souapes psig 9 Mes I azTOUaAPY SHOLLYSO4XH ANAINOO THAT BOWED mad 7-107, aqVuD NFATSSey ence 2 WHAT SHOULD You KNOW? ! Previous concepts 2 Tues of neesy _ about energy neg mses so a nan ays, i + Chemical eneeay. Tiss vat fe ke is 4. Endrgy isthe diving free of thn wer rata ge hae. sete ene tere «ln bates. + Electra energy. Tis coresponds 0 fn electrical current Appratus which ae. “omected to an lca netvoce nthe ine, ‘voughott history the aera eae for ening out ass has ber obtaned rom = ey ee onaied nance ee ett SEREREM cota” = pando teased ga 4 ere Lasher For example, the, energy transmitted by the, eee ee ' 2 des far example. + Kinetic eneegy: This is what an object + Energy frm fvels, Wood was probaly haz when tm overent fo exam, theft ue 0 be use by ha bens. ‘when a balls anther Ballo make it move, Nowadays, we have any machines which ithesmor, these types of eneray can be ‘un none in of fie onthe ‘tansforined rom one rd anther, so wher + nergy fromm electrcty Fort over a century, use a tech, the chesical energy stored rary ansprtd byeecicl cuentas Inthe batteries transformed fs, int eletcal been tsedin numero. aplonesin ne home, ent, abd then ino ight ener the bul imines, varspa, 2 in communicatons. 3 ae {nla ABOUT THESE ‘questions: 2 - Ly) wesc nave human acing 9 thurgy tom cat uk ak aks Ateowghaut hier? » Do we stl ui tritiona ouces fener ove a sample aTASK 2.1: OVERVIEW What is energy? 1-Energy aiid change ‘As you know, Natute i conslanty changing, Some objets change thelr poston, others change their physical state and some substances are transforried into others. This happens because some systems have the capacity to produce a change in other systems close to" them. This capacity to produce ‘changes in material systems is known as energy. 2, Where do.we get energy from? ‘The human body is continuousy carrying out activities which require eneray, our hearts move constantly and wut breathing ever stops, even when we are asleep. There are process such 2s digestion and excretion which are possible thanks to the en- ergy we obtain from food. After digestion, the changes pro duced in our cells provide enercy for our metabolism, We can as0 use this energy ta do manual work But manual work hast limitatins, andthe animals used 0 e- place pee Fe that can cary out tasks rhore quickly, iting heavier weights in 5 asharter space of time, But these aso require energy to work ®. Sometimes this eneray is provided ty fuels, as with cars. On other occasions, as with a highspeed tain, itis provided by clectical energy. We obtain eneray from different sources. Some ofthe most, widely used sources throughout history have been fossil fuels (coal, sil and gas), nuclear fuel uranium and plutonium) and the so-called renewable enerey sources: sola, wind and hydrate enero \whenevera change produced. whatever A sours fEngy th he exception of pear and geothermal energy) have commen oii te sun The son “anstantsns an aprmous amount ‘of energy int pace. part oft energy i [Swhat his ide the development of He one on our planet. Whe docs the |3. The energy of foods The human body obtains the energy it needs (movement of the miscles, activities of the various different ongens-etd from nutritional Sapacly for different foods required for Boiled 99 [185 tolled ice (——] 190 hates: 5) 3. + olin a litre of wotp + Switching 6n light ub: + Where fv hur ings tna fom throughout high sg = * what soures of enesy 40 we + What kind of food stores the most energy? ‘And the least energy? Compare the energy provided by meat and fon, What conc sions do you reach? ‘niagine that the doctor fecommends that you have a diet with a high’eneeay content What. food. would you eat? Would-it be ‘preferable to have only one kind of food? Why? + Do we all need the same amount af eneray? How does the type of ativity we are doing steeing (65 Influence our energetic needs? sauna 98 Boted ct I 105 eae ae cee ings ke Spinach DB Sonning (a Hs show the efcraetic vale oth food fe 10097 We dn. tof ye value for according sree of yout dase ee ‘he foods in voles gps to thelr ene reseul aie cssTASK 2.2 Types of energy 1. Energy can be found in various forms Many people associat te idea of energy with movernent, But energy manifests self in many other ways. Many bodies, store energy due to their internal configuration (forces of attraction between thir atoms), This js dyemical energy Store by fon bate { Rutlencenargy cn beconsideredacwosyaems at diferent ‘Decil Kind of chemical energy. “Temperatures come Ito contact ry the enerny thats Sound energy the energy the air Ught energy from th 5 allows Chee savas produced by plants to manufacture the foods Imoveniént Speaking for example, whieh Srl conse, ‘moves the veal chor ofthe anys: 2. Energy can be transformed Energy can be transformed from dre kind to another This hap= pens continuously in Nature. For eZample, the Sun provides light energy to plants. lant then convér it, after 2 series of ‘tansformations, into chemical eneray which forms part of the Substances which serve as food for human beings. Then, this energy wansformed into mavementin a person's muscles, 2» Mechenial energy is the enray objec vec to move {he potion. An engine trostorns ‘thee energy ceria, ecrcal into mechanical energy eu ners the energy tat it ‘eanspored by gical charge Fnning along cut Rises transformable nts ether energie, fe son ESL RET1, Burn a piece of pazer Using a magnifying alas. 4}. To: see. how dne. kind of eneray can be trans tse oto aot othe foving expe ment + Use. a rhagntying’cass.and two pieces of paper: one ite arcane dark (oe example, 2 black pecs of catbor paren. on a'sunny diy, sted by the window. Hold ‘the magnifying lass so thatthe rays ofthe sun are focussed “he piee of paper. Vary te cstarice intl the ight from the mageiy ing glass is conceiveied as stonaly as poss ble on the paper. + Wait until the paper esis to burn. Smoke ‘ill come from the paper and the paper will look eitferent. “te maging ls seo conceit he Tallow rose cary hi ight emery 2: Analyée the experiment. * What kinds of energy are jvolved in this ex periment? + What vansformations of eneray are produced?” What type of energy's being used? What type of energy does it become? Do you undersiaind?" 4. Say what kinds of energy are used to make the following ‘appliances work. + Uist ather‘appllances which produce itanster of energy othe samen Explain hi Research +3, L20k for Information on the transformation screen wer stations oe dof energ ae ora es “teamed = =e a i eray ch mer aTASK 23 Traditional sources of energy 1. Coal ‘Woot and vegetable coal (in ather wards, obtained from burning wend) were the fst sources of energy used by people and, for many centuries, they waye practically the only ones ‘Then it ws tscovered that mineral coal (extracted tom mines) was: much more eficiert, This means it provides 2 ‘greater amount of energy per urit of mass. However, the use, Of coal has several disadvantages + Its combustion genérates carbon oxide, a gas which pollutes the atriosphere” and helps to contibute to the ateenhoure effect + Its-extraction i dangerous, Unfortunately, accidents in coal mines happen regularly due to explosions or the mine collapsing. Aad prolonged work in a coal mine ean cause cenainillesses Calis used in thermal power stations to convert the chemical ‘energy ofthe rock into electrical energy. ‘There ar various types of coal Some ge 2.011 rons chr Staph mane re cing Cilhas been used for centuries for asphaliig roads arid as fu fynur untae tonne se apeanng? fl But twas ony halwoy though he 20" century hat be. Whe enguery cn you ti «came one ol the main sources of eneray. The reason waste in- vention of combustion engines which use derivatives from ol (petrol diese as fue, Oil took rilions of years to fon, Theretor, athough we «continue to discover more ol fil, sooner or later it i going to run out, especialy if we continue at our preseht cate of Consumption. Another ofthe dsacvantages oo the fet fon the environment cused by i extraction, wanfportation and varsformation Oils aso used as a fuel in thermal power stations for making lect nang toma i thus he tankers an Warsocronicrotes, hese cet treranmanl problems. Mary tankers ae Cleaned naar the on whlch yer up Sedo caun oss wich atest hoc conte negate: What cosequenes an oti of euing feom an accident Jnvaiog a aker Think about he tormenta consequences, the consequences forest the economy and if3. Natural gas Together with pevol Ceposits there are usualy natural gas deposits, For many year, this gas was not used but was burnt irectly in the ol fields. However, for some decedes now the, (92% has been transpored in gas pipelines and has been used 235 fue, for example, in nating systems. ‘The advantage of natal gas'as opposed t0 other fuels i that its clean. Is corbustion-generates tew potutans. A disadvantage is the danger of explosions. These-explasions ae nt very powerful capared with those of other fuels, But the gas can cause significant. damage to both people and baling. Gat ea ar ao dangerous because they Cae very toxic subst 4, Energy ftom nuiclear fission ‘The ol css which occured in 1973 brought aot the use of another enesay source which had until thes rarely been used energy from nuclear fission, The main advantage of nuclear eneray ists efficiency: a very small amount of uranium or plutonium produces a leige amount of eneray, The dsadvantages of nuclear energy ar Wel-knovin. It pro- duces highly contaminatg waste products and, furthermore, there isan accident, radoacive substances ae release over vide ore, 6 of energy ear lend, ssions dirng Cee ray ‘witwid your home; ors rend hae? adbeast can in for thowlandé ot y24n- Howie Wis reat we Sree s maar REEMA SmeeTASK 24 Alternative sources of energy 1, SolaFeiiergy "The Sun provides the eneray requred for keeping things alive ‘on our planet. Furthermore, iti fre. Sunlight comes to us ‘constantly aid it reaches all the earners ofthe world Without distin, making-better use of this energy, which reaches os without interruption, would help to salve aur ener sy. problem’. Furthermore, sola energy is clean, Soler powerplants donot palit the erconment. 