Arc405

History and Theory

of Architecture 3

Presented By:
Halla Essam 51910653
Malak Mohamed 51910264
Bassant Nassar 51910126
Esraa Mohamed 51910517
Mahmoud Ahmed 51910102
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Presented To:
Dr. Ahmed Saleh
Eng. Hadeel
 MAP OF 20TH CENTURY
ARCHITECTURE

PARADIGM SIFTS IN ARCHITECTURE CYCLE

OF ROMANTISISM AND RATIONALISM

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 Traditional Architecture
 Years addressing the many existing
issues of housing in our society. It is the
way of building a house using
recognizable symbols of a particular
culture of unique people in a special way
 In traditional arc they uses locally
available resources and materials to
address the needs of the people. The use
of local materials in construction will
eventually reduce building costs, making
traditional architecture an economical
advantage option.
 The building arts and the
traditional architecture they
provide an important link to the
past and support a strong sense of
local identity. Together with other
cultural expressions, they provide
a foundation for the shared
humanity of communities large
and small.

Features Of Traditional Architecture

o Symmetry and proportions. o large, open
o Columns in a specific style (or porches with
order).
overhanging
o Front porch topped with a
pediment.
beams and
o Durable building materials. rafters, dormers,
o Classical design motifs. and a tall, 3
o Rectangular windows. pointed roof
o Materials such as brick, wood, with one or
plaster, stucco, and stone. more gables.
 MODERN ARCHITECTURE
 Modern architecture, or
modernist architecture, was an
architectural movement or
architectural style based upon
new and innovative technologies
of construction
 the use of glass, steel, and
reinforced concrete; the idea that
form should follow function
(functionalism); an embrace of
minimalism; and a rejection of
ornament.
 It emerged in the first half of the
20th century and became
dominant after World War II
until the 1980s
 it was gradually replaced as the
principal style for institutional
and corporate buildings by
postmodern architecture.

Features Of Modern Architecture

o Rectangular forms
o Lack of adornment
o Low, horizontal
composition
o Elements of asymmetry
o Open floor plans
o Large glass windows
o Whitewashed exteriors
o Natural materials like
wood
o Emphasis on
Functionality
o No ornamentation
o Exposed structure
o Use of traditional materials
in innovative ways
o Abundance of glass to let in
natural light
o Horizontal design with flat
roofs
o Abstraction, and Straight, 4
continuous lines
 LATEMODERNISM ARCHITECTURE

o Late Modernism, also

known High-tec
architecture or Structural
Expressionism

o is an architectural style
that emerged in the 1970s,
incorporating elements of
high-tech industry and
technology into building
design.

o High-tech architecture
appeared as an extension of
previous ideas which were
helped by even more
technological advances.
Features Of Latemodernism Architecture

o Kept away from cubic forms

o Temporary technical developments

o Using technology as ornaments 5

o Emphasize on horizontal and vertical

circulation
 POSTMODERN ARCHITECTURE
o style or movement which emerged
in the 1960s as a reaction against
the austerity, formality, and lack of
variety of modern architecture
o particularly in the international
style advocated by Philip Johnson
and Henry-Russell Hitchcock. The
movement was introduced by the
architect and urban planner Denise
Scott Brown and architectural
theorist Robert Venturi in their
book Learning from Las Vegas.
o Charles Jencks defines
postmodernism as: 'Double coding:
the combination of modern
techniques with something else
(usually traditional building) in order
for architecture to communicate with
the public and a concerned minority,
usually other architects'.

Features Of Modern Architecture

o Asymmetrical and oblique forms
o A hodgepodge of colors, textures, o Sculptural forms
shapes, and themes. o Unconventional
o Usage of various materials and usage of methods
elements from different eras and materials
o Splashes of bright color
o Abstraction of
o Ornamentation and decorative 6
elements classical motifs
o Classical elements like arches, o Use of trompe l'oeil
domes, and pillars o Prioritizing
function over form
 NEOMODERENIST ARCHITECTURE
o Neomodern or neomodernist architecture is a
reaction to the complexity of postmodern
architecture and eclecticism in architecture,
seeking greater simplicity.

o The architectural style, which is also referred to

as New Modernism, is said to have legitimized
an outlook of comprehensive individualism and
relativism

o a philosophical position based on modernism but

addressing the critique of modernism by
postmodernism.

