ENGINEERING GRAPHICS BT-105

CAD QUESTIONS and ANSWERS

Q.1 What are the uses/advantages of using CAD

Ans.
Advantages of CAD: The CAD system should be used in modern Engineering practices because
of the following reasons:
1. CAD system is “User‐friendly”: Any person who has the basic knowledge of CAD system
will be able to understand it very easily.
2. Better quality designs: The chances of mistakes are very less as compared to the traditional
method of drawing; because the computer works very accurately, thus leading to a better quality
design.
3. Improved productivity: CAD improves productivity of design and quality of the technical
drawing as compared to the traditional methods of drawings.
4. Reproducibility: As the drawings are stored in a database, which is a collection of data of all
types related to the drawing consuming very less space. Therefore, it can be reproduced very
easily in future whenever required.
5. Faster speed of work: The drawing can be made with much faster speed than in traditional
method, with the help of CAD systems.
6. Easy modifications: As a drawing can be saved many times, the changes in the drawing can
be made very easily. Therefore repetitions can easily be made, which was not possible in
traditional method of drawing.

Q.2 Name and explain five editing command used in CAD

Ans.
The fundamental commands to edit a drawing:
1. Move: Move command is used to move a selected object to another location about a base
point.
Syntax: MOVE
2. Rotate: Rotate command is used to rotate a selected object through a specified angle about
a base point.
Syntax: ROTATE
3. Copy: Copy command is used to create one or more copies of selected object at another
location. The function of copy command is similar to the move command except that it reserves
a copy of the object selected from the original location.
Syntax: COPY
4. Mirror: Mirror command is used to create a mirror image of the selected objects about a
specified line.
Syntax: MIRROR
5. Erase: Get rid of objects you do not want.
To use:
1. Type or select the command
2. Select the objects you want to get rid of.
3. Press enter.
Note: A really quick way to erase is to select items and hit the Delete key

Q.3 Explain the coordinate system used in CAD

Ans.
1. Using Absolute Coordinate System:
Draw a line from point (5, 5) to Point (10, 10)
Command: LINE
From point: 5, 5 (Select the point by mouse or enter the coordinates by keyboard).
To point: 10, 10
To point: (Press Enter).
2. Using Relative Coordinate System:
Draw a line from point (2, 2) to point 5 units in x‐axis and 8 units in y‐axis relative to first
coordinate
Command: LINE
From point: 2, 2
To point: @ 5, 8
To point: (Press Enter)
3. Using Polar Coordinates:
Draw a line from point (1, 2) to a length of 6 units of 90 degree
Command: LINE
From point: 1, 2
To point: @ 6  90
To point: (Press Enter)

Q.4 Explain methods of drawing circle in CAD

Ans.
There are many ways to draw circles.
Access the command from:
1. Command Line: Circle, C
2. Menu Bar: Draw Circle
3. Draw Bar:
Display following message:
Specify Center point for circle or [3P/2P/Ttr(tan tan radius)]:
Specify radius of circle or [Diameter]:D
Specify diameter of circle:
Options:
 3P (3 point): the circle passes through all three points specified.
 2P (2 point) .the two points specify the location and diameter.
 TTR (tan tan radius)ٍ .specify two objects for the circle to be tangent to, then specify the radius.
 TTT (Draw Circle Tan Tan Tan).[4,5,6,7,12]

