q.! OH8 • 0.• 0137 - 0.0134 ~ 0.0 123 • 0.0078
4.oo -o.oor6 - o.oo16 - o.oo77•0. 0077 •0.0078 - 0 . 0078 · 0~0078 • 0.0077 • 0 . 0065 ~ 0.00 44 • 0. 0023 ,0003
s.oo -0.0048 - 0.0048 -0.0049 • 0.00 49 •0 .0049 • 0.0050 - Q.0050 •0 .0050 •0.0048 •0. 0040 • 0.0028 -o .ooo8
1.oo -o.oo25 - o .oo24 :.o.oo2s ;o. 00-2S ·:-a~oo25 • 0 :·0025 • 0.0025 •O .'oo25 -o. oo26 • 0,0025 • 0 . 0022 -0. 0014
10.0 -0.0012 - 0. 0012 - 0.00~2 -.o •.QQJ~ - o~Jl.0+.2 - o. 0012 • 0.0012 • O.OP12 • 0.0012 •0.0012 •0.0012 -o .oou
u. o -o.oo05 - o .ooos - o.ooos - o.ooo5 - o.ooo5 - o.ooos •0.0005 • o.ooo5 - o . ooo5 - o.ooos • 0.0005 -o. ooos
20_.0 -o.ooo3 - o.ooo2 -o. ooo2 •0.0002 - ~.0002 • 0.0002 • 0.0002 • 0.0002 - 0.0002 • 0.0002 • 0 , 0002 -o .ooo2
~'! ._.ta = 1.0
, 50 .75 1.00 1.25 1.50 2.00 3.00 4,00 5.00 7,00

~0 -0.500 0
0 .25
- o. sooo - 0.5000 • 0.5000 0 .3200 .2222 .1250 . 0556 .0313 ,0200 ,.0102
.25-0.3680 - 0. 3564 • 0 ,3077 • 0 . 1876 - 0 . 0737 .0237 .0918 .0844 . 0453 .0271 . 0180 .0094
.50-0.21$~ • 0.1985 - 0.1561 • 0.1155 - 0.0873 • 0 . 05S5• 0.0159 .0361 . 0340 .0228 . 01~8 , 0087
. 75
-0.0960 - 0.0931 - 0.0878 • ll.0832 • 0. 0773 • 0 . 0666• 0.0491 • 0 . 0058 . 0215 .0181 .01.55 .0079
-0.0398 - 0.0423
1 . 00 - 0.0483 • 0. 0545 .;0,0581 • 0.0574 • 0.0516 • 0.0279 . 0084 .0130 . 0111 ,0071
1.!i0-0.00119 -0 .0103 - 0.0141 • 0.0194 • 0 . 0251 •0.029A • 0.0328 • 0.0316 • 0 . 0112 , 0024 .oos8 . 0054
-o.oo29 •0.0034
2 . oo -0.0049 • 0.0072 • 0.0101 •0.0133 • 0.0164 •0.0205 • 0.0167 • 0.0059 .0006 .0035
3.00 -0.0006 - o.coo7 - 0.0.010 • 0.0015 • 0.0022 - 0.0031 - 0.0042 • 0.0064 ~.0 09 9 • 0.0094 •O .OO:i9 -0 .0003
-0.0 002 - 0.0002
4 . 00 - 0.0003 • 0.0005 - 0 . 0007 • 0.0010 • 0.0014 • 0.0023 • 0.0043 • 0.0057 •0.00:>7 •0 .0028
s.oo -0 .0001 - 0.0001 -0.0001 • 0.0002 • 0.0003 • 0.0004 • 0.0006 • 0.0010 • 0.0019 •0. 0030 •0.0037 •0 .0033
1.oo -o.oooo -o.oooo - o.oooo -o.oooo • 0.0001 • 0.0001 • 0.0001 • 0 . 0002 • 0.0005 • 0 . 0009 •0 . 0013 •0.0 019
10.0 -o.oooo .oooo .0000 .oooo .oooo . oooo •0. 0000 • 0.0000 • 0 .0 001 •0.0002 • 0.0003 •0,0006
1s.o -o.oooc .0001 .0001 • oo·oi .0001 .0001 . 0001 .0001 .0001 .0001 . 0001 ,0000
20.0 -o . oooo .Q002 .0002 .0002 . 0002 .0002 .0002 .0002 .0002 , 0002 ,0002 ,0002
5.00 7,00
0 .25
°
-0.0574
0
.25
- o.o6o1
0
.50
-0.0694
0
. 75
• 0.071<¢
0
1.00
.0101
0
1.25
.0680
0
1.50
. 0445
0
2.00
.0176
0
3.00
.0049
0
4.00
.00 21
0
.0010
0 0
.0 004
.so -0.0894 :-0.081:13 - 0.0804 • 0.051 0 .0007 .0404 .0476 .0285 .0092 .0039 .0020 .0007
.75 - 0 . 0922 • 0.0813 - o. 0111 •0.0430 • 0.0094 .01!1 .0321 .0296 • 0122 • 0055 . 0029 , 0011
1 . 00 -0.0798 - 0.0748 -0.0605 • 0.0395 • 0.0165 .0036 .0172 .0245 .0136 ,0067 .00.57 .0014
1.50 -0.0515 • 0.04110 -0.0423 • 0. 0·325 • 0.0213 • 0.0104 • 0.0009 .0108 .0125 .0078 . 0047 . 0019
2.00 -0.0333 • 0.0323 -0 . 0294 • 0.0249 - 0.0195 oo0,0136 •0.00 79 .0015 • 0085 • 0073 .oo~o .0023
3.00 - 0.0164 • 0 . 0162 - 0.0155 - 0.0143 • 0.0128 • 0. 0110 • 0. 0090 • 0.0050 .0014 . 0039 .0040 ,0026
4.oo -c.oo96 - o.oo115 - 0 . 0092 • 0. 008.9 • O. G083 • 0. 0077 • 0.0069 • 0.0052 - 0.0016 .0010 .0022 . 0022
5.oo -o.oo62 - c . oD62 - 0. 00 61 • 0 .0059 • 0.0057 • 0.0054 • 0.0051 •0 .0043 • 0 . 0024 ' • 0. 0006 . OOU7 ,0015
1.oo -o.oo.)2 -o..0032 - 0 . 0032 • 0.0032 - 0.0031 - 0.0030 ·0.0 029 • 0.0027 • 0.0021 • 0.0014 • 0.0007 . 0003
' 10.0 -0.001 6 - 0 . 0016 - 0 .0016 • 0.0016 • 0 . 0016 - 0.0016 • 0.0015 • 0.0015 •0.0013 • 0.0011 • 0.0009 -0.0004
1 5.0 -0.0007 - o.ooo8 - 0.0008 • 0.0007 - o·. ooo1 • 0. 0007 •0.0007 • 0.0007 • 0.0007 •0. 0006 -0.0006 -0.0005
20.0 -0 .0004 -o.oou4 - 0.000 4 • 0.0004 • 0.0004 • 0.0004 • 0.0004 • 0.0004 • 0.0004 •0 . 0004 • 0.000 4 •0. 0003
N~ ~~ w+a " 1.0

s ·--
.25 .50 .75 1.00 1.25 f,50 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 7,00
~
0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0
.25 -o .u65 - 0.1 221 - 0.1377 · 0 . 1130 .0168 .1108 .0916 .0366 .0099 .0040 .0020 .0007
.so -0.17$8 •0.16/9 - 0.1345 • 0.0731 • 0.0070 .0464 ,0744 .0570 .0187 .0079 .0040 .0015
• 75 -0.1536 - 0.1411 - 0 . 1091 • 0.0689 • 0.0292 .0059 .0330 .0509 .0248 • 0112 • 00:>9 .0022
1.00 -0 . 1086 •C.1027 -0.0869 • 0 . 0650 • 0.0409 • 0.0172 .0041 .0312 .0268 .0137 .007!> .0028
1.50 - o.o539 • 0.0530 - 0.0503 • 0 . 0456 • 0.0387 • 0.0300 • 0.0 201 • 0.0005 .0187 .0151 . 0095 .00 40
2.00 -0.03 ... 9 -0 . 0308 - 0.0302 • 0.0291 • 0 .0273 • 0.0247 - 0.0212 •0.0120 . 0058 .0115 .0096 ,0'048
3.00 - 0.01;)9 - 0 . 01.59 - 0.0138 • 0.0137 • 0.0135 • 0. 0132 • 0.0127 • 0.0112 • 0 . 0057 , 0008 ,0046 .0048
4.00 -0.0018 - o.0078 -o . oo78 • 0.0078 -0.0078 • 0. 0077 •0.0076 •0 . 0073 • 0.0059 • 0.0033. •0.0003 .00.29
5.00 -o.ooso
7.00 -0 .0026
10.0 -0.0012
- 0.00!)0
-o.o026
- o . 0013·
-0.0050
- o.oo26
- o. 00 13
• 0.0050
• 0.0026
. o.oo:.3
•0.0050
• 0.0026
- 0.0013
• 0.0050
•0.0026
• 0.0013
• 0.0050
•0.0026
-0. 0013
• 0.004 9 •0.0045
• 0.0026 • 0,0025
• 0.0013 • 0.0013
•0,0035
• 0. 002 4
• 0.0013
• 0.0021
• 0.0021
• 0.0013
,0008
•0,0011
·0.0011
[:
15.0 -0.0006 - o.ooo7 -o.ooo7 • 0.0007 - 0.0007 • 0.0007 • 0.0007 •0.0007 • 0 . 0007 • 0 . 0007 • 0.0007 •0.0006
20.0 -0.0003 - o.ooo4 -o. ooo 4 •0.0004 •0.0004 • 0.0004 • 0.0004 •0.0004 • 0.0004 • 0.0003 •0,0003 -0.0003
r...
384 APPENDIX B 48
I400 (;)
'
1
l
4.00
~ 0 . 25 ,50 .75 1.00 1.25 1.50 2.00 3.00 s.oo 7.00
0 .5000 . 4681 ,3750 .2188 .0000 .DODO .oooo . 0000 .oooo . oooo
.0005
.0000
, 0002
.oooo
.0001
1
.25 .3041 ,2841 .2280 . 1437 .0656 .0255 .0128 .0044 .0013
.so .1910 .179!J ,14711 . 1043 ,0633 • 0357' .0207 . 0084 .0024 .0010 .0005 .0002
.0777 .0360 .0237 .0110 .0034 .0015 ,0007 .0003
·"
1.oo
1·50
. uso
• 01158·
,04511
.1186
.0822
,0446
. 1013
.0725
.0"12
• 0591
.0362
• 0544
.0451
.0306
.0329
.0250
.0236
,0200
. 0124
. 0125
.004~
.0052
.0019
.0025
.0010
.0014
·0004
.ooo5 1
. 0055 .0029 .0016 .0007
I
2.00 .0279 . 0274 ,0259 .0238 .0212 .0185 .0158 .0112
3.00 .0132 .0130 ,0127 .0121 .0114 .0106 .0097 .0079 .0049 .0030 . 0019 .0009
4 . 00 .0076 .007!1 .0074 .0072 .0070 .0066 .0063 .0055 .0040 .0028 .OD19 ·0010
5.oo .0049 .OD49 ,0048 . 0047 .0046 .D045 .OD43 .0040 .0031 .OD24 • 0018 .0 010
7.oo .oo25 .002!1 ,0025 .0025 .0024 .0024 .0024 .0022 .0020 .D017 .0014 . 0009
10.0 .oou .0012 , 0012 .0012 .0012 . 0012 .0012 .0012 .0011 .0010 . 0009 ·.ooo7
15.0 . ooo6 .ooo!l ,0005 .0005 . 0005 .0005 .0005 . 0005 .• 0005 .0005 .ODD4 .ooo 4
20.0 .ooo:s .DDD:S .0003 . OOD3 .0003 .0003 .OD03 .DD03 .0003 .0003 .D002 .0002
1
I402 (;;:)
'
3 . 00 4.DD s.oo 1.oo 1
~
0 .25 ,50 ,75 1.00 1.25 1.50 2.00
0 1o0000 ,9522 ,7953 .4622 ••••••• •D.1280 •D.0562 • 0.0193 • 0.0051 -o.OD20 -0.0010 - 0.0004
.25 ,!1914 ,5501 . 4230 .1969 •0.0358 •0. 0718 • 0.0432 • 0.0176 •0.0045 - O.DD20 -0 . 0011 - 0 . 0004
.50 .3416 .3150
.1840
.2381
.1435
. 1273
.0882
.0289 • 0,01U
. 0383 .0080
•0.0204
-0.0044
• 0.0128
•0. 0076
•0.0043
• 0.0036
-o.OD19
-0.0017
-0.0010
-0.0009
-o.oou4
-0 . 0003
1
l
.7!1 .2000
1.00 .1213 .1132 ,0914 .0624 .0350 .0152 .OD40 •0.0033 •0.0028 •0.0015 - o . Doo9 -o.ooo3
1.50 ,Q!I09 .0484 . 0419 .0328 .0233 .0150 .0087 .0017 • 0.0012 -0.0010 - 0.0007 •0.0003
2.00 . 0249 .0241 .0218 .0185 .0147 • D110 .0078 .0033 •0.0000 -o.ooos -o.ooo5 -o.ooo2
3.00 .0083 .0082 .0078 .0071 .0063 .0054 .0045 .0029 .0009 .0001 -o.ooo1 -o.ooo1
4.00 ·0037 .0036 .0035 .0033 .0031 . 0028 .0025 .0019 . 0009 . 000 4 .0001 -0 . 0001
5.oo .0019 .oou .0019 .0018 . 0017 .0016 .0015 . 0013 .0008 .0004 .0002 .oooo
1.oo .0007 .0007 . 0007 .0007 .0007 .0007 .0006 .0006 . 0004 . 0003 .0002 .Q001
. 0002 . 0002 .0001 .0001 \
,
10.0 ,0002 . ooo:s . 0002 .0002 .0002 . 0002 .0002 .0002
15 . 0 .0001 .0001 ,0001 .0001 .0001 .0001 .0001 .0001 . 0001 .0001 .DOD1 .oouo
20.0 .oooo ,DODO .0000 .DOOO .oooo .0000 .0000 .0000 .oooo .oooo .0000 .oooo
'
I
I 404(::0) \
3.00 4.00 5.00 7.00
~
0 .25 ,50 ,75 1 ;00 1.25 1.50 2 . 00
. 25 1o2167 1o2366 1.0380 . 4576 • 0.5536 • 0.2981 -0.0882 • 0. 0139 • 0.0012 • 0011 ·0 . 0001 .0005
. 50 ,7 478 ,69211 ,5130 .1979 • 0.0971 • 0.1407 -0.0810 •0.0208 - 0.0026 -o.D oos -0.0002 -o.oo oo
. 75 , 4160 .3793 .2736 .125 0 - 0.0008 •0.0504 - 0.0471 •0.0197 • 0.0032 -0.0008 -0. 0003 -o.o ooo
1.00 .2322 . 2120 .1567 .084• . 0218 • 0.0127 -0 . 0222 ~o. 0149 -0.003• -o.ooo~ -O.D003 - o . oo o1
1.50 .0799 .0744 ,0595 .0400 .0212 .0071 -0.0012 • 0 . 0058 • 0.0028 -0.0010 -0.0004 -o.ooo1
2.00 • 0323 .030 6 .0261 .0199 .0134 .0076 .0033 •0. 0011 - O.D018 - 0.0009 -0.0004 -0.0001
3.oo .0078 .007!J ,0069 . 0060 . 0049 .0037 .0027 . 0010 •0 . 0003 -o •.ooo4 -0.0003 - o . ooot
4 .0 0 .0026 .0026 ,0025 ~0023 .0020 .0017 .0014 .0008 .0001 •0.0001 -0.0001 - o.ooo1
5.00 .0011 .0011 .0011 ;0010 .0009 .DDD8 .0007 .0005 .0002 .oooo -o.oooo -o.o oo1
7.00 .0003 .ooo:s ,00 03 . 0003 .0003 .D003 .0002 . 0002 . 0001 ,0001 .DOOO - o.oooo
10.0 .0001 .0001 ,0001 .0001 .0001 .0001 , 0001 .0001 .oooo .oooo .0000 .DODO
. 15.0 .oooo .oooo ,0000 .oooo .oooo .0000 .0000 .0000 .oooo .0000 .OODD .oooo
20.0 .oooo .oooo ,0000 .oooo .oooo .0000 . 0000 . 0000 .oooo . oooo .0000 .o ouo
APPENDIX B 49 385
c;400 w~a = 0.5

.25 .50 .75 1.00 1.25 1.50 2.00 3.00 4.00 s.oo 7.00
:-;-"'
0
0
.5000 .4688 ,37SO .2188 .oooo .oooo .oooo
.013S
.0000
.0047
.oooo
.0013
.• 0000
.0005
.oooo
.0003
.oooo
.0001
.25 .2948 ,2753 .2197 .1406 .0687 .0285
.so .1682 .1585 .1324 .0984 .0656 .0399 .0233 .0092 .0025 .0010 .0005 .0002
.75 .oo77 .0938 .0835 .0692 .0537 .0389 .0268 .0124 .0036 .0015 .0008 .ooo3
1.00 .0601 .058'7 .OS49 .0491 .0418 .0337 .0259 .0142 .0047 .0020 .0010 .0004
1.So .0276 .027!1 .0270 .0261 .0246 .0224 .0197 .0139 .0060 .0029 .001S .0005
2.00 o0154 .0155 .0155 .01S4 .D1S1 .0145 .0137 .0113 .0063 .0033 .0018 .ooo7
3.oo .0068 .0068 ,0068 .0069 .0069 .0069 .0069 .0065 .0051 .0035 .0022 ·0010
4.00 o0038 .0038 .0038 .0038 .0039 .0039 .0039 .0039 .0035 .0029 .0022 .0011
s.oo .0024 .0024' .0024 .0024 .0025 ,0025 ,002S .0025 .0024 .0022 .0018 • 0011
7.00 o0012 .0012 .0012 .0012 .0012 .0012 ,0012 .0013 .0013 .0013 .0012 .0009
10.0 .0006 .ooo' .0006 .0006 .0006 .0006 .0006 .0006 .0006 .0006 .0006 .0006
15.0 .ooo3 .0002 .0002 .0002 .0002 .0002 .0002 .0002 .0002 .0002 .0002 .0002
20.0 .0002 .0001 ,0001 .0001 .0001 .0001 .0001 .0001 .0001 •. 0001 .0001 .0001
cr400 w~a = 1.0

