ASSIGNMENT 1 FRONT SHEET

Qualification BTEC Level 5 HND Diploma in Computing

Unit number and title Prog102: Procedural Programming

Submission date 23/10/2022 Date Received 1st submission

Re-submission Date Date Received 2nd submission

Student Name Nguyen Dang Khanh Hang Student ID GCD210581

Class GCD1103 Assessor name Phan Thanh Tra

Student declaration

I certify that the assignment submission is entirely my own work and I fully understand the consequences of plagiarism. I understand that
making a false declaration is a form of malpractice.

Student’s signature Khanh Hang

Grading grid

P1 P2 P3 M1 M2 D1

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 Summative Feedback:  Resubmission Feedback:

Grade: Assessor Signature: Date:

Lecturer Signature:

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 Table of Contents
SECTION 1: INTRODUCTION (P1) .................................................................................................................................. 6
1.1 Scenario: ............................................................................................................................................................ 6
1.2. Programing Language:.................................................................................................................................... 6
1.2.1. Definition: .................................................................................................................................................. 6
1.2.2. Today's most widely used programming languages: ............................................................................. 7
1.3. C Language: ................................................................................................................................................... 11
1.4. Procedural Programming: ............................................................................................................................ 12
1.4.1. Definition: ................................................................................................................................................ 12
1.4.2. Structure of Procedural Programming: ............................................................................................... 12
1.5. Key Features of Procedural Programming: ................................................................................................ 13
1.5.1. Predefined functions: .............................................................................................................................. 13
1.5.2. Local Variable: ........................................................................................................................................ 13
1.5.3. Global Variable: ...................................................................................................................................... 14
1.5.4. Modularity:.............................................................................................................................................. 15
1.5.5. Parameter Passing: ................................................................................................................................. 15
1.5.6. Procedure: ............................................................................................................................................... 17
1.5.7. Programming Libraries: ........................................................................................................................ 17
1.5.8. Programming paradigm:........................................................................................................................ 18
1.6. User requirements: ........................................................................................................................................ 18
SECTION 2: ANALYSIS (P2) .......................................................................................................................................... 19
2.1. Data Types:..................................................................................................................................................... 19
2.1.1 Integer Types ............................................................................................................................................ 21
2.1.2. Character Types ..................................................................................................................................... 22
2.1.3. Floating-Point Types .............................................................................................................................. 23
2.2. Data Structure: .............................................................................................................................................. 24
2.2.1 What is Data Structure: .......................................................................................................................... 24
2.3. Data types I choose for my assignment: ....................................................................................................... 26
2.4. Conditional statements in C:......................................................................................................................... 26
2.4.1. If statement .............................................................................................................................................. 27
2.4.2 If-else statement: ...................................................................................................................................... 29
2.4.3. Switch statement: .................................................................................................................................... 30

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 2.5. Loop statements in C: .................................................................................................................................... 32
SECTION 3: DESIGN (P3).............................................................................................................................................. 33
3.1 WBS: ................................................................................................................................................................ 33
3.2 Flowchart:........................................................................................................................................................ 35
3.2.1 Input student ID and grade of student: ................................................................................................. 35
3.2.1 Print student ID and grade of student: .................................................................................................. 37
3.2.2 Find max grade: ....................................................................................................................................... 38
3.2.3 Find min grade ......................................................................................................................................... 39
Reference .................................................................................................................................................................... 42

Table of Table
Table 1: Data types in C .............................................................................................................................................. 21
Table 2: Data types in my assignment ....................................................................................................................... 26
Table 3: Loop types ..................................................................................................................................................... 32