7 The disadvantage of solar energy isthe low level of efciency ‘of the power plans. Although sunlight provides us with a ‘great dea of energy, itis dispersed aver the-entire inet, and 50 we must concentrate it in order to obtain electrical eneray in a profitable way. 2. Wind energy We can also make use of energy from the wind We hae used ‘wind for driving ships and windmils for centuries, but now there another useful application: wind power plants for pro- ducing electical energy. ‘The problem with wind powerplants that they depend on geo- ‘taphical conltions. They are only profitable in areas where the ‘wind blows strongly and regulary. a Spain these areas can be found on the coast of Galicia inthe Straits of Gibraltar, in Aba- ‘ote in Navarre inthe Ebro river base and in the Canary sand, We make use of sla ereay almost Conran without the need ose ‘machine comple nasione. pants for prduing electra meray? IRisnota le scale ternative source ‘tener, bu an spy peices seth ler nergy, ough the ina lecity high Do you ik mae se oud be made of wand energy your Fesiom wy?3. Hydroelectric energy ‘A current of water transports mechanical energy which can be Used. The simplest way i by transmitting this movement ta a mechanism, such as the water whee: le other cases, such as. hydroelecc power plans, the mechanical energy s redo produce elect energy To do" the, dams ae bull The ter stored ang then i lone va Channel toa turbine coupled ta generator . simple caren an be ed to ove “Fbow or expe dauntresm). ‘Ge otheretample! of asters which nak ve ofthe eneigy provided Dyeairers of wate 4. Biomass enercy Organic matter accumulates chemical energy which caf aso be used, Wood isthe bestknovn of these case. But iti ‘now aso passile to use ocganic waste (farm manure, rub- bish, ete) to produce elctrcty when the rubbish is burnt Although this method és nat very widely used, itis very effective because, atthe’ same time as we are producing elect, we are aso tng Fl of waste fom Nature 5, Geothérmal energy Reseach ‘The inet of ih Ear 6 apsthersource of energy. Poof of “x tk irnfation this canbe een in vlanoes, where matters expelled tthe, onthe sources of energy given Gn these pages tat 270 end inyote regions hat egy souteas ate most “Soidey used hy surface at vary high erparatee Although iti a non-rerewable source of energy, geothermal energy sa valuable akeative in some areas of the planet and itcan be used fr eating water din heating systems!" 6. Tidal eneray ’ ‘The movement af sea vate another possblé source of en- egy. However, the tikes have tobe reasonably sgnfcant wwe ae to make use of ths ener, whichis known a ale oywray. withthe, . (1.). Understand how the production of electrical “qugtly of ut its Sialafon the market meant that itseon a Ae a aoa ete ich inetporate's ger velectricity’must be Installed.“ The chemical eperay-se by rgane waite Answer the fellowing questions: * al where’ does a Formula t acing ear obtain ‘the energy it needs to reach such Nigh, speedst 7 b)How does a televion? 19 What types of energy intervene’ when @ A fants working? bere i lamp tansfermeneroy? And (] ‘took et th ptaprp wd: expla the ttstomatong of tery the seating fnergy has developed in Spain in recent years ‘The follossing table shows the production of lectrial energy In Spain. from halfway ‘through the 200 céricury tothe endl of the [reo | { canes | zaou | rasa si Some of the data from this table have been ‘sed to draw up the folowing graphs redone ins fh)oo pelea ene ‘Analse the data given inthe table andthe giaphs fon the previ page and, anaer the following questions ‘Whew has the general ivend beer in’ the. Production of slecriety in our country? How 2 prottin gr 1401 2007 ‘state howe the aitferect sources of ere lave evolved! © Menewable' sources hydraullé and, hi ecent © years, solar ond wind energy i fu (asc) thermal energy): eneray “obit fom eae or gas = Wciear tus : oe : ce oe oe ison? oH + Analyse the evolution f the use of nuleae gy. Talk with your dassmstes about the ipertane maa ery fhe reduc +" are we incressiig our we of renewable seurcesin Spain? + Now lin the table shoving he ttl percentage ‘of renewable energy that sppearsin the graph, tue answer If you have les than 4 points you ‘you think there hasbeen a sufficient incesie™ shoul! fack again your behaviour 49 that you inthe use of renewableenergy? fan make beiter use-of energy. Which attitudes - should be improved in your cate) Unit map Copy and complete the unit map. (han, ea sual s Hicenated Kontaaed Sten teao | ‘The whee! was a significant nd then the comb the tat crepe iia chet energy rm fel he isrmore widely ed ' | Trenton of transport Inked tw tieevolutan of ource of enerty ‘of these sources of eneray. Energy: the:driving force of the world “he ote wat wad te propel ships ting maser i After using the foes produced by our ‘muscles ar that proviged by anil, sell-propelied machines were developed, In there machines, an engine provides the force requied to dive a mechanism ‘tomate he machine move. Inwater transport, muscular force was ko used rowing boat’). But inthis :ase, people s00n learnt to make use ofan erergy source Supplied freely by nature =the wind ~ and saling ships appeared. Later, conbustion engines were incorporated ato ships, which also ued the chemical energy suzpied by @ i q i | | a | Fecetbrectr parr | | ue ofthe mecha ners preided| Torte wind. Now nuclear energy ig also uted In submarines, whieh can sal for thousonds ‘of kilometres without sutfocing Many sip nowadays making use of he renal energy tored t Ins fuel generally Ale transports much more ecen. Until the 18% century, fying was imposible. ‘Then the balloon was invented. Then the Invention of combustion enginesin the late 19 cantury enabled uso move propelers Inthe 1930s, jt engines were developed hich alo used the anergy suppl By a fu, cea nsry iar etient er submarine ‘ution eneeny teal around the word 2)de Air transport The future of transport ‘Abatoon et “Tenn important for modern soley that £2 tery ried by the search ome sesnomeal nd mote esol Sislgeiehese” toms of vapor sever en. : + the ar inside te ener cs ‘re ean he ro reg bon for, ‘ceducing the gap’ is the use of high-speed’ ~' «(date oh foesn ntact Soe ‘The network of high-speed | ass ieee ‘in the next few years. + huiligspone vote oar ean pened sie el of te suman Be Pore reo tas wor cuter snot Thos weeny bar he pupae en, hows wants tush ete — Cer salou pow escoess 0 ia» hel they ao Spemas 7 al rampart lan iin ns tambag gupta pesetesins ome foamy + yng pie eh ccs vce ares pea hl manned highs beyond the Noon son ena ese ye srr of ery lar Scr et mended racer es ei combustion einer ‘iste conyge and hyagen wih ie Thar te necessary the 0 ‘hap rom te Eas Smosh. inigh-speed trains ity wanspiort + Publicransportis moresficentin terme of en- High-speed "trains. ae: an, aleradve, 0, fying tray than private trangart. Less eneigy ed between les onthe sam continent i Spot to tansport 0 peaple no bor then todrve SO. France apdvotious other European cours thers ean eae ats oni Bea rai “to beled dest the act tat tplse ns os Jesh Sa) ore + ivi" the “6 ovo grou. coeaeeet Should defend de use 9 peste twarsport od theher group should upper the ute of pub ‘tanspar, cs the aanages ae daca “gee each om eta : * Then propos a it thar of resem tions for your os uth erage the notch eM Ea He Breda: Copeniane,, Neasiouens) serrata oop Expt Mowe a Voce fetes Hawivego, Beck, 3 Meal Sea eter eae, Sate cenit ea Pane eee wwii infor a AstaContents en look a Ue photograph above and ans tho Changes of posts. GLEE A i photon shivered the fling 2. Forces * Can you tell he route taken by the skiers by Tooting at 3 Mechanical energy thephotogronh? SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY ' 1s How'do you calculate the speed: of an athlete? Wt wane gai fe antes ‘mean that the distance from the start to the finih fs 10 km? Explain your anewer. Look atthe photograph af the gota Isa force exerted when the ball ishit? {| what happens to tho ball whien Ft has been hit? What does the distance the bal travels depend on? “= Does the ball have any energy when:it has been hit?’ What kind -of energy does it have?WHAT SHOULD YOU KNOW? | Previous concepts about movement 14, Basicconéopis: : e's remember some basic covet ih iat hap ust sty the movement of bodies +The traectory te in flowed by an obec +" thiing movement, kiy be aight ine 9 +The speed gives aida ofthe FAR at wich ERE | Previous concepts | about force 11. the eects of fore. | You aes know the principle elles of forces, cof movement apobiet 8 apping a foce fo sbody a ek ws cn path ta movement ‘Qn the other hand, by applying a force to a tring abject we an Sow doo ven opt farce nd the deformation of objects Fores cage ec, Tink, or eo, fares ner ts ‘currence, a pzabaa or an equ cone. thedplacemet oc: The grater the speed, + Forces and movement. Faces change the state 2, Examples of forees rsa nd cy eso th platonic oe 1: force fin abs woh Snes mnesna moter mac eh 95 Sroruiner Tne cosequnc of for ited lth speed othe abe + soltieabjec and th median nvaicnis =P Merger bap Tt} randy an ae oe she free of gravity eponsbe forthe plnets ean around the Sus taba. the force that causes abject 0 fl'@ 1 oor ‘when the ate dropped between the poles of a magnet Iisa ore of gtuacion Between oppose poles of '3“haget an epusion between poles ofthe ume tnd {p0k at THE TARE PoTosnAris ivomnicaaout Test guess { i | | Ff fon bate ie sate nde ke large or small? What is the advantage of using Blades couansr | + Warde att tre otmiy ce | | «et feta a? jTASK 3.1: OVERVIEW Changes of position ‘ustavarion ‘ 1.The study of movement |The plete on theright represents a radar {Green inan atpor. shows tie postions | ofthe’ different aeroplane: at three “alferent moments (epareted by: 9 inten time): ‘Aser the follawing questions © What is the’ reference’ point for rmeasurig the sale? What isthe trajectory of ath on of the aetoplaries? sta strait line? ‘What distance is covered by each aero: plane from the first postion to the third ‘Ave alle aeroplanes traveling atthe Same speed? How do you know? 2 sic concepts for stiidying thovement- ine iuiderstand:the’ movement Gf Objects, to, know “frow thy change poston, to cakulate the sped at which they more, and 0 6, we myst know some basic concepts ostion of a. ov aject indicates its poston rene opt gi «The trajectory isthe net by aang abject along itspath + The space covered iy the ditare coved by the moving “obec ‘ +The displacements th detrce which Bess between the staring port an the rial pir ofthe moviog ote. + Thepeel ives andes of the thm at atich the moving object 5 displaced, Is the quotient between the spa conred andthe une ken Scout @ Blanes Spacecovered-. < Time The speed expressed in metres pet second (mvc) inthe Intemational System, I mare tal fo expres speed a: Iilometes pr hour kev). 