4.00 s.oo 7;00
~ 0 .25 .50 .75 1.00 1.2S 1.SO 2.00 3.00
0 .5000 ,4688 .3750 .2188 .oooo .0000 .oooo .oooo .oooo· .oooo .oooo .oooo
.25 .2651. .2471 .1965 .1326 .0767 ,0366 .0159 .0053 .0013 .ooos ,0003 .0001
.50 .1069 .1030 .0939 .0825 .0676 .0490 .0311 .0114 .0028 .0011 .0005 .0002
.75 ,O:S75 .0394 .0435 .0467 .0463 ,0415 ,0334 .0171 .0044 .0017 .0008 .0003
1.00 .0141 .0158 .0200 .0249 .0284 .0294 .0277 .0191 .0062 .0024 .0011 .0004
1.So .0030 .003!1 .0050 .0072 .0097 ,0120 .0137 .0144 .0085 .0038 .0019 .0006
2.00 .0010 • 0011 .0017 .0025 .0036 .0048 .0060 .0080 .0078 .0047 .002.6 .0009
. 3. 00 .ooo2 .0002 .0003 .0005 .0008 .0011 ,0014 .0022 .0037 .0039 .0030 .OOl4
4.00 .0001 .0001 ,0001 .0002 .0002 .0003 .0005 .0008 .001S .0021 .0023 .0016
s.oo .oooo .oooo .oooo .0001 .0001 .0001 .0002 .0003 .0007 .0010 .0013 .0014
7.00 .oooo .oooo .oooo .oooo .oooo .0000 .0000 .0001 .0002 .0003 .0004 .0007
10.0 .oooo -o.oooo -o.oooo -o.oooo -o.oooo -o.oooo -o.oooo .0000 .oooo .0001 ,0001 .0002
15.0 .oooo •0.0001 -0.0001 •0.0001 •0.0001 •0.0001 -0.0001 •0.0001 •0.0001 -o.oooo -o.oooo -o.oooo
20.0 .oooo •0.0001 •0,0001 -0.0001 •0.0001 •0.0001 -0.0001 ·0.0001 -o.ooo1 -0.0001 -0.0001 -0.0001
5
1 400 w+a = 0.5
4.00 5.00 7.00
~ 0 .2S .so .75 1.00 1.25 1.50 2.00 3.00
0 .oooo .oooo .oooo .oooo .oooo .0000 .0000 .0000 .oooo .DODD .oooo .oouo
.25 .0731 .0679 .0522 .0241 -0.0024 •0.0090 -0.0054 •0.0024 -0.0006 -0.0002 -0.0001 -o.oooo
.so .ouo .074!1 .OS61 .0308 .0089 •0.0022 -0.0048 -0.0032 •0.0011 •0.0005 -0.0002 -0.0001
.75 .0667 .061'7 ,0485 .0314 .0156 .0049 ·0.0006 •0.0027 •0.0014 •0,0007 ·-0.0003 -0.0001
1.00 .0505 • 047!1 .0394 .0286 .0179 .0092 .0035 •0.0012 •0.0014 •0.0008 -0.0004 -0.0002
1.50 .0287 .0277 .0249 .0208 .0161 .0115 .0076 .0022 •0.0007 -0.0007 -0.0005 -0.0002
2.00 .0177 .0174 .0163 .0146 .0125 .0102 .0079 .0041 .0003 -o.ooos -o.ooo5 -0.0003
3.00 .0084 .0083 .0081 .0077 .0072 .006S .OOS8 .0043 .0017 .0004 -0.0001 -0.0002
4.00 .0049 .0048 .0047 .0046 .0044 .0042 .0039 .0033 .• 0020 .0010 .0003 -0.0001
s.oo .0031 .0031 .0031 .0030 .0030 •.0029 .0028 .0025 .0018 .0011 .0006 .0001
7.00 o0016 .0016 .0016 .0016 .0016 .0016 .0015 .0014 .0012 .001C .0007 .0003
10.0 .0008 .00011 .0008 .0008 .0008 .0008 .0008 .0008 .0007 .0006 .0006 .OOU4
15.0 .ooo4 .0004 .0004 .0004 .0004 .0004 .0004 .0004 .0004 .0003 .0003 .0003
20.0 .ooo2 .0002 .0002 .0002 .0002 .0002 .0002 .0002 .0002 • 00,02 .0002 .OOlJ2
si400 w+a = 1.0

.75 1.2S 1.So 2.00 3.00 4'.00 5.00 7.oo
~r 0 .2S .so 1.00
az"-. .oooo .0000 .oooo .oooo .0000 .0000 .0000 .DODO .oooo .0000 .oooo
0 .oooo
.25 .1411 .1307 .0982 .04SS •0.0006 •D.01S4 -0.0112 •0.0046 •0.0012 -o.ooos -0.0003 -0.0001
.50 .1360 .124!1 ,0943 .0570 .0243 .0028 •0.0066 •0.0065 •0.0023 -0.0010 -0.0005 -0.0002
.75 .0913 • 0861 ,0721 .OS36 • 034-2 ,0174 .OOS3 •0.0041 •0.0028 -0.0013 -0.0007. -0.0003
1.00 .0582 .056!!1 .0514 .0434 .0335 .0230 .0134 .0011 •0.0027 -0.0016 -O.Otl09 -0.0003
LSO .0274 .0272 .0265 .02S1 .0230 .0200 .0164 .0087 .. 0.0002 -0.0014 -0.0010 -0.0005
2.00 .o1S6 •. 01S!I .0154 .01S1 .0146 .0138 .0127 .0096 .0028 -0.0002 -o.ooo8 -o.ooos
.0069 .0069 ,0069 .0069 .0069 .0068 .0066 .0062 .0044 .0021 .0005 -o.oou3
3.00 .OD25i .0015 .0002
4.00 •0039 .0039 .0039 .0039 .0039 .0039 .0039 .0038 .0033
.oD2S .002!1 .0025 .0025 .002S .0025 .002S .OD2S .0023 .0021 .0016 .0006
s.oo ,0012 .oou9
7.00 .0013 .oou .0013 .0013 .0013 .0013 .0013 .0013 .0013 .0012
.0007 .0007 .0007 .0007 .0007 .0007 .0007 .0007 .0007 ,0006 .oou6
10.0 .ooo6 .0003 .oou3
15.0 .ooo3 .0003 .0003 .0003 .0003 .0003 .0003 .0003 .0003 .0003
.0002 .0002 .0002 .0002 .0002 .0002 .0002 .0002 ,0002 ,0002 .0002
20.0 .ooo2
APPENDIX B so
386
/ 402 wta = 0.5
2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 7.oo

~ 0 .25 .50 .75 1.00 1.25 1.50
0 1·0000 ,9522 .7953 .4622 ••••••• •0.1280 •0.0562 •0.0193 •0.0051 •0.0020 •0.0010 •0.0004
.25 ,5712 ,5300 ,4004 .1844 •0.0093 •0.0638 ·0.0438 •0.0177 •0.0049 •0.0020 •0.0010 •0.0004
.50 .2885 .2630 .1976 .1159 .0475 .0018 •0.0157 •0.0130 •0.0045 •0.0019 -0.0010 -0.0004
.75 .1!50 .1250 .1029 .0749 .0470 .0220 .0045 •0.0064 •0.0037 •0.0018 -o.ooo9 -o.ooo4
1.00 .0635 ,06U ,055.7 .0471 ,0362 ,0239 .0125 •0.0003 •0.0027 ·0.0016 ·0.0009 •0.0003
1·50 .0172 .0175 ,0182 .0184 .0176 .0154 .0122 .0054 -o.ooos -0.0010 -0.0007 -li.0003
2·00 ;oo63 .0065 .0071 .0078 .0082 .0082 .0076 .0054 .0010 -0.0003 •0,0004 •0.0003
,0016 ,0017 .0019 .0022 .0024 .0025 .0026 ,0016 .0006 ,0001 -0.0001
3.00 .0015 .0007 .0003 .oooo
4.00 .0006 .0006 ,0006 .0007 .0008 .0009 .0010 .0011 .0011
.0003 .0003 .0003 .0004 .0004 .0004 .0005 .0006 .• 0005 ,0004 .ooo1
s.oo .ooo3 .0002 .0002 .0001
7.00 .0001 .0001 .0001 ;ooo1 .0001 .000!1. .0001 .0002 .0002
.oooo ,DODD .oooo .oooo .0000 .DODD .DODD .0001 .0001 ,0001 .0001
10.0 .oooo .oooo .oooo .oooo
15.0 .oooo .oooo .oooo .DODO .oooo .oooo .0000 ,0000 .oooo
.oooo .oooo ,0000 .DODD .0000 .DODO .oooo .DODO .oooo .oooo .oooo .oooo
20.0
l4o2 a~ta = 1.o
2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 7.00

~
0 .25 .so ,75 1.00 1.25 1.50
.9522 ,7953 .4622 ••••••• -0.1280 -0.0562 •0.0193 -a. o.o51 -0.0020 -0.0010 •O.OOD4
0 1·0000
.4655 .3318 .1579 .0479 •0.0378 -0.0460 •0.0186 •0.0054 •0.0020 ·0.0009 •Q.QOD4
.25 • 5097 -0.0048 -0.0020 -0.0010 -o.ooo4
.50 .1!77 .1252 .1041 .0922 .0742 ,0395. .OD42 •0.0130
.75 •0.0052 .0030 .0222 .0404 .0481 .0426 .0276 .0005 •0.0040 -o.o019 -o .oo10 -0.0004
-0.0248 •0.0193 •0.0055 .0102 .0223 .0275 .0257 .0108 •0.0022 •0.0017 -0.0010 -o.ooo4
1.00 .0026 •0.0006 -O.D007 -o.ooo3
1.50 -o.o138 .o.o128 •0.0099 •0.0054 •0.0002 .0049 .0087 .0108
2.00 -o •. oo67 .o.oo65 •0,0058 •0.0047 •0.0031 •0.0012 .0008 .0042 .0041 .0010 -0.0002 -0.0003
-0.0022 •0.0022 •0,0021 •0.0019 •0.0017 •0.0014 -0.0011 •0.0003 .0014 ,0016 .0009 -o.oooo
3.00 .0006 ,0007 .0003
4.00 -o.ooo9 .o.oooo -o.ooo9 -0.0009 -o.ooo8 ·0.0008 •0.0007 •0.0005 .0001
-o.ooo5 -o.ooo5 •0.0005 •0.0005 •0.0005 •0.0004 -0.0004 •0.0003 •0.0002 .0001 ,0003 .OOD3
s·. oo •0.0001 -o.oooo .DOD1
7.00 -o.ooo2 .o.ooo2 •D.OD02 •0.0002 •0.0002 •0.0002 •0,0002 •D.DD02 •D.OOD1
•0.0001 •O.OD01 •D,OD01 •0.0001 •0.0001 •0.0001 -0.0001 •0. 0001 -o.oooo -o.oooo -o.oooo .DODD
10.0 -o.oooo -o.oooo -o.oooo
15.0 -o.oooo .o.oooo -o.oooo -o.oooo •0.0000 •0.0000 -o.oDoo •0.0000 -o.oooo
-o.oooo -o.oooo -o.oooo -o.oooo -o.oooo •0.0000 -o.oooo •0.0000 -o.oooo -o_. oooo -o.oooo -o.oooo
20.0
/ 402 wta = 0.5
3.00 4,00 5.0D 7.00

~ 0 .25 .50 ,75 1.00 1.25 1.5D 2.00
.oooo ,0000 .oooo .oooo .0000 .0000 .0000 .oooo .oooo .oooo .DODO
0 .oooo
.25 .1598 .1528 .1266 .0476 •0.0587 •O.D418 -0.0119 •O.D021 .OOD2 -o.oooo -0.0001 -o.oDoo
.50 .1778 .1632 .1172 .0454 •0.0147 •D ·• 0309 -0.0208 •0.0055 -o.ooo7 -o.DD01 -o.oooo -o.oDuo
.75 .1355 .1227 ,0879 .0431 .0069 •O.D123 -0.0157 •0.0078 •0.0013 -0.0003 -0.0001 -o.oDOD
1.00 .0904 .0829 ,0630 .0380 .0153 •0.0001 -0.0074 •0.0074 •0.0018 •0,0005 -o.OOD2 -o.oooo
.0389 .0369 .0315 .0239 .0157 .0083 .0026 •0.0028 •0.0022 •0.0008 -0.0003 -o.OD01
1.50 -0.0004 -0.0001
2.00 .0187 .0182 .0166 .0141 • 0111 .0079 • 00.49 .0006 •0.0015 •0.0009
3.oo ;0061 .0060 .0058 .0054 .0049 .0042 .0035 .0021 .0001 -0.0005 -0.0004 -o.ooo2
4.00 .0026 .0026 .0026 .D025 .0023 .0022 .0020 .0015 .0006 .0000 -0.0002 -o.OOD2
5.00 .0014 .0014 .0013 • 0013 .0013 .0012 .0011 .D010 .0006 .D002 -o.ooDo -0.0001
7.00 .ooo5 .0005 .0005 .0005 .0005 .0005 .0005 .0004 .0003 .OOQ2 .0001 -o.oooo
.ooo2 .0002 ,0002 .0002 .0002 .0002 ,0002 .0002 .D001 .0001 .0001 .oooo
10.0 .oooo .oooo
15.0 .0001 .0001 .OD01 .0001 .0001 .DD01 .0001 .0001 .0001 .oooo
.DODO .oooo .oooo .oooo .oooo .0000 .oooo .0000 .ODOO .DODO .ODDD .DOOO
20.• 0
5
I 4D2 wfa = l.D
3.00 4.00 5.00 7.0D

~ D .25 ,50 .75 1.00 1.25 1.50 2.00
0 .oooo .oooo ,0000 .oooo .oooo .0000 .DODD .0000 .oooo .oooo .oooo .oooo
.25 .3133 .2988 .2368 • 0771 •0.0784 •0.0797 -0.0271 •0.0038 •0.0003 -0.0001 ·0.0001 -o.oooo
.50 .2968 .2648 .1791 .0802 .0047 •0.0363 ·0.0401 •0.0133 •0.0015 -o.D003 -0.0001 -o.ooDo
.75 .1609 .1473 .1138 .0734 .0346 .0033 -0.0155 •0.0171 •0.0030 •0.0007 -0.0002 -o.oooo
1.00 ,Q761 .0738 .0664 .0537 .0371 .0194 .0039 •0.0108 •0.0045 -0.0012 -0.0004 -o.ooD1
1·50 .Q216 .0219 .0222 .0221 .D207 .0177 .0133 .0034 •0.0041 •0.0020 -0.0008 -o.ooD2
2·00 .0087 .0088 .0091 .0094 • D097 .0095 .0089 .0061 -o.ooo6. •0.0019 -0.0010 -0.0003
3.oo .0024 .0025 ,0025 .0026 .0027 .D028 .0029 .00?9 .0020 .0003 -o.OD05 -o.OD04
4.00 .0010 .0010 .0010 .0011 • 0011 .D011 .OD12 .0012 .0012 .0008 .0003 -o.oDu3
5.00 .0005 ,QOO! .DDD5 .0005 .0005 .OOD6 ,0006 ,0006 .OD07 .0006 .0004 -o.oouo
7.00 .ooo2 .0002 ,0002 .0002 .OOD2 .0002 .0002 .0002 .0002 .0002 .0002 .0002
10.0 .0001 .0001 ,0001 .0001 .0001 .0001 .0001 .0001 .0001 .D001 ,0001 .DOD1
.oooo .DODO .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .DODO .oooo .oooo .0000 .oooo
15.0 .oooo
.oooo .oooo .DODD • 00 OD .0000 .OODO .0000 ,0000 .oooo .oooo .0000 .oooo
20.0
387
APPENDIX B 51
I420(')
,50 ,75 1.00 1.25 1.50 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 7.00
~
D .25
.1220 .2252 .2832 .2122 ,0992 .0635 .0335 .0143 .0079 .0051 .0026
0 ,oooo
.0717 .1282 .1496 .1267 .0867 .0586 .0325 .0141 .0079 .0050 .0027
.25 .oaoo .0494 .0298 .0136 ,0077 .0050 .QD26
.so .oooo .0410 ,0724 .0858 ,0801 ,0646
.75 .0241 ,0427 .0523 .0525 .0467 .0390 .0261 .0129 .0075 .0049 .0025
.oooo .0072 .0048 .0025
1.00 .oooo .0147 .0265 .0335 ,0355 .0338 .0302 .0222 .0120
.0062 ,0116 .0154 ,0177 .0184 .0179 .0154 .0099 .0064 .0044 .0024
1·50 .oooo .0079 .0056 .0040 .0023
2.00 .oooo .0031 .0058 .0081 .0097 .0106 .0110 .0105
• 0010' .0020 .0029 .0036 .0042 .0047 .0051 .0048 .0040 .0031 .0020
3.oo .oooo .0023 .0027 .0029 .0027 .0024 .0017
4o00 .oooo ,OOO!I ,0009 .0013 .0017 .0020
.0002 ,0005 .0007 .0009 ,0011 .0013 .0016 .0019 .0019 .0018 .0014
s.oo .oooo ,0005 .0008 .0010 .0010 .0009
7.00 .oooo .0001 .0002 .0003 .0003 .0004 .0006
.oooo ,0001 .0001 .0001 .0002 .0002 .0002 .0003 .0004 .0005 .ooos
10.0 .oooo .0001 .0002 .• 0002
15.0 .oooo .oooo ,0000 .oooo .0000 .0000 ,0001 .0001 .0001
.oooo .oooo .oooo .oooo .oooo .0000 .0000 .0000 .0001 .0001 .0001
20,0 ,oooo
I422(1j1)
1.00 1.25 1.50 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 7.00

