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Intelligence: Types, History, and Future

What is Artificial Intelligence: Types, History, and Future

Lesson 1 of 8By Karin Kelley

Last updated on Mar 7, 2022749138

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What Is Artificial Intelligence?A Brief History of Artificial IntelligenceTypes of Artificial Intelligence How
Does Artificial Intelligence Work?Ways of Implementing AI View More

Artificial intelligence (AI) is currently one of the hottest buzzwords in tech and with good reason. The last
few years have seen several innovations and advancements that have previously been solely in the
realm of science fiction slowly transform into reality.

Experts regard artificial intelligence as a factor of production, which has the potential to introduce new
sources of growth and change the way work is done across industries. For instance, this PWC article
predicts that AI could potentially contribute $15.7 trillion to the global economy by 2035. China and the
United States are primed to benefit the most from the coming AI boom, accounting for nearly 70% of
the global impact.

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What Is Artificial Intelligence?

Artificial Intelligence is a method of making a computer, a computer-controlled robot, or a software

think intelligently like the human mind. AI is accomplished by studying the patterns of the human brain
and by analyzing the cognitive process. The outcome of these studies develops intelligent software and
systems.

A Brief History of Artificial Intelligence

Here’s a brief timeline of the past six decades of how AI evolved from its inception.

1956 - John McCarthy coined the term ‘artificial intelligence’ and had the first AI conference.

1969 - Shakey was the first general-purpose mobile robot built. It is now able to do things with a
purpose vs. just a list of instructions.

1997 - Supercomputer ‘Deep Blue’ was designed, and it defeated the world champion chess player in a
match. It was a massive milestone by IBM to create this large computer.

2002 - The first commercially successful robotic vacuum cleaner was created.

2005 - 2019 - Today, we have speech recognition, robotic process automation (RPA), a dancing robot,
smart homes, and other innovations make their debut.
2020 - Baidu releases the LinearFold AI algorithm to medical and scientific and medical teams
developing a vaccine during the early stages of the SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) pandemic. The algorithm can
predict the RNA sequence of the virus in only 27 seconds, which is 120 times faster than other methods.

Types of Artificial Intelligence

Below are the various types of AI:

1. Purely Reactive

These machines do not have any memory or data to work with, specializing in just one field of work. For
example, in a chess game, the machine observes the moves and makes the best possible decision to win.

2. Limited Memory

These machines collect previous data and continue adding it to their memory. They have enough
memory or experience to make proper decisions, but memory is minimal. For example, this machine can
suggest a restaurant based on the location data that has been gathered.

3. Theory of Mind

This kind of AI can understand thoughts and emotions, as well as interact socially. However, a machine
based on this type is yet to be built.

4. Self-Aware

Self-aware machines are the future generation of these new technologies. They will be intelligent,
sentient, and conscious.

How Does Artificial Intelligence Work?

Put simply, AI systems work by merging large with intelligent, iterative processing algorithms. This
combination allows AI to learn from patterns and features in the analyzed data. Each time an Artificial
Intelligence system performs a round of data processing, it tests and measures its performance and uses
the results to develop additional expertise.
Ways of Implementing AI

Let’s explore the following ways that explain how we can implement AI:

Machine Learning

It is machine learning that gives AI the ability to learn. This is done by using algorithms to discover
patterns and generate insights from the data they are exposed to.

Deep Learning

Deep learning, which is a subcategory of machine learning, provides AI with the ability to mimic a human
brain’s neural network. It can make sense of patterns, noise, and sources of confusion in the data.

Consider an image shown below:

labeled-photograph-ai.

Here we segregated the various kinds of images using deep learning. The machine goes through various
features of photographs and distinguishes them with a process called feature extraction. Based on the
features of each photo, the machine segregates them into different categories, such as landscape,
portrait, or others.

Let us understand how deep learning works.

Consider an image shown below:

hidden-layers-ai
The above image depicts the three main layers of a neural network:

Input Layer

Hidden Layer

Output Layer

Input Layer

The images that we want to segregate go into the input layer. Arrows are drawn from the image on to
the individual dots of the input layer. Each of the white dots in the yellow layer (input layer) are a pixel
in the picture. These images fill the white dots in the input layer.

We should have a clear idea of these three layers while going through this artificial intelligence tutorial.

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Hidden Layer

The hidden layers are responsible for all the mathematical computations or feature extraction on our
inputs. In the above image, the layers shown in orange represent the hidden layers. The lines that are
seen between these layers are called ‘weights’. Each one of them usually represents a float number, or a
decimal number, which is multiplied by the value in the input layer. All the weights add up in the hidden
layer. The dots in the hidden layer represent a value based on the sum of the weights. These values are
then passed to the next hidden layer.