Q.5 Explain the Dimensioning in CAD. List the various dimensioning systems.
Ans.
For a drawing component in addition to providing complete shape description, it must also
furnish information regarding the size description.
It may provide through the distance between the,
(i) Surface (ii) Location of holes.(iii) Nature of surface finish. (iv)Type of material etc
1. General principle of dimensioning:
(i) As for as possible, it should be placed outside the view.
(ii) It should be taken from visible line rather than hidden lines.
(iii) Dimensioning of a centre line should be avoided except when the centre line passes through
the centre of a holes.
(iv) Dimension should be placed on the view or section which is most clear to the corresponding
features.
(v) Each dimension should be dimensioned once on a drawing.
(vi) Each drawing should have the same dimensional unit.
(vii)More than one dimension should not be used for features of same parts.
2. Method of execution:
Element of dimensioning includes:
(i) Projection line (ii) Leader line (iii) Dimension line termination (iv) Dimension line
(v) Origin indication (vi) Dimension itself.
Important instructions:
(a) Projection and dimension lines should be drawn as thin continuous line.
(b) Projection line should be extended slightly beyond the respective dimension lines.
(c) Projection line should be drawn perpendicular to the part being dimensioned. (May be drawn
obliquely, but parallel to each other and must be in contact with that part).
(d) Dimension line and projection line should not cross each other (unless it is unavoidable)
(e) Dimension line should not be shown broken, even if the part to which it refers is shown
broken (for fig. please refer the book).
(f) A centre line or a outline of the part should not be used as a dimension line, but may be used
in place of projection line.
3. Method of indication of dimensions: Dimension should be placed in such a way that they are
not crossed or separated by any other line and should be shown on drawing in character of
sufficient size, to ensure complete legibility.
Dimension should be indicated on drawing according to one of the following method (but only
one method should be used on any drawing)
Method I: Aligned system,
Dimension should be placed parallel to their dimension lines and preferably near the middle
above and clear of the dimension lines (for fig. please refer the book). It may be written so that
they can be read from the bottom or from the right side of the drawing. Dimension on oblique
dimension lines should be oriented as shown (for fig. please refer the book). Angular dimension
may be oriented as shown in (for fig. please refer the book).
Method II: Uni‐directional system,
Dimension should be indicated so that they can be read from the bottom of drawing only.
Non‐horizontal dimensions lines are interrupted, preferably near the middle, for insertion of
dimension (for fig. please refer the book).
Angular dimension may be oriented as shown (for fig. please refer the book).
Following indications (symbols) are used with dimension to reveal the shape indication and to
improve drawing interpretation.
(i) φ: Diameter
(ii) Sφ: Spherical diameter
(iii) R: Radius
(iv) SR: Spherical Radius
(v) : Square
4. Arrangement of dimensions: On a drawing arrangement of dimensions must indicate clearly
the design purpose.
Way of arranging the dimensions:
(i) Chain dimension: Chains of single dimensions should be used only where the possible
accumulation of tolerance does not endanger the functional requirement of the part.
(ii) Parallel dimensioning: Number of dimensions lines parallel to one another and spaced out
are used where a number of dimensions have a common datum features (for fig. please refer the
book).
(iii) Super imposed running dimensions: This types of simplified parallel dimensions may be
used where there are space limitation (for fig. please refer the book).
(iv) Combined dimensions: It is simultaneous use of chain and parallel dimensions (for fig.
please refer the book).
(v) Coordinate dimensions: Size of the holes and their coordinate may be indicated directly on
the drawing, or they may be conveniently presented in a tabular form as shown (for fig. please
refer the book).
5. Special indications of:
(i) Diameter
(ii) Chords, angles, radii, arcs etc.
(iii) Equi‐distance features
All of above are shown by the means of diagram:
Q.6 Explain the Geometric modeling in CAD
Ans.
Geometric Modeling
It is concerned with the computer-compatible mathematical description of the geometry of an
object. The mathematical description allows the image of the object to be displayed and
manipulated on a graphics terminal through signals from the CPU of the CAD system. The
software that provides geometric modeling capabilities must be designed for efficient use both
by the computer and the human designer.
There are several different methods of representing the object in geometric modeling. The basic
form uses wire frames to represent the object. In this form, the object is displayed by
interconnecting lines. Wire frame geometric modeling is classified into three types, depending on
the capabilities of the ICG system. The three types are:
(a) 2D - Two dimensional representations is used for a flat object.
(b) 2 ½ D -This goes somewhat beyond the 2D capability by permitting a three-dimensional
object to be represented as long as it has no-side wall details.
(c) 3D - This allows for full three-dimensional modeling of a more complex geometry.
Even three-dimensional wire-frame representations of an object are sometimes inadequate for
complicated shapes.
The most advanced method of geometric modeling is solid modeling in three dimensions. This
method, typically uses solid geometry shapes called primitives to construct the object.
Another feature of some CAD systems is colour graphics capability. By means of colour, it is
possible to display more information on the graphics screen. Coloured images help to clarify
components in an assembly, or highlight dimensions, or a host of other purposes.

Q.7 Explain wireframe models in CAD

Ans.
A wireframe model is a skeletal description of a 3D object. There are no surfaces in a wireframe
model; it consists only of points, lines, and curves that describe the edges of the object. You can
create wireframe models by positioning 2D (planar) objects anywhere in 3D space. Some 3D
wireframe objects are also provided, such as 3D polylines (that can only have a CONTINUOUS
linetype) and splines. Because each object that makes up a wireframe model must be
independently drawn and positioned, this type of modeling can be the most time-consuming.