1 mee = 315 kv tis very simple to change from ane unit to another. A imsec # 36 kth "Speed =25mbec 2 x) 90 anh x “The wagon ona ror coaster fllow a complied erjectory which continvaly (ort up and own. Oeste peed emaia the same ding the path covered by the wagons?Lnifom staightane moverent. The vaectay 3 Uniformly vared maverant The spa yee sgh ne and the sped Pkapesontant for example, in unfrm way foreampe 3 taining off oF aeroplane night stopping (so00d | | \ Uniform cewir movéreet The trajectory Ueraular curved line moverpent. The most cmon of Green spn fo oso tritel movant woctoy bn soa fcrotaple Weraoemctalte vote hehends emedlngampngta as fac yt for Bo you wide stand? ‘what the Brain ‘of reference is for. ihof the following. +The numbering a “at the ballings roZeUR "Apply the rules ‘3: What nd of movement does the edge 7 atthe platform of « merygoaingd fellowns ‘Whet about litle ty an vais ost Te elghofammoia of anatniesd fe} TASK 3.2 Forces 1. What is a force? ‘nour daly Tes we are continuously exerting forces. When we gga dr, when we blow ipa ban, when we teen 38h, nen we ring abel or when we pick something up. On a broader scale, other forces are ao important, The Earth exis the Sun because the Sun eet a ferce onthe Earth (aed ‘onthe other planets in the solar ster) Weld gy ora forse ure wh xs moa the state. 6€ rest or movement of an objector can deform it ‘when we say thata force can moity the state of rest or move ment of an object, we méan thatit can stop a moving object, ‘or move an object dati stationary, Units for measuring forces Forces are not as easy to meastre as masses. Nevertheless, there are apparatus that can quantify the value of a force ‘These are called dynamometers, In the international ystom of Units, force is meesured wth = Unit called newton (N)-in-henour of the scientist Isaac Newton. The dynais aso used. = 10° dynas, 2. Forces change the type 6f movement of an object Many péople think that when thee are no forces acting on an object it wl Fema at rest. But ts is not entirely tue tis true thatif an bjecissttinary and no fare is exerted on it, |iewill main stationary But if no forces exerted onan object. in ovement, it would continue moving indeiitely. Our experience contradicts this, fact, f we hit a marble, wil ral along the loor andi wil stp attra period of ime, once ithas traveled a.few centimetres. Appacenty, once we have released the marble, there are no forces acting upen it, But this isnot tue : The force of friction —_ ‘When 2 maible cols acras the floor, there is a force wich slows it down unt it stops. Tiss fcvon, which exists between the marble and the floor. ae ‘The force of friction is force that is always opposed to ‘movement. In other words if an ebject moves along a table from left to right, fiction acs inthe opposite direction, from right to let ») Ito fore acon an objec, state of ‘movement wal nova 50 body Inoverent where ne frees ae acting wil : ‘Satine intel tag ne Idoes no ven nee sarc of ene Indie however, we are ued to seing ‘hate stop wien thers sn ace : Ping tern Tis shay de tothe Fore of ion. n space, here i a tieobject Heep on moving without anything ees rion depond on he race the body tmotng over? Bo you think ‘hatiee anand afer the sare restance? What re the consequences? Ismoverent ovr sand slowed down Imote? Dawe need more ens to sep an object moving over song or vere? ‘nthe other hand doar a velo ‘malig oer nd changecrecion more ‘aly han one moving over e, Sele wheeForces can increase or decrease the speed of a moving object Wihen'no force's exeted upon an object, two tings can happen, i the Body atest wilemain at est {tf te bod is moving it wil continue to move ina sight logan ata constant speed fut the eztence of one or more forcor may cause change we kick 2 Ball whichis stationary, i wil begin to move. We an ao Stop a moving object by exering a force + If 9 fore applied in the same diection and ses as the movement, the spéed of the moving object wil increase. This is what happens. when we press the accelerator of cr. + 1f3 force i apaled in the dame direction byt in the opposite iene as fe movement, the speed decreases. For example, the bckés on a cat eet foce which ‘capable of stoping the wei 3. Forces deform badies ‘Tere are ako oxcasiors when we exert a farce on a body thats atest anit continues to be atest we bi a place of Plasticine it becomes deformed. + Deformaticns may be permanent, as tthe case with pla + At ther times, the bodies return to the shape they had before the deformation was powckel So, we pull sin, it becomes deformed and lenghghs, ut when we lett go, it otums ots initial ength 4, Weight is not the same as mass ‘When we hold a stone a certain HEHE and we lett go it ‘els tothe ground. This i due to the force exerted by oi planet on all objects which are situated on is surface: the force of arity “he Earth does not attrect all objects wit the same intensity. The greater the mass of the objet, the more intense the attraction of the Earth, “his fore of attraction exerted by the Earth on al objects set its surface iskrovn as weight. ‘The greater the mass oa body, the greater is weight. But weights nt the same as mass. The weight sa ere which i measured in nevtons. When we say that 2 person weighs 60, ka, we ace not relly icating his or her Weight, but theie mass, The mass ofa bad fs always the same. On the other hand, itsweight varies: an the Moon for example, weight les than ts on the Eat 28) Isthe sponge defomned when we exert Applythe rules" “1. Giveexamles of boos “ ndtforent situations th bees ae bat See, eo te SREB ees hela ened cnitintre angen eset mien ‘Rion grea nae ‘helped reba 2. to gv example of betes stat er gh Psrriglonloaate ean ‘between the mas of a body and ts Welaht on the Earls Calcalate the force which stacts: you tthe Earth nother words Sour weightTASK 33 Mechanical energy 4. Kinetic energy Wh body in movement can cause gg in ther ahjec Thm a hammer in moveent ableton aed s gal aie to put abana movement, Meso bodies n movement have erry. The energy wich body has when meowement skrown : Kntceneray Butthe neti energy of maving chet doesnot aly depend rite spae hr avs thats poling 40 bh ll ine more damage wal than sce tning tte “pet So lint ener depend onthe ma othe body, al trata te tnt ney 2 by canbe est 30 euavon sre) an sped) cota 2 If the mas expressed in Hogans andthe seen meres ber second, the etic ncigy wil be gen in joules. A body Dra a ice the ras ante nd wh song tthe ‘ame speed wl Nove doit the rete energy. Bo if the Speed doubled te Knetc enegy ll be fut tines rest 2, Potential energy eee eee oat See reins Se ear eee eens Sec toa tet nceaes ane orca oe ee ce ere cna senanae tn arses sons sw tenon pera eenaniep oni eee Sian artnet ce usadare ees Saoca ture wate oan cay te dren ign ab eqemeih tiga ad fehegeh nara ) {sl rom the ls Deep impact Win {er (1998 When 2 bey Impacts th ‘nother thre a wansarenc of ener? Erin hivusng te exompe given ne photo What kind of ners dor the Intothe Earn? 1 Calculate the kinetic energy and ‘the potential energy of a stone | } sade galing fom Sakony Yom above the ground teeing 2h Thesped a be gen hc Pk Sh We te Kt ne 5x20 : [ gatme 2 z fe = 1,000 ‘And the potential energy will be: | f= 10mXh= 10% 5% 10 \ y= 5005losstavarion 3, The transferencé of mechanical energy “nin: ove ped of a object with a mass of 2 kg 1 ‘which fallin five mersents: wien Is thrown ‘fom the around upwards (1), when itis at 8 height of 2.75 m (2), when it fata height of 5m @), when, havingbegun to fall, itis at a height of 3.75 m (4) and wien itreaches the sgrouind (5). The blue arcows show the direc- tion of the movernen. Complete the table ard answer the following ‘questions © What points taken as 2 reference for this movement? “1 What ithe shapie of the trajectory fol lowed by the abjea while is going a iat about when ti coming downto, Draw bath trajectories.“ : Does the moving object travel et the” same speed when itis going up? How about when It fs going down? Explain your answers ‘What is the direction of the force of the weight when the object is going up? What about whem ¢ starts to go down? ‘What isthe value of the total mechanical energy (Ef) at each moment? What does this result suggest to you? pas + be sped and weight gon the same drec= tion when the: body going. up? How abut iyhen itis going down? What hep- pens at the hes point afte taecony? Isthe sbject moving atti point? can you remember? 1 rower tela ens ia da are Hoscaceaniadayaehan ons eee ow das tn Sing Sachtnncai nie espetah fates cs How dow te mech pet Rete aetna epi he Stic eats anal ithe and and cae thanatycughte aint 2 an object apaty the rules, fede: car feat ne et rene Sapposiig that ete iho os a ae ce ies pacer ian ire B pean ac ete gran mii fon a hight 0m.Acti ities GA Fad aves inn chica epotrehae 4,2) They ate covering the sie distance in a 8), They are moving atthe shine spe. “0. They continuously change position. «d) The dlsplaceenent af the moving object coincides with the trajectery ©) The wajectoryistraight they are mvieg witout enging thei casey knisee ‘The speed ofthe: Earth around the Sur 30.000 Copy the following sentences {An object of 50 kg has a which Is greater than a body of aig. An object of 0 kg weighs than an abject of $0 ko, © The weight of bodies is « "and, ar such, fs measured i > Test of skills: o.cs i Differentiate eiwoen different ‘ypss of Complete the: following table placing the imoveriedts given below in wach bow, (nm ee Giese Cortant . | cr ' [nes ng ote : vy Eee +The movement of a wagon on a T rollercoaster + The movement of the ie of yoo ' + The movement of a metsj-go-ound | + The movement af @ stone that fall from the top of tower + The movement of a car that maintaing @ speed of 50 kmh along a winding road @ drawing toes : 1 Daw the forces that act on the alli toch cae nthe drawing he Ble ares Indes ti arctan of he moverDiscover Understand the relationship between the see an aight of ebjecte As we have een trouchou th nit ns i nat theme weigh een eee ag the ame ant: Weights incor in newton the International Stee asym apie ny hese concep You wil ned sis,» dymamometi (an aps {ts for esturing fee), sme weigh and ‘vos problem objets uber a cit) 1. Find ut ihe wight of the obs sng the Snapreter To th hang each obec fom the hook os an ute a trea 0 ti the dessa he hook) al e8d the name from thesele On many ymemorters there i 8 ale with 2 spel uncle 9 lgrom force a oF Tipond 1 Kat responds toa weigh of 145, Ths the ele of 58 appros iat Te, for the expsrnent chon four a fe jes whose itt yo en fd Ou ng the scale on the fyrpmometer posi, Choote ebeets with diferent weigh Note ‘hese mesnurements dow ina table ke the one sathe ight Unit map? Copy and comiploto the unt map. ee aoe en ee eae : a we Then analyse the results. + Whats thealathatnds mass and the welght? Does the welght-of the ‘objects increase or decrease when the. mass increases? é + what is the duantativ' relationship between ‘the maeé and the weight? Calculate the average