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 Table of Figures
Figure 1: Top 10 most popular progamming languages 2022 ...................................................................................... 6
Figure 2: Python Languages. ........................................................................................................................................ 7
Figure 3: Java Languages ............................................................................................................................................. 8
.Figure 4: SQL Languages ............................................................................................................................................ 8
Figure 5: C# Languages. ............................................................................................................................................... 9
Figure 6: Javascript Languages................................................................................................................................... 10
Figure 7: C Languages ................................................................................................................................................ 10
Figure 8: Structure of C Languages ............................................................................................................................ 11
Figure 9: Procedural Programming Languages. ......................................................................................................... 12
Figure 10: Example of Predefined functions .............................................................................................................. 13
Figure 11: Example of Local Variable........................................................................................................................ 14
Figure 12: Example of Global Variable ...................................................................................................................... 14
Figure 13: Example of Pass by Value ......................................................................................................................... 16
Figure 14: Example of Pass by Reference .................................................................................................................. 17
Figure 15: Example of Programming paradigm ......................................................................................................... 18
Figure 16: Data types in C .......................................................................................................................................... 19
Figure 17: The data types in C .................................................................................................................................... 20
Figure 18: Example of Integer .................................................................................................................................... 22
Figure 19: Example of Character ................................................................................................................................ 23
Figure 20: Example of Floating-Point ........................................................................................................................ 24
Figure 21: Classification of Data Structure ................................................................................................................ 25
Figure 22: Popular types of Data Structures ............................................................................................................... 26
Figure 23: Flowchart of If statement .......................................................................................................................... 27
Figure 24: If statement ................................................................................................................................................ 28
Figure 25: If statement ................................................................................................................................................ 28
Figure 26: Flowchart of If-else statement ................................................................................................................... 29
Figure 27: If-else statement ........................................................................................................................................ 29
Figure 28: If-else statement ........................................................................................................................................ 30
Figure 29: Flowchart of switch statement ................................................................................................................... 30
Figure 30: Switch statement ....................................................................................................................................... 31
Figure 31: Flowchart of Loop statements ................................................................................................................... 32
Figure 32: WBS .......................................................................................................................................................... 33
Figure 33: Flowchart input IDs and grade .................................................................................................................. 35
Figure 34: Flowchart print IDs and grade ................................................................................................................... 37
Figure 35: Flowchart find max grade.......................................................................................................................... 38
Figure 36: Flowchart find min grade .......................................................................................................................... 40

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 SECTION 1: INTRODUCTION (P1)
1.1 Scenario:
✓ A math teacher wishes to manage a class's grades. He asks me to support him in
creating a small application to accomplish this. He must enter student IDs and
grades and store this information in two separate arrays (integer array for IDs and
float array for grades). Then he must print all student IDs as well as their grades.
Finally, he must determine which student has the highest and lowest grade. My
program should have a menu with the options listed above. When an option is
completed, the program should return to the main menu so the user can select
another option. There should be a way to exit the program.

1.2. Programing Language:

1.2.1. Definition:
A programming language is a computer language that is used to communicate with
computers by programmers (developers). It is a set of instructions written in any
language to accomplish a specific task. A programming language is primarily used
to create desktop applications, websites, and mobile apps.

Figure 1: Top 10 most popular progamming languages 2022

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 1.2.2. Today's most widely used programming languages:
1.2.2.1. Python:
• Python plays an important and seemingly irreplaceable role in modern life because it
is free, simple, easy to learn, and flexible... Python is also used in education because
it has more tools and metrics than other programming languages.

Figure 2: Python Languages.

1.2.2.2. Java:

• Java is one of the market's oldest and most well-established languages. With benefits
such as easy search; rich API functions; powerful development tools; and free... Java
can also be found in and out of platforms, operating systems, and so on.

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 Figure 3: Java Languages

1.2.2.3. SQL:

• SQL is a data query language that all current database systems, including Oracle
SQL, MySQL, and SQL Server, must support.

.Figure 4: SQL Languages

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1.2.2.4. C#:

• As a programming language created by Microsoft, Cfeatures #'s are diverse and

secure, making it ideal for beginners. C# is an excellent choice for developing web,
desktop, and even VR, 2D, and 3D applications in today's programming languages.

Figure 5: C# Languages.

1.2.2.5. Javascript:

• This is another programming language that is relatively simple to learn and use.
Outside of browsers, JavaScript can be found in a variety of contexts, the majority of
which are connected applications and services.

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 Figure 6: Javascript Languages.