~
0 .25 ,50 .75
• 00.00 .2500 ,5000 ,7500 .5000 .0000 .oooo .0000 .0000 .0000 .oooo .oooo
0 .0003 .0001 .0001
.2!1 .oooo .1578 ,2921 .3592 .2<425 .0838 .0325 .0079 .0017
.0901 ,1583 .1794 .1<406 .0813 ,0425 .0132 .0025 .0008 .0003 .0001
.so .oooo .0034 .oou· .0004 .0001
.7!1 .oooo .0497 ,0859 .0981 .0853 .0609 .0390 .0154
.0278 ,0<483 .0569 .0535 ,0432 .0316 .0152 .0039 ,0013 .0006 .0002
l. 0·0 .oooo .0042 • 0017 .0008 .0002
1.50 .oooo .0096 ,0173 .0218 .0229 .0213 .0183 • 0118
2.00 .oooo .0039 ,0073 .0096 .0108 .0110 .0103 .0080 ,0038 .0017 .0009 .0003
.-0010 .0018 .0026 .0031 .0035 .0036 .0035 .0024 .0015 .0008 .0003
3.00 .oooo 0014 .0010 ,0007 .0003
4.oo .oooo .0003 ,0006 .0009 .0012 .0013 .0015 .0016 0
.0001 .0003 .0004 .0005 .0006 .0007 .0008 .0008 .0007 .0005 .ooo3
s.oo .oooo .0003 .0003 .0002
7.oo .oooo .oooo ,0001 .0001 .0001 .0002 .0002 .0003 .0003
.oooo .oooo .oooo .oooo .0000 .0001 .0001 .0001 .0001 .0001 .0001
10.0 .oooo .0000 .oooo
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.oooo ,0000 .0000 .oooo .0000 .oooo .oooo .0000 .oooo .oooo .oooo
20.0 .oooo
r42iw)
.75 1.00 1.25 1.50 2.00 3.00 4.00 5 •.00 7.00

~
0 .25 ,50
• 25 .oooo .32.9:!! ,6962 1.0713 .5682 •0.1013 -0.0882 •0.0278 •0.0051 -0.0014 -0.0009 -0.0003
.so .oooo .2116 ,3942 ,4598 .2917 .0734 -0.0055 •0.0149 -0.0041 -0.0014 -0.0006 -0.0002
.75 .oooo .1181 .20<49 .2240. .1644 .0801 .0262 •0.0032 -0.0029 -0.0012 -0.0005 -0.0001
::..oo .oooo .0631 .1073 .1184 .0967 .0610 .0309 .0041 -0.0016 -0.0009 -0.0005 -o.ooo1
1.50 .oooo .0188 .0327 .0385 .0365 .0295 .0210 .0081 ;ooo3 •0.0004 -0.0003 -0.0001
2.oo .oooo .006!1 ,0116 .0146 .0152 .0140 .0116 .0066 .0012 .0001 -0.0001 -0.0001
.0012 ,0022 ,0030 .0034 • o·o36 ,0035 .0029 .0013 .0004 .0001 ·-o.oooo
3.00 .oooo .0002 .oooo
4.oo .oooo .ooo:s .0006 .0008 .0010 .0012 .0012 .0012 .0008 .0004
s.oo .oooo .0001 ,0002 .0003 .0004 .0004 .0005 .0005 .0004 .0003 .0002 .oooo
.oooo .oooo .0001 .0001 ,0001 .0001 .0001 .0001 .0001 .0001 .oooo
7.oo .oooo .0000 .oooo
10.0 .oooo .oooo .0000 .0000 .DODO ,0000 .oooo .oooo .oooo .oooo
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15.0 .oooo • DODO · .oooo
20.0 .oooo .oooo .oooo .oooo .0000 .0000 .oooo .0000 .oooo .oooo
¥
~
388
0
0
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.25
.1220
APPEIIDIZ B
.50
.2252
·"
.2832
1 . 00
. 2122
52
cz420 co+a = 0.5
1.25
.0992
1.50
. 0635
2.00
.0 335
3.00
. • 0143
4.00
• 0079
5.00
.0051
7.oo
.0 026
lI
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I
.so .ooo o .0345 , 0603 .0723 .0713 .0619 .0495 .0302 .0138 ,0078 ,0050 .00 26
.0409 .0369 .0 263 . 0131 .0076 • ,0049 .oo 25
·"
1.oo
1 . 50
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. 0163
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, 0295
.0149
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.0380
. 0206
.0068
. 0417
.0246
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.0264
. 0110
.0261
.0123
.0216
. 0129
.0122
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.0073
. 0065
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2.o o .oooo .0001 .0017 .0027 . 0038 .0 049 .0059 .0073 .0072 .0055 . 0041 .0 023
3 .oo .oooo . 0002 ,0004 .0007 .00 09 ,0013 .0016 .0024 .0033 ,0034 ,"0030 .0020
4.00 . oo oo .0001 ,0002 .0002 . 0003 .0005 ,000 6 .0009 .0 015 ,00 19 .0020 .0016
s.oo . oooo .oooo . 0001 .0001 .0002 .0002 .0003 . 0004 . 0007 .0011 .0012 .0012
7.00 .oooo . oooo ,0000 .oooo .0001 . 0001 ,0001 .0001 . 0002 .0004 .0005 .0006
10. 0 . oooo .oooo .oo oo .oooo .oooo .000 0 .oooo .0000 .0001 .0001 ,0002 .00 02
1s·.o .oooo . oooo ,0 000 .oooo . oooo .0 000 .oooo .oo oo . oo oo .oo oo .0000 .oo ot
20.0 . oooo .oooo .oooo .oooo . oooo .oooo .oo oo . 0000 .oooo .oooo .0000 .oooo
.c1420 ·"'"a = l.O

5.00 7. 00
~ 0 .25 ,50 .75 1.00 1.25 1 . 50 2.00 3.00 4 . 00
.1220 .2252 .2832 . 2122 ,0992 ,0635 .0335 .~143 ,0079 .0051 .0.0 26
0 .oooo
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.50 .oooo . 0164 .0294 . 0399 .0483 • 0516 .0 476 .0315 .0142 . 0079 .0050 .0025
.75 . oooo • 0.0001 . 0024 .0084 .0162 .0234 .0276 .0258 .0137 .0079 .oo:So .0026
1.00 .oooo • 0.0027 •0.0 036 •0.0018 .0024 .0077 . 0126 .0175 .0127 .0077 .0050 .0026
1.50 .oooo •0.0017 •0,0029 •0.0036 •0 .0033 - 0.0020 - 0.0001 . 0045 .0085 .0067 .0 047 .Q025
2.oo . oooo • 0.0 00 1 •0.0016 •0 . 0021 -0.0025 •0.0024 - 0.0021 •0.0004 .0038 .0049 .0041 .0 024
· 3.oo . oooo -o .ooo J -o.ooo5 -o . ooo8 - o. 0010 • 0. 0011 -0.0012 • 0.0012 -0.0003 ,0012 .0021 .0020
4 .oo • ooo o • 0 .0 001 • 0.0002 • 0 . 0003 •0.0004 •0.0005 -0 .0006 •0.0007 • 0.0007 - 0.0002 .0005 • 0013 .
5.oo .oooo •0.0 00 1 • 0 .0 001 •0.0002 -o .ooo2 ·- o.ooo3 - o.oo o3 - o.ooo 4 • 0 .0005 •0.0004· -0.0 001 .0006
1.oo .oooo -o. oooo - o.oooo • 0.0001 -0.0001 •0 .0001 - 0.0001 •0. 0002 • 0 . 0002 • 0.0002 -0 .0002 - o . oooo
1 0.0 .oooo -o.o ooo - o.oooo - o.oooo - o.oooo - o.oooo -o.oooo -o.o oo1 - o·.ooo1 •0 ; 0001 - 0.0001 - 0 .0 001
15.0 .oooo -o.oooo -o.oooo •0 . 0000 -o . oooo -o.oooo -o .oooo - o.oooo -o.oooo -o.oooo -o.oooo -o.oooo
20.0 . oooo - o. oooo - .o .oooo - o.oooo - o. oooo -o . oooo -o.oooo .o. ooo o - o.oooo -o.oooo - o . oooo · -o.o ooo
5
;
420 co<a = 0.5
3.oo 4 . 00 5 . 00 7.00
~ 0 .25 ,50 .75 1.00 1.25 1.50 2.00
. oooo .oooo .oooo .oooo .ooo o .oooo .oooo .0000 .oooo .o ooo .0000 .oooo
0 .ooo1
.25 . oooo . 0199 ,0372 .0 433 . 0299 .0116 .0037 .0010 .0001 .000 1. .oooo
.50 .oooo .0213 .0370 .0413 .0334 , 0207 .0111 .0035 .0006 .0002 . 00 01 .oooo
. 75 . oooo . 0161 . 0277 .0319 .0290 .0222 . 0150 . 0061 .0013 ,0004· . 0002 . 0001
1.00 .oooo .0108 ,0190 .0231 .0229 . 0198 .0155 .0080 .0021 .00 07 ,0003 . 0001
1.50 .oooo .0047 ,0088 .0116 .0130 . 0130 .0121 .0087 .0034 .0013 , 0006 . 0002
2.00 .oooo .0023 ,0044 . 0061 . 0073 .0080 .0081 . 0072 .0039 .0018 .0009 .00 03
3 . oo. .oooo .oooe ,0015 .0021 . 0027 .0032 .0036 . 0039 .0033 .0022 .0013 .ooo5
4.00 .oooo .0003 .0007 .0010 .0012 .0015 .0017 . 0021 .0022 . 0019 .0014 .0007
5.oo .oooo .0002 .0003 . 0005 .0007 .0008 .0009 . 0012 .0014 .0014 ·, 0012 .ooo1
1.oo . oooo .0001 ,0 001 .0002 .0002 ,0003 .0004· .0005 .0006 .0007 .0007 .0006
10.0 .oooo .oooo ,0000 . 0001 .0001 .0001 .00 01 .0002 .0002 ,0003 .0003 .0004
15.0 .oooo .oooo .oooo .0000 .oooo .0000 . oooo .0001 .0001 ,0001 .0001 .0002
20.0 .oooo .o ooo .oooo .oooo .oooo .oooo .oooo .0000 .oooo .oooo .0001 .0001
!';420 co<a = 1.0
4,00 5.00 7.00

~
0 .25 .5 0 .75 1 . 00 1.25 1.50 2.00 3.00
0 .oooo .oooo .oooo .oooo . oooo .oooo .oooo .0000 .oooo . oo oo .0000 .oooo
.25 .oooo .0382 . 0705 .0796 .0567 .0253 • 0087. .0022 . 000 3 . 00 01 . 0000 .0001
.so .oooo .0351 .0588 .0654 . 0573 .0414 .0252 .0078 . 0013 . 00 04 .0 002 .0001
.75 .oooo .0192 . 0340 .0 419 . 0429 .0383 .0302 .0142 .0029 .0009 ,0004 .000 1
.oooo .0094 . 0178 .0244 . 0282 .0288 . 0266 .0174 .0048 :0015 ,0006 .0002
1 - 00
1.50 .oooo .0027 . 0055 .0083 .0109 .0131 .01 45 . 0144 .oon . 0031 , 0013 .0004
2.00 .oooo .0011 ,0022 .0034 . 0046 .0059 .0070 .0 086 .0076 .0043 ,0 021 .0006
3.oo .oooo .0003 . 0006 .0009 .0013 • 0017 .00 20 .0028 .0040 .0039 ·.oo29 . 0012
4.0 0 .oooo .0001 .0003 .0004 . 0005 .0007 .0008 .0011 .0018 .0023 .0023 .0015
s.oo . oooo .0001 ,0001 .0002 .000 3 .0003 ,0004 .0006 .0009 .0012 ,0015 .00 14
7.00 .oooo .oooo . oooo . 0001 .0001 .0001 .0001 .0002 . 0003 .0004 ,0006 .ooo8
.oooo .oooo .0000 .oooo .0000 .0000 . 0000 • 0001- .0001 .0001 ,0002 .0003
10.0 .0001 .00 01 .0001
15.0 .oooo .oooo .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 . 0000 .0000 .oooo
20.0 . oooo .oooo .0000 .oooo .0000 .0000 . oooo .0000 .oooo .oooo . 0000 .0001
53 389
APnJIDIX B
cr wte& = O.S
422
2.0 0 3.00 4 ,00 5.00 7.00

~ 0 .25 .so .75 1.00 1.25 1.50
0 .oooo .2500 .sooo .7500 .sooo .0000 .oooo .o ooo . oooo .oooo .0000 .oooo
. 25 .oooo ,154'* • 21131 .3274 .2302 .0967 .0350 .0081 .0013 .0 004 .0 002 .oouo
.so .oooo .0756 .1271 .1386 .1198 . 0848 .0490 .0150 . 0026 . 0008 .0003 .0001
.75 .oooo .0300 ,0511 .0610 .0620 ,0548 ,0 416 .0181 .0037 .00 12 .0005 . 0001
1.00 .oooo .0101 .0196 .0268 . 0314 .0324 . 0292 .0174 .0046 . 0015 .0006 .0002
1.50 .oooo .0010 .0025 .0049 . 0076 .0100 .0115 .0109 . 0050 .0020 .0009 .0002
2 . 00 .oooo • 0.0001 .0001 .0007 .00 16 .0028 .0040 .0053 . 0041 .0021 .0010 .0003
3.oo .oooo • 0.0001 • 0.00 02 •0 .0002 • 0.000 1 .0001 .0004 .0010 .0017 .0015 ,0010 .0004
4 .00 .oooo -o .oooo • 0 .0001 •0.0001 •0.0001 - 0.00 01 - o.oooo .000 1 .0005 .0007 .0007 . 0004
;.oo . • 0000 - o.oooo - o .ooo o •0 .0001 •0 . 0001 • 0.0001 - 0 . 0001 •0. 0000 .0002 .0003 . 0004 .0003
7.00 .oooo • 0.0000 - o.oooo -o.oooo -o.oooo - o. oooo - o .o ooo • 0.0000 .oooo . oooo . 0001 .0001
10 . 0 .oooo - o.oooo - o.oo oo - o.oooo -o.oooo - o.oooo - o.oooo •o . oooo - o.oooo - o .oooo . 0000 . oooo
15.0 . oooo . oooo .oooo .oooo -o.oooo - o.oooo - o.oooo - o.oooo - o.o·ooo - o . oooo -o . oooo .oooo
20.0 .oooo .oooo .oooo .oooo .0000 .oooo .oo oo . 0000 .oooo .oooo .0000 .oooo
ci422 Ol+e& = l.O
,50 .75 1 .00 1.25 1.50 2.00 3 . 00 4.00 5.00 7.oo

~
0 .25
0 .oooo .2500 .5000 .7500 .5000 • ooo·o .00 00 .0000 .ooo o .oooo .0000 . ooo o
.25 . oooo .1427 . 2485 .2453 ,1966 . 1247 .0457 . 0093 . 0010 .ooos .0002 . oooo
.so .oooo .0290 .0 41 4 .0513 .0686 .0769 .0625 .0209 .0031 .00 09 .0003 .0001
.75 . oooo • 0 . 0137 •0.0169 •0.0070 .0105 .0271 .0357 . 0256 . 0050 ,0014 ,0005 . 000 1
1.00 .oooo • 0.0 121 •0.0195 • 0.0179 • 0 .0096 .0016 .0118 ·.0191 . 0067 . 00 20 . 0007 .0002
.oooo •0.0041 • 0.0075 •0 . 0096 • 0 . 0100 •0.0084 · 0.0052 .0024 .0065 . 0030 .0012 .ooo3
1.50 . 0015 .0004
2 . oo .oooo • 0.0014 •0 . 0027 • 0.0039 • 0.0047 - o . oo5o· -o.oo48 • 0.0027 . 0026 .0028
:Loo .oooo • 0.0003 • 0 . 0006 -o. ooo8 • 0 . 0011 • 0 . 0013 -0 .0015 -0.0017 • 0 . 0009 .0005 .0010 .0006
4.00 .oooo • 0 . 0001 • 0 . 0002 • 0.0003 • 0.0004 -o.ooo4 - o.ooo5 • 0.0007 • 0 .0007 • 0 . 0004 .0001 .0004
;. oo .oooo - o.oooo • 0.0001 •0.0001 - o . oo01 • 0 . 0002 -0 .0002 • 0,.0003 • 0.0004 •0 . 0004 -0.0 002 .0002
7. oo .oooo - o.ooo o • 0 . 0000 - o.ooo o - o.oooo • 0.0000 - 0.0001 • 0.000·1 - 0 . 0001 •0.0001 -0 .00 01 - 0.0001
10.0 .oooo - o.oooo -o.oooo - o.oooo - o . oooo -o . oooo - o.oooo - o.oooo -o.oooo - o .oooo -o.oooo - o.oooo ·
15 . 0 .oooo .oooo .0000 .oooo - o.oooo - o. oooo - o.oooo • 0.0000 - o . oooo -o . oooo -o.oooo - o.oooo
20 . 0 .oooo .oooo .oooo .oooo .oooo .0000 .oooo .0000 -o . oooo - o.oooo - o . oooo - o.oooo
si422 .,+e& · = O.S
1.50 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 7 . 00

~
0 .25 .50 .75 1.00 1.25
0 .oooo .oooo .0000 .oooo .oooo .0000 . 0000 .0000 .oooo .oooo .0000 .oooo
. 25 .oooo .0415 .0865 .1299 ;0682 •0 .0102 - 0.0102 •0.0034 •0 . 0002 ~0.0003 - 0.0001 . oooo
.so . oooo . osu . 0926 .1019 .0678 ,0232 . 0010 • 0.0037 - 0.00 10 - o.ooo4 - 0.0001 - o.oooo
.75 .oooo .0384 . 0644 . 0691 .0543 .0316 .0131 • 0.0005 • 0.0011 - o . ooo4 -o.ooo2 - 0.0001
l . 00 .oooo .023'* .0396 . 0447 .0397 .0289 .01 74 .0034 - o.ooo8 - o.o oos· - o.ooo2 - o.ooo1
.oooo .007 9 • 0143 .018 0 .0190 .01 74 ,0143 . 0071 .0006 • 0.0002 -0.0002 -0.0 001
1-50 .0017 . 0002 -0 .0001 - o.ooo1
2.00 .oooo .0030 .0057 • 0077 .0 089 .0092 .0088 . 0064
3.00 . oooo . 0007 . 0013 .0019 .0024 .0027 .00 30 .0030 .0020 .000!1 .0002 - o.oooo
.; , 00 .oooo .0002 .ooo~ .0006 .0008 .0010 .0011 .0013 .0012 .000!1 .0004 . 0001
5.oo .oooo .0001 .0002 .0003 .0003 ,0004 .0005 .0006 . 0007 .0006 . 0004 .0001
1. oo . oooo .oooo .oooo .0001 .0001 .0001 .0001 .0002 .0002 .0003 .0002 .OOU2
l.O .O .oooo .oooo .oooo .oooo . oooo .0000 .0000 . oooo .0001 .0001 . 0001 .0001
:s.o .oooo .oooo .0000 . oooo .oooo .0000 .0000 .o ooo . oooo .0000 .0000 .oooo
20 .0 .oooo .oooo .oooo .oooo . oooo .0000 .0000 . oooo .oooo . oooo .oooo .oooo
si422 w+e& = l.O
1 . 25 1.5 0 2 . 00 3.00 4.0 0 5.00 7.00