value of the figures obtaied i the fst column fof the table, To do ths add them together and lve by the numberof boxes you hae filled in sions indicates the relation womens ‘sds ung aie = eaten tw the valet ap nee ‘modi i'nech county etablisis the Speed ie. IReonsgers appropriate for ach Kindo od | signs sut asthe one above ar istlled | toramind divers of the masamom 860 | The faster you drive, the greater the risk | of accidents |The medi ften ges usnewsrted { tolthe number and sertousnes ol tai | acidens especialy inthe noisy petad. | Unfortunatly, the advertising campaigns cahich are aimed at preventing tafe Beciders do not aay achieve te ‘bjectives: here continue tobe many tafe oeidents Although the causes fre varied (tate ofthe roads rehancal Talus, ete), te human face salman sivaye the man eaton ‘The forte an object moves, the more nergy thas, Tis meee that ft obec” ‘rashes ino something the effec wi be ‘worse the fare itiegaing, inthe case of trafic, seed nas to, dlangerour consequence. + Heinereases the rk of having an acide. Te faster the car vaveling the weaker itsgtip on the road theless aby, fand the more cfu sto brake sven necessary + An acdentthat occur hen a i {aeling at igh speed wil gnarl have worse consequences forthe passingers or pedestrians What is the appropriate speed? ‘The speed depend on: +The state of the road. Holes inthe road or fal en ranches increase the risk of accidents soi necessary to reduce the car's Speed, * Traffic conditions. Heavy traffic means that any ‘change in the position and speed of the ca is more dangerous + limatic conditions Rain, snow, wind and ice on the oad increase the risks of accidents + The presence of animals. Many accidents are caused by driving fast in areas where there are animals such as deer or rabbits that might cross tiieroad The safety distance depends on the speed ‘The minimum safety distance isthe minimum ds- tance that should be kept between two vehicles 50 that the river behind has time to brake ifthe veh le infront stops sudden The faster you are civng, the anger the car wl take to stop wen you brake and the further the cat wil travel. So, we do not respect the minimum safety sistance, thereis more chance of accidents. Nowadays, mary journeys by car are along motor; ways where there are various lanes in each direction, Here, the sk of acidents when overtaking, for ex ample, decreases. But there ae stil many accents due to the large number of divers who do not re- spect the minimum safety distance.Safety in cars ‘Advances in technology have meant that mode vehicles increase passenger safety + Safety belts prevent fe passenger fram crash ing into the windsreen, Children’s safety sects. These seats hold, the chi fel. + Metal protection bars on the four sides ofthe! vehicle prevent the boy ofthe car from squash- ing the passengets ‘ABS braking system helps braking in ice oF ‘oud ‘ + Airbags inflate with gas miliseconds_after a collision, educing the effects of the impact” Its obvious that these safety measures prevent @ lot of damage in waffcecidents, but they should be carefully evaluate. ‘On the one hand, these safety measures reduce the damage suffered by the passengers + On the other hane, the safety offered by these ‘elements might mean that drives increase thet speed, mistakenly thinking that noting wil hap- “in bull-up‘afes the magnum speed init 50 koh. : + Do you think this is an appropriate speed limit? Give examples to syppo* your answer. 5 inidglne tiaryou arene mayor ora kown locates “neste oad ae an donctrepece eed, tke Sl ths probs Jn sof counties i Fit on motor! tages does thaw What are they? + Da you know what he peed iit on motor ways in Spain? De fol ai this i ou f dated oe ithave any ‘season “esting ney dees or paterson: en to them if they have an accident n ation, there are stil many cars oc the rads which do nat have these sofety elements and vthich wal ‘here safer in he event ofa ade een itis anor one. 2 seats ft yout foi ant rends whee Soe aeies sunt apap the resin “ich gusts hat ost ah ae see ere oe * Do jou alway us your indicator when you are oo _ ing to chahgeaes or turn Do you) nium safety distance? Do yolakoaas cars veriake i they are Going Taster shan gout od yi dub park? ules att nhs bee ising?Contents 1. overview: Energy we can perceive Tight and sound 2. The transmision of light 3. The tansmision The perception ‘of ight and sound: yes and ears HEALTH IN THE CLASSROOM _ + caring for eyesight andhneering Look a the photograph above and answer the following questions \Whare doas tha light which i luminating the facade ‘of ths buldlina come fram? What direction fe the Source of ight coming from? What other sources of light can you think ef Are they natural or artificial? = What Slag Pav n the photé be like at dawn and at longer or shorter? Explain your ans. ‘Answer the following questions. what isthe gitference between an intense and a weak ound? Give examples. ‘+ What isthe difference botween the sound ofa th andthe ound of s guitar? When you hit an object, dows it akways make a sound?+ WHAT sHoULD YOU KNOW? | Previous concep:s about light 1. The transmizsion of fght Wie can cos ch tramitesina Sto he ad a dhgrlons Ugh swore He aad 9 Valin a ee sped 390.000 ec * Light in eeted: hts ete trample yrs When ight Ns 3 mio, fbunee ace | 135 for of eneray | [tights aisetémen tne mesivn changes, | } | | theca te gh sms eg in perpen te nao Ss ereracion of hs et ream ints to produceciaied images (oses or contact aes. : According tothe amount of ht that on deck. as to pass tough it may be transparent (Gelets ate ight pasthroagh ikea) 0° translucent lets 9 ptf height pss ‘trough, for expe, itis) or opaque (na iat passes ious, ke his book, for exam oe | : [peat auneronani weit |_| + Wat phenomenon expins hat you ea inthe oto above, fhe refetin or econ of bgt | + What othr evasion an yu thin of oer ight reteted on an bj o uTate? Previous concepts about sound 4. hs transmission of stn Sounds abo wansnitediaasaighi. and Inalerections, ut uke ight saund canal be. ‘rancid avacuun teed ater rediom neder tobe arated sch s, another ference bives ght and sound isthar sound travels at. much ower speed Inthe a, for example, tis tans at, SHO mise. This speed diferent in ferent ‘mediums nats for pl, it stanisrited ‘move auc, at some 1,500 ise Seung s Se alee. +n acho produced en dou elects tyyan obstacle and comes back out eo, + reverberation ao producad bya reflection ‘found. Butin tha, the obsaceecoser to uss thatthe ongial aund and the reflection ae superimposed ino, ‘which inal to epiate then Tut mene the train has dficuy in nerretog “Tank ABOUT THESE QUESTIONS + Are waa or itense sounds produced durig 2 muse once When spectators ar ble tote mort bec + be you know what nae poison? What nies8) Task 4.1: OVERVIEW __Energy we can perceive: light and sound co 1. Light and sound are kinds of energy You fave already studied some fame of erieroy: electrical en- egy chemical energy and soon. Now we are going to study 1" two ways, of transmitting energynhich give our senses infor mation aBout the word around Us light and sound Light and sound are.waves,Likeall waves, they transmit en- ergy without the displacement of matter. | ™ © Light, wher 115 retlected fem objects and wnen it reaches ‘our 685, allows us to se, We have nerves in our eyes which transmit information about what we ee to our bran, = Sound makes the eardqym, a rembrane in our ea, vibrate ‘The vibrations of the eardfurt re transmitted, to the brain bynerves There are other kinds of waves. Al af them transport energy Light i only one kind of electromannetic wave. Other electro= magnetic waves are gamma rays, Xray, itravinlet radiation, infrared radiation, microwaves, 0: radio and television waves ‘When we THB stone into a BBfand make apBles we are ‘50 making waves (anawn as mechanical waves). 2. How is light produced? The Suns the mal sore of ht othe Earth The ee of the Sun makes life possible on our planet. This luminous ener- fy epfodund ne retort hes beaie of nude actions: 7 eS ‘Ave have also learnt haw'to produce light. + Usig chemical en ve bur a fet pps gh Examples; wood, aif and gas.” Und heath ie ase Si es peste pour Bee , Dilere sources ight pre aceneete ign owt Seren pert re a oF ‘A special case is white light which Seatalje mitre o enor mmorycoourt [a Xray Tere ar many eypet of waves (roves taper mare energy than other. Speed. 500,000 nse. fre or senses able to detect teve other electromsgnetc ash: tape Unt te seal eect, the only way of reducing at realy wa by baring» fel kat hanger of enegy ae produced nis ase? 43. How is sound produced? Souind is ahways produced by 2 movement. Ina guitar itis the vibration ofthe ssings that produces the sound. When we speak, our vocal chords (nembranes in the larynx vibrate): This vibration produces a sound which js then modlated by the position af the tongue, eth, and so on, 7 ) ar fended edb thd ica hia ote ne sand’ “Artesian {oom anothe? oe the falling eae sree peraer «The nent. Aco hla, sounds Ew bs UKE : strong or yea, The intensity of Sound is the magritude ‘whch varies whan we regulate the volume on telson for 2 msi centre, Th mare intense the sound, the more fenesay it tronspets, The lvl of intersityof sound measured in-secibel (4). Te héaing teésold coue- sponds to Ot an the i Weshol 120 8. The tone. Sounds cane high oF lowe, The tone isthe shacacteritic wich elferentotes tw tusial notes with the sare intent produced by the same instrument. The quality of sound cartesponds 10a magnitude which is oom a the frequency and s measured Hert (H) in the ternaonal Systm, We can hear sounds whose fe- ‘quency i between 2€ He and 20,000 He We cannot hear soured which are to high (ery Pigh fequenés. These. sounds re krona strasonic and can be heard by some rials sich as dogs, dlp or bats, Ulvaanie sounds Z fe used in medicine cas), detection systms (ha) anit inc (ot the amount of ro” produced by certain chinks, for example). The pte, This lois sto frente vo notes withthe Do'you remember? same tong. produced by difeent instuments and to : recognise wether a scund is being produced by a flute, a - Site wna propery of properties Pano ora ain. © alderaats toc * wend of gtr and the founda avon + te iter bis payed the olen ofa dssnate” Do you understand? g Tight hat you ue in one Gay. Pay atentlon tothe many ‘appllances which eit ight, _ fe alhovah you cae 83 htTASK 4.2 The transmission of.light_ Fopseni ation oe oxo ] be oe eee ‘he Whee and one of the-art yea dslrahetaateunes Why ane oo RGIS Is tha tore ‘found yet the pyremidin the beckground if dare fk due to the ditance? Or the light reflected by the pyramd? «Je there any source of atl light il tain the Song anything imi ‘hepyanidh 2, Light is reflected ‘When tight fls on certain surfaces, it Bounded back and be ins to transmit ina different decton. All matter that we can see reflects a certain amount of lint But when the surface shiny, 35s the case wth a mittor othe suriace of pond, the reflection is more noticeable. We are used to seeing fat miro, ke the one we use every ‘morning in the bathroom, But hee ae. also mito which ave surface. The Wig mrar ofa ca, fot example, has 2 ht cave o that I can ofera wide eld of won This san advantage because it makes driving sate. ‘The laws of reflection ‘These are a follows + The surface ray, the normal and the reflected ray are fon the sare plane. The normal is an imaginary straight line which s perpencicular to thesurace at the point where the ray fal «The angle of incidence and the angle of reflection are the same. Look at the diagram, Incdere reteton ctctasiay “ut trom de Sun Why doe take Irom the dass sates the Milky Way?