1.2.2.6. C:

• It is impossible to mention C without mentioning the most popular languages in the

world. This language has been used in the UNIX operating system for a long time and
is considered C not obsolete in comparison to other programming languages. Because
this is a solid foundation for developers, it makes learning other languages easier.

Figure 7: C Languages

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1.3. C Language:

✓ C is a procedural programming language. It was created for the first time in 1972 by
Dennis Ritchie. It was designed primarily as a system programming language for the
development of operating systems. The C language's low-level memory access, small
set of keywords, and clean style make it ideal for system programming, such as
operating system or compiler development. Many of the following languages have
inherited syntax and features from C, either directly or indirectly. The C programming
language serves as the foundation for many other languages, including Java, PHP,
JavaScript, and others. C++ is a near-superset of C (only a few programs will compile
in C but not C++).

Figure 8: Structure of C Languages

✓ C is a widely used language. It offers many features given below.

• Simple
• Standalone or portable with the machine
• Intermediate Programming Languages
• Structured programming languages
• Abundant Library
• Memory management
• High speed
• Pointer

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 • Recursive
• Expand
✓ In my opinion, the most significant advantage of C is its incredible interoperability.
The C program is only used on this one computer and with this one operating
system; it can be easily transferred to another machine or operating system. C is a
quick-loading programming language that can run on a wide range of
microprocessors. As a result, almost all computers now use the C programming
language. In contrast, C is only appropriate for high-performance applications or
system software. C became perplexed and difficult to deal with when confronted
with more complex situations.

1.4. Procedural Programming:

1.4.1. Definition:
Procedural programming is a programming paradigm based on the concept of the
procedure call that evolved from imperative programming. Procedures (a type of routine or
subroutine) are simply a set of computational steps to be performed. Any given procedure
may be called at any time during the execution of a program, including by other procedures
or by itself.

1.4.2. Structure of Procedural Programming:

Figure 9: Procedural Programming Languages.

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1.5. Key Features of Procedural Programming:
1.5.1. Predefined functions:
❖ A function is a method in a program that can be called by its name. Built-in functions
are another name for predefined functions. They are a collection of subroutines that
perform specific functions. These functions are typically included in high-level
programming languages such as Python and C++, but they can also be loaded into the
programming language from registries or programming libraries.

Figure 10: Example of Predefined functions

1.5.2. Local Variable:

❖ Local variables, also known as lexical variables, are variables that are defined within
a specific method and can only be used/referenced within that method. As a result,
their scope is limited to that method, and they cannot be used elsewhere. Other
methods in the program will be unaware of the local variable created in this method.
The program will throw an error if a local variable is used in another method.

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 Figure 11: Example of Local Variable

1.5.3. Global Variable:

❖ In contrast to a local variable, a global variable is defined outside of a function. As a
result, it can be used anywhere in the program, i.e., its scope is the entire program, as
opposed to a local variable, which has scope only within the block of code where it
was defined. Global variables can be used anywhere in the program and in any
function. Any function in the program can change their values. Global variables are
primarily used to transfer data between sections of code that do not have a
caller/callee relationship, such as signal handlers and concurrent threads.

Figure 12: Example of Global Variable

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1.5.4. Modularity:
❖ Modularity refers to the use or application of modules, also known as chunks or
parts. It means breaking down a large problem into smaller modules in order to solve
it quickly. It entails dividing the program's functionality into independent smaller
parts, and each part can execute the specific function for which it was created.
1.5.5. Parameter Passing:

❖ In programming languages, parameter passing is a mechanism for passing

parameters to procedures or functions. The parameter should not be confused with
the argument. The argument is the actual value passed to the function and processed
by the function, whereas the parameter is the value specified in the function when it
is declared. Multiple methods exist for passing parameters to a function. The four
parameter passing methods are listed and explained below:
• Pass by value

The pass by value mode employs in-mode semantics. Any changes made to
the perimeter are not transmitted to the caller when using this method.
Changes to the parameter are only reflected in the separate storage location,
and they have no effect on where the function is called.