~
0 .25 .so .75 1 . 00
0 .oooo .oooo .0000 .oooo .oooo . 0000 .0000 .oooo ·9000 .0000 .oooo . oooo
. 25 .oooo .0847 .1766 .2250 .1255 .0015 -0.0213 • 0.0074 •0 . 0013 • 0.0004 - 0.0002 - o.oooo
.so .oooo .0892 ,1443 .1458 .1110 . 0609 .0170 • 0.0064 • 0.0022 - 0.000 7 - 0.0003 - 0.0001
. 75 .oooo .0407 ,0679 . 0782 .0743 . 0590 . 0375 . 0048 • 0.0022 - 0 . 0009 -0. 000 4 - o.ooo1
1.oo .oooo .0137 .0265 .0366 .0 419 . 0411 . 0347 .0145 • 0 . 0009 - 0.000 9 -0.0 005 - 0.0001
.oooo .0017 .0039 . 0069 .0103 .0134 .Ol54 .0144 . 0036 • 0.00 01 - 0.0004 • O.O OU2
l-50 .0052 • 0014 .0001 - 0.0002
2 .00 .oooo .00 03 , 0008 .0015 .0025 . 0038 .0051 .0071
3 . oo · .oooo . oooo . 0001 .0001 .0003 ,000 4 , 0006 .00 12 .0023 .002 1 .0011 .000 1
4 .00 .oooo .oooo . oo oo .o ooo .oooo .0001 . 0001 .0002 .0006 .0010 .0010 .OOU4
5.00 . oooo .oooo . oooo .oooo .00 00 .0000 .0000 .0001 .0002 .0004 .0005 .OOU4
7 .00 .oooo . oooo .oooo . oooo .oooo .0000 . 0000 .oooo . oooo .0001 .0001 . 0002
.oooo .0000 .oooo .0000 . 0000 . oooo .oooo .oooo .oooo ,0000 . oooo
lO . O .oooo .oooo . 0000 . oooo
15 .0 .oooo . oooo .0000 .oooo .oooo .0000 .0000 .0000 .oooo
. oooo .0000 .oooo .oooo . 0000 .0000 .0000 .oooo .oooo .0000 .oooo
20.0 . oooo
JSb APPENDIX B 54
1440 (~)
~ 0 . 25 .50 .75 1.00 1.25 1.50 2.00 3.00 4.00 s.oo 7.00
0 .oooo .0156 ,0625 .1406 .2500 .1600 .1111 .0625 .0278 . 0156 .0100 .0051
.25 .oooo . 010. ,0377 .0769 .1021 . 0968 ,0775 .0498 .0241 .0141 ,0093 o0048
.so .oooo .0051 . 0210 .0402 .0538 .0565 .0516 .0380 .0207 . 0127 ,0085 . 0046
.75 .oooo . oo:sz ,0115 .0218 ;0301 . 0340 .0339 .0·284 .0175 . 0112 . 0078 .0043
1 . 00 .oooo .oou , 0064 .0124 .0177 .0212 .0225 .0210 .01 46 .0099 ,0071 .0040
1.50 .oooo .0006 ,0023 .0046 .0069 .0090 .0104 .0115 . 0099 , 0076 ,0058 .0035
z.oo .oooo .0002 , 0009 .0019 .0031 ,0042 ,0052 . 0064 .0067 .0057 ,0046 .oo3o
3 . oo .oooo ,0001 ,0002 .0005 .0008 .0012 , 0016 .0023 .0031 .0032 .0029 .0022
4. 00 .oooo . oooo ,0001 .0002 .0003 .0005 . 0006 .0009 .0015 .0018 ,0018 .0016
5 .o o .oooo .oooo . 0000 .0001 . 0001 .0002 .0003 .0004 .0008 .0010 .0011 .0011
7.00 .oooo . oooo .oooo .oooo .oooo .0 001 .0001 .0001 .0003 .0004 .0005 .0006
10.0 .oooo .oooo .oooo . oooo .oooo . 0000 .oooo .0000 .0001 .0001 .0002 . 0002
15 . 0 .oooo .oooo .oooo .oooo .oooo .0 000 .oooo .0000 .oooo .0000 .0000 .0001
20.0 .oooo .oooo ,0000 .oooo .oooo .0000 . oooo .0000 .oooo .oooo .0000 .oooo
144z'~)
~ 0 , 25 .so .75 1.00 1.25 1 . 50 2.00 3.00 4.00 5,00 7.00

0 . oooo .0241 ,1055 .2930 .oooo .2868 .1408 .0527 • 0'146 .0060 .0031 • 0011
. 25 ., 0000 .oooo , 0861 .2032 .2776 .2095 .1203 .0492 .0141 .0060 . 0031 • 0011
.so .oooo .oooo ,0511 .1015 .1305 . 1176 .0862 .0425 .0135 .0058 .0030 .oou
.75 .oooo .oooo .0274 .0513 .0661 .0667 .0565 .0337 .0122 .0055 .0029 .0011
1.00 .oooo .oooo ,01U .0269 .0361 .0389 .0363 .0255 .0108 .0051 .0028 .0010
1.50 .oooo .oooo ,0044 .0084 .0120 .0144 .0153 .0137 .0078 . 0042 .0024 .0010
2 . 00 .oooo .oooo .0015 .0031 .0046. .0059 . 0068 .0072 .0053 . 0033 .0021 o0009
3.oo .oooo .oooo ,0003 .0006 .0010 .0013 .0017 . 0022 .0023 . 0019 .0014 .0007
4.00 . oooo .oooo ,0001 .0002 .0003 .0004 . 0005 .0008 .0010 .0010 .0009 .ooo5
s.oo .oooo .oooo .oooo • 0001- . 0001 .0001 .0002 .0003 .0005 .0005 .0005 .0004
7. 00 .oooo . oooo .oooo .oooo .oooo .0000 .0000 .0001 .0001 .0002 .0002 .ooo2
10.0 .oooo .oooo .oooo .oooo .oooo . 0000 .0000 .0000 .oooo .oooo .0001 .0001
15.0 .oooo .oooo .aooo .oooo .oooo . 0000 .oooo .0000 .oooo .oooo . 0000 .oooo
20.0 . oooo .oooo ,0000 . oooo .oooo : oooo • 00.00 .0000 .oooo .oooo .DODO .oooo
'
l
l
Il
r
.,
l
l
J
'I
I
JU>PENDIX B 55 39l
c!440 w+a " 0.5
~ 0 .25 .so .75 1.00 1.25 1·.so 2.00 3.00 4.00 5·. 00 7.00
0 .oooo . 0156 ,0625 . 1406 .2500 ,1600 . 1111 .0625 .0278 .0156 .0100 .oos1
.25 . oooo .0 09 1 ,0369 .0726 .09S2 ,0927 .0766 .0495 .0241 . 0141 . 0092 .0048
. so .oooo .0041 , 0172 . 0317 .0 43 0 .0481 ,0472 . 0368 .0205 .0126 .0085 .0045
• 75 .oooo .0019 ,0069 .0132 . 0194 .0244 . 0271 .0259 .0171 .0112 .0077 .0043
1.00 .oooo .0001 .0025 . 0053 .0087 .0121 .0149 .0172 .0138 .0097 .0070 .0040
1.50 .oooo .0001 , 0003 .0008 .0017 .0029 .0043 .00 69 .0083 • 0071 .0055 .oo35
2.00 .oooo - o.oooo -o.oooo .0001 .0003 .0006 . 0012 .0025 ,0046 .0048 .0042 .0029
3 . oo .oooo - o.oooo - o . oooo - o.oooo -o.ooo o • 0.0000 .0000 .0003 .0012 .0019 ,0 022 .0020
4.00 .oooo • 0.0000 -o.oooo • 0.0000 •0.0000 •0.0000 - o.oooo - o.oooo . 0003 .0007 .0010 . 0013
s.oo . oooo •0.0000 - o.oooo - o.oooo - o.oooo • 0.0000 -o .oooo -o .oo oo .oooo • oo·o2 .0004 .o007
1.oo . oooo .oooo • 0,0000 • 0 . 0000 • 0 . 0000 • 0.0000 • 0.0000 • 0.0000 - o.oo oo .oooo .0001 .0002
10 . 0 . oo oo .oooo , 0000 .oooo -o.oooo - o.oooo - o.oooo • o.oooo - o.oooo - o.oooo - o .oooo .oooo
15.0 .oooo .oooo . 0000 . oooo . '0000 .0000 .oooo • 0.0000 • 0.0000 - o.oooo - o.oooo - o.oooo
20.0 . oooo .oooo . oooo .oooo . oooo .0000 ·• 0000 . 0000 . oooo . oooo . oooo .oooo
ci440 "'+a • l.O
4.00 5.00 7.00

~ 0 .25 . .so .75 1 .00 1.25 1 .5 0 2.00 3 . 00
0 .oooo .0156 .0625 .1406 . 2500 .1600 .1111 .0625 .0278 .0156 .0100 ,QOS1
. 25 .oooo . oo85 , 0334 .0597 .0765 .0810 ,0732 .0487 .0241. .0141 .0092 .0048
.so .oooo .0019 ,00 60 .0108 .0177 .0266 .0334 .0332 . 0201 . 0125 .0084 .0045
. 15 . oooo -o .ooot • 0.0027 • 0.0033 • .0 . 0014 .0031 .0090 .0175 . 0158 .0108 . 0076 .0043
1.00 .oooo •0.0001 • 0.0028 • 0.0046 •O.OOS3 -0.0041 - 0.0013 .0060 . 0111 .0090 ,0068 .0040
1.50 .oooo • 0.0003 • 0 .0010 - 0.0020 • 0.0030 -0.0038 -0. 0041 •0.0027 .0032 . 0052 .0049 .0033
z.oo . oooo • 0.0001 • 0.0003 •0.0008 • 0.0013 -0.0018 - 0. 0023 -0.0028 -o. ooo8 . 0019 .0029 .0026
3.oo .oooo -o.oooo • 0.0001 - 0.0002 • 0.0003 • 0 . 0004 ·0.0006 • 0.0010 - 0.0014 -0.0009 .0001 .0013
4.00 .o ooo - o. oooo - o.oooo • 0.0001 •0.0001 -0 . 0001 -0 . 0002 • 0 . 0003 •0.0007 -o .oooe - o . ooo6 .0002
s.oo .oooo • 0.0000 • 0.0000 - o.oooo - o.oooo -0.0001 - 0 . 0001 · 0 . 0001 - 0.0003 - o.ooos .- o.ooos -0.0003
7.00 .oooo . oooo • 0.0000 - o.oooo - o.oooo - o.oooo - o.oooo • 0.0000 -0 .0001 - 0.0001 -0.0002 - o.ooo3
10.0 .oooo .oooo ,0000 - o.oooo -o.oooo • 0.0000 - o.oooo • 0.0000 • 0.0000 - o.oooo -o.ooo1 -0.000 1
15.0 .oooo .oooo .0000 . 0000 . oooo .0000 ,0000 • 0.0000 -o.oooo -o.oooo -o .oooo -o.ooo o
20,0 .oooo .o ooo .oooo .oooo .0000 .0000 .oooo .oooo . oooo - o . oooo -o.oooo - o.oooo
s:440 wta • 0.5
3.00 4.00 5.00 7. 00

~
0 .25 .so . 75 1.00 1.25 1.50 2.00
0 . oooo .oooo . oooo . oooo .oooo .0000 .oooo .0000 .oooo .oooo .0000 . oooo
.25 . oooo .0031 .0105 . 0250 . 0336 .0264 .0152 . 0065 .0017 .0007 ,0004 . 0001
.so .oooo .0032 . 0122 .0233 .0296 .0277 .0212 . 0107 .0034 .0014 .0007 . 0003
.75 .oooo .0024 ,0087 .0160 .0210 .0220 .0197 .0125 .0046 .0021 .0011 . 0004
1.00 . oooo .0015 .OOS3 .0100 .0139 .0158 .0158 ,0122 .0054 .0026 . 00 14 .0005
1 :5 o . oooo . ooos ,0019 .0038 .0057 .00 74 .0085 .0087 . 0057 . 0032 .0018 .0007
2.00 .ooo o .0002 . 0007 .0015 . 0025 .0035 .0043 . 0053 . 0048 . 0032 .00 21 . 0009
3 . 00 .oooo .oooo .0002 . 0004 .D006 .0009 . 00 12 . 0019 . 0026 ,0024 . 00 19 .0011
4.00 .oooo .oooo ,0001 .0001 . 0002 .0003 .0004 . 0007 . 0012 .0015 .0015 .0010
5.00 .OODO .oooo .oooo .0001 .0001 .0001 .0002 . 0003 . 0006 .0009 .0010 .-ooo9
7.00 . oooo .oooo ,0000 .oooo .0000 .0000 .0001 .0001 .0002 .0003 .0004 .0005
10.0 .1100 0 .oooo .oooo . oooo .oooo .0000 .oooo . 0000 .oooo . 00 01 .0001 .0002
15.0 .oooo .oooo .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 . • 0000 .0000 . oooo .oooo .0000 . oooo
20 ,0 .oooo . oooo . oooo . oooo . DODO .0000 .0000 .0000 . 0000 .oooo .0000 .oooo
s 1440 "'tc • l.O
~ .oooo
0 .25 .50 .75 1.00 1.25 1.5 0 2.00 3.00 4 . 00 5.00 7 . 00
0 .oooo .oooo .oooo .0000 .0000 . oooo .oooo .oooo . 0000 .oooo .oooo
.25 . oooo .0053 ,0217 .0473 .0610 .0 502 . 0312 .0128 .0036 .0015 .0008 .0003
.so . oooo .0051 .0199 .0351 .0446 .0457 .0393 .0217 .0069 .0 029 .0015 .oo u5
.75 .oooo . 002 6 . 0092 .0173 . 0246 .0293 .0304 .0237 .0094 .0042 .0022 .oo o8
1.00 .oooo .ooo • .0034 .00 72 . 0118 .0161 .0 192 .0 199 . 0108 .0053 .0028 . oou
1.50 . oooo .0001 .0005 .0012 .00 24 . 0040 .0058 .0 092 .0098 .0063 .0037 .0015
2.00 .oooo .oooo .0001 .0002 .0005 .0010 .0016 .0034 .0061 . 0057 .0040 .0019
3.00 .oooo .oooo ,0000 .oooo . 0001 .0001 .0002 .0005 .0015 .0026 .0029 .0021
4 .00 .oooo .oooo ,0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .oooo .0001 .0004 .0009 . 0014 .0016
s.oo .oooo . oooo . oooo .0000 .0000 .oooo . 0000 .0000 . 0001 .0003 , 0005 .0010
7.00 .ooo o .oooo .oooo .0000 .0000 .0000 .oooo .0000 .oooo .oooo . 0001 .0003
10.0 .oooo .oooo . 0000 .oooo .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .o ooo .oooo .0000 .oooo
15.0 .oooo .oooo .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 . 0000 • ooo·o .oooo .0000 .oooo ·, 0000
20,0 .o ooo .oooo ,0000 .oooo .oooo .0000 .0000 .0000 . oooo .oooo . 0000 . oooo
~
392 APPENDrJt B 56 I
A~(i)
j
l
~
0 .2S .50 .75 1.00 1.2S 1 .5 0 2. 0 0 3 . 00 4, 00 s.oo 7 .00
0 .ZS\1.0 .2422 . 2188 . 1797 .12SO . 0800 .05S6 .0313 .0139 . 0078 .oo;o . 0026
.2S
:so
.7S
1 .00
1.SO
2.0ii
ol S24
.09'S
.0 62S
.0401!9
.uU9
.()1.S9
.1476
:-0926
.0609
:o4 20
.0226
~0138
.1328
.-0 844
.0 564
~0395
. 0217
.0134
. 1103
:·ii722"
.04 98
. 0357
.0204
.0129
.0838
:0586
. 0423
:il314
.0167
.0122
.0611
: ·o461
.03SO
:o210
.0170
.0114
.0452
. 0361
.0288
. 0230
. 01S2
. 010S
.0271
.0232
.0197
. 0167
.01 20
,0088
.0127
.0115
. 0104
. 0094
.0076
.0061
.0073
. 0068
.0064
;oos 9
.0050
. 0043
,0047
.0045
.0043
.0 040
,00~6
,0031
•.002S
,0024
. 0 023
,00 22
.0020
,0018
Il
·3, 00 , ()01>6 .0066 .0065 •.0063 : OQ~,_ .OOS9 .0057 .0051 .0040 • 0031 . 0024 ,001S
4;00 .oo3e :oo.s8 . 0037 :oo37 .0036 .003S .0035 .0032 .0027 .0023 .0019 ,0013
5 .--oo .ooii!S .0024 .0024 . 0024 .0024 .0023 .0023 .0022 .0020 ,001 7 .0015 .0011
, 0010 .0009 .0007
'I
7 . 00 . 00.1.3 :oo13 .0013 : oo12 :oo12 .0012 .0012 .0012 .0011
10.0
15.0
.oou6
.liOu3
.0006
. 0003
. 0006
.0003
,0006
:ooo3
.0006
.ooo3
.0006
.0003
. • 0006
. 0003
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.0 003
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.0003
.0005
,0002
. 0005
.0002
.ooos
.0002
l
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(
20 . 0 . uOU2 .0001 .0001 .0001 .0001 · .0001 .0001 .0001 .0001 .0001 .0001 ,0001
)
"4::("')
"'~0
.25
0
,!)QUO
.2il' 7
.25
.4881
.27~1
. so
,4504
.2S46
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. 377 6
.2000
1.00.
.2122
. 1209
1.2S
. 0794
.0689
1 .SO
.0 423
.0 385
2.00
. 0167
. 0158
3.00
.0048
.0048
4,00
.0020
.0020
s .oo
.0010
.0 010
7. 00
.0004
• o·o o4
Il
.so
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1. 00
1.50
.t7U8
·10i.IO
. o6u7
.o2''
; 1 575
. 0925
.0566
.o2•2
. 1446
, 08S5
,05 29
. 0231
.11 44·
. 06 98
,0447
.0206
.0797
.OS2S
. 0355
.0177
.osu
.0374
. 02 71
.0147
.0329
.0260
.02 01
.0120
.0149
.0131
.0111
• 0077
. 0046
. 0043
. 004 0
.0033
.0019
.001 9
,0 015
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. 0 010
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.0009
.OOG4
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. ooo•
,0003
l
2. 00 • .;1~S .0121 • 011 7 .010 8 . 0097 .0085 .0073 .0 053 .0026 .0 014 .0008 ,0003
3 . 00 . 0042 .o o•1 .0040 .0039 .0036 .oo3• .0031 . 0025 .0016 • 0010 ,0006 ,0003
4.00 . oois .oou .0 01! .0018 .0017 .0016 .0015 . 0013 .0010 .000 7 .ooos , 0002
s.oo .001 0 .0010 .0009 . 00 09 .0009 .0009 . 0009 .0008 .00 06 .00 05 ,0004 ,0002
7.00 . 00114 .0004 .0004 .0004 .0003 .0003 .0003 .0003 . 0003 . 0002 . 0002 .0001
1 0.0 .Q0\11 . 0001 ,000 1 . 0001 . 0001 • 00 01. .0001 .0001 ,0 001 .0001 .0001 . 0001
15.0 . oouo .oooo . oooo .0000 .oooo . 0000 .00 00 .oooo .oooo .oooo . 0 000 .oooo
20.0 .oouo .oooo , 0000 .oooo . oooo .o ooo .oooo .oooo ."0000 .oooo . oooo .oooo
A424 (~j~)
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0 .25 " .so .75 1. oo 1.2S 1 .5 0 2.00 3.00 4 . 00 s . oo 7,00
.25 . t>4.S3 . 61~3 .S853 ,4797 .2153 .0655 . 0211 .0044 .000 4 .0009 ,0001 .0007
.so . ;s7.H .3464 .3167 .2392 .1397 .0650 . 0283 . 0066 .0 008 .0002 ,0001 . oooo
.75 .zooo .18Y7 . 1719 .1307 . 0853 .0487 .026 0 .0077 .0011 .0003 .0001 .oooo
1.00 .1101 · 1060 ,0966 .07S8 .0535 .034S .0 210 .0076 ;0013 • 0003 ,000 1 .oooo
1.50 . ;,3~~ .03/2 .0347 .0291 .0229 .0171 .0122 .OOS9 ,ODH .0004 ,0002 .oooo
2.00 . 11101 .01~3 . 0146 .0128 .0108 .0088 .0069 .o o•o . 0013 ,0004 ,0002 .oooo
3.00 .uGJ9 .0038 . 0037 .0034 .003! .0028 . 0024 .0017 . ooo8 ,0004 ,0002 .0000
4 . 00 . uO .~o 3 . 0013 .0013 .0012 .0012 .0011 .0010 .ooo8 ,0005 .0003 . 0001 . oooo
5.00 • .,ov6 . 0006 .ooos .ooos .0005 .0005 .ooos .0004 .0003 ,0002 .0001 .0000
7 . QO .u0u2 . 0002 .0001 .0001 .000! .0001 .0001 .0001 .0001 ,0001 .0001 . oooo
10 . 0 •.oou~ .oooo . oooo .oooc .oooo • 0000 . .oooo .0000 .o ooo . oooo .0000 .oooo
15.0 .oouc . oooo ,0000 .oooo .oooo .0000 .0000 .oooo .oooo .oooo . oooo .oooo
20.0 . OOIJ~ . oooo . oooc .oooo .oooo . 0000 .0000 . 0 000 . oooo . 0000 . oooo .oooo
APPENDZX.B 57
'-..,.r 0 .25 .so ,75 1.00 1.25. 1.5D 2,00 3.0D 4.00 5.0D 7.0D
WI'-..,. ,007} .0050 .DD26
0 ,25U0 .2422 .2188 .1797 .1250 .0800 .0556 ;o313 .0139
.2S o14i4 .1425 .1283 .1066 .0820 ~0~0_6 .0450 .0271 .~.!1127 ,_O_D?.~ •..!!.!!47. .. JJ..P~~
.so .u541 ;0816 ·;·o74S ;o6s1· :Os43- .0440 ~·0352 ;o23ii .0115 ,0068 ,0045 ,0024
.7S .Q4c:!8 .0479 ,0452 .0412 .D3~5 .0316 .0269 ,01?? ,0104 ,0063 ,0042 ;Do23
.03UD ~0297 .0287• .027'2. -:o252 ·:a229 ~iJ2ii4 .0157 ;·oo92 ;iiosii .·oo4o • iio22
1.00 ,0072 ,0049 ,ODJ5 ,002D
l.So .01~8 .0138 ,0137 .0135 .0131 .0126 .0120 .0104
2.00 .uon .oon ,0077 .6077 ~·oo77 .0076 .0074 .OD69 .OD54 ,0041 .oo3o ,OD18
3.00 .00~4 .0034 ,0034 .00340 ,0034 .0034 .0034 .DD34 .OD31 ._90.27 .0022 .g.Q1?
4.00 .uc.i:9 ~0019 ,0019 .ooi9 ·:ooi9 .0019 .OD19 :oo19 ;oo19 .oou :ooi6 ,OD12
.0012 .0012 .0012 .0012 .0011 ,0!)0~
s.oo .OOl2 .0012 ,0012 .0012 .0012
:ooa6
.0012
.0006 ;oDo6 ,'oD06 ;ooo6 ,0006 ;ooo6 ,D006
7.00 ,(JOU6 .0006 .0006 .0006
10.0 .oou3 .0003 ,0003 .0003 .0003 .0003 .0003 .0003 .OD03 ,0003 ,0003 .0003
.oou1 ~0001 ,0001 .oooi ~·oooi .0001 .0001 .0001 .0001 .0001 :ooo1 ~oooi
1S.O ,0000 .o.ooo ,0000
20.0 .OOU1 .oooo ,0000 .oooo ,O!J.DO .0000 .oooo .DODD .ODOO
.75 1.00 1.25 1.50 2.00 3.00 4,00 5.00 7,00