| | 3. Light refracts gtr times, wen at fas on sae, doesnt BekeF heck compote, tut al or mos pf the stface and contin tarison te med, ahogh at ferent speed Hie aden Peperda eel, does ct crbigedretton, ut the ines sot pened, the Toh changer he rectan of mie wan sas om oe esd {panther (or ecanple formato wate) : Thelaws ofreaction” i These aa os + The surace a, he anal arth race ey ae cn the see Be, = : *.Iby ago incidence ab the ange of reftacion are ‘EEF gona, th aratr the angle fides, the Greiestho ae eacion tints cae the ales Be nt the same The ngewe amar nad ‘thi the gh wana at ome speed, mee normal Newits i! Lenses retract tight The phenomenon ofthe ston of ht i usd inns A tans sacs of las ox pate with one oc two curved faces ‘hen thet pases tr thea tote gs reac andi reac gan ven i pases pm he sto eae + Gonveraing lenses are Hike? inthe cente than at the SEE Tho congenrs the rays of lah. RBA Glas is an caplet cone ens. + Diverging lense re ick athe edges than athe ce- tre-They dips the ao ih. Te ses hich people those om nope de havethese indo lene. The ae spa cea ese a is poste, for eample, to obsene objets and ABS See oy ee aa ae lenses ae setup i suc 8 way that they allow us fo see things very, ceariy Inthe gence, arte the case wth Binoculars Sd soe Kats of tetsope: Cameras as tse tne or more ese. (Do you remember? Think fan example which shows © that tight i ansmtted in 2 ssuaweels soto "Ane foi ult. ‘rth etcon oti ny prose nmr ty Your ene + We tietigor urane ju wl steed, = fami pees horsontaly hf nated rot ove Site lilo end sore wl Ae Bea of tight be reflected theteany change arecion tha et + And fe mio placed in "Syaceptacl of water what “diester the feftaced ght hove ere now a ehnge ot ‘eon ‘Scan you explain? 3, Anwwier th fllawing question. What dows idan when wisdy tha light i transmitted To 8 aight lie? Give an exaple “Adilustrate your answer + Why is the battom of the ses srk? Does this mean that wate snot transparent? How fe sidows formed it mus at objéet be Ike1. The speed of sound] ‘As with all waves, sound transpcts energy. But in this case, a material medium is required for wansmission. Sound cannot be transmitted in.a vacuum, as Ight can. Furthermore, sound waves are transmitted ata much ower speed than ight waves, ‘The speed of sound transmissér depends on the medium in “which the sound waves are being wanseited +m alr, ene speed of sound is muse. (1,224 kr, + Inwater, the speed of sound i higher: 1,500 msec «I some solids, such as iron, the speed of sound can reach 6,000 ene. 2, Sound is also reflected Sound, ke lights reflected, Theveflection of sound i used in various different areas. For examgl, in scans sound waves are used (ultrasonic waves) to scat the interior of the human ‘body. By measuring the intewal pt time takan-to receive the reflected sound, we can deduce he distance ofthe ‘obstacle! we have found, This technique isis to obtain images of soft pars of the body (stomach, parreas, etc) and is especially ‘common as a technique to moniter pregnancies ‘Sonar (Sound Navigation and Rahging) is another system that ses the reflection of sound to defect objects at sea, thas aso been used to map the sea floor, messuting the depth of the ‘ocean. The principle of sonar is sraple and similar to that used by scans. The ship emis ultrasonic waves. When these come across an obstacle, they are reflected back to the ship. By ‘measuring the time taken from tte emission ofthe sound t0 the reception of the reflected sound, we can easly deduce the distance ofthe obstacle, ___ The transmissicn of sound ow sont works, Bo you think tat lng boats can take | advantage of sna Explain ho, Whats the advantage of sans 3s opposed {0 other means of eplring the human body sch aera?Echoes The human ear i capable of differentiating two sounds which reach the ea with an interval of 0.1 seconds or mare. An echo is produced when the sound reflected by an obstacle situate! ‘stance (17.1) reaches the earn such a way that ‘both the intial sound and the. reflected sound can be lstinguised. Calilate the stance ofa BRBal at fish located by sonat on 8 Ship: The tne talon bevicen the emision ofthe sound ond the reception ofthe reflected sounds 02 seconds Reverberativts ‘The set is the quotient between ‘When we arin a tain orbus station, or a gym or sports centie, | the stance and the tine v = ot ‘we sometimes hear sourds ina ‘mixed up" way which makes it cificut fr us to undestand them As, sound ity water travels at a speed of 1,500 msec d= vx t= 1,500.02 = 300 metres, This phenamenan is known as @ reverberation. Its produced ‘when two sounds reach our ea at an interval of less than 0.1 seconds, ia-other words, when a sound is eefiected ata cls ‘ance of les than 17 m form where we ae Reverberations shouldbe taken into account when designing the interior of close speces, such as concert hal or recording studios To aol tected sounds, its a goad idea to line wal ‘with cloth, rk, carpet or another sound-absorbent material, But this isthe distance that the sound has covered in going'and comirg back. So, the distance of the obstace val be half of his: 150 Can’you explain? Pa ride oration 1 Ase te fing ueitons + Why pole to hear an echo Thru a ela Wye we Tearechoes in gpenpces : Sys asbal atta ied cover 5 What d both tesa cen? Ne a cling’ ot many tenes d/h dja ti at sonar ed Conceal? What henomenon elated {heat (us lkabout the dtoy ot cine ‘Sind wevilathe ar) + Ha oes bar or What s Sonar used a Telnet ei fy Ine drt. hts mt taco watson ee the echoes Expl how they en moro teas of tenor, aM mation to explain how 9 fadar works and compare it with sonar ‘Apply the rules.” sis 3. alee the stance af the end valley” bearing In lad thatthe echo takes 0.7 cof” {0 be hear fom the oiment when the sound Was produced. be seTASK aa-~ The perception of light and sound: eyes and ears 1. The perception of light: the eye Ourjeyes are very complex organs, made up of various parts which cary out very fferent functions + The eyes protected by two rrembranes: the sclera and the cornea. The sclerais the whitelayr that covers almast alot the: eye and which we can see from the exterior. The comea is the layer that protects the front of the eye. I is transparent to allow ight to pas through The irs isthe coloured part ofthe eye: itis made up of small muscles which open and cose the pupil which is ‘where the ight enters the eye Behind the iris the lens, which allows us ta focus on objects, The retina fs the layer that cones the inside ofthe eye eis ‘made up of ces that transfor he light stil into nervous impulses The retina communicates withthe optic nerve which takes. the nervous impulses with the val nfermation te the bran ‘The movement ofthe eye upwards and davnwvards and frm, side to side is possible because of various small muscles How does the eye work? The-function of the eye isto capture light stimull and tans- form them into nervous impulses. Ths function i carried aut as follows + Light enters the eye:through the pupil. By day, orin 3 lighted room, the pupil lates very ttle in order to prevent the fight from blinding us. On te other hand, at night orn atk rooms, the pupil-dllates uch more so'that a= much light as possible can enter the eye. The reaction of the isto changes in lights very quick, but not instantaneous, +The lens focuses the images. Though the lens, an image is projected onto the etna. The les becomes rounder in order {o focus dose images, and flatler when it focuses distant ones j : {The retina receives the {mage and tranctorme it into ‘herve signals, The cells on the etna are serie to ight ~ and tarfor the formation fom Ig inte ners in pulses. Some of these celsdetat light and shadow, while ‘thers detect colours, The cals hich detect colours da not, ‘work as wel when thee is itl + The optic nerve transmitsthe information.to the brain. We ave two optic nerves pn fer each eye, ‘Our vision is binocular. The: information we receive in each eye sightl diferent, and because of ths we can see objects in relief we cover one of our eyes, we lose this binocular vi sion andit is more dificult for us to calculate cistaices. sa) pun 29 optic Feesing an nage inthe eye an you explain? 