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 Figure 13: Example of Pass by Value

• Pass by reference

In/out-mode semantics are used in this method. Changes to the parameter are
transmitted back to the location where the function is called using this
method.

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 Figure 14: Example of Pass by Reference

• Pass by the name

The name of the variable is passed in this type of parameter passing, allowing
it to be accessed and updated.

• Pass by value-result

This method uses in/out-mode semantics and is a combination of pass by

value and pass by the result. By using this method, the value of the formal
parameter is returned back to the actual parameter before the control shifts to
the caller.
1.5.6. Procedure:
❖ This method employs in/out-mode semantics and combines pass by value and pass
by result. The value of the formal parameter is returned to the actual parameter
before control is passed to the caller using this method.
1.5.7. Programming Libraries:
❖ In programming languages, libraries are collections of prewritten code that users
can use to optimize tasks.
❖ Some common types of programming libraries:

o #include <stdio.h>: The standard library defines three types of variables,

several macros, and various functions to perform input and output.
o #include <stdlib.h>: The library provides functions used for dynamic
memory allocation.
o #include <string.h>: The library provides string handling functions.

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1.5.8. Programming paradigm:
❖ Programming paradigms are different ways or styles of organizing a given program
or programming language. Each paradigm has its own set of structures, features, and
ideas about how to approach common programming problems.

Figure 15: Example of Programming paradigm

1.6. User requirements:

1.6.1. As a teacher, I want to manage the grades of a class, so that I can tell if students
understand the lesson or not.

1.6.2. As a teacher, I want to enter the IDs and grades of my students, so that I can see
some or all of them when I need them.

1.6.3. As a teacher, I want to print all student IDs together with their grades, so that I can
give them to each student's parents.

1.6.4. As a teacher, I want to know which student has the highest grade and lowest grades,
so that I can reward high-grade students and help low-grade students.

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 SECTION 2: ANALYSIS (P2)
2.1. Data Types:
❖ Each variable in C has a corresponding data type. Each data type has different
memory requirements and specific operations that can be performed on it. It
specifies the type of data that the variable can store, such as integers, characters,
floating points, doubles, and so on. The data type is a collection of data that has
fixed values, meaning, and characteristics.

Figure 16: Data types in C

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 Figure 17: The data types in C

❖ Different data types have different number ranges that they can store. These ranges
may differ from one compiler to the next. On the 32-bit GCC compiler, the ranges
are listed below, along with the memory requirements and format specifiers.

Data type Memory Range Format

(bytes) Specifier
short int 2 -32,768 to 32,767 %hd
unsigned short int 2 0 to 65,535 %hu
unsigned int 4 0 to 4,294,967,295 %u
int 4 -2,147,483,648 to %d
2,147,483,647
long int 4 -2,147,483,648 to %ld
2,147,483,647
unsigned long int 4 0 to 4,294,967,295 %lu
long long int 8 -(2^63) to (2^63)-1 %lld
unsigned long long 8 0 to %llu
18,446,744,073,709,551,615
int
signed char 1 -128 to 127 %c
unsigned char 1 0 to 255 %c
float 4 1.2E-38 to 3.4E+38 %f

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 double 8 1.7E-308 to 1.7E+308 %lf
long double 16 3.4E-4932 to 1.1E+4932 %lf
Table 1: Data types in C

2.1.1 Integer Types

❖ In C, the integer data type is used to store whole numbers with no decimal values.
In C, the int data type can store octal, hexadecimal, and decimal values. Using the
size of operator in C, we can determine the size of the int data type. In C, the
unsigned int data type is used to store data values ranging from zero to positive
numbers, but it cannot store negative values like the signed int. Unsigned ints are
larger than signed ints and use the format specifier "%u" in the C programming
language. The C programming implementation of the int data type is shown below.

• Range: -2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647

• Size: 2 bytes or 4 bytes
• Format Specifier: %d

Note: The size of an integer data type is compiler-dependent; for example, when
processors are 16-bit systems, the output of int is 2 bytes. When using 32-bit processors,
it displays 2 bytes as well as 4 bytes.