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 DIFFERENCES BETWEEN POSTMODERN
AND MODERN ARCHITECTURE
Postmodern Architecture
o On the contrary, Postmodern
architects found this notion of
‘simplicity in design’ truly
unattractive. They emphasized the
function through meaning and
originality of a building.
Postmodernism’s focal point is more
about incorporating the historical
elements and creating a unique
style in order to associate the
buildings with their culture and
history. In other word, they
highlight the importance of
creating a sense of place, by
building strong relationship among
the city’s occupants with its
historical buildings
o Postmodern architecture combines
the natural materials within
classical forms to contradict the
influence of industrial development
on architecture. They believed
modernism does not respond to its
contextualism or what people need.
o Postmodernist architecture brought
playfulness to a design, replacing
modern flat roof with pitched roof,
solid walls instead of glass, as it is
evident in the ‘Vanna Venturi
House’ designed by Robert
Ventury.[3] He believed that “less
is a bore” (Ventury 1966), meaning
that the lack of detail and visual
aesthetics is clearly leading the
buildings to become soulless.
Modern Architecture
o Modernism and Postmodernism
architecture both refer to a design
movement emerged in 20th
century. Although they might as
well follow similar key ideas in
design, there are still massive
differences between the Modernist
and Postmodernist architecture.
o Modern architecture focuses
largely on the functionality of the
form, and are basically identified
by “form follows function”
(Sullivan 1947).
o Moreover, Modern architecture
defines the beauty of design in a
different way. They look for the
beauty of design in its simplicity
by removing the unnecessary
details, acknowledging that “less is
more” (Van Der rohe 1947). They
emphasized the notion of truth to
materials, by exposing the true
nature of materials without adding
any extra layers to them such as
painting or polishing.
Furthermore, In Modern
architecture the majority of the
buildings’ structures were about
verticality and horizontality.
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 Charles Jencks

o Born 21 June 1939

o -Died 13 oct 2019.
o -Born in Baltimore,
Maryland.
o -Occupation: American
Cultural theorist,
Historian
o -more than 40 books and
Countless articts &
Papers.

o -Bachelor’s degree in English literature at

Harvard in 1961
o -master’s degree in architecture at Harvard in
1965.
o -PhD degree in Architecture History in 1970.
o -He is American landscape designer and
architect.
o -He wrote about history and criticism of
Postmodern.
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o -1973 wrote Modern Movement in Architecare.
o -First Architectural design was a studio in the wood
Tied the Garagia Rotunda 1976 - 1977
o - His own London house named Thematic House 1979-
84
o -1977 wrote language of Postmodern Architecture.
o -First book Meaning in Architecture 1969
o last book The Architecture of Hope 2013 The
Architecture of the Jumping universe 1995
o Iconic Building 2005.

Projects:
o -Land form Veda, Gallery of Modern Arts 1999-2002
o -The DNa Spiral, Center of life, New Castle 2000
o -The Cell and DNA, Maggie's Center 2002-2003
o -wuchi, Olympic Forest Park, Dejing 2008
o -Dividing Cells, Maggie's Center 2003-2008
o He criticized the modern architecture:
o -cause its haven't identity
o -so simple and poor in details
o -Disregard of social & cultural needs

o Charles Jencks predicted in his book on Post-

Modern Architecture that it was possible The End of
Modern Architecture Postmodernism describes
anything that was build after 1972, this is the year
in.
o which the Pruitt-Igoe project in St Louis for low-
income families was declared a failure and the
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experiment in high-rise public housing was
eventually destroyed with dynam
 Form follows Function

o The phrase was coined by architect Louis H. Sullivan in

his 1896 essay "The Tall Office Building Artistically
Considered."
o functionalism architecture.

o The statement refers to the idea that a skyscraper's

exterior design should
reflect the different
interior functions.

o The Wainwright Building in St. Louis, Missouri,

and the 11
Prudential Building in Buffalo, New York, are two
examples of skyscrapers whose form follows
their functions.
 Form and Function are one

o The phrase was coined by architect Frank Lloyd

Wright

o Organic Architecture

o The Guggenheim Museum , New York City, 1959 and 12

Tree house in Bear Run, Pennsylvania 1937.
Form does not necessarily follow Function

o The phrase was

coined
by Antonio Gaudi

o Ecro Saarinen
said
"Function influence
but
does not dictate
form" o Oscar Niemeyer
said,
"my work is not about
'form follows function',
but 'form follows
beauty'
or, even better, 'form
follows feminine".

o Deconstruction
Architecture

o The Haines Shoe

House
Hallam,Pennsylvania
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designed
in 1948 and The
Cincinnati Mushroom
House
 Less is more

o Simplicity is better
than elaborate
embellishment;
Sometimes something
simple is better than
something advanced or

o International Style

o This expression first

appeared in a poem by
Robert Browning, in the
year 1855.

o The user of the

phrase was
Ludwig
Mies van der Rohe
(1886-1969)

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 Less is Bore

o Robert Venturi
the author of the
now famous quote
“Less is a Bore”.

o Post Modern
Architecture

o A rule of thumb for

postmodern
architecture that
embraces expressive
form
and ornamentation.

o The Duncan Hall,

USA, 1996
and State of Illinois 15
Center,
USA, 1985