1. Find reasons forthe following. © We hve a hard time © tngulshing colours at night. “why? {Although we say that pupils date or contrat, wnat part ofthe eye really Alot and contracts “ta ragulate the entrance ‘of light? What in fac, ‘rethe pupils?he ear 2. The perception of sound: ‘The human ear has the parts: the outer ear, the middle er and the inner er, ‘The outer ear is de sp of the pinna ‘The middle ears made up of the external auditary canal ‘The end of the canal is covered by a membrane called the cardeum, as the hammer, anvil and stirup and a larger bone, the ‘ossicles, which includes, the semicircular canals and the ‘cachlea, fram which te nerves lead of to the brain ‘The pina isthe only extemal part ofthe ea. The rest is pio“ tected by the craniu How does the ear werk? ‘he function of the ear isto capture sounds. As sounds are vibrations, the ear must be capable of capturing and transmit ting these vibrations ane converting them info. nervous m= ‘ules which wil be analyed by the brain. Ths process is done as follows, ‘The pina captures tie sounds and the outer ear canal Ueansmits Chem tothe interior ofthe ear +The eardrum vibrates when it receives the sounds. Any ound captured by the inna makes the earcrum vibrate, sat Ip the sound is weak and more brusque ifthe sound is lous + The bones of the inner ear transmit the vibration ta.the ossicles: These bones are next to the eardrum and 50 When the eadum vibrates, they move. There are sensitive calls in the ossicles. These transfor the woraionsinta nerous impulses which are transmitted by various nerves to the bain, ‘The ear recognises scund and its place of origin The human ear i welhdveloped and allows us to distinguish between the diffrent qualities af sound: in other words; the timbre, tone and intensity, and it ection. + The sibration-of the eamdium Is diferent forifereot sounds, There differences inthe vration are what allow us 16 capture the characerses of the ciffrent sounds we hear. ut the human ear cannot capture exceptionally high sounds nor exceptionaly low sounds. + We capture the drectan ofthe sound thanks to our two fears, Having an ear an each side ofthe head means we'can =) ‘he inner gar & made ap ofa chain of small bones known * ager ar cline raion cat ele aptre ‘he perception of sound in he human eet Do you remember? ‘movement ofthe esses in the lane fr decreases ow doss this tect 2 Many msc ystems have oe lou Sspeakars. In enemas for example, the sound equipment ie very “gophistiate it has loudspeakers ®) ‘hen tr bale which hove diffrent temperatures are placed contact eres anurence of het4, Temperature can be expressed using different scales The temperature of cur by can be measived wing various temperature scales, the mat widelpned scales ae the cent, rade scale, the Falverch see andthe Kevin sae + The Celsius or centigrade scale f the most widel-ased scale, The temperature is measured in degrees centigrade CC) ints sae ee reas at ana water bo at TOU «The Fahrenhelt sales sed principal in English-speaking countries. The ternperature is measured in degrees Farenheit (79-On this scl, ice eezs a 32°F and wate ball at 2125 The temperature in Fliet (7) can be converted tothe temperature in Centra (7) using this equation: Ta txexte+32 For example, ~10°is the equivalent of 4. The Kelvin scale or absolute scale of températures i used srincioaly in scientific ates. Te temperature i measured in Kelis (0, On this sce ice fees at 273 K and water bois 3t 373K ‘The temperature in Kehis (7) can be siete to the tmn- perature in Centigrade (7) using the fling equation; Tes Tet V3; Te Te= 273 10°C isthe equtlent of 263K, The Kevin the unt of temperature used inthe htematioal System Do you remember? 1. Dafine in your own wards” hat sae at given on he themometer inthe photographTASK 5.2 The.transmission of heat ‘As you know, when two material systems at diferent temper atures are placed in contact, there is a flow of heat from the fone that is at a higher temperature to the ane that fs at a lower temperature Heat is transmitted by mears of diferent mechanisms: conduction, convection and radiation. 1, Transmission by conduction The transmission of heat by codction occurs nso, But not al sols transmit heat tothe same exert «Solids which transmit heat wel, such a8 meta, dé conductors * Solids which transmit heat badly, such a, ood and many plots, are insulators. jon by convection The transmission of heat by convection occurs in Tiquids and ‘98565. liquid or gas increases its volume wien the tempers ture increases, so that its density decreases and increases. Inide a liquid or gas, currents ae frined, known as cofvee- thon currents, whereby the liquid or the gas maves from the ald zones to the hot zanes and from the hot zones back to the cola zones. Athenee ask. Aten fk sued ‘i to keep fod ha. layer of lation [etn empty space) betncen the fn the externa! arte, Can you expan how the trperstar ofthe ood : Tesora rom ae en of he ba ' tothe cher or rom one pat of to Trainin by conven. Heats trated uid by convection cua ‘hair to what happens ine outer layers of te sunTransmission by radiation |The transmission of heat by radiation occurs when eiegy is transmitted in the form of waves. It may even take place ‘without there being any material between the source of heat and the receiver, a i thecase between the Sun and the Earth ‘The twansthsson of heat by radiation is the quickest way of transmitting heat. {he transmission of heat ‘3g radiation depends on the temper ature: the higher the temperature, the more heat will be radiated. This principle is eiployed, for example, in gasses of. binoculars with night visi, which form images using the ra ation emitted by bodies of efferent temperatures. Tananeion by Fdton propped over the aac tht exis Been {he Sun an the Earth, 2. When two materia systems at afferent ‘emiperatires came into eonact, neat is pass from the one th Seem seen fore anger 2 When a Lega 45 f {eet a iecube melt when is eee 3 LaeTASK 53 The perception of heat: skin 1, The sense of touch ‘Te organs of touch are found onthe skin, There ae iffeent kinds of organs, each one specaie in a specic sensation heat, pressure or pan These organs are not regulalydistibuted over our skin. There are areas which are’ more sersive than othe. For example, ‘ur fingertips are more sensitive tan our backs. ur skin can be damaged by being exposed to temperatures Which ate too high. We say, in ths case, that we have been burr. pris 2, Burns produced by heat Depending onhow serious they are bums aid classified ae fist second and third degree burs. Firstdegree burns, such as sunbun, are the least important. ™ Secorcdegree burns elute a dep injury tO the skin, but they cam be cured. + Third-degrae burns aro the mea! stious. All the ayers of the skin are harmed and skin grafts must be apie. In cases where bums are produced direcly by heat, the following advice shouldbe flowed, + DONT put water on the bur. + DON'T break the skin (listers, et! «If possibe, apply crear or talcum 2owder untl you can get help from the doctor. Ifthe bums are more serious; the bisters should be emptied with a sterle syringe and the area siould be covered with a dressing to avoid infections te) uae wey damaging forthe wn [oto ram spproprote hat doe the protection factor evened on? (lot age, tine of yer, te of doy colour ofthe sin, oF UV Bight tion eels)In the summer, many people are exposed to the Sun on the beach, atthe swimming pool, et. if we don’t take adequate precautions, we can significantly harm our skin, To avoid these kinds of tuns follow the advice bela, | Pevu understand? put eur hand in abou of “water at 20°Cand then ing + Don't stayin the Sun tbo fang at onetime, + Protect your skin with un cream, Be especialy careful you have ta skin and be eaetul with chien “+ Cover the especialy sensitive areas which are not often ex posed to the sun ike your feet and your back, Don't sunbathe at midday, especialy at the beginning of the summer, The best time ts sunbathe is eaty inthe morning or latein te atteroan 3. Hot’ and ‘cold! bodies Heat paste for bodies which ar at a higher temperature to those which are ata colder” femperatire, We might, therefore, expect all ‘he objets i. room 0 reach the same ter erature eventually, 0 process knovin as thermal balance. However the densation we! get when we touch Woden or mea ble inthe se | past mere Wek fomthe Ren oneet oom seems.to contac ths, We notice a toeurhand seater sensation of cold if wertouch the metal head ofa hammer thin fwe touch the: wiocden handle. What this due to? Choose te ight arse we Jeave.a hammer io “a hot day ve wll noticeafter a while that the’ metal part(s "hotter’ than, the wooden, handle (Ee might seh be burning Hot) Wy is this? chosse the ight answer, + The: metal is at_2 loner temperature than he wood. oo oa © Metal conducts” heat ‘bettér. “The heat therefore paige uly, rom. our ls ae ES OL om ote Iro tothe etl eee >) ®)‘© complete te ftowing ster +s form of eeay tat passes irom one body teanotet when tere ‘ierence in Heat con-be Tansmited in thee way Poy ey by orby e+ se The materials whieh conduct well are called —____, and those that Conduct heat badly are @ the words of each of the fllswind gioups are relted, Wire. sentence using the ‘words explaining some” of the conepts ‘Rosie nthe une . a eat temperature heat change of tate ahest—expanion. €) heat cancion ~comvecgn edatlon ) temperature ~ Celie sale ~ Falvenheit sale Keln ale feat conductors spbtors (© tone te foaping queens: {300 you think that ts deni t6 sty pools er ec or sy? bythe shin on ur fingers mre sesive han the omc eek Why ts vr @® ne he emperaure ofa body ineases Sy oes tv mouse by Mer Does esas ey your awe ‘© "ey ego i sme anti kp ws Gert te cans of state Look athe following, graph coresponding. tothe henge uoanc, Yow et See the tine represented on the horror sand he tempertire onthe vere Identify the “changes of state. What characterises them?. Why? + that temperature does the solid change {0 Tiguid? And when does the liga ewer 10 gas? + How long does it take for the substance to melt? Mow fong does it take forall the liquid to evaporate? + What state i the substance in ten minutes after thas started to be heated? + Deserve the heating of the substance Ia two or ere phases, Q song probes, rept woe gl at ferent tempertre mcontact th each the, {hebet posts enone tothe ctr Look ine eres ond aee ihyou kl meter tere of aut“Thermal bakinee “Two stems are said to ave reached thera bal ance wien, having come inte contac, the temper. ‘atures oF hath ystems become the same, At this moment, the tanfer of seat ceases, “Nove, work in graups to study the transfer of eat prediced. bstweon” twn "3jtome at alten temperatufes which are ough into contact, ‘To cary out this experiment you wil need various ‘graduated recipients 25) ml, 500 ml and 750 mi ‘capaci, for example), water at diffrent tempera- ‘tures apd a laboratory thermometer for ineodue. ing nt the water. 4. Mie 280 ml of water at 20°C with 250 mi of ‘water at 20°C; What & the temperature of the imisture wien theimal balance i reached? 2: Repéat this ung 250 ml of water at 20°C and 250 mi of water at AC. What le the temperature of the mieture? 3. Repeat this again using 250 ml of water at 20% 3.280 of water 5, What he tm peratureof the balanes? 4. Now, repeat step 2, but using 500ml at 20% {and 250 ml at 40%C. Does the result change? | What transfer of neat has occurred? Unit:map aos Copy and complete theunit map, cree ioc Now yo going fo stu ne colin a aul Ally yes. esiten wth hot water lt 50° for exarpl),lsirateyUnecudneter ad he tempefature of dhe mater every ‘xample, every five minutes ater sarin ig gently “ 3 alii etl ie Bo apictlable Vaiation in the temperature af the water. Abie the ext ine transference avoid heat Foss tothe ae taken ine scout en aig ther ‘oy has receptor forThe regulation of body heat: sweat ‘The skin hasan important role to playin regulating fur body temperature. Sweat increases when the external ternperature rises, or when we do physical vertices the body's mechanism for eaoling down, Sweat glands on the skin secrete sweat, 2 liquid which cools down the erganism when it evaporates. Sweating is produced throught pores on the skin, After physial wwercise, we should havea shaver ienmediately, as sweat encourages the proliferation of unhealthy micro-crganisms. 