~
0 .so
.2SUO .2422 .2188 .1797 .1250 .0800 .0556 .0313 .0139 ,0078 .oo:;D ,0026
0
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.0223 .0114 ,0068 • 0045 ,0024
.so .us~s ,QS25 .0500 .0467 .0427
.0225
• 0378
.0223
.0323
.0212 .0173 ·0101 ,0063 ,0042 ,0023
.7S .01~8 .0192 .0204 .0217
.ooi1 .0075 ,0086 .0101 ,0116 .0127 .0132 .0126 .0087 • oos7 • oD4o ,OD22
1.00 ,OD2D
l.So .uOlS .0016 ,0020 .0026 .0033 .0041 .oD·48 .0059 .oose '0045 ,0034
.COliS .0005 ,0007 .0009 .0012 .0015 .0019 ,0026 .QD35 ,0033 ,0027 ,OD18
2.00
3.00 .QOII1 .0001 ,0001 .0002 • 0002 • 0003 .0004 ,0006 ,0011 .0015 .0016 .OD13
.oouo .oooo ,0000 .0001 .0001 .0001 .D001 .0002 .0004 ,0006 ,0008 ,0009
4.00 .OD03 .0004 ,0006
s.oo ,QOUO .oooo .oooo .oooo .oooo .0000 ,0001 .ODD1 .0002
7.00 ,1)0110 .oooo .0000 .oooo .oooo .oooo .oooo ,OODD .oooo • 0001' • 0001 ,0002
10.0. .oouo -o.oooo -o.oooo .o.oooo •0.0000 •0.0000 •.o.ODOD •O.ODDD .QDOD .oooo ,OOOD ,0000
1S.o .oouo •O,ODOD •0,0000 -o.oooo •o.oooo -o.oDoo •O.OOOD
-o.oooo -o.oooo •0.0000 -o.oooo -o.oooo •Q,0001
20.0 .UOIID •0.0001 -0.0001 •0.0001 •0.0001 •0.0001 •0.0001 -0.0001 -o.ooo1 -o.oooo •D,ODOO
.so ,75 2.00 3.00 4,00 5.00 7.DD

~~
0 .25 1.00 1.25
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 D 0 0 0 0
.2S .u3o5 .03~5 .0313 .0245 .0156 .0087 .0049 .002D .OOOfl .0002 ,0001 ,DODD
.so .04US .Q3ij9 .0341 .0271 .0193 .0127 .0082 .OD37 .OD11 .OD05 .0002 .0001
.7S ,iJ3~3 .0321 .0286 .0237 .0183 .0134 .0096 .D049 .OD16 .0007 ,0004 ,0001
1.00 .()2:12 .0245 .0224 .0193 .0159 .0125 .0096 .DD55 .0020 .OD09 ,0005 ,0002
loSO ·0144 ·0141 .0134 ·0123 .0109 .OD95 .oD8o .0055 .0025 .0012 .0007 ,0003
2.00 .ooc:t9 ~0088 ,0085 .0081 .0075 .OD68 .0061 ,0047 .OD26 ,0014 ,0008 ,0003
~.oo .oo42 .0042 ,0041 .0040 ,0039 .DD37 .0035 .0031 .OD22 ,0014 ,0009 ,0004
4.00 .oo.::4 .0024 ,0024 .0024 .0023 .OD23 .0022 ,0020 .OD16 .0012 ,0009 .ODDS
s.oo .ool6 .oou ,0016 .0015 .0015 .DD15 .OD15 .0014 .OD12 ,001D ,0008 ,0005
7,QQ ,,JOU8 .coos .ooo8 .oooe .0008 .DD08 .0008 .0008 .0007 .0006 ,0006 ,D004
10.0 .oou4 .0004 ,0004 .0004 .OD04 .0004 .OD04 .0004 .0004 .0004 ,0003 .0003
1S.o .OOIJ2 ~0002 .0002 .0002 .0002 .0002 .0002 .0002 .OD02 ,OD02 ,0002 ,D002
20.0 .00111 .0001 ,0001 .0001 .OD01 .0001 .0001 ,0001 .0001 .0001 ,0001 ,0001
,50 ,75 1.0D 1.25 2.DD 3.00 4,00 5.00 1,00

~
0 .25
0 0 0 D 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0
.07115 .0680 ,0599 .0464 .03D2 .0174 .010D .0041 .OD12 ,0005 ,0003 ,0001
.2S ,0010 ,0005 ,0002
.so ,Q6c:!O .06!:11 .0571 .0460 .0345 .0242 .0164 ,0076 .0023
.7S .04:17 .0443 • 040,7 .0354 .0294 .0234 .0178 .OD98 .0033 ,0014 ,0007 ,0003
.o2•il .0287 .0274 .0253 .0226 .0195 .0163 .0105 .0041 ,0018 ,0010 .D004
l. DO
l.SQ .ol.H .01.S6 .0135 .0132 .0127 .0120 .0111 .0089 .OD48 .0025 '001!4 .0005
2.00 .uo/5 .0078 .0077 .0077 .0076 .0074 .0072 .OD65 .0045 ,0027 .DD16 ,0007
.oo.Ss .oo;ss .0035 .0035 .0035 .0034 .0034 .0033 .DD30 ,0024 ,OD17 ,0009
3.00 ,0014 .OD09
;;.oo .oo~o .0020 ,0020 .0020 .0020 .0019 .0019 .OD19 .OD18 ,0017
s.oo .ool2 .0013 ,0013 .0013 .0013 .OD13 .oou .ODU .0012 ,0012 ,0011 ,0008
.00116 .0006 ,0006 .0006 .DD06 .OOD6 .0006 ,0006 .0006 ,0006 ,0006 ,0006
7.00 ,0003 .0003
10.0 .oouJ .Q003 ,0003 .0003 .DD03 .0003 .0003 .0003 .0003 ,0003
.uou1 .0002 ,0002 .0002 .0002 .OD02 .OD02 ,OD02 .0002 ,0002 ,0002 ,0002
15.0 .0001 .0001
20.0 ,1)0111 .0001 .0001 .0001 .0001 .0001 .0001 .0001 ,0001 .0001
APniiDrX B 58
JH
.25 .50 .75 1. 00 1.25 1. 50 2.00 3.00 4, 00 s.oo 7.00

X 0
0
.sooo .4881 , 4504 .3776 .2122 .D794 .0423 .0167 ,0 048 ,0 020 ,0 010
, 0010
, 0004
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.so . 144~ .1320 .1207 , 0963 .071 ; .0495 .0330 . 0151 , 0046 . 0019 ;oon . 00 04
.75 .0 675 o0629 ,0 590 . 0507 . 0417 .0327 . 0246 .0131 ,0 044 , 0019 , 0010 ,_0_0.9.~
1.00 .o3i8 . 0307 .0297 ;o275 :o246 ~·0211 :oi74 :o1oa ;-oo4i : ·o o1e :ooTii , 0004
1.50
2 . 00
3.00
.oo86
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.ooea
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. 0008
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• 001 0
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l
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4.00 ;oo o3 :ooo3 .0003. .0003 : o·oo3 .0004 ·;·ooo 4 ,0005 ;oo·os . 0004 , 0002
5.00 .ooo1 .ooot .0001 .0002 .0002 .0002 .0002 . 000 2 , 0002 , 0003 . 0002 ! .0~.!)2
7.00 .oooo .0001 ,0001 ·.0001 .0001 .0001 :ooo1 .00 01 , 0001 :ooo1 ~oooi. ,0001
10.0 .oooo .oooo . oooo .oooo .oooo .0000 .oooo ,0000 . oooo .oooo . oooo .oooo
15.0 .oouo :oooo ,0000 .oooo • ciooo . oooo .oooo .oooo ;oooo ;oooD ·: oo·oo :oooo
20.0 .oouo .oooo . 0000 .oooo . oooo .oooo .OOOD .oooo .OOOD . OODD , OOOD , ODOO
1
1 .5 0 2.0 0 3.00 4 .00 5 . 00 7.00
l
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0 .25 .50 . 75 1 .00 1.25 .j
0
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. 2328
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.so .o689 .0626 ,0588 .0532 .0482 .0412 .D317 .D157 .0047 .0020 ,0010 .OD04
.75 - 0.0026 . 0015 .00 48 .0112 .0162 .018 7 .0184 , 0129 .0046 . 002D , D01D ,0004
1.00 - 0 . 0124 -0.009 6 - 0.0073 •o.0024 .oo24 .0061 .DD 84 ,0087 .0042 .00 19 .001D .OD04
1.50 -O.OOOY - 0.0064 - 0.0059 • 0.0047 · • 0 . 0033 • 0 . 0016 - D.OD01 ;D022 • 0"028 .0017 , 0009 , 0004
2.oo - o.ooj4 -0.0033 - 0.0031 •0.0029 • 0.0025 • 0 . 0020 • D.DD14 • 0.0002 .0013 ,0012 , OD08 ,OD03
3.00 -11.0011 -o . oo11 - 0,0011 • 0.0010 • 0.0010 • O.OD09 - D.ODoa • O.D00 6 •0 . 0001 .0003 ,0004 .DD03
4.00 -o.uoo:s -o . ooos ;-0.0005 - o.ooo5 - o·.ooo4 • O. ODD4 • D.0004 • O.D004 • O.OOD2 • 0.0000 ,OOD1 ,OD02
5.00 -0.0002 - 0 . 0002 - 0.0002 • 0.0002 • 0.0002 •0.0002 - D.OOD2 • 0.0002 •0.0002 • O. OOD1 - o .o ooo ,0001
1.oo - 0.0001 ~o.ooot -0.0001 • 0.0001 • 0.0001 - O.OD01 · D. DD01 • 0.0001 •0.000 1 • 0.0 001 - D.oooo •O .DDOD
10.0 - o.oooo ~ o.oooo - o.oooo . o.oooo - o.oooo • D.DOOO - o.oDDO • O.DODO • 0. 0000 • 0,0000 •D . OOOD -o.oDoo
15.0 - o.oooo - o.oooo - o. oooo . o.oooo - o . oooo • 0.0000 - o.oooo • O.ODOO •0 . 0000 - o.oooo -o.oooo - o .oooo
20.0 -u.oooo -o . oooo - o . oooo - o.oooo -o . oooo • 0.0000 - o.oooo •O.DDOO - o.oooo - o.oooo -o.oooo -o,oooo
,75 1 .50 2 . 00 ~.oo 4,00 s. oo 7,00