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 Figure 18: Example of Integer

2.1.2. Character Types

❖ Character data types allow their variables to store only one character. The character
has a storage capacity of one. It is the most fundamental data type in C. In almost
all compilers, it stores a single character and requires a single byte of memory.
• Range: (-128 to 127) or (0 to 255)
• Size: 1 byte
• Format Specifier: %c

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 Figure 19: Example of Character

2.1.3. Floating-Point Types

❖ The float data type is used in C programming to store floating-point values. In C,

the float variable is used to store decimal and exponential values. It is used to store
decimal numbers with single precision (numbers with floating point values).
• Range: 1.2E-38 to 3.4E+38
• Size: 4 bytes
• Format Specifier: %f

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 Figure 20: Example of Floating-Point

2.2. Data Structure:

2.2.1 What is Data Structure:
❖ A data structure is a type of storage used to store and organize data. It is a method of
organizing data on a computer so that it can be easily accessed and updated.

❖ A data structure is used for more than just organizing data. It is also used for data
processing, retrieval, and storage. Data structures of various basic and advanced
types are used in almost every program or software system that has been developed.
As a result, we must be well-versed in data structures.

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 Figure 21: Classification of Data Structure

❖ Linear data structure: A linear data structure is one in which data elements are
arranged sequentially or linearly, with each element attached to its previous and next
adjacent elements.
Examples of linear data structures are array, stack, queue, linked list, etc.

• Static data structure: The memory size of a static data structure is fixed. A
static data structure makes it easier to access the elements.
An example of this data structure is an array.

• Dynamic data structure: The size of a dynamic data structure is not fixed. It can
be randomly updated during runtime, which may be considered efficient in terms
of the code's memory (space) complexity.
Examples of this data structure are queue, stack, etc

❖ Non-linear data structure: Non-linear data structures are those in which data
elements are not placed sequentially or linearly. We cannot traverse all of the
elements in a non-linear data structure in a single run.
Examples of non-linear data structures are trees and graphs.

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 Figure 22: Popular types of Data Structures

2.3. Data types I choose for my assignment:

Variable name Explanation Data types
student IDs IDs It shows the student integer array
identification numbers.
student’s grades Grades It shows the student’s float array
grades from 0 to 10.
student has highest maxgrade It shows the student's float
grade highest score
student has lowest mingrade It shows the student's float
grade lowest score
option n Option is a number integer
from 1 to 5

Table 2: Data types in my assignment

2.4. Conditional statements in C:

❖ Conditional Statements in C Programming is used to make decisions based on the
current situation. When there is no condition surrounding the statements, they execute
sequentially. If you add a condition to a block of statements, the execution flow may
change depending on the result of the condition. In 'C,' this is known as decision
making.
❖ In ‘C’ programming conditional statements are possible with the help of the following:

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2.4.1. If statement

Figure 23: Flowchart of If statement

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❖ It is a very powerful conditional statement. The If statement is in charge of changing
the flow of execution of a program. The If statement is always used in conjunction
with a condition. Before executing any statement within the body of If, the condition
is evaluated first. If statement syntax is as follows:

Figure 24: If statement

❖ The condition returns either true or false. True is always non-zero, and false is always
contains zero. Instructions can be a single line of code or a code block surrounded by
curly braces { }.
❖ The following program demonstrates how to use the if construct in C programming:

Figure 25: If statement

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 2.4.2 If-else statement:

Figure 26: Flowchart of If-else statement

❖ The if-else is statement is a more complex version of If. The following is the general
form of if-else:

Figure 27: If-else statement

❖ If the value of the test-expression is true in this type of construct, the true block of
statements will be executed. If the test-expression value is false, the false block of
statements will be executed. In any case, control will be automatically transferred to the
statements appearing outside the If block after execution.

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❖ The following programs demonstrate how to use the if-else construct:

❖ We will assign a value to a variable and write a program to determine whether the value
is less than or greater than ten.