70) Adapting to the heat or the cold ‘we have a great capacity for adapting to very sifferent environments, In the most extreme {onditions uch a nthe Artic regions, ‘mountains oF deserts) people have learnt how to te diferent methods to combat extreme Temperatures In arctic regions, for example, its necessary to sear clother made of matarak which inulate heat. In his way, we avoid heat going from the body (ata temperature of 37°) ta the exterior, sigh fe much coder, often many degrees below In deserts and other hot regions, we also wear special clothes, Contrary to a widely held pinion, the absence of clothes does not help to Fegulate our body temperature. You may have roticed in photos that inhabitants of the desert, ‘wear clothes that cover ther erie bod. These tlothes permit perspiration, which enables the bei to oat own, Adequate housing can aso combat extreme temperatures. In desert conditions, far example, thick walls insulate a house more afectivly, ‘while heating systems re important in houses in Bree regions.A symptom of illness: fever ‘As you know, the mean ternperature of the boty is: Fever is a defence mechanism of the body to 37°C, although some people can, be, perfecty combat infections, Far example, a high tempara- healthy witha sighty higher or lower temperature. ture can help the white blood corpusces reach the This temperatures maintained even theugh theex- area of infection. : ir oeaiye aes 6 by PTA ing cae tra a ‘isthe same whether it isa ot ofa cal day. eer ef oe However, sometimes “au? body temperature in creases: ay hen tha: weave a fever, which is a symptom of there biing some dsoider. in pur health, What causes d fever? + Toke aatipyretic medicines. (to combat. the ever) suchas paracetamal or ibupropten * Cool the sick person down using warm damp cloths placed on ther temples, arpts or grin, + Givthe sik peison warm baths, “f lestreme cases, whe the fevers very high (ver Ati YC) is Gee ides shen sector ‘towel. ir Warm, water andl-wrap the sik petgo init with no other or” ANfOUQH the ‘sehsaio for te sek erst unpleasant tian cfident way of lowering te teinperatng ia few is ies nae + Uncover the sick person, as mich 3s pore IF he or she is shivering, he oF. she. qust be covered up sight, but fot to exces, ‘lapis eee ipa 2° Rete ae inten ’ iene Asia Los Saas ane SUK utr nc ares) meets trop ot perfle wien cle rapoers mst abt ean hewinace co | a Look fer information fram various sources abit ee ees oDhaa ee HrGr ase have conditioning systemaChemical reactions Contents 1s overview: Physical and chemical changes 2. Chemical eactions 5: The balance of mass and energy in chemical SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY Chemistry and society ACs atthe photograph above and answer the following questions + Ieany change being produced? Whit kind? What can you see in the photograph that shows that ' change it being produce? What ace you basing Your answer an? Give reasons for your answer «Do you think any new substances are appearing? a you thine ny subrtancas that onsted bafore the change ae disappearing? 1 | 2. Suppose that we measure the mass ofa tot tube before and {ker a reaction hes been prodvce, * wil the values obtained be the same? Does this mean that matter has deappeared during the chemical reaction? «Wheres the matter that gone? nyWHAT SHOULD YOU kNow?, Previous concepts about matter 1 ater fs mde up of atoms A suestances are formed by toms. i. Nature, ther are les than ans unde ato of ferent nents Howse, he posites {St combinaton mong them enema fd 30 thee are moras erent ubeances, Some are fred spostancouly i ure and others ae made by people rial, (moccasins, atoms rm the same chemical ‘teen or fam aflerent chemical ements) jain ogethera groups of a few unis to form metecles. Ths happens in gases On ater éccasons, rary illons and miions ‘of aos forma rmceantersve neti ‘shappens with neta 2. Pure and mixed sibstabces “Substances a Natu ay be cased as pure + Pure substances hoe ony ane component on, geld and water are expe of pute substances os * Nitrest Fores by avait of substances “hore ae horiogenous matures where the components como be ileentnted. Steel san example of 3 homogeneous mixture farmed by on and eatbon.Soations {eso examples of homagenecs mitures, ‘nd there area heterogeneous mires ‘where two o mare components cn be ‘ferentated, Many (00k are lerogeneaus mses, or erg rocks 00k Ar TH oro AND Ti AoUT HS QUESTION of enegy cases danger? Give 4 erarpe Previous concepts on energy. and changes’ z fe ican (loa oir tay “rie aa yo tata ee ee an einer aan ene Obes ive bedi of ace ape gn -etag ear seeate 1 dovetail ca Win dain argrer nace okie earth 2, Chemical changes athe world around us 'Althexgh you roby havin casi tha ¢ assuch, changes ae curing continuous ‘around you resign the appearince or dtapoearancs of bance, amples tn fod + Buming wood, pape rfl we use ey dy + Ugg ‘nc avout THESE QUESTIONS "areal te stan of a heterogeneous ‘naturethe samen? Wha abot te atoms + Why there sch arity of substances Intuit thee teeny one nde ferent choi tonTASK 6.1: OVERVIEW Physical and chemical changes “Ossexvarion 4. Changes occur all around us, + Whit of the changes we can observe ae 5 physical changes? And which are chemical ‘atrial syste are continuously unbergoing changes? hanger: transfers of enerey are occitring « yyhat criteria have you used to make this almost continuously jh the natter that sur-” Gassfcation? ond % 4 3 » Are new substances created in physical [beRat-the photos Gelow’and’aniwer:the " Ghanges? And In chomical. changes? Give {following questions txamples to support your answers ‘16a physical change produced whenever an _ + Do substances eisappear in physical changes? ‘object changes position? What about a And in chemical changes? Give some _ chemical change? examples.4 2. Physical changes In this couse, se have already studied some of te changes ‘occuring in mateial sysems: Some are produced by Forces, others by heat ‘A physical change may cease ay af the folowing +A change of postion, for example, when we throw a stone up in the air. + A change of state; for example, rezing water td make ice-cubes, +A deformation, for example, when the rubber band of a catapults suetched and released +A variation in temperature, for example, heating water onative. ‘we can sum up by saying that whenever a change is pro ‘duced but no substances appear or dsappear, its a physical change. So when a stone falls, its postion is modified and its potential energy ie transformed inta kinetic energy a i fal, but the substances which make up the stone do not change Furthermore, physical changes are‘generaly reversible: This means that the system can return to its orginal state, the state it was in prior to te‘change. In the case o iecube, an increase in temperate willbe sufficient to convert them back into water 3. Chemical changes Following a change, new substances sometimes appear othe ‘original substances disagpear. This is when we.say that a chemical change has acurred. For example, when ion ox: ses, a new substance ito iron oxide, which has diferent properties rom both iron and oxygen appears. When chemical anges occur, the fllawing usually alsa pccurs.° + Bubbles are. formed wih new gases that have formed, for ‘example, a vitamin tablet when it cssolves in wate. + 8change of colour, wich often indicates the tensformation ofa substance, for exarple, the oxidation of an ron key. +A change of temperature, inherent in chemical charges, for example, vinen we burn a match ‘At other times, physical end chemical changes are both pro: duced. When a car moves heres a physical change inthe car a itchanges ts postion, but there are alo chemical changes the fucl is mied in the engine and new substances are formed, sich a the gases expelled frm the exhas pipe Havreve, chemical changes ate general eves, Wh, match i burn, we cannot return tthe tate was in before was used, Da you remembar? © A: classty the flossing ranges © as physiealorchamial changes: Give evidence for youranswers ‘Say if thre are both physical atone charge. water fling ‘er waterfall, LSet ona iene ‘ani moving de to the rer cfamuona.c¥ ©) stnow gala teas V “al nies ne psa {288 eraataaoyianti alwys Talninat uti nasen 2 gamle change She i ouppe te ap four... Chemical reactions TASK 6.2 “4. Chemical transformations Chemical reactions are processes in which substances appear andor disappear. New substances (products) are formed feom inal substances (reactants) with diferent properties. For ex- ample; two gaseous substances may eeact and produce a lq- id substance. {A senple way of showing a chemical reaction isto use sper ‘a ball for each one of the stom involved. for example, nitrogen and hydrogen combine to make ammonia, “This canbe shown as: Bro fitvogen hycrogen = © : i) Product, AS you can sed in the illustration, one molecule of nitrogeri ormed by two nitrogen atoms, green ball) reacts with three ‘mole¢eles of hydrogen (each one made up of two atoms of hydrogen, cream-coloured ball) and these form two mole ciles of ammonis (each one having one atom of nitvogen and three atoms of hydrogen. In this reaction, the ritrogen and the hydrogen are reactants and the ammonia isthe product But chemical reactions are not produced iistanty. tis true ‘that some of them are fuite quick uch as the reaction caused when striking a match, but in other cases, they are very slow. Sometimes itis evencificult to noice that theresa cheical, change unless you wait for several days, weeks oF even ‘months. An example f the rusting >f some metals Rape eston What do we mean whenwe 29 3 ‘hemi earton trap? Can ou Dinkofanathe Sample of api eremical change? 