Life 2e Advanced – Student’s Book
Answer Key
UNIT 1
1 Example answers
Students’ own ideas
Better to walk …
This proverb tells us that the Tuareg have a
nomadic lifestyle (see Background information
below). They think that being on the move is
positive and that not moving is a waste of
time.
In life, it is always possible to …
This proverb suggests that the Tuareg are a
peaceful people – they seek to reach
agreement with others; it suggests they are a
trading people – this is the sort of belief
system that merchants have, for example, that
it’s always possible to negotiate a deal.
Acquiring things …
This proverb may be interpreted as meaning
that possessions are of no importance to the
Tuareg – they are not materialistic. It may also
reflect their nomadic lifestyle – if you wander
in the desert, taking too many things with
you can slow you down, which could be a
problem.
2 divided country was if the two sides could talk
1 Speaker 1: not to try to change other people
or you can’t change other people
Speaker 2: not getting too attached to things or
you shouldn’t get too attached to things
2 Speaker 1: The speaker got frustrated with
his business partner (Giles), who always took
ages to make a first design for the customer,
and this was driving him (the speaker) crazy.
Speaker 2: The speaker’s house was flooded.
3 A Tuareg person would probably agree with
the lesson from Speaker 2 because the Tuareg
don’t like to get attached to unnecessary
material objects (third quote in Exercise 1).
3 5
1 valuable
2 guiding
3 thumb
4 said
5 point
1a Learning from the past
1 Example answer
We are often told to learn from our mistakes.
Roosevelt cleverly and amusingly turns the
commonplace quote around. It’s good advice
because if we consider what mistakes other
people make, we are less likely to make them
ourselves. However, it isn’t easy to follow
because we don’t necessarily see or understand
that people have made mistakes and we often
want to go our own way in life.
2
1c
2a
3
1 T (we deliberately choose to ignore them.)
2 T (Many Chinese have been saying … that
the traditional values in society … have been
lost.)
3 F (a country which is currently developing at
a dizzying speed)
4 F (Mandela had always been committed to
peace)
5 F (he decided that the only way to unite his
about what had happened in the past)
6 T (few are able to follow the example set by
Mandela … such a high degree of
unselfishness. It seems … not to be selfish – is
perhaps the hardest lesson of all for people to
learn.)
4
1 point the way
2 economic boom
3 act on
4 strive (for)
5 follow the example (of)
a
1 has become worried = present perfect simple
2 have been saying = present perfect
continuous
3 focused = past simple
4 had not been = past perfect simple
5 is developing = present continuous
6 (often) talk = present simple
7 was living = past continuous
8 will have to = will future
b F ’ve been doing
1 in recent years = present perfect simple (or E saw
continuous)
2 for some time = present perfect continuous 8 Example answers
(or simple) 1 Currently, I’m looking for a new job.
3 a few years ago = past simple (or 2 A few years ago, I went to Thailand for the
continuous) first time.
4 prior to the 1990s = past perfect simple (or 3 I usually watch TV or do sport.
continuous) 4 I have never been windsurfing … / stayed in
5 currently = present continuous a five star
6 nowadays = present simple hotel …
7 while = past continuous (present continuous) 5 I didn’t revise last weekend, because I had
8 in the long term = will future already
learned all the vocabulary on the list.
Answers to Grammar Summary exercises 6 I met my best friend when I was at
university. I was
1 living in a small flat at the time.
1 often/sometimes 7 I have had my present job for several years.
2 since 8 I don’t have the time or money at the
3 next month / soon moment, but
4 up to then sooner or later I’ll travel round the world.
5 next week
6 currently 9
2 1 while
1 have you been studying 2 for
2 ’s/is buying or ’s/is going to buy 3 in
3 has become 4 ever
4 had … started 5 now
5 ’m driving 6 never
6 was walking
3 1b What makes us who we are?
1 currently
2 Up till then 1 Example answers
3 Nowadays 1 because he doesn’t want us to see his face;
4 Recently because he wants to show his face through his
5 In the long term portrait; because he doesn’t want the viewer to
6 From now on compare his real face with his portrait
2 He looks thoughtful, wise, serious,
6 intelligent, calm.
1 Fifty years ago
2 nowadays 2
3 in the coming years 1 a control freak: someone who wants to
4 Over the last 25 years control every situation and will not allow other
5 for years people to share in making decisions
6 at the moment a dreamer: someone who has a lot of ideas but
7 often those things are often not very practical or
8 At the time likely to happen
9 ever a driven person: someone who is ambitious
10 Before that and motivated
a family person: someone who thinks their
7 family is important, and likes to spend time
1 A have you been learning with their family (husband or wife and
B started; had learned/learnt or learned/learnt children)
2 C Have you tried; went a free spirit: someone who does things their
D tell; seem; ’ll get own way and doesn’t always follow the rules
3 E are you working
a joker: someone who likes to tell jokes or to b won’t be moving
do things to make people laugh c has been saying
the life and soul of the party: someone who is d was working
very lively and sociable, particularly in social e had been intending
situations such as parties f are always judging
an outgoing type: someone who is friendly and
enjoys meeting and talking to people Answers to Grammar Summary exercises
2 Possible answers:
Positive: a family person, the life and soul of 4
the party 1b
Negative: a control freak, a dreamer 2a
Neutral: a driven person, a free spirit, a joker, 3a
an outgoing type 4a
Note that these will depend on students’ own 5b
perspectives and/or the context, so make it 5
clear these are possible answers only, and 1 ’ll be doing
encourage discussion in class. 2 is always
3 Students’ own answers 3 are
4 hasn’t been
4 5 had been
Students should tick: b, d, e, f, g, h 6 was having
your interests/hobbies 7 is still 8 been cleaning
your work 6
your background 1 ’re building
your character 2 have … been doing
your beliefs and values 3 ’ll … be working
your life experiences 4 ’ve been living
Most important factor according to the speaker 5 ’ve known
=e 6 are moving
7 was walking
5
1 judgmental 2 the city 3 are ill 4 security 10
5 25 6 better 1 The verb form ‘do you do’ is asking about
your current situation (i.e. what do you do as a
6 job). In contrast, ‘are you doing’ is asking
a bits and pieces; as and when about now, or around now, (i.e. your current
b first and foremost activity).
2 The verb form ‘is always phoning’ implies
7 an irritating habit; ‘always phones’ describes a
1 quiet habit but as a neutral statement of fact (note
2 sound; pains that present simple can be used to describe
3 large; sweet irritating habit as well, depending on tone of
4 wide; fro voice).
5 games; then 3 The verb form ‘I’ve been reading’ implies
you may still be reading it (i.e. it’s an action
8 which is still in progress – you haven’t
a The consonant sound at the end of the first finished reading the book); ‘I’ve read’ is for
word ‘links’ a completed activity (i.e. you’ve finished the
with the vowel sound at the start of and. book – but recently – we don’t know when
b and is pronounced ‘n’ (/n/) – the /d/ sound is exactly).
only 4 The verb form ‘was working’ emphasizes it
pronounced if the second word begins with a was happening around the same time as when
vowel. you left school (concurrent action); ‘worked’
means they were subsequent activities – you
9 left school, then you got a job at the restaurant.
a is (now) becoming
5 The verb form ‘I’ll be sitting’ means an
activity which will be in progress in the future;
‘will sit’ is unlikely because it suggests a
single action, i.e. I will sit down.