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0 .25 ,50 1.00 1.25
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.so . o88; .0816 ,0740 .0551 .0331 .0166 .0075 .0017 .OD02 . oooo , 0000 . ODOD
.75 .o677 .0613 . 0554 .0425 .D29D .0177 .0100 .0031 .DOD4 ,0001 ,OODO .OOOD
1.00 .o452 .0414 . 0380 .0307 .0229 .0159 .0103 .0040 .0007 .000 2 ,OOD1 ,DDOD
1.50 .o19:S . 0185 . 0176 .0155 . 0130 .0104 .D080 .0043 .oou .0003 , OD01 . oooo
2 . 00 .oo94 ·0091 ,0088 . 0082 . 0073 .00 64 .0054 , 0036 ,0013 ,000 5 , 0002 . oooo
3. 00 • oo'3o .0030 . 0030 .0029 .0027 .0026 .0024 .0019 .0011 '000 6 . , 0003 , 0001
4.00 .0013 . 0013 .0013 .0013 . OD12 .0012 .0012 .0010 ,OOD7 .0005 ,OD03 ,0001
5 . 00 .0007 .0007 .0007 ,0007 .0007 .0006 .0006 .0006 .0005 .000 4 ,OOD2 ,0001
7. 00 . 0003 .0003 .0003 .0003 .0002 .0002 .OD02 .DD02 .0002 .OOD2 . OD01 , 0001
10.0 .u001 .0001 ,0001 .0001 . 0001 .0001 .0001 .0001 ,0001 .0001 .OD01 . 0001
15 . 0 .oooo .oooo .0000 .0000 . oooo .00.00 .OOOD .DOD D .oooo .OODO ,O OOD , 0000
20 . 0 .ooco .oooo .oooo .oooo .oooo .ODOD . oooo .DOOO ,OOOD .oooo , ODOO , 0000
2 . 00 3 , 00 4 , 00 s.oo 7,00
~
0 . 50 .75 1.00 1 . 25
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
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.so .1484 . 1324 .1177 .0872· .0577 .0331 • D168 • 0039' .OOD 4 .0001 ,D DOD . DOOO
. 75 .osos .0736 ,0679 .0558 .0429 .D306 .D2D1 .D071 , 0010 ,0002 ,0001 .oooo
1.00 .0381 . 0:!69 ,0357 .0325 .0282 .0231 .D177 .D087 ,D016 , OOD 4· ,OD01 .oooo
1 . 50 .0103 . 0109 .0110 .0111 .0109 .01D5 ,0096 .0072 .0026 .ooos ,OOD3 .OD01
2.00 .0043 .0044 . 0044 . 0045 .0046 . D047 . 0047 ,0043 ,0025 , 0011 ,0004 ,OD01
3 . 00 .0012 .0012 .0012 , 0013 .0013 .OD13 .0014 .0014 ,0013 .DOlO ,0006 ,OD02
4.00 .u005 .0005 . 0005 . 0005 .0005 .0005 .0005 .0006 .0006 ,OOD6 ,0 005 , OD02
5.00 . uo03 .OOil3 .0003 .0003 ,0003 . D003 .0003 ,0003 .0003 .oooj ,O OD3 ,00 02
7.00 , 0001 .0001 .0001 .0001 .OOD1 .D001 .0001 ,000 1 .000 1 ,OD0 1 ,0001 . • 0001
10.0 . oooo .oooo . oooo .oooo .DDOO . OODO . oooo .oooo . 0000 .oooo .OOOD , OOOD
15.0 .OOIJO .oooo .0000 .oooo . OOOD .OODO .oooo . ODOD .OOOD ,OODO .oooo ,DODO
20.0 ,iJOIJO .oooo . oooo .oooo .DODO . 0000 .oooo . ODOO .oooo .oooo ,0000 ,0000
Al'.l'DZJZZ -B 59 395
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,!:10 ,75 1.00 1.25 1.50 2.00 3.oo 4,00 5.00 7.00
~0 -0.2500
0 .25
•0.2266 •0.1563 •0.0391 .1250 .0800 .0556 ,0313 .0139 .0071 .oo:;o ,0026
;25 -o.1s24 •0.1372 -9.·.2...9~! •0.0334 ·. .U!~ .J!n~. .!1_~?3 ,_02?7. t.!IU-! 1.0.!16~ .0045 .0024
.so -o. o9,-~ -o·; osii9 -0.0634 .;iJ-:-ii"3fQ •0.0048 .0104 .0154 .0148 ,0091 .0058 .iio4o ,0022
.75 -0.0625 •0.0577 -0.0449 •0.0279 -.Q.. 01~J .!0..!..00~0 .0051 ,_0987 .0070 .0049 .00.35 ,QO~Q
1o00 •0,0429 -~:~4~2 -o~o33o ~~234 •0.0137 •0.0059 -o.ooo6 .0043 :·oii52 ;0040 .ODJO ,0018
1.50 -0.0229 •0.0220 -o •.!J195 ~0~01.~!!. •_Q.!J1U ~. ..00~0 •0.0048 •0.0005 .0024 .0025 ,0022 ,0015
z.oo -0.01J9 •0.0136 •0.012!1 •0.0109 •0.0091 •0.0071 -o.oo53 •0.0024 .0006 .0014 ,0015 ,0012
J.oo -o.oo66 -o.oo65 -0.0062 •!1_._0!1~-~ ~q. Q_Qj.~ ~0.· 004~ •0.0041 •Q.!l028 '!'0~0009 -·· !1001 .~005 ,0001.
•.oo -o.oo:ss -o:oo38 -o;oo37 •0.0035 •0.0033 •0.0031 •0.0028 •0.0023 •0.0013 •0.0005 -0.0001 .0003
s.oo -o.oozs -o.oo24 -0.0024 ·o~!to~~ ·Q..!..o_gi?. ~o •.o.021 •Q.002Q •(1,0018 .o.0!)12 •Q,0007 -0.0003 ,_0001
1.oo-0.0013 •0.0013 •0.0012 •0.0012 •0.0012 •0.0012 -o.oou •0.0011 •0.0009 •0.0006 •0.0004 -o.ooo2
10.0 -u.ooo6 -o.oo06 •0 ,J!_pQ.~ •.!!.• 0006 •J! ,jJ_OO~- !!0.,.!!!!06 -o.ooo~ •Q 'O.Q.06 •Q! 0!)(15 •Q.Q004 •0.0004 -o.ooo2
15.0 -u.ooo3 -o.ooo3 -o.ooo3 -o.ooo3 -o.~oo3 -o.ooo3 •0.0003 •0.0003 •0.0002 •0.0002 •0.0002 -o.ooo2
20.0 -u.oooz -o.ooo1 -o.ooo1 -o.ooo1 -o.~oo1 -o~ooo1 •0 •. 0001 •0,0001 •0.0001 -.o.ooo1 -o.oo01 ~0.0001
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.25 -0.2957 -0.2750 •0,1684 .0032 .1!167 ·1407 .0818 .0334 .0093 _,0040 ,0021 ,0007
.so -0.1708 •0.1515 -0.0935 •O.Oii!9 ;·o5o8 .0660 .0533 .0277 ,0089 .0038 ,0020 ,0007
.75 -0.1000 •0.0925 -0.0581 •0.0184 .0142 .0293 .0305 .0207 ,0079 .0036 ,0019 ,0007
1.00 -0.0607 -o.o566 -0.038!5 •0 .0177 .0006 .0118 .0162 .0144 ,0068 .0033 .0018 .0007
1o50 -0.0254 •0.0242 -0.0181 •0.0122 •0.0056 •0.0003 .0033 .0060 .0045 ,0026 ,0016 ,0006
2.00 -o.ous •0.0120 -0.0101 •0.0077 •0.0050 •0.0025 •0.0005 ,0020 .0027 ,0019 .0013 ,0006
3.00 -0.0042 •0.0041 -0,0037 •0.0033 •0.0027 •0.0020 •0.0014 •0.0004 ,0007 .0009 ,0007 ,0004
4.00 -o.oo18 -o.oou •0,0017 •0.0016 .o;0014 •o.oo12 •0.0010 •0.0006 .oooo • 01103 ,000<4 ,0003
5.00 -0.0010 •0.0010 -0.0009 •0.0009 •0.0008 •0.0007 •0.0007 •0.0005 •0.0001 .01101 .0002 ,0002
7.00 -o.oo04·•o;ooo• •0.0004 •0.0003 •0.0003 •0.0003 •0.0003 •0.0002 •0.0002 •0.0001 -o.oooo ,0001
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-0.1161 •Oo1060 •0,0601 •0.0085 .0317 ,0472 .o4n .0225 .0047 .0013 ,0004 ,0001
1.00
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-0.01b1 -0.0153 •0,0116 •0. 0071 -0.0026 .0012 ,0036 .0051 ,0030 ,0013 ,0006 ,0001
2.00 .0005 ,0001
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-0.0013 -0.0013 •0.0012 •0.0010 •0.0008 •0.0006 •0.0004 •0.0001 ,0003 .0004 ,0003 .000'1
4.00 ,0002 .0002 ,0001
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7.oo •0.0000 -o.oooo ,0000
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-0.1563 •0.0391
-o. 0914 •0.0340
.125o
.o~~~
-o.0576 -o.o:sj3 •0.0113
~0.0383 •0.0280 •0.01.71
.o8oo
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•0 . 0073
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:ti119
.0001
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.013~
.0067
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.0090
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.0040
.0035
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.0022
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l
1.oo -o.o3uo -o.0290 -o.0262 •0.0219 -o. ou5 •O. 01oa -o. oos5 • oou • oo46 • oo~9 • ouo • oou
1.SO ·U.01.S8 -0.0137 -0.0134 •0.0127 •0 . 0115 •0.0097 •0.0077 •0.0035 .0012 .0021 ,0020 ,0015
2.oo -u.ooi7 -o.oon -o.oon •0.0077 -0 . 0074 •0.0070 •0,0063 •0.0044 ·•0.0009 ,0007 , 0012 ,0011
3.oo -u.oo.H -0.0034 -0.0034 •0.0035 -o.oo35 -o.oo3s -o : oo34 •0.0031 -o.oo2o -o.ooo1 •o.oooo .ooo~
4.00 ·U.0019 -o;oou -o.oou •0.0019 •0.0019 •0.0020 •0.0020 •0.0019 •0.0016 •0.0011 -0.0006 ,0001
S.OO •U,0012 -o.oo12 -o.oo12 •0.0012 -0.0012 •0:0012 •0.0013 •0.0013 •0.0012 •0.0010 •0.0007 -0.0002
7.oo -o.uou6 -o.ooo6 -o.ooo6 •0.0006 •0.0006 •0 . 0006 •0.0006 •0.0006 •0.0006· •0.0006 •0 . 0006 •0.0004
10.0 -u.oou3 -o.ooo:s -o.ooo3 •0.0003 -o.ooo3 -o.ooo3 •o.ooo3 •o.ooo3 -o.ooo3 •o.ooo~ -o.ooo:s · -o , ooo3
15.o -u.oou1 -o.ooo1 -o.oo01 •0.0001 •o.ooo1 -o.oooi -o.ooo1 •o.ooo1 -o.oooi •o.ooo1 -o.ooo1 -o.ooo1
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.so .75 1.00 1.25 1.50 2.00 4.00 5,00 7,00

~0 -0.25110
0 .25 ~.oo
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.25 •U.13~~ -0·1193 -0.0815 •0.0365 •0.0001 .0222 .0287 .0217 . • 0114 .0061 ,0045 ,0024
.so -u.os.ss -o.oso6 -0.0440 •0.0359 •0.0249 •0 . 0112 .0011 .0109 .0087 .0057 .0040 .0022
• 75 -o.ou8 -o.o201 -0 . 0231 •0.0250 •0.0239 •0.0192 •0.0122 .0002 .0057 .0046· ,0034 .0020 .
1 . 00 -(J.00/1 -0.0083 -0.0114 •0.0147 -o. 0168 •O. ou8 •0.0145 •0.0066 .0025 .oon • oo2i .oou
1.So -11.0015 -o.0019 -0.0030 •0.0046 -0 . 0063 •0.0019 •0.0089 •0.0085 •0.0026 .0007 .0015 .0014
2.00 -U.OOIIS -o.ooo6 -0.0010 •0. 0016 -0.0024 •0.0033 •0.0042 •0.0054 •0 . 0043 •0,0014 ,0002 .0009
3.00 ·U.OOU1 -0 . 0001 -0,0002 •0.0003 •0.0005 •0.0007 ·0.0010 •0.0016 •0.0025 •0.0024 •0. 0015 -o. oo01
4.co -u . uouo -o . oooo -0.0001 •0 . 0001 -0.0002 •0.0002 -o.ooo3 -o.ooO& •0.0011 •0.0015 -0,0015 •0,0007
s.oo -u.uouo -o.oooo -o.oooo •0.0000 -0.0001 •0.0001 •0.0001 •0.0002 ..Q,OOO!J -o.oooa •0.0009 -e.ooo8
7.oo -u.uouo -o.oooo -o.oooo •0 . 0000 -o.oooo -o.oooo •0.0000 •0.0001 •0.0001 •0.0002 •0.0003 -e.ooo!J
10.0 -0.00110 .oooo .oooo .oooo .oooo . 0000 •0.0000 •0.0000 -o.oooo -o.oooo • 0,0001 -o ; ooo1
15.0 -u.oouo .oooo .oooo .DODO .oooo .0000 .oooo .oooo .oooo .oooo .0000 .oooo
20.0 •U,QOIIO .0001 .0001 . 0001 .0001 .0001 . 0001 .0001 .oooo . oooo .oooo .oooo
~0
0 .25 .so .75 1.00 1.25 1 . 50 2.00 3.00 4,00 5 . 00 7.00
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 D 0 0 0
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.so -u.u4u5 •0.03~6 -0.0219 •0.0038 .0104 . 0150 . 0130 ,0070 .0022 • 0010 • 0005 .0002
.75 - IJ, Q3J3 -o.0296 -0,0199 •0 . 0071 • 0027 • 0086 .0102 ,0076 .0030 . 0014 ,0007 . 0003
1.oo -u.u2:i2 -0.0230 -0,0170 •0 . 0093 •0.0020 .0033 .0061 • 0067 • 0034 .0017 ,0009 ,0003
1.SO -U . 0144 -0.0136 -0 . 0115 •0.0085 -0.0052 •0.0021 .0005 • 0032 • 0032 .0020 ,0012 ,0005
2.oo -u . ooo9 -o.ooa6 -0.0078 •0.0065 •0.0050 •0.0034 •0.0018 • 0006 • 0023 .0018 ,0013 . 0006
3.oo ·-u . CJ042 •0.0042 -0.0040 •0 . 0037 •0. 00·3 3 •0. 0028 •0.0023 •0.0012 .0004 ,0010 .0010 . 0006
4.oo -u.oo~• -0.0024 -0 . 0023 •0.0022 •0.0021 -0.0019 •0 . 0017 •0.0013 •0.0004 ,0003 ,0006 .0006
s.oo -u.uo•~ •0 . 0016 •0.0015 •0.001S •0 . 0014 •0.0014 •0 . 0013 •0.0011 •0.0006 •0,0001• ,0002 .0004
1.oo -o.oou8 -o.ooo8 -o.oooa .o.oooa -o . ooo8 -o.ooo8 •0.0007 .o . ooo7 -o.ooo5 •0 . 0003 •0.0002 .0001
10.0 -I.I.OOU4 -o.ooo4 •0 , 0004 •0.0004 •0.0004 •0.0004 •0.0004 •0.0004 •0.0003 •0. 0003- •0. 0002 ·0.0001
15.0 -O.~OU2 -o . ooo2 -0.0002 •0.0002 •0.0002 •0.0002 •0.0002 •0 . 0002 •0.0002 •0.0002 •0.0001 -0.0001
20.0 -u.uou1 -0.0001 -0.0001 •0.0001 •0.0001 •0.0001 •0.0001 •0 . 0001 •0.0001 •0.0001 •0.0001 -0.0001
~0
0 .25 .so .75 1 . 00 1.25 1.50 2.00 ~.oo 4.00 s.oo 7.00
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
.25 •U,Q7115 •0.0627 -o. 0382 .0009 .0308 . 0328 .0212 .0087 .0024 ,0010 ,0005 ,0002
.so -lJ.05oO -o.oS94 -0.0372 •0.0109 . 0102 . 0215 .0229 .0141 .0046 .0019 .0010 .0004
.7S ·U.Q4::17 -0.0417 -0.0315 •0.0181 -o.oo.a .oo6o . 0126 .0139 .0061 • 0028· .0015 .0005
t.oo -u.~2Y1 -0.0278 -0.0240 •0.0181 -0.0109 •0.0035 .0029 .0094· .0068 • 0034· .0019 .0007
1.50 -u.o1j7 -0.0135 -0.0130 •0.0120 -0.0103 •0.0080 •0.0053 .0003 .0050 .0038 ,0024 .0010
2.00 -u.00/3 -o.oon -0.0076 •0.0074 •0.0070 •0.0064 •0,0055 •0.0031 .0017 .• 0030 • 0024 . • 0012
;s.oo - u. ooH •0.0035 -0.0035 •0.0034 -0 . 0034 •0.0033 •0.0032 •0.0029 •0.0014 . 0002 ,0012 .0012
4.00 - li . u O~O - o. oo2o -0 . 0020 •0.0019 -0.0019 •0.0019 •0.0019 •0.0018 •0.0015 -o.oooa •0.0001 .0007
s.oo -U.0012 -0 . 0013 -0 . 0013 •0 .0013 •0.0013 •0.0012 •0. 0012 •0.0012 •0.0011 •0 . 0009 •O.OOO!J ,0002
7,00 -U,U0116 •0 . 0006 -0.0006 •0.0006 •0.0006 •0.0006 •0.0006 •0.0006 -0.0006 •0.0006 -o.ooot -o.ooo3
10.0 • i) ,QOU3 -o.ooo;s -o.ooo3 •0.0003 •0.0003 •0.0003 •0.0003 •0.0003 •0.0003 •0.0003 -o.ooo;s -o.ooo3
15.0 -1.1.00111 -o.ooo2 -0.0002 •0.0002 -0.0002 •0.0002 -0 . 0002 •0.0002 •0.0002 •0.0002 •0.0002 •0.0002
20 . 0 -0.00111 -o.ooo1 -0.0001 •0.0001 •0.0001 •0.0001 •0 . 0001 •0 .0001 •0.0001 •0.0001 -0.0001 -0.0001
»PENDZX B 61 39'1
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~.
.so
0
o -u.souo •0.4641 •O,H40 •O,OU6 ••••••• . 2074 .0985 .0360 ,0098 ,0040 ,0020 ,0007
.25 •0.28:)6 •0!2~59 •0.1512 .oo•4 .1303 .1333 .0837 . 0340 ,0096 ,0040 . oozo .0007
.SO •0.144~ •0.1319 •0.0769 •0 .0196 .0242 .0471 .0487 .0282 ,0091 ,0 039 .0020 .00 07
.75 -u.Q6i: • 0.0629 •0.0430 • 0.0242 - o:oo53 .0101 . 0201 .0195 .0081 ,0037 ,0019 ,0007
1.oo - o . oli8 - o:03o7 •0.02SO •0.0197 •0.0117 •0.0028 .0049 .0111 .0061 .0034 .0018 .0007
1.so - u . oott6 - o.ooaa • 0.0093 •0 .0094 • 0.0085 • 0.0066 - o.oo•o .0011 .oo38 ,0026 .0016 ,0007
2.oo - u.oo.u -o:oo33 •0,0037 • 0.0042 -o.oo4• • 0.0043 •0 .0037 •0.0017 .0013 ,0017 ,0012 ,0 006
3.oo - o . oou8 - o.ooo• -o. ooo 9 • 0. 0011 - 0.0012 - 0.0014 -o.oo15 • 0.001 4 - o.ooo5 ,0003 .0005 ,0004
4,' 00 -u.oou3 - 0.0003 •0.0003 • 0.0004 -o.ooo• . o.ooo5 •0. 0006 • 0 . 0006 •0.0005 •0.0002 .0001 .0002
s . oo -u.oou1 • 0.0001 -0.0002 •0 .0002 • 0.0002 • 0.0002 •0.0003 •0.0003 •0 .0003 •0.0003 •0.0001 . 0001
7.00 •O,GOUO -o.o oo1 • 0,0001 •0.0001 • 0.0001 •0 .0001 •0.0001 • 0.0001 •0.0001 •0.00 01 •0 .0001 -o. oooo
10.0 -o.oouo -o. oooo -o .oooo •0.0000 - o.oooo •o .o ooo -o. oooo -o.oooo - o.oooo -o.oooo -o.oooo -o.oooo
1S.'o -o.oouo -o .oooo -o.oooo -o.o ooo -o.oooo •o .o ooo -o.oooo . o.ooo o -o.oooo •0.0000 -o.oooo -o. oooo
20.0 -o.oouo - o.oooo -o. oooo .o. oooo • 0.0000 •0. 0000 -o .oooo - o . oooo -o.oooo •0.0000 -o.oooo -o.oooo
.75 1.00 1.25 1.50 2.00 3.00 4,00 5.00 7.00

