Civil Engineering

Environmental Engg : Vol-I

(Water Supply Engineering)

Comprehensive Theory
with Solved Examples and Practice Questions

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Environmental Engineering : Vol-I (Water Supply Engineering)

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Sixth Edition: 2020

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Contents
Environmental Engg : Vol-I
(Water Supply Engineering)

Chapter 1
Water Demand.......................................... 1
1.1 Water Demand.............................................................................. 1
1.2 Various Types of Water Demand............................................. 1
1.2.1 Domestic Water Demand.............................................. 2
1.2.2 Industrial Water Demand.............................................. 2
1.2.3 Institutional and Commercial Water demand....... 3
1.2.4 Demand for Public Uses................................................ 3
1.2.5 Fire Demand...................................................................... 3
1.2.6 Water Required to Compensate
Losses in Thefts and Wastes......................................... 5
1.3 Factors Affecting Per Capita Demand................................... 5
1.3.1 Size of the City.................................................................. 5
Chapter 2
Sources of Water and its Conveyance..........26
2.1 Sources of Water.........................................................................26
2.2 Yield of an Open Well................................................................30
2.3 Yield of Wells................................................................................33
2.4 Tube Wells.....................................................................................35
2.4.1 Strainer Type....................................................................35
2.4.2 Gravel Pack Tubewell....................................................36
2.4.3 Cavity Type Tubewell....................................................37
2.5 Collection of Surface Water....................................................37
2.5.1 Factors Governing the Location of an Intake......38
2.5.2 Components of Intake.................................................38

1.3.2 Climatic Conditions......................................................... 5 2.6 Conduits for Water Supply......................................................38

1.3.3 Types of Gentry and Habits of People...................... 6
1.3.4 Industrial and Commercial Activities........................ 6
1.3.5 Quality of Water Supplies.............................................. 6
1.3.6 Pressure in the Distribution Systems........................ 6
1.3.7 Development of Sewerage Facilities........................ 6
1.3.8 System of Supply............................................................. 6
1.3.9 Cost of Water..................................................................... 6
1.3.10 Policy of Metering and Method of Charging......... 6
1.4 Coincident Draft........................................................................... 8
1.5 Design Period of Water Supply Unit...................................... 9
1.6 Population Forecasting.............................................................. 9
1.7 Population Forecasting Methods.........................................11
1.7.1 Arithmetic Increase Method......................................11
1.7.2 Geometric Increase Method......................................12
1.7.3 Incremental Increase Method...................................13
1.7.4 Decreasing Growth Rate Method............................15
1.7.5 Graphical Projection or Extension Method..........16
1.7.6 Comparative Graphical Method...............................17
1.7.7 Master Plan or Zoning Method.................................18
1.7.8 Ratio Method or Apportionment Method............18
1.7.9 The Logistic Curve Method........................................18
2.7 Calculation of Head loss caused by Pipe Friction...........39
2.8 Forces Acting on Pressure Conduits....................................42
2.9 Types of Pipes..............................................................................46
2.10 Joints in Water Supply Piping................................................50
2.11 Corrosion in Pipes (Metals).....................................................52
2.12 Pipe Appurtenances..................................................................54
2.13 Testing of the Pipe Lines..........................................................59
2.14 Economical Diameter of the Pumping Mains..................60
Objective Brain Teasers..............................................................66
Chapter 3
Water Quality : Definition,
Characteristics and Perspective............70
3.1 The Hydrologic Cycle and Water Quality...........................70
3.2 Water Impurity............................................................................72
3.2.1 Physical Water Quality Parameter............................72
3.2.2 Chemical Water Quality Parameters.......................77
3.3 Presence of Organic..................................................................94
3.4 Biological Water Quality Parameter.....................................95

Objective Brain Teasers..................................................22 Objective Brain Teasers........................................................... 101

(iii)
Chapter 4
Treatment of Water...............................112
4.1 Nature of Impurities in Water.............................................. 112
4.2 Types of Treatment................................................................. 113
4.3 Pre-Treatment........................................................................... 118
4.4 Sedimentation.......................................................................... 123
4.4.1 Classification of Sedimentation............................. 124
4.4.2 Theory of Sedimentation......................................... 124
4.4.3 Type of Sedimentation Tanks................................. 130
4.4.4 Tube Settlers................................................................. 137
4.4.5 Common Design Criteria for
Sedimentation Tank................................................... 137
4.4.6 Sludge Removal from Sedimentation Tank....... 138
4.4.7 Circular Sedimentation Tank................................... 138
4.4.8 Multi-storey Tank........................................................ 140
4.4.9 Upward-flow Basin..................................................... 140
4.4.10 Decrease in Efficiency of Sedimentation Tank.......141
4.5 Sedimentation with Coagulation...................................... 141
4.6 Mechanism of Coagulation................................................. 143
4.7 Mixing Device........................................................................... 150
4.7.1 Flash Mixture................................................................ 151
4.8 Filtration..................................................................................... 159
4.8.1 Slow Sand Filter........................................................... 162
4.8.2 Rapid Gravity Filter..................................................... 165
4.8.2.1 Operation..................................................................... 166
4.8.2 Comparison of Performance of
Slow Sand and Rapid Sand Filters......................... 175
4.8.3 Pressure Filters............................................................. 176
4.9 Disinfection............................................................................... 177
4.10 Water Hardness and Softening.......................................... 187
4.10.1 Removal of Temporary Hardness......................... 187
4.10.2 Removal of Permanent Hardness
(Water Softening)....................................................... 188
4.11 Minor Treatments.................................................................... 193
Objective Brain Teasers........................................................... 207
(iv)
Chapter 5
Distribution System..............................228
5.1 Methods of Distribution....................................................... 228
5.1.1 Gravitational System.................................................. 228
5.1.2 Direct Pumping........................................................... 228
5.1.3 Combined System...................................................... 229
5.2 Systems of Supply................................................................... 229
5.2.1 Continuous Supply..................................................... 229
5.2.2 Intermittent supply.................................................... 229
5.3 Layouts of Distribution System.......................................... 229
5.3.1 Dead End System........................................................ 229
5.3.2 Grid System................................................................... 230
5.3.3 Ring System.................................................................. 230
5.3.4 Radial System............................................................... 230
5.4 Guidelines For Design of a Distribution System.......... 231
5.5 Pressure in the Distribution System................................. 232
5.6 Detection of Leakage in Distribution System............... 232
5.6.1 By Using Sounding Rods.......................................... 232
5.6.2 By Plotting the Hydraulic Gradient Line............. 232
5.6.3 By Using Waste Detection Meters......................... 232
5.7 Analysis of Network of Pipes............................................... 233
5.7.1 Equivalent Pipe Method........................................... 233
5.7.2 Hardy Cross Method.................................................. 233
5.8 Appurtenances in Plumbing System............................... 236
5.8.1 Ferrules........................................................................... 236
5.8.2 Goose Neck................................................................... 236
5.8.3 Service Pipe................................................................... 236
5.8.4 Stop Cock....................................................................... 236
5.8.5 Water Meter.................................................................. 237
5.9 Water Supply System Plumbing........................................ 237
5.10 Service Connection................................................................ 238
5.11 Jointing....................................................................................... 239
5.12 Sewer Materials........................................................................ 240
5.13 Water Storage for Buildings................................................. 246
5.14 Design of Balancing Reservoir/
Distribution Reservoir/Service Reservoir........................ 246
Objective Brain Teasers........................................................... 254
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