6 There is very little difference in meaning:
‘had been working’ emphasizes the duration of
the action, and perhaps that working as a nurse
continued up to the time he became a
paramedic; ‘had worked’ focuses more
on the fact that this action was sometime in the
past.
7 There is very little difference in meaning.
You could say ‘was living’ emphasizes the
action or the duration of the action; ‘had been
living’ emphasizes that this was an action in
progress before the main past action (‘she
moved to this country’); ‘lived’ would be used
when you are talking about a series of
completed actions in the past.
8 There is not much difference in meaning:
‘will be going’ means that you expect Anne-
Marie to be doing this now; ‘usually goes’ is
used to talk about a routine or habit.
11
1 was watching; ‘ll be playing; are already
watching
2 was feeling; ’d been saving (could also
accept: was saving)
3 ’s getting; ’ve been flying; was sitting
12
One habit that irritates me is people who are
always looking at their phones during meal
times. It’s just rude!
I imagine my dad will be watching the TV and
my brother will be texting his girlfriend.
We’re having the kitchen decorated – I hope
they won’t still be painting at Christmas!
I have been meaning to clean the car all week.
I had been intending to join an art class, but I
decided I didn’t have enough free time.
1c Immortal words
1 English speakers have Shakespeare to thank
1 Students’ own answers
2 See the Background information notes
below.
2 very strongly. The observations about people
He gave us characters with personalities, and
particularly
weaknesses, that we could relate to as fellow
human
beings. (These lifelike characters and the
observations that Shakespeare made about the
human condition are really what Jonson was
referring to when he talked about
Shakespeare’s universal appeal; there is no
doubt that Shakespeare’s characters resonate
with people very strongly; ‘The enduring
humanity of Shakespeare’, on the other hand,
would not be an exaggeration.)
3
1 vibrant
2 characters with personalities and weaknesses
that we could relate to
3 He is torn between what his heart and his
head tell him.
4 She puts practical considerations before
romance.
5 succinctly
6 coined
4
1 has seen better days
2 the world is my oyster
3 a wild goose chase
4 neither here nor there
5 a foregone conclusion
6 love is blind
7 break the ice
8 come full circle
5
b
Sentences from the article that support the
answer:
Some say he was a great storyteller, others that
the magic lies in the beauty of his poetry.
Some say it is simply because
he left us a huge volume of work, which was
written during a vibrant time in English history
…
Shakespeare gave us something that the world
had not seen in literature before – characters
with personalities, and particularly
weaknesses, that we could relate to.
for much of their current language, cultural
references and their understanding of human
psychology.
Shakespeare’s characters resonate with people
and life are made more memorable by the way
in which they are phrased, both succinctly and
poetically.
… certain words and sayings of his still exist
in the English language today.
6 1
The author doesn’t directly state her purpose.
The sentence, ‘But if you ask people the
reason for Shakespeare’s continued popularity,
you get different answers’ suggests perhaps
that finding the real answer will be the reason
for writing.
It’s important for an author to begin by stating
the reason for writing in formal writing, for
example, in a job application or a business
report.
7 3
Students’ own views
8 3 Hi, I don’t think we’ve met. I’m David.
1 lifelike 2 lifelong 3 larger-than-life
9 but I can’t stop eating this cake.
1 it always happens to me
2 a reality or something we must accept
3 every kind of social background
4 having a great time
5 something that got me out of a difficult
situation or that I couldn’t have managed
without or something that helped me greatly in
that situation
10
Not performing well in exams has been the
story of my life!
High prices are a fact of life.
At the international college there are people
from all walks of life.
I went on a round-the-world trip last year – I
had the time of my life!
My dad lent me £100 so I could get home –
that was a life-saver.
11
Group A:
1 misgiving (n) /mɪsˈgɪvɪŋ/ = doubt or
apprehension about something
2 spurn (v) /spɜːn/ = reject
3 zany (adj) /’zeɪni/ = eccentric and
unconventional, even a little crazy
Group B:
1 howl (v) /haʊl/ = let out a long, pained cry
like a dog or wolf
2 jaded (adj) /ˈdʒeɪdɪd/ = bored with
something, lacking enthusiasm
3 reprieve (n) /rɪˈpriːv/ = a temporary delay in
a punishment
1d How did you get into that?
Students’ own ideas
2 Example answers
be positive; always smile; show interest; ask
questions; maintain eye contact; use positive
body language – lean in, tilt your head towards
someone; be patient – don’t bombard people
with messages or invitations; find out about
interests; find out what you have in common;
listen carefully
1 Hi. Is it your first day at college too?
2 So, what do you do?
4 Hey, I like your jacket.
5 I’m supposed to have given up sweet things,
6 Whereabouts are you from?
4
1 How’s it going? Is it as you expected?
2 How did you get into that?
3 What school was that then?
4 Do you like bargain-hunting, then?
5 I don’t think I’ve ever kept a New Year’s
Resolution.
Have you?
6 So what’s it like? Is it a good place to live?
1e Your first day
1
ituations in which you may write notes: in
class, in a presentation, in a work meeting,
studying or revising, when taking ideas from a
book about a specialist subject (e.g. gardening,
decorating), taking a telephone message,
noting down something from a radio
programme
What notes consist of: shorthand symbols,
abbreviated words, phrases that miss out
articles and other unimportant words, drawn
lines and annotations
What you do with notes: write them up as a
report, use them to write an essay or
dissertation, use them to pass on information,
store them to keep information
2
2 p.m. (not 3 p.m.)
EU (European Union)
3 Example answers
Sarah Curtain = principal – King’s College
60 nationalities, 33 different langs 1 Example answers
Coffee at Student’s Union: 11 – 12.30, today Population: It probably has a small population
that may be old (i.e. young people probably
4 want to live somewhere bigger and with more
Only ‘relevant points’ are included in the varied opportunities).
notes. In other words, only facts, times, dates, Weather: The weather is probably cold all year
places, useful information, etc., but not round. And days are either very long or very
opinions, welcoming remarks or perhaps short.
things the student may only need to remember Communications: Cars, reindeer, dogs. People
for a short period of time, e.g. the fact that probably have limited internet access and
there is coffee after the talk. speak to each other more than write.
Way of life: The way of life is probably still
5a fairly traditional. It might be changing if
reg = registration younger people are moving away for studies or
a.m. = in the morning to find jobs. It’s probably hard
p.m. = in the afternoon work living here.
uni = university
i.e. = that is 2b
UK = United Kingdom 1d2c3e4a5b
docs = documents
incl. = including 3
OS = overseas The population is growing; there are more
sts = students younger people and fewer elders.
approx. = approximately/ The weather is cold.
roughly Communications: people use cars,
hrs = hours communication between people is oral
p.w. = per/each week (nothing is written down) and difficult
e.g. = for example (language barrier).