You may be wondering why there are multiple layers. The hidden layers function as alternatives to some
degree. The more the hidden layers are, the more complex the data that goes in and what can be
produced. The accuracy of the predicted output generally depends on the number of hidden layers
present and the complexity of the data going in.

Output Layer

The output layer gives us segregated photos. Once the layer adds up all these weights being fed in, it'll
determine if the picture is a portrait or a landscape.
Example - Predicting Airfare Costs

This prediction is based on various factors, including:

Airline

Origin airport

Destination airport

Departure date

We begin with some historical data on ticket prices to train the machine. Once our machine is trained,
we share new data that will predict the costs. Earlier, when we learned about four kinds of machines,
we discussed machines with memory. Here, we talk about the memory only, and how it understands a
pattern in the data and uses it to make predictions for the new prices as shown below:

airlines-ai

AI Programming Cognitive Skills: Learning, Reasoning and Self-Correction

Artificial Intelligence emphasizes three cognitive skills of learning, reasoning, and self-correction, skills
that the human brain possess to one degree or another. We define these in the context of AI as:

Learning: The acquisition of information and the rules needed to use that information.

Reasoning: Using the information rules to reach definite or approximate conclusions.

Self-Correction: The process of continually fine-tuning AI algorithms and ensure that they offer the most
accurate results they can.

However, researchers and programmers have extended and elaborated the goals of AI to the following:

Logical Reasoning
AI programs enable computers to perform sophisticated tasks. On February 10, 1996, IBM’s Deep Blue
computer won a game of chess against a former world champion, Garry Kasparov.

Knowledge Representation

Smalltalk is an object-oriented, dynamically typed, reflective programming language that was created to
underpin the “new world” of computing exemplified by “human-computer symbiosis.”

Planning and Navigation

The process of enabling a computer to get from point A to point B. A prime example of this is Google’s
self-driving Toyota Prius.

Natural Language Processing

Set up computers that can understand and process language.

Perception

Use computers to interact with the world through sight, hearing, touch, and smell.

Emergent Intelligence

Intelligence that is not explicitly programmed, but emerges from the rest of the specific AI features. The
vision for this goal is to have machines exhibit emotional intelligence and moral reasoning.

Some of the tasks performed by AI-enabled devices include:

Speech recognition

Object detection

Solve problems and learn from the given data

Plan an approach for future tests to be done

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What is Artificial Intelligence: Advantages and Disadvantages of AI

Artificial intelligence has its pluses and minuses, much like any other concept or innovation. Here’s a
quick rundown of some pros and cons.
Pros

It reduces human error

It never sleeps, so it’s available 24x7

It never gets bored, so it easily handles repetitive tasks

It’s fast

Cons

It’s costly to implement

It can’t duplicate human creativity

It will definitely replace some jobs, leading to unemployment

People can become overly reliant on it

Let us continue this article on What is Artificial Intelligence by discussing the applications of AI.

What is Artificial Intelligence: Applications of Artificial Intelligence

Machines and computers affect how we live and work. Top companies are continually rolling out
revolutionary changes to how we interact with machine-learning technology.

DeepMind Technologies, a British artificial intelligence company, was acquired by Google in 2014. The
company created a Neural Turing Machine, allowing computers to mimic the short-term memory of the
human brain.

Google’s driverless cars and Tesla’s Autopilot features are the introductions of AI into the automotive
sector. Elon Musk, CEO of Tesla Motors, has suggested via Twitter that Teslas will have the ability to
predict the destination that their owners want to go via learning their pattern or behavior via AI.

Furthermore, Watson, a question-answering computer system developed by IBM, is designed for use in
the medical field. Watson suggests various kinds of treatment for patients based on their medical history
and has proven to be very useful.
Some of the more common commercial business uses of AI are:

1. Banking Fraud Detection

From extensive data consisting of fraudulent and non-fraudulent transactions, the AI learns to predict if
a new transaction is fraudulent or not.

2. Online Customer Support

AI is now automating most of the online customer support and voice messaging systems.

3. Cyber Security

Using machine learning algorithms and ample sample data, AI can be used to detect anomalies and
adapt and respond to threats.

4. Virtual Assistants

Siri, Cortana, Alexa, and Google now use voice recognition to follow the user's commands. They collect
information, interpret what is being asked, and supply the answer via fetched data. These virtual
assistants gradually improve and personalize solutions based on user preferences.