Q.8 Explain ISO and ANSI standards for drawing

Ans.
The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) is a private non-profit organization that
oversees the development of voluntary consensus standards for products, services, processes,
systems, and personnel in the United States. The organization also coordinates U.S. standards
with international standards so that American products can be used worldwide.
ANSI accredits standards that are developed by representatives of other standards organizations,
government agencies, consumer groups, companies, and others. These standards ensure that the
characteristics and performance of products are consistent, that people use the same definitions
and terms, and that products are tested the same way. ANSI also accredits organizations that
carry out product or personnel certification in accordance with requirements defined in
international standards.
The organization's headquarters are in Washington, DC. ANSI's operations office is located in
New York City. The ANSI annual operating budget is funded by the sale of publications,
membership dues and fees, accreditation services, fee-based programs, and international
standards programs…
The Institute administers nine standards panels: 
•ANSI Homeland Defense and Security Standardization Collaborative (HDSSC) 
•ANSI Nanotechnology Standards Panel (ANSI-NSP) 
•ID Theft Prevention and ID Management Standards Panel (IDSP) 
•ANSI Energy Efficiency Standardization Coordination Collaborative (EESCC) 
•Nuclear Energy Standards Coordination Collaborative (NESCC) 
•Electric Vehicles Standards Panel (EVSP) 
•ANSI-NAM Network on Chemical Regulation 
•ANSI Biofuels Standards Coordination Panel 
•Healthcare Information Technology Standards Panel (HITSP)
The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) is an international standard-setting
body composed of representatives from various national standards organizations.
Founded on 23 February 1947, the organization promotes worldwide proprietary, industrial and
commercial standards. It is headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, and as of 2015 works in 163
countries.
It was one of the first organizations granted general consultative status with the United Nations
Economic and Social Council.
ISO, the International Organization for Standardization, is an independent, non-governmental
organization, the members of which are the standards organizations of the 163 member
countries. It is the world's largest developer of voluntary international standards and facilitates
world trade by providing common standards between nations. Nearly twenty thousand standards
have been set covering everything from manufactured products and technology to food safety,
agriculture and healthcare.
Use of the standards aids in the creation of products and services that are safe, reliable and of
good quality. The standards help businesses increase productivity while minimizing errors and
waste. By enabling products from different markets to be directly compared, they facilitate
companies in entering new markets and assist in the development of global trade on a fair basis.
The standards also serve to safeguard consumers and the end-users of products and services,
ensuring that certified products conform to the minimum standards set internationally.
IT depends upon where you are working and whom you are working!!
If you are working for American based product then ANSI will come first and rest ISO will
come.
ASME follows the ANSI drafting standard.
Both ANSI and ISO have adopted many of the other standard as an alternative, so many
companies have mixed and matched the drafting standards to create their own, basterdized
standard.
The basic, visual differences between the ANSI drafting standard and ISO drafting standard:
ANSI dimensions are read horizontally. ISO dimensions are parallel to the dimension line.
ANSI dimensions are centered on the dimension line. ISO dimension are placed above the
dimension line.
ANSI tends to use abbreviations. ISO uses symbols.
(example: RAD, DIAM, 3 PLACES versus R, Ø, 3X)
dimensions have a different syntax. 
ANSI: 1.000 DIAM 3 PLACES 
ISO: 3X Ø 1

Q.9 Explain four drawing commands

Ans.
(c) Four drawing commands are :
1. Line: A line is specified by giving its two endpoints. Line command can be used to draw a
single line or a series of lines with the end point of one being the start point of the next. When a
series of such lines is created each line is treated as a separate entity.
Syntax: LINE or L
2. P line: Poly lines are interesting drawing entities. Polyline can include both lines and arcs
connected at endpoint. A polyline is a single entity with multiple segments. The polyline can be
straight or curved, can be wide or tapered. Curve fittings and hatching can easily be performed
on a polyline.
Syntax: PLINE
3. Polygon: A polygon is also a polyline with equal length of sides. The regular polygon can
either be inscribed in a circle or circumscribed about the circle. The polygon may also be
constructed by specifying the length of one side and the number of sides of polygon called edges.
Syntax: POLYGON
4. Arc: This command is used to draw an arc accurately.
Syntax: ARC
There are three parameters required for drawing an arc:
(i) 3 point arc: The arc is drawing by specifying three points on the arc.
(ii) Start center: This option needs start point and center point of an arc the third parameter may
either be an endpoint, included angle, length of chord.
(iii) Start, End: This option asks the user to enter the start and endpoints of an arc. The arc is
completed by either specifying radius or included angle or center point.
Q.10 Explain the Solid modeling in CAD
Ans.
Solid modeling: Solid modeling is the easiest type of 3D modeling among the wire‐frame
modeling, surface modeling and solid modeling. 3D objects can be created using the basic 3D
shapes, viz, boxes, cones, cylinders, wedges, spheres, donuts (tori) etc.
2D solid modeling is a way of modeling in which a 2D object is converted into 3D object by
sweeping it along a path, or by extruding it along any axis or by revolving it about an axis.
It is possible to convert from solid model to surface model; and from surface model to wireframe
model, but, the reverse conversion from wireframe model or from surface model to solid model
cannot be done.

Q.11 Explain the advantages of CAD over conventional design and its applications.
Ans.
CAD has several advantages over conventional design procedure. Some of these advantages
are:
(a) Easier creation and correction of working drawings.
(b) Easier visualization of drawings.
(c) Drawing can be stored and easily referenced for modification.
(d) Quick and convenient solution of computational design anlysis problems.
(e) Simulation and testing of designs.
(f) Increase level of accuracy.
(g) Analysis of load.

CAD finds applications in the following area:

(a) Design and drawing of printed circuits.
(b) Orthographic and pictorial representation of piping system.
(c) Wire frame geometry creation.
(d) Automated design of assemblies, which are collections of parts and/or other assemblies.
(e) Validation/verification of design against specifications and design rules.
(f) Simulation of designs without building a physical prototype.
(g) Calculating mass properties of parts and assemblies.