IT = Information Technology It looks like a hard way of life. The way of life
sthg = something is changing (from living on the land to a more
NB = please note (that) community-based way of life).
1st = first
etc. = and so on 4
1 They have seen a lot of change.
5b 2 their words, their advice and their knowledge
a incl. b approx. c NB d etc. e e.g. f i.e. of the past; they are involved in planning at
every level (local, government, etc.)
5c 3 ‘Respect your elders.’
2 and 4 4 as nomadic hunters
5 orally (nothing was written down)
5d Example answers
Example note form: 5
NB Mtg with Ellis & Co. tomorrow, Tue 12 1 advisors 2 expert 3 survive 4 animals 5
May 3 p.m. Pls let me know approx. no. basics
people attending from your dept & if you need 6 changes 7 forget
further info. Tks.
6
6 1 The population has grown. There are more
Reading list – 30 bks younger people and fewer elders because of
3/4 key bks – other bks for ref lower infant mortality rates and better
Don’t buy – use library or buy 2nd hand healthcare.
Read more ➝ read faster 2 respect yourself and those around you; high
selfesteem; be positive
1f Arctic wisdom 3 because the younger generation don’t
understand the Inuktitut language
4 It represents the average age in Iqaluit.
5 It was passed on verbally, through
storytelling. 3
6 tradition, culture and history, knowing the Some years ago (past)
past once upon a time (past)
For a while (present perfect continuous)
7a for generations (present perfect continuous)
1 implement 2 seek 3 down 4 key countless times before (past perfect)
5 communication 6 lies at the end (past)
in future years (will future)
7b Example answers
1 I always seek advice when I have a big 4
decision to make – like changing my job or 1 lifelike 2 walks 3 time 4 lifelong 5 story 6
buying something expensive. fact
2 The last time I experienced a communication
barrier was when I went travelling in China – 5
nobody knew what I was asking for. Students’ own answers
3 The key to living a happy life is to have lots
of friends. 6
1 said 2 thumb 3 as 4 guiding; large
8 Example answers
1 Students’ own ideas 7
2 Reasons why elders should be respected: 1 have met before; [name]
they have knowledge and experience; they are 2 day here / at college
able to take a detached view; they deserve a 3 your coat/jacket
strong voice because of their age 4 are you from
Reasons why their advice and wisdom 5 what do
shouldn’t be listened to: they tend to be 6 of the talk/party
conservative; they are out-of-touch with the 7 isn’t it
modern world and with issues that affect 8 is talking about
young people; their experience is no longer
relevant; they are just one group in society and 8
their voice should be equal to others not Students’ own answers
greater
UNIT 2
9
Students’ own ideas 1 Example answers
The man is holding a large bird of prey. He is
Unit 1 Review probably training the bird to hunt.
(The recording describes how some Kazakh
1 people still hunt traditionally with eagles while
A ‘griot’ is a traditional storyteller. on small ponies, an art practised since the time
Time and friends are all you need in life (and a of Genghis Khan. They track foxes and other
brazier to small animals.)
make tea).
2
2 1 the horses, goats and cattle that travel with
1 visited them
2 think 2 by seeking new jobs or trades in the city
3 was 3 living in tents in summer and small houses in
4 was sitting winter
5 had been gathering 4 training eagles for eagle hunting
6 have been singing 5 the meat of the animals that the eagle kills
7 have learned 6 a sport
8 listened
9 had told
10 will stay
3
1 An occupation is the job that you do (e.g.
I’m a sales assistant, an office worker, a pilot,
etc.).
A vocation is a job you do because you feel
naturally drawn to it and/or which is fulfilling
on an emotional level (e.g. teaching, nursing,
acting).
2 A trade is a job that requires skilled manual
labour (e.g. a carpenter, builder, plumber,
etc.).
A profession is a job that involves long
training and special qualifications and often
has high social status (e.g. dentist, lawyer,
etc.).
3 A living is the money that you earn from
your job that enables you to live (e.g. I work as
an accountant – it’s a living – it pays the
bills.).
A livelihood is the thing(s)/work you do or
depend on to provide money or other things to
live (e.g. This shop is my livelihood – without
it, I wouldn’t have money to pay bills.).
4 A job is any type of work you do regularly to
earn money. It’s a more informal word than
occupation or profession.
A task is a specific job you need to do (e.g.
painting a room, writing a report, etc.) – but it
is not usually directly related to being paid. If
you were going to be
paid for this, you would call it ‘a job’.
5 Work is an uncountable noun and job is a
countable noun (e.g. I have a lot of work to
do.; I have a good job.).
4
a farmer, fisherman, jockey, butcher, vet, dog
walker, pet shop owner
b blacksmith, watch repairer, tailor, thatcher,
weaver, stonemason, chimney sweep, cobbler,
potter
c teaching, training animals, surgery, nursing,
any job where you have to deal with difficult
people/behaviour or meticulous work
2a Living off the sea
1 7 saw – ’ve seen
1 Over 70%
2 50%
3 90%
4 90%
5 20 kg
6 1 billion
7 30–40 seconds
2
1 fewer
2 They eat fish and molluscs and they trade the
shells and oysters that they take from the sea
with Malay and Chinese merchants.
3 They can dive underwater for longer than
most people (up to six minutes) and they can
also see well underwater.
4 Their unique way of life and their
extraordinary skills will probably disappear.
3
Manage or survive
4
1 get round to = to do something you have
intended to do for a long time (also: get around
to)
2 get over = to feel happy or well again after
something bad has happened (get over an
illness / a relationship break-up / a
disappointment)
3 get out of = to avoid doing something you
arranged or promised to do
4 get away with = to manage to do something
without being punished or criticized for it
5 get back (to) = to phone, write or speak to
someone at a later time because you are busy
or can’t speak now
5
1 sentence 3 (present perfect continuous)
2 sentence 5 (future perfect simple)
3 sentences 1 and 2 (present perfect simple)
4 sentence 4 (past perfect simple)
Answers to Grammar Summary exercises
1
1 was – ’ve been
2 hasn’t been – didn’t go
3 won’t be arrived – won’t have arrived
4 ’ve been having – ’ve had
5 she’d leave – she’d left
6 ’m wearing – ’ve worn glasses or ’ve been
wearing
glasses
2
1 haven’t eaten
2 ’d … seen
3 have you been working
4 will have become
5 ’ve known
6 hadn’t started
3 5 occupied
1 ’ve been living or ’ve lived
2 hadn’t lived
3 told
4 couldn’t
5 ’ve been
6 haven’t been able to
7 ’ll have saved
6 lived in the same village and worked in the
1 a This is a recently completed action in the
past – you’d say this near the end of the trip,
probably while you were still in Laos.
b This is a completed action in the past –
you’d say this after the trip had finished,
probably once you were back at home.