~ 0
.50
o -u.souo •0.4641 •0,3U9 •0.0846 ••••••• .2074 .0985 .0360 .0098 ,0040 .0020 .0 007
• 25 -u.254! • 0 .2328 -0.1216 . 0005 .0669 .1079 .0881 .0357 .0101 .0040 .0020 ,0007
.50 •\i,06ciY - 0.0626 • 0.0 4S• •0. 0390 - 0.0260 .0017 .0275 .0287 .0096 . • 0040 . .0020 .0007
.75 .00~6 • 0.0015 - 0.017. •0.0292 • 0\0319 •0 .0239 •0 .0092 .0124 .0086 ,0039 .0020 .0007
1.00 .;)14!4 .0096 • 0.0018 • 0 . 0126 -o.0199 • 0.0214 •0.0173 • 0.0020 .0065 .0036 .0020 .0007
1.SO ,.)OCiil .oou .0040 .0007 -0.0031 • 0.0065 •0 .0088 • 0.0085 .0 002 . 0023 ,0016 .0007
2.00 .uaj4 . 0033 ,0027 .0018 .0006 • 0.0008 • 0.0022 • 0.0043 • 0.0029 .0003 .0010 .0006
3.00 .oou .0011 ,0010 .0009 . 0007 .0005 .0003 •o.ooo3 -o. oo1s •0,001 3 • 0,0004 .0003
4.00 , i)QIIS ;ooo5 .olios .0004 .0004 .0003 .0003 . 0001 •0 .0003 • 0.0006 •0. 0006 •0,0001
s.oo .uOu2 .0002 ,0002 .0002 . 0002 .0002 .0002 .ooo1 - o.oooo •0.0002 -0 .0003 -o.o oo3
7.oo .aou1 .0001 .0001 .0001 .C001 .0001 .0001 .0001 . oooo . oooo -o. oooo •0.0 001
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5 422
.so . 75 1.00 1.25 1.50 2.00 4,00 s.oo 7,00

~
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.so - u . i)8ci9 -o.o816 - o . o•32 . oo91 . 0479 . 0475 .0283 . 0073 . 0009 .0002 .0001 .0000
.75 -u.o6i7 •0.0613 • 0.0325 •0.0012 .0221 . 0300 • 0257 • 0109 .0017 .ooo• ,0001 .oooo
1.00 •1),()4,2 - 0.0414 - 0.02SO • 0.0073 .0076 . 0160 • 0171 • 0114 .0025 ,0007 .0002 .oooo
1.50 -u.ulYS. - o.ous -0 .01410 •0. 0085 •0.0027 ,0021 .0 054 .0071 .0033 .0011 ,0004 ,0001
2.00 •U,fi0\14 •0 .0091 -o.oo11 -o .oo59 - 0.0037 •0.0015 .0005 .0030 .0028 ,0014 ,0006 ,0001
3.00 -u. OOJO •O .OOJO •0 .0028 •0. 0025 - 0.0021 •0.0017 •0 .0 012 •0.0001 .0010 .0010 ,0007 .0002
4.00 -u. OOl.3 • 0,0013 -0.0013 •0. 0012 - 0;0011 •0 . 0010 •0.0008 • 0.0005 .0001 .0005 ,0005 .0003
s.oo - u.oou7 -o.ooo1 •0.0007 •0.0006 • 0.0006 •0. 0006 • 0.0005 •0 .0004 •0 .0001 .00 01 ,0002 ,0002
7 . 00 -o. uo u3 - o.ooo3 • 0.0002 • 0.0002 •0.0002 •0.0002 • 0.0002 • 0.0002 • 0.0001 •0.0001 ,0000 .0001
10.0 - u.oou1 -o.ooo1 •0.0001 •0. 0001 • 0.0001 •0.0001 •0 .0001 • 0.0001 • 0 . 0001 •0. 0001 -o . oooo .oooo
15.0 -u.oouo -o.o ooo -o.oooo - o.oooo - o.oooo -o. oooo - o.oooo . o.oooo - o . oooo •0.0 000 -o.oooo -o .oooo
20.0 -o.oo~o~o - o.oooo -o.oooo - o.oooo -o.oooo -o.oooo - o . oooo -o.oooo - o.oooo •0. 0000 -o. oooo -o.oooo
.so ,75 1.00 1.25 1 .5 0 2.00 3.00 4,00 s.oo 7,00

X 0
0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
.25 -U.15CI7 -0.1494 -o. 0971 .0292 .1326 .0996 . 0333 . 0049 . 0005 . 0001
.000 4
.0001
.0001
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. 75 - li.08115 -o.0736 -o.o•s9 •0 .0175 . 0083 .0273 .0356 .0242 .0040 • 0009 • 0003 .0001
1.00 •u.u3CI1 -0.0369 •0.0307 •0. 0212 • 0.0089 . 0037 .0138 .0195 .0061 .0016 .0005 .0001
1.50 -u .taus -o.o1u9 -o. 0112 • 0.0110 - 0.0098 •0.0073 •0 .0037 .0038 .0067 .002! .0010 .0002
- u.U043 •O.OOH - 0.0046 •0.0049 •0.0050 •0 .0048 • 0.0042 • 0.001:8 .0031 .0029 .0 015 .0003
2.00 - o.ooo6 .0007 .0011 .0006
3.00 - 1.1.(1012 - 0.0012 -0.0013 • 0.0013 • 0 , 0014 • O.OOlS • 0. 0016 • O.OOU
-0.0011~ -o.ooo5 • 0.0005 • 0.0005 - 0. 0006 •0.0006 •0 .0006 • 0.0007 • 0.0006 • 0 . 0003 .0002 ,0005
4.00 • 0.0004 • o.ooo3 -o.ooot .0002
s.oo - U. 00113 - o.oou3 - 0.0003 • 0.0003 •0 .'0003 •0 .0003 •0 .0003 • 0.0003
7.00 - O.U0\11 - 0.0001 -0.0001 • 0.0001 •0.0001 • 0.0001 • 0.0001 •0.0001 • 0.0001 • 0.0001" -0.0001 -0.0001
- o . oooo -o.oooo • 0.0000 •0.0000 • 0.0000 - o.oooo • 0.0000 - o.oooo -o. oooo -o. oooo •o.oooo
10 . 0 -u.uouo - o.oooo - o.oooo -o .oooo
15.0 -u.oouo -~.oooo -o.oooo - o.oooo • O,GOOO • 0.0000 -o.oooo •0 .0000 -o.oooo
20.0 •IJ ,OOUO - o.oouo - o . oooo • 0 . 0000 - o.oooo • 0.0000 -o.oooo •0.0000 •0 .0000 - o.oooo - o . oooo -o.o ooo
398
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VESIC, A.S., 1961. Bending of beams zoesting on iso-

"tztopi.c eZasti.c so"Lid. Jnl.Eng.Mechs.Divn., ASCE,
Vol.87, No.EM2, pp.35-53.
VESIC, A.S., 1963. Discussion~ Session III~ Proc.

1st Int.Conf.Struct.Design of Asphalt Pavements,
Univ. of Michigan, pp.283-290.
WARDLE, L.J. and GERRARD, C.M., 1972. The equi.va7-ent

aniso"tztopic pz<Opel'ties of Zayezeed %'0Ck and soiZ
masses. C.S.I.R.O. Aust., Unpubl.Rept.
WAY, E., .1940. Sone obsel'Vations on the theozoy of

con"tact pl'e88Ul'es. ASME, Jnl.Appl.Mech., Vol. 7,
No.4, pp.A-147-157.
WESTERGAARD, H.M., 1939. A pzrob"Lem of e"Lasticity

suggested by a pztOb"Lem of soiZ mechanics: soft
matel'iaZ zteinfozteed by numerous stzoong hozoiaontaZ
sheets. Sixtieth Anniversary Volume of
S. Timoshenko, Contributions of Mechanics of Solids,
MacMillan Pub.Co., New York, 1939.
WE5'I'MANtr, R.A., 1963. Layezoed systems subjected

to BU%'face sizears. Jnl.Eng.Mechs.Divn., ASCE,
Vol.89, No.EM6, pp.l77-191.
WHITMAN, R.V. and RICHART, F.E., 1967. Design

proceduzoes fozo dynanicaZZy Zoa.dJJd foundations.
Jnl.
Soil Mech.Fndns.Divn., ASCE, Vol;93, No.SM6, pp.l69-
193.
YEGOROV, K.E. and NITCHIPOROVICH, A.A., 1961.

Reseazoch on the def'Zection of foundations. Proc.
5th Int.Conf.Soil Mechs.Fndn.Eng., Vol.l, pp.861-
866.
AUTHOR INDEX
Aqqarwala, D.B., 169-171 Gort:l\mov-Possadov, M., 260,262,268

Ahlvin, R.G., 43-49 Gray, H., 38,40,41,62,314
Ambraseys, N.N., 62 Griffith, J . H. , 195
Andrews, K.F., 198 Groth, N.C. , 92,93,99
Banerjee, P.K., 180-182, 262 Harr, M.E., 50,54,112,192,196,197,314

Bazber, E.S., 5o-52,77,88-91,163 Harrison, W.J., 184,185,187,~92,309,337,346
Barden, L. , 184, 341 Hearmon, R.F.S., 10,316,343
Barkan, D. D., 168 Heller, S.R. , 240
Bart, R. , 240 Hetenyi, M., 27
Biot, M.A. , 252 Holq, K., 245-247
Bonse, R.P.H., 344 Boqq, A.B.A., 258
Booker, J .R., 199 Boll, D.L., 54,66,132,195-197,314
Borowiclca, H., 165,167,249,250,255,258
Broclc, J.s., 240 Jaeqer, J.C., 240 ,304
Brown, C.B., 226-228 Jones, A., 145- 159
Brown, P . T., 194,195,198,252-257,260-267 Jurgenson, L., 35,36 , 38,42,314
Burmister, O.M. , l3,19,ll3-ll5,132,14l,l42
Burns, J.Q., 255,256 Kirk, J .M., l45
Butterfield, R., 180-182,262 Kolosov, G. B. , 314
Bycroft, G.N . , 166 Xoninq, H. , 183-186, 341
Krizek, R.J., 246 ,248
carothers, S.D., 314 Kuhn, S.H., 344
ChaJ:aan, C.R., 92,93,99
Clough, R. W., 199,207,208,225 Lambe, T.W. , 313
Cook, N.C., 240,304 Lee, I.K., 168,169,249-251
liekhnitslcii, S. G. , 314 , 341
Davis, E.H. , 97,98,116,119,120,162,182,269,279,304 Love, A.E. H., 314
Deresiewiez, H., 74-76 Lovell, c.w., 50,54
Dinqwall, J.C., 225 L'ure, A.E. , 8 , 11
Dooley, J.c. , 184 LyS~Der, J., 26
Douqlas, D.J. , 97,98,304
Duncan, J .M., 26 . Madhav, M. R., 296
Duval, W. I., 231,239 Marwiclc, H. D., 344
Mattes , N. S., 271,272,278,279,281
Eqorov, K. E., 112,167,168,258,314 Melan, E., 27
Meyerhof, G.G., l07,ll2,113 , ll6-118,142,l60,163,164
Fadum, R.E., 54,57,192 Michell, J.H. , 28,184,341
Fi llunqer, P. , 226 Milovie, D.M., 11l,l12,116,121-l29,l72-l77
Finn, W. D.L., 305-307 Mindlin, R.D., 17,18,95-99,232,233
Florin, V.A., 314 Mirata, T. , 225
Foster, C. R. , 43-45 Mitchell, J.K., 145
Fox, E.N., 94,181,182 Moore, ~.M., 297- 303
Fox, L., 138-140 Muki, R. , 166
Frohlich, O. K., 195 Muskhelishvili, N.I., 165,166
Geddes, J.D., 33-35 Neuber, a., 236, 241

Gerrard, C.M., 142,184,185,187,188-192,309,337,341,346 New=ark, N.M., 12,77-87
Gibson, R.E., 193-195, 198 Niehiporovich, A.A. , 179
Giroud, J. P., 14,54-73,107-110 Nishida, Y., 94,95
Goodier, J .N. , 314
Goodman, L.E., 226-228 Obe.r t, L., 231,239
405
O.W.•rk, N., 163
oatezbe%9, J.o. , 40
Palller, L.A. , 163
Peattie, K:.R., 145
Perloff, W.H. , 208-224
P1evako, V.P., 19
Poulos, B.G., 13,19,28,77,96 , 103,132,162,178, 179,199-
204,258,269,271,272,278,279,281,283,291,
296
PrikbodcbeDlco, O.E., 19
QW.Dlan, P.M., 314,341
aei.aaer, E. , 167
Ric:h&rd, Jl.M., 245,246
Ric:bart, F .E., 168,229-231,236-239,241-244
Sagoci, B.F. , 167

s-1"'DZI, M.D.G., 191
S&Dbom, J .L•, 76
Schiffmann, R.L., 50,52-54,169-171
Scott, R.F., 37,38,314
Scri-mer, F.B., 225
Sezebeyanyi, R.V., 258,260,262,268
Sbekter, 0 . Ya, 19
Sben, C-K. , 145
Shepherd, W.M., 27,28
Skopek, J., 92,93
Sneddon, I.N; 167,319,346
Sovine, I., 130,131,180
Sta.atopoulos, A. C., 62
Stazks, H.J.B., 344
SteiJib%eDDer, w. , 162
Taylor, B., 25,116,119,120,162,182
Terzaghi, K. , 229-231, 236-239,241-244
Thenn de Barros, s., 141,142,160-162,164
TiJIIoshenko, s. , 314
Gow:ni.er, J.P., 116,121-129
Tranter, C.J., 319,346
oeshita, K., 107,112,113,116-118,142 ,160,163,164
Ulery, B.H. , 43,46-49

Urena, R.De, 10,183,184,314
Verruijt, A., 208

Verstraeten, J., 162
Vesic, A.S., 164,252
Wardle, L.J., 191

Watissee, B., 107-109
Watson, G.N . , 319,346
Way, E., 169
Westerqaard, H.M., 192
Westmann, R.A., 142-145
Whitman, R.V., 168
Wolf, K., 314,341
Woodward, R.J . , 199,207,208,225
YegQrov,_ K.E., 179

Yoder, E.J. , 76
INDEX
Anisotropic mass, spheroidal, 243

circular load, 185,337-397 (see also Tunnels)
line load, 184 Cerruti problem,
linear radial shear stress on circle, 356 line load, 26
linear radial shear displacement on circle, 362 point load, 17
linear vertical displacement on circle, 354 Circular area,
linear vertical stress on circle, 352 anisotropic mass, 184,337-397
linear torsional displacement on circle, 362 conical loading, 50
linear torsional stress on circle, 360 finite layer, lll,l78
multi-layer systems, 187 horizontal load on half space, 50
point load, 183 / horizontal load on two layers, 142
rigid circle, 185 -~ linear radial shear displacement, 358
stress- strain equations, 9,313,343 linear radial shear stress, 356
strip load , 184,309-335 linear torsional shear stress, 360
unifol:lll shear stress on circle , 362 linear torsional shear displacement, 361
uniform shear displacement on circle, 364 linear vertical displacement, 350
vertical displacement on circle, 350 linear vertical stress, 352
vertical stress on circle, 348 non-h01110qeneous half space, 194, 196
Apparent elastic moduli for cylinder, . 303 non-ho11109eneous layer, 198
Approximate s olutions riqid in half space, 180 ·
embankments, 225 riqid on half space, 166
multi-layer systems, 162 riqid on layer, 178
rigid area displacement, 182 rouqh on half space, 52
Axial loads on piles, 269-282 shear loading 50,356-365
· Axial synmetry, equilibrium equations, 7 subsurface loading, 94, 180
unifol:lll shear displacement, 364
Base loadin pile, 269,271,272 , 278-9 unifol:lll shear s~s, 50, 362
Base, yielding beneath layer, 305 unifom vertical displacement, 350
rotating beneath layer, 305,306 unifol:lll vertical stress, 4l,348
Battered piles, 296 vertical load on two layers , 138
Beam, equations of bending, 15 vertical load on three layers, 145
on elastic foundation (see rafts) Circular raft,
Bending, equations of, 15 on half space, 166,255
Bending .aent, on finite layer, 178,25.8
circular plate, 15 Circular ring, riqid on half space, l67
circular raft, 255-261 Circular tunnel,
l ined circular tunnel, 248 lined in infinite mass, 245
piles, 286-9 unlined in half space, 232
rectangular plate, 15 unlined in infinite mass, 229
rectangular raft, 262-8 Compatability equations, 8
strip raft, 250-5 Compressible piles, 271-280
Bipolar coOrdinates, 232 Concentrated loading
Boussinesq problem, ·csee point loadillg)
generalized, 195 Conical loading on circle, 50
line load, 26 Constrained modulus, 9
point load, 16 Construction in lifts,
Bulk stress, 8 embankment, 199,207
Bulk modulus, 9 slope, 228
Burmister problem, 19 COntact pressure, ,
circle on anisotropic mass, 185
Cartesian coordinates, 1,6,8,9 circular raft, 256,258,26i ·
Cavity, spherical, 240 -------------------------~rectangular raft,_2~6~2~ -~
8------~-----------------------
------ 407
408
riqid eircle, 166,178-9 rectanqle supezposition, 12