76) ‘ater chica ings, do te tat Congetexgiteanne oreo aE Dee ce te othe cial bane Slow reaction, What do we mean hen we iy a charical fection tw slow demic! change? mnyou think af anther ample otd 2:The representation of chemical reactions: chemical equations in cxder to! make it exer to write chemical reactions, ‘prem has been develope sum up 2 process a sna ine, Panag doscribe the pracss wich takes place when nitra- Jn a hygrogen eae, we use the follwing abbreviations: Ny 3th 2 NA ‘Tis is known aga chemical equation. ina chemical equation 1 ach substance can be epiesened by a chemical formu fap soe, ammonia & represented by the formula Ny, a for: ortho eters represent the symbols af the chemical ele- Tres prevent nthe formula fr ammonia, the N ind rare pot itagen i preset (isthe chemical mba for tegen andthe H inate that hydrogen i present is the sybl forhyroaen). Tne numbers witter ae a sub-index indicate the ou ree of toms of enc element involved: Thus asin the ‘erula for ammonia, ton has 0 subd, Ns eas (eer ore is only ore ator of rittogen nthe ammonia (Melee. As the hyiogen has the sub-ndes 3 means ‘Tarte ammonia rece has vee atoms of haroae”. ratther words, the relation between the sub-inlees Frasatas the relation etwan the number of ats cf each ‘erent invelved i he compound ‘here may be a quer before each chemical substan, whey eno aco ond nee umber of unio ht substance vue te faction” ae tov ent, the 2, before the formula or 1 ia nce tht is made up of two unis of amo fa eac ee uns of molecular byatogen (Hand one Tarek meeclrnitragen Ny) wich act. no coeficent ie uten down uetstood thatthe unit one “Therefore, rv ie equation we wrote Abeve, we can count the Thome present nthe reacts ad the produ. Reacts: + Nivogen: 1% 2 = 2am «+ ydragen: 3x2 = 6 atoms! Products: «Nitrogen! 21 = 2atoms, + Hyerogen: 2% 3 = 6 atoms ‘hs you can see the number of atoms ofeach element a ‘way rearranged in acherical econ yd we us acl eitons aroma estate HR alert bo vou tee eel euntons are hese Siiguaget 1 at digas tutta PS atay chemin recom Sucre’ of hyeosen “Maat one en swe ton) mine wh one molec af hydragen and one: ‘atom of ae Two molecules of nitrogen. re a Pe Ce von cone | ES ont st nee ‘wo molecalés of nitrogen dlxide [boone with two:stom= _- Gt oggen ad one atom of, © hitegends ‘The mole scl uae o Ret anaes et saver the je Taree 602 Os pares "Eon roles, in ane mle fon there are 6022 100 atoms of on ‘and imone male fater here are “la ou mpc otal hail redcion entoned Grits page: 1 mole of mele Bivogen peat wt 3 moles olegulerpydrogen and, fom 2 Meleotammone: 207ADK OS t The balance of mass and ener 1. The balance of mass { in chemical equations Ch + O = CO + HO ‘methane oygen carbon water oui {we count up the atoms on both sides ofthe equatn: “eee sc 2 ifr nama compounds? fee can Se thatthe numberof toms of hytrogen al oy Senate not the same in the reactants and theo ‘Pose l the products wil be ferent rom that ofthe reactant, 1 Fernathing which cannet happen as mass always reanonoed ina chersical reaction A Wa¥ of equating the atoms of hydrogen and oxygen is to ' lace 2 2 before the formula for water (You should here modify formula to balace a reacson), Ch + O = co + 2H0 , ‘metiene ogee carbon yater nde Shh + 20% co + 2Ho methane "oxygen coten wat Now coun vp the atoms on bath sites re equation thereon ana | ttt opr eer ee th roporoneo mtnne gee, inthe example of reacton shasoe hipoet Esl we have a balanced equation vnere.the atoms ofeach Sfrment on both sides ofthe equation sre the same the mace the reactants is the same as the mass of the predies »onseavar + Wha he as ot tn reactants Wits {he as ofthe products {fete mais conerved inthis encion? Innagine, now that 189 9 of capper oxide 2. The conservation of mass in chemical reactions When conper onde tambines wh Sajgehs ord 12. g.0F coon Yeec How ich cop Copper ad carbon donee fotmad: the © pr abalned And catbon doe? the aquaton to repetet thi ea fll rns bere Bio ef 2 + coy ve, 2, arate ET A A wa Sige a ae ‘theimass ofthe products be douhled 100? ee eee © What amount of copper oxide will be neces. ‘one ode S519 to obtain 2540 9 of copper? 3. Energy and chemical reactions eb Accordig 10 the enery absorbed or fleazed, chemical reactions can be ether exatherma or endathermal + Reactions which release energy Gin the form of heat) ate Kagan 35 exotherma reactions, Reactions of corso, for example, are exothermal reactions: when we burt 3 fuel energy is release. Aeacars = Products + nergy + other reations abso energy. These are endothermal reactions Reactants + Eneray = Products But itis often necessary to provide energy ta begin the reac: tion, even in the case of exathermel rations. This energy is known as activation energy, See ESE Do you ieiginben, Moai jae wich yu tk are ne Leakey [een netoad ie 1 count he numberof om in eae cement nore pages wey on feo ss a tes Oued bk 3 hay 28) 50+ HO = Og © eos 8 NO 022 NO; ee sh i elena mesial, fy erample?Activities. «Testiof knowledge Clianges occur-slmost al tho time ina k- ‘chen: Read. the following, carefully. and assy, the’ processes: according i thelt” ‘Bhysieal or chemical changes. 2) Water freezing in an ie tray inthe freee: cerof the fridge ) ceimbustion of aa in the belle 1), Termperature increase inside the oven. Boiling water £2) Heating up the filaments of toaster 4) Extracting the juice from several oranges 9) Burning @ piece of bread by leaving it in the taater too long 1h An orange rotting beczueithasbeen lft fut ofthe fridge (Q) Asiswar the following questions. 2) What do we mean when. we say that feactants are. represented. by. using chemical uations? by) Is there the same number of atoms in the reactants and the products of e chemical Is there the same numter of molecules in the reactants and the products? 4) Oo all the substances that form. the reactants disappear when there i @.chem- leal reaction? Do new substances always appear? _B) sir yoseretign Lay whyswasie Wolight: piriarto rowing the Hao conservation of us tat n some cha eacons sich ascombuston, the “mae wok not conven 'b} Do you think that'cariy hg out numerous sapormenteeerved to fats te of Canseraton of masn chemical eons? why 6) hy iit necessary ta balance a chemical :ceaton o be able to eplln the proves eich take place ats mirorcopc eve? Give an example to support your answer. ZNAOH's #509 5. Na SOu 42H 0 100 : © sitrecing cance The folowing diograms correspond to chem: — “halchanges ob san eroterna proces ad the atheranendathemal proces * Identity them. What have you used to identity the exethermal proces? + What i the test to show that one of the processes fe endothermal? What physical proces shows that heat has been released Inthe chemical reaction? Balancing chemical equations ‘As you know, achemkcal equation is sid 0 bbe balanced when there ithe same number of atomsof each elamant inthe reatanis aed > In the products. Look at the following tsquations and balance ther. Then caleulate the mas of each involved inthe reaction. ® + Fe #1 FeO ee San + Hel = znch +H, 7 weg meg 49 £ Gt + 0,590; + H,0 + $0, $0 50) gia 7" sooty + How do the amounts of the reactants change If we want to obtain double the product in each reaction?tion and clge the recat. ae 3 afew guts and watch wht haps Ato te fGving gistions + How lang'was it beforethere was any noticeable change inthe Sem rage up of the ser {tate soliton andthe oper eps? : + wnat changes accede the slulon showing ‘ram thi experimen that thats change was blag produced? Were bub» where ‘wo chemlalcmpounes ae put nto Des formed? fd any sistance change oir? contact chara eet a ocr Unit'map: Copy and complete theuiniemap, he daappese‘Thé chemical industry The actities developed by the chemical industry especially inthe last century, have even ese to ade vances in different fields. Some of tne most sgt cant have been the following: + Chemisty has permitted the development of. ar: dal materials which do not ext in Nature ‘are man-made. A good example of this is plastic. The fist plastic was invented less than 150 years ago, but now plastic & fougdever where. Metal alloys (ironze,stel and Bi another example of ways in wiich Chemisty provides us with new materi ‘Many substances have been used is Tel through ‘ut history, making use af the energy released by chemical reactions. Oil and gas are examples, In the field of electricity, Chemistry has al- lowed the development of electrical genera~ tors: batteries, inside which chemical reac tions take place, providing the eneray for electrical circuits. Another development is the covering of metal surfaces by galvanis- ing. Chemistry for everything Uri two centuries ago, the cic nd wins based ahnot oxy on knowlege about the stuctre of mater an the Gecovry the boc laws of Chast This slowed people to cont the generation of reucts hin specie quantie of eatant Inindary os mpartont to know thetic onianconcoted ted stareacton (simple meted for nresing thespeed of reactor te prooics ince they have forme) an efficent action Shot puch wet tes yas tbe foe oat ASM, the activity ofthe chemical industy hasreached lector of scety withthe production of new materi dang produc foe te + Inagriculture, Chemistry is applied to make fer. tiers, disinfectants, and so on. This has led to improved harvests, larger plants and reduction inthe damage caused by plagues of insects, + In medicine, Chemisty has led to the develop ment of vaccinations and medicines aimed at im proving people's health and increasing the qual- 1y of life of sick people. «+ Incosmetcs, the contol of chemical reactions is ‘used in the production of perures, moisturising ‘eam and diferent make-up product. In the home, the chemical industry provides us with many products like detergents, soaps and paints‘There hae ais ba negatha Cosiquends fom the developmen oft charley ewe, unger neni se more doa Sn ie fave Paso ean eae and bet fare The ‘other face’ of Chemistry ‘Tha impact of Chemistry on Westen society has been enormous. But, unfertunately, as well asthe benefits we have just been looking at, there have ‘also been negative consecuences, “Chemisty avd cology "Now imagine thatthe authorities In your region are Considering the. igetalation of @ chemical plone ‘wihich wil lease wast inte the air and 8 nearby + Divide th das gargs tour as ‘Athi eroup should eptesent ecologies who want te defend the los anno In fac meraus activities ofthe chemicalindusty enerate contaminating waste which affects the ienvizonment, Examples include eflunce in water vis, lakes and seas, gases. pumped into: the at riosphene (far example, the toxic gases emitted by the internal combustion needed for cars, an ol licks caused by acients With lf tanker, in tetert yeas, daemage has aso been esnfimed &t 2 planetary level. neve nas been a partial destruc- tion of the ozone ayer that protects the arth from ‘the hafnful ultrvile radiation frm the Sun. This has led to an: Increase of the greénhouse effect ‘hich ves seta global warming: ‘Wie can ook torfecent ype of slits to these problems + firstly, the. reduction of contaminating waste emis by using public transport or adopting mote ecological habits such as recycling paper: ‘lass ad other materials, + Secondly the use of more envranment-endhy ‘ew technologies. xamples ofthis development ‘ate the instalation of filters in factory chimneys, “the implementation of more efficient, industial processes generating less toric products, ef.” very an fe staple sore tnd ef pat Sra doth Lok for infomation the In + The enizonimenta cstauerices refit from meen Pees 4