2 a This took place in a period of time up to
now – and I could meet John again in the
future.
b This is a finished action in the past – there’s
little or no chance I’ll meet him again (e.g.
John may have moved away or died).
3 a We arrived and then the meeting started.
b The meeting started and then we arrived.
4 a The votes will be counted on the Thursday.
b The votes will be counted before that
Thursday, i.e. the actions will be finished
before Thursday.
5 a This is looking back from the present, the
action of teaching hasn’t happened (i.e. he
can’t do it – and no one has taught him to do it
– but it could happen in the future).
b This is looking back from a certain point in
the past – he wasn’t taught before that point,
and we don’t know if he then went on to hold
his breath or not.
7 1 Example answers
1 had heard
2 has attracted
3 learn
4 have become
5 acquired
6 passed
7 are forced
8 have tried
9 won’t be
10 just want
11 were
12 will have changed
8 forest.
1 was
2 ‘d intended (= had intended)
3 got
4 ‘s retired (= has retired)
6 spent
7 ‘ve often thought
8 ‘ll follow
9 Example answers
Factors that make jobs a way of life: a job that
many people in a community do (e.g.
traditionally, coal miners and fishermen all
same mine or from the same harbour); a job
that is passed on from father to son (e.g.
farming, fisherman/woman); a job in which
you live where you work (e.g. farming) or own
what you work with (e.g. a fishing boat); a job
which takes up all your time (e.g. farmer,
fisherman/woman, possibly lorry driver); a job
which is also your social and family life (e.g.
lorry drivers are always on the road and in
hotels); a job that is also your dream or your
hobby (e.g. a firefighter – perhaps always
wanted to be one; a graphic designer – loves
art); a job that fulfils your desire to help
people or change the words (e.g. a teacher, a
physiotherapist); a job that has customs
and traditions and a way of life attached to it
(e.g. the bonding between miners, firefighters,
fishermen/women; the way bankers dress and
see the world).
10 Example answers
blacksmith, thatcher, cheese maker, sports star,
politician, doctor, aid worker, campaigning
journalist
2b Smokejumpers
be on fire – The barn’s on fire – we need to put
it out.
catch fire – The grass was so dry that it caught
fire during the heat wave.
contain a fire – The fire services used a water
cannon on a helicopter in an attempt to contain
the fire. (contain = limit)
fight a fire – You need specialized equipment
to fight a fire in a burning building.
light a fire – We lit a fire at the campsite and
sang songs round it.
put out a fire – Put out that fire immediately.
You mustn’t have campfires in this part of the
set fire to – The police want to know who set
fire to the disused building.
set on fire – The youths stole a car and set it on
fire.
start a fire – It’s hard to start a fire in the rain. 2 The passive infinitive is formed with the
verb to be + past participle.
2 The passive gerund is formed with being +
1 a forest fire; they start when it’s very hot and past participle.
dry, or when someone drops a match or 3 get
cigarette, or has a barbecue or
bonfire/campfire; it’s difficult to stop forest Answers to Grammar Summary exercises
fires once they start – they can sometimes be
stopped by dropping water on them from 4
planes 1 was announced
2 brave/courageous, physically strong, able to 2 is being built
make quick decisions, well trained; Students’ 3 must be finished
own answers 4 has been cancelled
5 will be given
3 6 had been eaten
1 T (smokejumpers … are dropped into 7 needs to be passed
inaccessible areas) 5
2 F (They have to do both – But first the fire 1 knew
needs to be assessed to see how bad it is and 2 get killed
how it’s going to develop … if it’s a bad fire, 3 get told
we’ve got to look for a way to try and contain 4 like
it.) 5 get paid
3 F (That’s not an issue; Those who come 6 be caught
through it [the training] have a natural 7 get hit
respect for each other; A smokejumper’s a 8 earn
smokejumper, regardless of gender.) 6
1 Our car was broken into by a teenager from
4 our street.
1 a If a smokejumper is too heavy, they can 2 You can’t be seen by Dr Taylor
descend too fast and therefore get injured 3 A new planet has been discovered by
when they hit the ground. astronomers.
b If a smokejumper is too light, they might be 4 The old cinema is going to be bought by a
carried fast food company.
a long way from their intended landing point. 5 he wasn’t given the right directions by the
2 It’s not the first thing she thinks of. app on his phone
3 They go in first, before other crews. 6 The environment is being destroyed by our
4 by finding a natural fire break actions.
5 You have to be trained to a certain standard
and complete the course successfully. 8
1 Fire always needs to be treated
5 2 His hands were/got badly burned
The idiom that Kerry used means that you 3 I was accepted or being accepted
can’t protect 4 to be given the opportunity by the fire
people or keep them away from all the dangers service or for being given the opportunity by
or the fire service (also acceptable: for having
unpleasant things in the (outside) world. been given …)
1 do 5 Forest fires can be started by people or by
2 cut natural causes
3 follow 6 Smokejumper suits are sometimes made by
4 become (the) smokejumpers themselves.
5 err 7 Forest fires haven’t been seen
6 be 8 to be overwhelmed by the situation or to get
overwhelmed by the situation
7
1 1 present passive, 2 past simple passive, 3 9
present perfect passive 1 to be explained (also acceptable: explaining)
2 was forced
3 get paid or ’m paid
4 ‘re caught or get caught; being arrested or
getting
arrested
5 is done / ‘s done or has been done
10
1 a – the agent is unimportant
2c
3 a – the agent is unimportant
4 a – the agent is unimportant
5 a – the agent (the wind) is obvious
11
Note that all answers are grammatically
possible here, although some, notably those
beginning someone or anyone, and the clumsy
clauses beginning with that, are unlikely.
1 it is ranked (Here, we choose the passive so
we can continue with it as the subject, as in the
previous clause, and because the ‘people’ who
do the ranking are not important.)
2 Firefighters need to be compensated (Here,
the ‘we’ is unimportant – we want to focus
attention on the person or thing affected by the
action – the firefighters.)
3 they take (Here, they refers to firefighters –
the subject of the previous clause; also the
passive form is long and clumsy.)
4 to be called (someone is unknown or
unimportant)
5 they attend (Here, they refers to firefighters –
the subject of the previous sentence; also the
passive form is long and clumsy.)
6 freeing someone (someone is unknown or
unimportant)
7 both answers are possible here (but fire
regulations are being followed sounds more
formal)
8 being given (anyone is unknown or
unimportant)
12 Example answers
My mobile phone is protected by a password.
Some phones use fingerprint recognition so the
phone can only be unlocked by the owner. I
guess that’s probably safer.
My car is protected by an alarm system. If it’s
broken into in any way, the alarm goes off.
The steering wheel is locked if you use the key
incorrectly. All the car doors can be locked
from inside by the driver.
At home, my front door is locked
automatically when it’s closed. All the
windows are protected by individual locks
and a burglar alarm has also been installed.