riqid ellipse, 169 sector metbod, 13
riqid embedded area, 180-l strip on anisoaopic mass, 187
riqid rinq, 167 Gravity field, 7
riqid strip, - 165,172 Groups of piles,
strip raft, 249,250,252 axially loaded, 279
Contours of stress, laterally loaded, 291
circle on two layers, 138,139,142
s trip on half space, 36 Half space
trianqular load on strip, 39 (see semi-infinite ~~~ass)
Correction factors for Newmark charts, 77,80,83,84 Horizontal loadinq,
Crack, elliptical, 240 circle, anisottopic III&SS, 185, 337-397
Cross-anisotropic mass circle on half space, 37 ,SO
(see anisoaopic mass) circle on two layers, 142
CUttinq, trapezoidal, 208 line load, on half-space, 26
Cylinder, thick wa.ll, 297 Ne-.u:k charts, 88-91
with riqid end plates 297 piles, 283-296
Cylindrical coord.ina.tes, 7-9 point load, hal.f-s pace, 17
point load, nonhcllloqeneous mass, 195
Differential deflection of rafts, 254,255,257,261 rectanqle on half space, 54
Direction cosines , 2 rectangle on layer, ll6
Displacements, due to piles, 273-7 rectanqle , nonhomoqeneous mass, 197
sign definition for rectanqles, 116 rigid circle, 166
Distortion factor for elliptical tunnd, 238 riqid rectariqle, 168
OOWD<lraq on piles rigid strip, 172
(see negative friction) s trip, anisoaopic mass, 184,309-335
subsurface rectangle, 97,100
Eccentric . loadinq, riqid strip, 172
Elasticity, equations of, 10-12 Inclined loading,
Elastic parameters, relation between, 9 dec:amposition -of, 14
E.lliptical area, rigid strip on layer, 172
riqid on half space, 169 Inclusion in infinite mass, 304
uniform load on half space, 74 Incremental construction of slope, 228
Elliptical coordinates, 236,240 Incremental displacement of embankment, 199,207
Elliptic.al crack, 240 Inf;nite mass,
Elliptical tunnel, 236 circular tunnel in, 229
Embankment, on half space, 208 elliptical tunnel in, 236
on layer, 225 inclusion in, 304
on riqid base, 199 line loading, 26
Emba.nkment load.inq, lined tmmel in, 245
strip on half space, 38-42 ,208 point loading, 16
rectanqle on half space, 62 rectanqul.ar tunnel in, 239
Erabeddecl areas spherical cavity in, 240
(see subsurface loads) spheroidal cavity in, 243
Equilibrium equations 6; 7 Infinite raft, 262
Equivalent JIIOC1uli, Infinite slopes (see slopes)
repeated layer system, 191 Infinite strip (see Strip)
plane strain, 9 Infinite two-layer system, 19
plane stress , 9 Infinite wedqe, 28
three layers, 164 Inteqrals, for circle on anisoaopic mass, 370-397
two layers, 142 for orthomcabic mass, 330-4
EX.istinq solutions, Integration for sector curves, 13
anisoaopic mass, 341 Interaction factors,
ortho:r:halllbic mass, 314 axially loaded piles, 279-282
laterally loaded piles, 291-5
~ixed head pile, 283 Interior loading
Fixinq IIICIIIellt, pile head, 287,289 (see Subsurface loadinq)
pile tip, 289 Isoaopic solutions, as particular cases of
Flexibility factor, ani.s otropic solutions, 322-9,348-364
circular raft, 255,258
rectanqular raft, 262 J factors for strip raft, 252
strip, 249,252
piles, 283 Kelvin problem, line load, 16
Flexibility ratio, lined tunnel, 245 point load, 26
Four-layer systems, 162
Free head pile, 283 Lame's pa..ra~~eters, 9
Laplace equation, l l
Generalized loadinq, Lateral load.inq,
finite layer , 132 battered piles, 296
Newmark's method, 12 pile qroup, 291
INDEX 409
single floating pile, 283 rigid circle on half space, 166

tip-restrained pile, 287 rigid circle on layer, 179
Layer, anisotropic, 187_ rigid rectangle on half-space, 168
axially loaded pile in, 270,272,278 rigid rectangle on layer, 180
circle on, 111 rigid strip on half-space, 165-6
embankment on, 225 rigid strip on layer, 172
generalized loading, 132 stiff vertical plate, 304
laterally loaded pile in, 287 strip raft, 252
line loading, 28 Multi-layer systems, 138-164
non-homogeneous, 198
point loading, 19 Nearly-rectangular tunnel, 239
rectangle on, 113 Negative friction on piles, 278
rigid circle on, 178 Newmark's method, 12,13
rigid rectangle on, 180 Newmark charts, half space, 78-91
rigid strip on, 172 layer, ·132
rotating base in, 305,306 Non-hCIIIOqeneous mass, 193-8
sector curves, 132-7 Normal loading approximation for embankment, 208-211
trianqular loading on strip, 107
uniform loading on strip, 103 Observed displacement of embankment, 199
yielding base in, 305 Octahedral stresses, 3
Layered systems, approximate solutions, 162 Odemark's method, 163
two layer, 138 Orthorhombic mass,
three layer, 145 stress strain equations, · 315
four layer, 162 strip loading, 309-335
Lifts , in embankment analysis, 199,205
Line loading, Palmer and Bcu:ber's method, 163
anisotropic half· space, 184 Parabolic loading in circle, 52,54
apex of infinite wedge, 28 Piles, axially loaded, 269-282
axially symmetric, 32 battered, 296
finite length on half-space, 26 end-bearing, 278-281
finite layer, 28 floating, 269-278
infinite mass, 26 groups, 279-282,291-5
linearly varying subsurface load, 34 laterally loaded, 283-296
non-homogeneous half space, 196 negative friction, 278
quarter-space, 27 rigid cap 9!1, 271
semi-infinite mass, 26,27 tip-restrained, 287
strip raft, 249 Plane strain, 3,9,11
uniform subsurface load, 32 Plane stress, 3,9,11
Linearly varying displacement, Plate, circular hole in, 229
circle, 354,356,361 elliptical hole in, 238
strip, 325,329 equations of bending, 15
Linearly varying modulus, 193 (see also Rafts)
Linearly varying stress, · Point load,
circle, 352,356,360 anisotropic half-space, 183
half spaCe, 41 approximation for pile effect, 272
rectangle, 59,70 circular raft, 258-9
strip, 38,324,328 finite layer, 19
Lined circular tunnel, 245 half space, 16,17
Load types ; circle on half space, 344 infinite mass, 16
strip on half space, 317 infinite raft, 262,268
Loci of principal stress, 26,36,41 inside two layers, 19
non-homoqeneous mass, 195
Maximum IIICIIIellt in pile, 287,290 rectangular raft, 262-7
Maximum shear stress, 2 strip raft, 252-4
Mean displacement, Poisson's ratio, 8
embedded rectangle, 94 Pressure distribution on laterally loaded piles. 285
rectangle on half space, 57 Principal planes, 2,6
Melan problems, 27 strains, 5
Method, sector, 13 stresses, 2
solution for anisotropic mass, 346
solution for orthoz:hombic mass, 319 Quarter space, line loading, 27
Mindlin problems, 17, 18
Modulus variation, generalized Radial loading on circle• 356,358
Boussinesq case, 195 Rafts. 249-268
Mohr circle, pole construction, 4 circular on half space, 255
strain, 6 circular on layer, 258
stress, 3 infinite extent, 262,268
Moment loading, rectangular on half space 26o-8
piles, 283-296 strip on ha.l:i: ~ce_, 2~!;1:25~-
4lO INDEX
Recipxocal theorem, 66,77 embankment loading, 62

Rectangles, superposition of, 12 embedded. rigid areas, 180
Rectangular area, laterally-loaded pile, 283-286
embankment loading, 62 line loading in, 27
horizontal load on half space, 66 line loading on, 26
horizontal load on layer, 116 linear DIOdulus variation, 193
linearly vcu:ying loads, 59 , 70 Newmark Charts fOr, 78~91
non-hOIIIOgeneous mass, 197 point loading in, 19
rigid on half-space, 168 point loading on, 16
rigid on layer, 180 :rectangular loading in,, 92-94,97-102.
sign definition for displacements, 116 :rectangular loading on,S4-73
subsurface loading, 92-94,97-102 rigid circle, 166
vertical load on half space, 54 rigid ellipse, 169
vertical load on layer, 113 rigid :rectangle, 168
Rectangular rafts, 260-8 rigid ring, 167
Rectangular tunnel, 239 rigid strip, 165
Reduction factor for subsurface loads, 94-6 ring loading, 32,167
Reinforced material, 192 sector curves for, 77
Relative displa~t of strip on half space, 36,37, semi-ellipsoidal loading, 76
194 semi-infinite loading, 41
Repeated layer systems, 191 strip loading in, 9 3
Retaining wall, stresses on, 306-7 strip loading .on, 36
Rigid a:reas, 165-182 subsurface line loads, 32-35
circle on anisotxopic mass, 186 triangular loading, 38
circle on half space, 166 unifo%m loads, 36-91
circle on layer, 178 Shear displacement of circle, 364
displacement approximations, 182 Shear loading, on circle, SO
ellipse on half space, 169 embedded :rectangle, 99
embedded areas, 180 (see also Horizontal loading)
end plates on cylinder, 297 Shear IDOCiul.us, 8-10
rectangle on half-space, 168 increasing with depth, 193
rectangle on layer, 180 Shear stress, linear on circle
ring on half-space, 167 on anisotropic mass, 187,190,356,360
xough strip on half space, 165-6 maximum, 2
smooth strip on half space, 165 octahedral, 3
strip on layer, 172 - uniform on circle on anisotropic mass, 362
Rigid rafts, Sign convention, 1
circular, 178,179,258 for horizontal displacements, 116
:rectangular, 260-7 Single-lift embankment displacement, 199
Ring loading on half space, 32 Slopes, 28,226
rigid on half space, 167 incremental construction, 228
Rotating retaining wall, 307 Smooth base, beneath layer, 107,112,113,130,180
base beneath layer, 305 interface between layers, 140
Rotation of piles, 283,284,288 Spherical cavity in infinite mass, 240
rigid circle on half space, 166 coordinates, 7,8
rigid circle on layer, 179 symmetry, equilibrium equations, 7
rigid rectangle on half space, 168 Sphexoidal cavity in infinite mass, 263
rigid rectangle on layer, 180 Standard embankment, 207
rigid strip on half space, 165,166 Steinbrenner's method, 116,162
rigid strip on layer, 172-7 Stiff plate, 304
stiff plate, 304 Stiffness factor for pile, 271
Rough circular a:rea on half space , 52 Strain, analysis of, 4
rigid end plates on cylinder, 297 definitions, 4,5
rigid strip, 165,166 in plane, 5
strip raft, 249-251 in th:ree-layer system, 145
invariants, 6
Sector curves for half space, 78 matrix, 5
curves for layer, 132-7 Mohr's circle of, 6
curves for subsurface loads, 96 principal, 5
sector method, 13 Stress, analysis of, 1
use for circle, 14,112 components on any plane, 2
Semi-ellipsoidal loading on ellipse, 76 distribution along pile, 269,271,285
Semi-infinite mass, function, 11
axially-loaded pile, 269-277 invariants, 2
circular loading in, 94 matrix, 2
circular loading on, 43-54 Mohr's circle of, 3
oxosa-anisotropic, lS3,309•335,337-397 octahedral, 3
elliptical loading, 74 principal, 2
embankment on, 208 -strain relationships, 8, 9 , 315, 343
INDEX 411
Strip, anisotropic half-space, 184,309-335 Vertical loading,

anisotropic layers, 187 anisotropic half space, 183-192,309-335,337•397
embankment loading on half-space, 40 circle on anisotropic mass, 185,348-352
linear shear displacement on, 327 circle on half space, 43
linear shear stress on, 326. circle on layer, 111
linear vertical displacement on, 325 circle on non-homogeneous mass, 194,196,198
linear vertical stress on, 38, 324 circle on three layers, 138
non-homogeneous half space, 193 circle on two layers, 145
non-homogeneous layer, 198 ellipse on half space, 74
rigid on half space, 165 embedded ar~as, 92-102,180,181
rigid on layer~ 172 line load on haif space, 26
subsurface loading, 93 line load on layer, 28
triangular load on layer, 107 line load on non-homogeneous mass, 196
triangular load on half space, 38,40 Newmark charts, 78-91
uniform shear displacement on, 327 piles, 269-282
uniform shear stress on, 326 point load in half space, 17
uniform vertical displacement on, .323 point load oh half space, 16
uniform vertical load on, 36,37,322 quarter space/' 27
vertical load on layer~ 103 rafts, 249-268
Strip raft, transverse behaviour, 249-251 rectangle on half spac,e, 54
longitudinal behaviour, 252-255 rectangle on layer~ 113
Stibgrade reaction solutions for rafts, 259,260 rectangle on non-homogeneous mass, 197
SUbsurface loads, circle, 94 rigid circle on half space, 166
line, 32, 34· rigid circle on layer, 178'
point, 17 rigid e11ipse, 169 ·
rectangle, 92-94,97-102 rigid rectangle on half space,· 168
rigid circle, 180 rigid rectari.gle on layer, 180
rigid rectangle, 181 rigid ring, 167
sector curves~ 96 rigid strip on half space, 165
Superposition, interaction factors, 281,291 rigid strip on layer, 172
loading, 14 sector curves, 78,96,132-7
rectangles; 12,54,92,97,116 strip on anisotropic mass, 184,309-335
strip on half. space, 36
.Thick-wall cylinder, ,2-97 strip on .layer, 103
Three-layer systems, 145 strip on non-homogeneous mass, 193,198
Thrust in lined circular tunnel, 248 subsurface circle, 94,180
Tip force in pile, 290 subsurface rectangle, 92-94,97-102,181
Tip-restrained pile, 287~290 subsurface strip, 93
Torsional loading on circle, 167 ,360_,362 .
Torsional moment in rectangular raft, 262,264-7 Vesic's method, 164
Trajectories of principal stress, Volume strain, 8
line load on half-space, 26
load over half surface, 41 Wedge, line loading at apex, 28.
Transformation of axes, 2,5 linearly ·increasing load ori sides, 226
Translating base_beneath layer, 305 stresses due to weight, 226
retaining wall, 306 Westergaard problem, 192
Trapezoidal loading on layer, 107 Winkler material, equivalence of elastic mass, 193
Triangular loading, circle on half space, 50
strip on half space, 38~40 Young's modulus, 8
strip on layer, 107
Triaxial specimen, 297
Tunnels, circular in half space, 232
circular in infinite mass, 229
elliptical, 236
lined circular, 245
nearly rectangular, 239
(see also cavity)
Two-dimensional stress systems, 3
Oeshita and Meyerhof's method, 164

Unlined openings, 229-245
circular in half space, 232
circular in ilifinite mass, 229
elliptical, 236
nearl!l{ rectangular, 239
spmrical, 2.40
spheroidal, 243
Variable modulus with depth, 193,195

Elastic Solutions For Soil and Rock Mechanics - H. G Poulos E. H. Davis

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CENTRE FOR

THE UNIVERSITY OF SYDNEY

The aim of this series is to present the modem concepts of soil

Reader in CMI Engineering

Professor of CMI Engineering

Originally Published in 1974 by:

JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC.

NEW YORK • LONDON · SYDNEY · TORONTO

Reprinted in 1991 by: ·

CENTRE FOR GEOTECHNICAL RESEARCH

Copyright"@ 1974, by John Wiley & Sons. Inc.

Ubraly of Congnt• CatalogiftO 1ft Publlcetlon Datal:

This reprinted edition contains a significant number of

The authors have attempted to assemble as comprehensive

As a reference. for students, research workers and

OiAP"t!R 1 FUNDAMENI'AL DEFINITIONS AND RElATIONSHIPS

OiAP"t!R 2 BASIC SOLUTIONS FOR CONCENTRATED LOADING

OiAPTER 3 DISTJUBUI'ED LOADS ON 1HE SURFACE OP A. SEMI-

3.1 Loading on an infinite st rip 36

QW'l'ER. 4 DISTJUBUI'ED LOADING BENEA.'IH ntE SURFACE OF A

CHAPTER 5 SURFACE LOADING OF A FINITE lAYER UNDERU.IN

OtAPTER 6 SURFACE LOADING OF MULTI-lAYER SYSTEMS

CHAPTER 7 RIGID LOADED AREAS

OtAPTER 8 STRESSES AND DISPLACEMENI'S IN CROSS-

OtAPTER 9 STRESSES AND DISPU.CEMENrS IN A NON-HOK>GENEOUS

CHAPT£1!. 10 STRESSES AND DISPLACEMENTS IN EMBANlOENTS

otA.PTERll STRESSES AND DISPLACEMENTS AROUND

OiAPTER 12 RAFT FOI.JiDATIONS

OtAPTER 13 AXIALLY LOADED PILES

otA.PTER 14 PILES SUBJEC'I'ED TO LATERAL LOAD AND MCMENT

APPENDIX A STRESSES AND DISPLACEMENTS IN A LOADED

APPENDIX B CIRCULAR LOADS APPLIED TO A CROSS-

1.1 Analysis of Stress negative Cartesian direction while acting on a plane

ively) may be found as the roots of the equation

In terms of the principal stresses,

The directions of the normals to the principal

The principal stresses, ah a2 and a 3 (the

!.1.6 OCTAHEDRAL STRESSES

= at+Oz+O, = ~ = a:z:+eY +Oz • • • (1.8)

The maximum shear stress occurs on planes inclin-

(It should be noted that the sign of this maximum

If the normal and shear stresses are known , the

1.1.9 POLE CONSTRUCTION

<o> MOhr Circler

'b) Physecol Plane

FIG.l.6 Pole construction.

:e -a axes wfiere e' is the angle between the :e-z

1.2 Analysis of Strain

1.4.3 TRANSFORMATION OF AXES

ap= _ ap= _ apY where D is the strain matrix in the

ap ap_ flz= flzy ez

A is the direction cosine matrix

In matrix operations, it is convenient to use the

t.da' is till: final position e= ery ezz

I 11 I2 ; I 3 are the strain invariants, analogous to

and the principal planes are inclined at an angle 6 1

where £1 = m3.ximUm principal normal

3"C.zr 1 3Tez acsz 't.zr

With axial s)'liiiDetry, these bec:ome

1.3.2 C'!LINDIUCAL COORDiNATES

3"Cre 1 acse 1 3Tet 3Tre+fcse-o+Jcote

1.4 Strain-Displacement and

The compatibility equati'ons, for the case of axial