Figure 28: If-else statement

2.4.3. Switch statement:

Figure 29: Flowchart of switch statement

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❖ The switch statement in C is an alternative to the if-else-if ladder statement, and it
allows us to perform multiple operations for the various possible values of a single
variable called switch variable. In this case, we can define multiple statements in
multiple cases for different values of a single variable.
❖ The syntax of switch statement in c language is given below:

Figure 30: Switch statement

➢ The conditional statement that I use to apply to:

I use if-else statement in main function to select options.
I use if to compare max and grades[i] to find max grade, and use if to compare
min and grades[i] to find min grade.
I use if to compare IDs[j] and IDs[i] to check for duplicate IDs

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 2.5. Loop statements in C:

Figure 31: Flowchart of Loop statements

Sr.No. Loop Type & Description

1 while loop

Repeats a statement or group of statements while a given condition is true. It tests the condition before
executing the loop body.

2 for loop

Executes a sequence of statements multiple times and abbreviates the code that manages the loop
variable.

3 do...while loop

It is more like a while statement, except that it tests the condition at the end of the loop body.

Table 3: Loop types

➢ The loop statement that I use to apply to:

I use for loop in input function to input grade and IDs of student.

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 I use for in function that prints out all IDs and scores

I use for to traverse the entire array to find the min grade and max grade.

I use a while loop to determine whether the user entered a valid score or not, and if not, the
user must re-enter it.

I use the do-while loop to create the menu, the choices and then re-enter the incorrect choices
in the main function.

SECTION 3: DESIGN (P3)

3.1 WBS:

Figure 32: WBS

There are 6 steps for my program’s menu because I based it on the

requirements of the math teacher. Step 1 is entering the information of
the student including entering the number, IDs and grades of students.
Then, it shows the information on students to print student IDs and
grades. Steps 3 and 4 are to find the highest and lowest student’s
grade. Step 5 is back to the main menu and the last step is to quit the
program.
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❖ The purpose of breaking it down is for me to be able to do it
quickly, avoid missing work, and achieve quality.
❖ The function that I will write is:
• Input: input grades and ID.
• Output: print the screen score and ID.
• To print the student ID with the highest score, use
MaxGrade. To print the student ID with the lowest grade,
use MinGrade.

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3.2 Flowchart:
3.2.1 Input student ID and grade of student:

Figure 33: Flowchart input IDs and grade

• Explanation:
Step 1: start

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Step 2: Declare float grade[30], IDs[30], n,i=1
Step 3: Check condition i <= n
+ If true go to step 4
+ If false go to step 7
Step 4: Input IDs and grade
Step 5: Check condition grade[i] < 0 hoặc grade[i] > 10
+ If true go to step 6
+ If false increase i by 1 and go to step 3
Step 6: Print input grade again and go to step 4
Step 7: Stop

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 3.2.1 Print student ID and grade of student:

Figure 34: Flowchart print IDs and grade

• Explanation:
Step 1: Start
Step 2: Declare float grade[30], IDs[30], n,i=1

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Step 3. Check condition I <= n
+ If true go to step 4
+ If false go to step 6
Step 4. Print IDs and grade
Step 5. Increase i by 1
Step 6. Go back step 3
Step 7. Stop
3.2.2 Find max grade:

Figure 35: Flowchart find max grade

• Explanation:
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Step 1. Start.
Step 2. Set max = grade[1]; declare int i = 1
Step 3. Check the condition i <= n
• If false, got to step 7
• If true, go to step 4.
Step 4. Check the condition “Max < grade[i]”:
• If true, set Maxgrade = grade[i] and go to step 5.
• If false, go straight to step 5
Step 5. Increase i by +1 then repeat step 3.
Step 6. End.
3.2.3 Find min grade

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 Figure 36: Flowchart find min grade

• Explanation
Step 1. Start.
Step 2. Set min = grade[1]; declare int i = 1.
Step 3. Check the condition “i <= n”:
• If false, go to step 7
• If true, go to step 4.
Step 4. Check the condition “min > grade[i]”:
• If true, go to step 5.
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• If false, go to step 6.
Step 5: min = grade[i] and go to step 6
Step 6: Increase by 1 and go to step 3
Step 7: output min
Step 8: End

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