13 Example answers
Possible ideas for safety features:
1 an augmented reality display on a car
windscreen – e.g. you can see your speed,
approaching hazard information, up on the
windscreen in front of you
2 voice control – you can tell your car what to
do, e.g. ‘slow down’
3 smart technology so that cars can ‘speak’ to
each other (e.g. a car can tell another car’s
computer that they are approaching)
4 night vision so that you see things at night as
if it were day
2c Daring, defiant and free
1 Example answers
Students’ own answers. Note the actual
answers are in the recording.
1 He climbed / walked / was dropped by rope
or helicopter.
2 He’s going to walk along the ridge / wait to
be picked up by helicopter / use equipment to
parachute or abseil down / jump.
3 by a photographer in a helicopter; perhaps
it’s an example of photoshopping
2
1 He’s climbed up there (without any
specialist
equipment).
2 He climbs up to the top (but we don’t know
what
happens after that).
3 Another mountaineer took the photo.
3
1 chalk, rock shoes, belief in your own ability
2 mentally tired/fatigued/exhausted
3 There was nothing else he could do.
4 Word of his achievement spread around the
world and he very quickly became a climbing
legend (also acceptable: ‘internet sensation’ or
‘mountaineering hero’).
5 rock climbing
6 to be a reliable member of the climbing team
4
1 sheer
2 summit
3 greasy
4 flawlessly
5 stunned
6 accomplished
7 blew his mind
8 looked back
5 your foot when climbing; this could be a small
a He’s alone, far off the ground and without
aids.
Not Honnold.
He loses the smallest amount of confidence.
‘My foot will never stay on that.’
In free-soloing, confidence is everything.
All you have is belief in your own ability.
Then suddenly, he’s in motion again.
It sticks.
Climbers were stunned, and the blog writers
were buzzing.
That is the magic of Yosemite: it creates
heroes.
He hasn’t looked back.
For Chin that is always the priority.
b It’s a bright Saturday morning in September
and a young man is standing on a small ledge
high up on the northwest face of Half Dome, a
sheer 650-metre wall of granite in the heart of
Yosemite Valley in California. He’s alone, far
off the ground and without aids … something
potentially dangerous happens. He loses the
smallest amount of confidence. ‘What am I
doing here?’ he says to himself, staring at a
greasy bump on the rock face. For a few
minutes, he stands there, staring out at the
sky, unable to look up or down for fear of
falling. Then suddenly, he’s in motion again.
He steps up, planting his shoe on the smooth
stone. It sticks. He moves his hand to another
hold, repeats the move, and within minutes,
he’s at the top …
c disastrous, staring, paralysed, raced, stunned,
buzzing,
blew his mind
d ‘What am I doing here?’ he says to himself,
staring at a greasy bump on the rock face. ‘My
foot will never stay on that.’
‘I rallied because there was nothing else I
could do,’ Honnold says later, with a boyish
laugh. ‘I stepped up and trusted that foothold
and was freed of the prison where I’d stood
silently for five minutes.’
6 Example answers
Chin watches. The climber above him
holds/grasps/hangs onto the rock by one hand.
He hesitates at first to take the picture. ‘I
wonder if it is right to take the picture?’ he
says to himself. ‘What if the man
falls/slips/tumbles and hurts himself?’ Then he
decides that he has to. It’s his job.
7
foothold: a secure place where you can put
hole or crack in the surface of the rock
get your foot in the door: to get a first job or
opportunity with a company, which then
allows you to move into another (or better) job
in the same company or business in the future
8
1 become confident and understand what I’m
supposed to be doing
2 said something (without thinking it through
properly) which will damage her own
opportunities or wishes in the future
3 said something embarrassing or
inappropriate, or which could upset someone –
usually accidentally
4 did a similar job or type of work as her
mother (or someone else before you)
5 I’m not very coordinated or graceful (usually
talking about dancing or similar).
6 began the relationship badly
9 Example answers
1 a top university, a very popular organization,
any job or profession where a lot of people are
competing for a few places
2 Students’ own answers (e.g. Well, I really
put my foot in it last week when I asked my
sister and her boyfriend over for dinner – I
didn’t know he had finished with her the night
before!)
3 Students’ own answers (e.g. I definitely got
off on the wrong foot with my boss when I
started my new job I think it was because I was
so nervous – we get along fine now, though.)
2d Tell me a bit about yourself
1 Example answers
a resourceful (also possible: flexible)
b conscientious (also possible: flexible,
focused, reliable)
c reliable (also possible: conscientious)
d flexible (also possible: well-organized)
3 Example answers
any ‘life problems’, going out to nightclubs
with your friends, what your favourite shop or
café is, what pets you have, where you like to
go on holiday, your favourite food, etc.
4 Example answers
1 What are your career goals?
2 Why are you interested in this job? or Why
do you think you are a good candidate for this
job?
3 Where do you see yourself in five years’
time? or What would you like to be doing in
five years’ time?
4 What are your weaknesses? or Do you have
any weaknesses?
5 Do you work well as part of a team?
5 e the requirements you mention
Questions:
So can you tell me a bit about yourself?
What kind of organization would you like to
work for, ideally?
Have you done any blogging or written
anything that’s been published?
And what do you see as your strengths, Katy?
And what would you say are your
weaknesses?
Kind of work: She’s looking for a job in
journalism (working for a news company).
Why she is suited: She thinks she’s suited to
this type of work because she writes well,
she’s good at spotting a story, she’s focused
and conscientious.
6 Expressions: adrenaline-rush, hold your nerve,
1 from 2 for 3 in 4 into 5 towards 6 at 7 up
8 at 9 through 10 to 11 of 12 to
2e A letter of application
1 3
1 a Trainee Marketing assistant
2 in last Tuesday’s Guardian newspaper
3 a recent graduate from university; currently
doing some freelance travel writing
4 (the contents of the three bullet points)
5 Thank you for taking time to consider this
application …
6 at any time by phone or in writing
2 off. I’m just going to get it out of my system.
1 F The letter should outline why you are
suitable for the job. If there are certain
specifications, you should ensure that, along
with your CV, the letter explains how you
meet these specifications.
2T
3 F The letter should respond to specific
requirements the company has listed.
4 T The person reading the letter will want to
get an impression of the kind of person you are
and you
want them to be able to remember your
application. It’s a good idea to include some
details that are specific to you (e.g. mention
personal achievements and experience).
3
a I am seeking
b Please find attached
c a suitable candidate
d I am available
f I am writing in response to
g do not hesitate to
h The (job) attracted me
i I look forward to hearing from you.
j You will see from my CV that
k Thank you for taking time to consider this
2f Climbing Yosemite
1 Example answers
Adjectives: crazy, difficult, scary, reckless,
terrifying, worrying, adventurous, amazing,
incredible, thrilling, brave, courageous,
fearless, exciting
Verbs: grip, hang, grasp, cling, step, pull,
think, plan, focus
keep going, try your best/hardest
2b
1c2a3e4d5b
rewarding, difficult (physically), cerebral,
slow, methodical,
scared, real (consequences)
(Note that in Part 2 of the video, he uses other
adjectives: fortunate, influential, passionate,
awesome, special, insane, amazing.)
4
1 T (Hey, Mom, Dad, I’m going to take a year
I’m going to climb and ski full time. Don’t
freak out – it’s really temporary; essentially
their worst nightmare was realized when … I
was still living in the back of my car … just
doing odds and ends for jobs.)
2 F (I’m going to take a year off … I’m going
to climb and ski full time … it’s really
temporary.)
3 T (I would wake up in … Yosemite … and I
would just think … there’s no other place that
I would rather be. Yosemite was a very …
influential home for me; Made a lot of friends.
I felt like I found my community there.)
4 F (I didn’t really have a sense of, like,
wanting to be an artist or photographer in any
other way than to continue what I was doing.)
5 T (I travelled the world and really got to
shoot on some really insane assignments …
and some amazing locations.)
5 something back to your community, giving
1 ski
2 professional
3 year
4 car; tables
5 community
6 greater
7 500
8 launch
6 Example answers
Students’ own ideas
Students are likely to think Jimmy Chin made
a good choice: exciting job, lots of travel,
seeing the world’s most exciting places,
having adventures, his job is his hobby,
probably getting good money for the
photographs, developing a great skill as a
photographer
His career could develop in that he could
become a photographer for other kinds of
exploration or adventure. He could also
become involved in making videos using a
drone.
7a
1c2a3a4b5b6a
7b Example answers
1 Before I go, I’ll need to sort out a few odds
and ends, like where to leave the key, and who
to ask to come and feed the cat.
2 We left the house and headed out into the
street/desert/rain.
3 My parents freaked out when I said I wanted
to get a tattoo.
8 Example answers
Students’ own ideas
Travelling: seeing lots of different countries,
meeting different people, learning languages,
gaining more independence, becoming
resilient and flexible
Doing military service: meeting people,
working in a team, learning new skills,
getting/keeping fit, being very disciplined,
gaining more independence Doing various odd
jobs: building up experience of working,
earning some money, meeting lots of different
people, learning new skills, becoming more
flexible, getting a character reference
Building up a range of practical skills: being
able to put these skills on your CV, learning
specific skills for a job you would like, makes
you more versatile
Voluntary work: gain work experience, giving
you an idea of the job
or course you might like to apply for, feeling
good about helping others, meeting new
people, making new friends
Unit 2 Review
1
1 has found
2 was employed
3 has been travelling / has travelled
4 was given / has been given
5 has tested
6 created / had created
7 (to be) checked
8 is / has been
9 was put
10 ’m having / have been having
11 are added / are being added
12 is / has been / will be / will have been
2
was employed – a The agent (person doing the
action) is obvious, unknown or unimportant.
was given / has been given – c We want to
give emphasis to the agent by putting it at the
end of the sentence.
to be checked – a The agent (person doing the
action) is obvious, unknown or unimportant.
was chosen … and put – b We are following a
series of actions that happen to the same
subject.
are added / are being added – a The agent
(person doing the action) is obvious, unknown
or unimportant.
3
1 Holiday operator, First Choice, in order to
offer the best by having a full-time tester.
2 Testing water slides at holiday resorts to
ensure the quality of the water park experience
for customers.
4
1 by
2 footsteps
3 profession
4 find
5 on
6 side
5 Example answers
1 Advising someone to stop worrying about a
past event which was negative (e.g. a
relationship breakdown or losing a job) and to
forget about it and start living life positively
again.
2 Apologizing for not doing something (e.g.
not printing a document); apologizing for not
fixing something (in the house, car, etc.) or not
doing a job in the house (e.g. the washing up /
cleaning); apologizing for not making a phone
call to arrange an appointment.
3 Saying that you wish you didn’t have to do
something (e.g. attend a wedding or party of
someone you don’t get on with; a work
meeting).
6 pedestrianized, residential, run-down
1 b, g 2 a, e 3 d, f 4 c, d
7 The adjective run-down can collocate with all
Students’ own answers
conscientious – surgeon, lawyer, doctor, pilot,
air traffic controller
enthusiastic – teacher, coach, actor,
professional athlete
flexible – any job involving shift work,
teacher, police officer, social worker
motivated – lawyer, doctor, author, investment
banker, business person
reliable – accountant, solicitor, cleaner, doctor,
taxi driver
resourceful – teacher, social worker, project
manager, firefighter
8 1 boom town = a town that has grown up
Students’ own answers
UNIT 3
1 Example answers
1 It’s probably hot, crowded, cramped, tiring
(lots of stairs or crowded lifts), and the flats
are likely to be small.
2 They are high-rise, urban buildings that are
probably densely populated. We can see
cladding, air conditioning units, windows,
balconies and washing lines.
2 holiday town/resort = a place full of shops and
1 the cost of renting is high; it’s hot and
humid; there’s a mixture of new, smart
building and old, shabby buildings; it’s a busy,
crowded, competitive place to live; it can be
addictive
2 at least twenty or thirty storeys high; tiny
apartments, one on top of another; a mixture of
old and new, smart and shabby; air-
conditioning units sticking out from windows
3
1 tiny
2 hot, humid
3 new, old, smart, shabby
4 busy, crowded, competitive, addictive
4 Example answers
apartment: first-floor, run-down, spacious,
studio, two-bedroom
building: brick, four-storey, high-rise,
imposing, residential, run-down
street: main, narrow, one-way, tree-lined,
area: built-up, deprived, pedestrianized,
residential, run-down
four nouns.
5 Example answer
Tribeca was once a deprived, run-down area,
but today it’s one of the most popular and
upmarket areas of Manhattan, New York. It’s
a built-up area of high-rise buildings, many of
which are residential. However, as it’s
popular with artists, it has spacious studios and
upmarket shops and bars.
3a Towns with character
1 Example answers
suddenly, usually for a reason such as the
discovery of oil or the building of a large, local
factory: characteristics may include being
vibrant, possibly half-built, full of new,
young people
ghost town = a town with no people, often a
boom town that went bust, or because a
disaster or change in the economy caused
people to leave: characteristics may
include being empty, derelict, run-down
historic town = an old town with buildings and
monuments from the past: characteristics may
include pretty, touristy, lively, expensive
attractions for tourists, often on the coast:
characteristics include touristy, expensive,
quaint, relaxing
industrial town = a town with factories:
characteristics may include unattractive,
polluted, noisy, commercially successful
market town = a small town, often old with a
historic square in the centre: characteristics
may include attractive, picturesque, sleepy,
friendly, local
port (town) = a town on the coast with boats or
ships and working industry: characteristics
may include busy, vibrant, commercially
successful
regional capital = the capital or main city of a
region: characteristics may include vibrant,
industrial, interesting, cosmopolitan
shanty town = a town of temporary shelters on
the edge of a big city built by and for poor
people: characteristics may include run-down,
unhealthy, deprived, dangerous, lawless
spa town = a place where people go to
improve their health, often by exercising or
having baths in special waters: characteristics
may include pretty, historic, sleepy, touristy,
interesting, relaxing
university town = characteristics may include
lively, lots of bars and restaurants, historic
buildings, young population
2 Students’ own answers – it depends on
where they are from.
2 5 … we regretted our decision a bit. (a bit
lively – sleepy
modern and characterless – quaint
scruffy – well-kept
self-contained – sprawling
3
1 Granada
2 Granada
3 Billund
4 Billund
5 Granada
6 Billund
4 5 a bit (qualifier directly before an adjective)
1a
2 7 slightly (slightly comes after the verb)
a They come directly before the adjective.
b Quite must come before a/an in a noun
phrase; rather can be before or after a/an in a
noun phrase.
c Quite, rather and not particularly come
before the main verb (with like, enjoy, want);
slightly, rather, a little and
a bit come after the verb.
Answers to Grammar Summary exercises
1
1 wasn’t very good
2 quite a
3 is quite
4 a fairly
5 rather a / a rather
6 a pretty
2
1a2b3b4a5a
3
1 quite/rather
2 fairly/rather
3 not particularly
4 quite/rather
5 pretty
6 slightly/pretty
7 not very
5
1 I always feel pretty excited … (qualifier
directly before an adjective)
2 Liverpool used to be a fairly busy port …
(qualifier directly before an adjective)
3 We quite wanted to visit … or … there
wasn’t quite time. (quite comes before the
main verb and before a noun)
4 Industry in the town has declined slightly …
(slightly comes after the verb)
comes after the verb)
6 The museum isn’t particularly interesting
… or … if you don’t particularly like …
(qualifier directly before an adjective;
particularly comes before the main verb)
6
1 quite (quite comes before the main verb)
2 particularly (qualifier directly before an
adjective)
3 pretty or particularly (qualifier directly
before an adjective)
4 a little (a little comes after the verb)
6 fairly (qualifier directly before an adjective)
7a
1 It’s quite a long way. (qualifier)
2 Pretty confident. (adjective)
3 It’s pretty cold. (adjective)
4 Yes, it’s fairly important. (qualifier)
5 Yes, she’s quite a well-known actor. Description: the first home looks traditional,
(adjective) small, portable, made of canvas, and clearly
6 I quite enjoyed it. (qualifier) typical of a northern climate, whereas the
second home looks modern, small, compact,
7b well designed.
1, 4 and 6 (when the qualifier is stressed) have 1 Photo A is in Russia (a Dolgan home); B is
stress patterns which mean ‘but not very’. in Hong Kong.
In 2, 3 and 5, the meaning of the verb or 2 The architect is inspired by the Dolgan home
adjective doesn’t change very much (see because it’s a small living space which is very
Grammar and pronunciation notes practical, simple, and very functional.
below). The architect is inspired by the Hong Kong
living space because it’s unique and very
8 Example answers flexible: you can make 24 different rooms
1 It’s quite a big town. / It’s a fairly small from just one space.
village. / It’s not a particularly lively town.
On the town’s website, it’s described as a very 3
historic place. 1 small homes in general
2 It’s quite well known for its 2 cheaper
castle/beer/cheese/landscape. 3 one room
3 It used to be a slightly dull place, but it’s 4 their animals
changed quitea bit. Now it’s rather a fun 5 belongings
place to go out. or No, it isn’t very different 6 move
now from five/ten years ago.
4 You could visit the museum – it’s very 4
interesting and not very expensive; I wouldn’t 1e2f3g4a5h6c7d8b
bother going to the leisure centre because it’s
rather a long way from the centre. 5
5 I’d recommend Bill’s Restaurant – the food Students’ own ideas
is fairly basic, but it has a great atmosphere
and the staff are pretty friendly. 6
6 I’d definitely ban cars from the centre of Words that mean ‘very’: really, very
town – it often feels quite noisy and polluted. Words that mean ‘completely’: absolutely,
Also the shops are a bit boring. It needs some totally, quite,
better clothes shops. Completely
7 Yes, definitely. It’s a fairly convenient place
to live and accommodation is quite cheap. or 8
No, definitely not. The job opportunities are a extremely small, (very pleased,) incredibly
pretty poor, and you’re more likely to get a short, really big, very practical, very
good job in a bigger city. functional, (extremely basic)
b (really stunning,) (absolutely freezing,)
9 absolutely essential, quite amazing
Students’ own ideas (see article for a model) c (completely different,) completely wrong,
totally unique
3b Compact living
Answers to Grammar Summary exercises
1
Students’ own ideas 4
Rooms with typically more than one function: 1 It’s very freezing – It’s freezing
a kitchen that’s also a dining room and/or 2✓
laundry room, a living room that’s also a 3✓
dining room, a bedroom that’s a study or 4✓
office, a bathroom that’s a laundry room, a
5 It’s absolutely important – It’s very/really
living room that’s a bedroom at night
important
6 an extremely amazing – an (utterly/totally)
2
amazing
7 utterly right – absolutely right
5 3 asking motorists to drive more sensibly to
1 freezing reduce pollution
2 tired 4 a race when someone fell over, a team which
3 stylish reached a final but didn’t win (on penalties or
4 tiny after a last-minute mistake)
5 cold 5 Students’ own answers
6 stunning
7 exhausted 14 Example answers
8 small I’d absolutely love to have a home cinema,
6 because there are so many films now with
1 very really amazing special effects that you can’t
2 really appreciate on a small screen.
3 incredibly An ensuite bathroom would be absolutely
4 very brilliant. They’re incredibly luxurious and I
5 absolutely think it’s perfectly reasonable to have one.
6 incredibly
7 extremely 3c The paper architect

9 1
1 very; incredibly Students’ own answers
2 completely; really
3 absolutely; extremely 2
4 incredibly; very C
5 quite; utterly
6 absolutely; completely 3
1 Because (at first) her designs weren’t
10 Example answers actually built – they just remained drawings.
1 I would only eat worms/bugs/grass if I was 2 It means people wanted to employ her as an
absolutely desperate. architect to design buildings.
2 I get really/extremely irritated by people who 3 She was in a profession that was dominated
moan all the time. by men and it was conservative (it didn’t like
3 The last time I was really/incredibly tired new ideas).
was when I completed the London Marathon. 4 She sketched her ideas in the form of an
4 It’s totally/completely wrong to let children artist’s drawing.
run around on trains. 5 They didn’t think the buildings could
5 I think babies/diamonds are absolutely actually be built.
gorgeous. 6 She thought that a new building should be
6 I’m absolutely certain that good health is practical as well as innovative.
what’s most important in life. 7 The building has lots of natural light and
dramatic angles, so that pupils can view the
11 activity of other students from different
It means ‘very’. perspectives.
8 She will be remembered as someone who
12 made an enormous impact on architecture.
The two cases where it is not the case are:
mildly amusing 4
(= quite amusing), vaguely familiar (= a little Zaha Hadid’s designs: bold and daring,
bit familiar). innovative, imaginative, original(ity)
Her character: determined, innovative,
13 something of an outsider
1 learning the piano, learning a foreign Her buildings: new and different, complex
language, learning code curved forms, innovative, practical, with
2 wanting to be an astronaut, or to be a natural light, dramatic angles and multiple
millionaire by the time they are thirty, wanting viewpoints
to be a famous singer or actor Her position in the world of architecture:
groundbreaking, an outsider, enormous impact
The effect of her buildings on the user:
surprised and charmed
5 Example answers
Zaha Hadid’s designs were bold and daring,
and were often praised for being imaginative
and original. She was a determined architect in
a profession where it was difficult for women
architects to be successful. Her buildings were
new and different, and whilst she wanted
to work with complex, curved forms, one of
her main considerations was that they were
practical for the user. Hadid was praised as
being a ground-breaking architect, who made
an enormous impact on the profession, though
she was also perhaps an outsider. Her use of
innovative designs and ideas meant that her
buildings surprised and charmed people.
6
To break new ground means ‘do something
new and different (or innovative) in your
particular area or
profession’.
1 start and be successful
2 on the basis that; for the reasons that;
because
3 talked about many things/topics
4 remains realistic about life
5 held onto what he believed in, in spite of
opposition
7 Example answers
1 The manager of our local football team
always keeps his feet on the ground – even
when we win, he doesn’t get too excited – he
just tells us to work even harder next time.
2 My parents wanted me to go to university,
but I stood my ground – I went to drama
college instead. I’m now an actor – a dream
come true!
3 Companies like Apple and Sony are always
breaking new ground by bringing out totally
new and innovative products.
8 Example answers
1 nervous, anxious, uneasy – because you are
not looking forward to the possible discomfort
of dental surgery; irritated, annoyed,
uncomfortable – because the room may be hot
or crowded or you may be made to wait
beyond your appointment time
2 anxious, afraid – because you fear closed
spaces; hot, uncomfortable, sick – because lifts
are often hot and make some people feel sick;
relaxed, absent minded – if
you don’t mind lifts or small spaces
3 bored, uncomfortable, tired – they are large,
empty, airless, crowded places; tired – often
you have to walk everywhere with big bags;
nervous, anxious – many people fear flying,
others are nervous about missing flights;
excited, impatient – if you are comfortable
with flying and are going on holiday
4 uncomfortable – the chairs may be hard or
you may not have much space; irritated,
annoyed – poor sightlines or acoustics;
interested, engaged – if you enjoy learning
and the content of the lecture is good
5 isolated, uncomfortable, bored – you can feel
alienated by being in an empty place or in a
place where people can look over your
shoulder; supported, motivated – if
you are someone who works well with other
team members around you
9 Example answers
Students may have many ideas, for example,
using relaxing music to relieve anxiety, using
different colours that are associated with
positivity, using plants and other décor to
make places feel less empty or forbidding,
dividing large spaces up so they feel more
cosy, subduing lighting so places are more
relaxing, having comfortable armchairs
and sofas, having lecture halls on a slope or in
curves in order to make them feel friendlier
and improve acoustics.
3d A lot to recommend it
1
Students’ own ideas
2 Example answers
1 Students’ own ideas
2 a popular, well-known or even a
controversial work of art can attract visitors to
a city centre, thus bringing customers to shops;
can bring a sense of civic pride to locals; can
work as a centre point to a town or city – a
place to meet; can inspire other artists,
especially local ones
3
1 a sculpture which features quotes and jokes
by famous local people
2 The first speaker is in favour, the second
speaker is against.
4
The directness of your answer depends on
your relationship to the person, but it’s also
true that different cultures vary too (see
Background information below).
5 they make a business area of a city
1 rather clever
2 a bit more artistic
3 stand the test of time
4 tells you something about the city
5 a bit ugly (to me)
6 something interactive (not just static)
1 Example answers
Yes: a dramatic contrast; symbolizing the old
and the new; new buildings are functional and
old buildings tend to be attractive so together
interesting
No: the contrast is too great; the modern
building dwarfs the old one; it takes away
from the old building – we can’t admire it
because it’s surrounded by something too
different and there is no space around it

6 2
Agree: 1 The writer thinks that we should allow
I agree completely. / Absolutely. modern buildings to be built next to older
Disagree politely: buildings (as long as the new building is
It seems a bit … to me. pleasing and does not dominate too much).
I don’t think you should underestimate … 2 He says modern architecture can fit with
I can see that, but … buildings from another period, and that they
I’m not (entirely) convinced that … can actually enhance the area. He says there
Disagree: are many successful examples in existence.
I’m against … 3 There are examples of modern buildings that
I disagree. / I don’t agree. have spoiled an area.
Give an opinion:
I think … / I reckon … 3
I have to say, … The correct order is: d, b, a, c
Personally, I …
For me, … / If you ask me, … 4a
It’s pretty obvious that … / It’s fairly clear that 1 In my view,; I suspect that; I believe that
… 2 Having said that,; Admittedly,
I’m (all) in favour of 3 Indeed,; After all,
4 in other words,
7a 5 In conclusion,
1 /j/
2 /w/ 4b
3 /w/ 1 In my view
4 /j/ 2 Indeed / After all
5 /j/ 3 Having said that / Admittedly
6 /w/ 4 I believe that / In my view
5 In other words
7b
I reckon we should choose the carousel – it’s 3f A story of solutions
representative
of the city’s history and could be funded by 1 Example answers
business. The fire station acts as a central point for
It seems a bit childish to me. Personally, I storing the vehicles and equipment needed to
think we should fight fires and help at other emergencies.
go for the LED screen – the community will Firefighters work there and spend a lot of their
be able to time there training and preparing to go out to
interact with it. emergencies and fight fires.
I’m not entirely convinced by that. It seems a Their job is probably challenging, dangerous,
bit unpredictable and very varied. They are
complicated to me. probably required to work shifts. When they
are not involved in incidents, their working
3e Old and new days may be boring.
2 Example answers 7
Other buildings: local shop or minimarket, Students’ own ideas
doctor’s surgery, vet’s surgery, nursery school,
primary school, garage or petrol station, pub, 8
church, mosque, cinema Students’ own ideas
1 Villages or small communities are likely to
only have a post office and perhaps a Unit 3 Review
community centre.
2 Many people think that having a local shop 1
or post office is vital. People in small It is an aquatics centre and is used for
communities also value a community centre as swimming.
a way of meeting people. In the UK, small
communities often have a pub and a church, 2
which many see as important. A local primary 1 really
school is important to young families. People 2 quite
don’t expect to have a fire station or hospital 3 extremely
but often aim not to live too far from one. 4 rather
5 particularly
3 6 completely
Things seen in the video: straight road, barns / 7 pretty
long buildings, trees/ants, a small store/shop, a 8 quite
pick-up truck, cows, fields, houses on bricks 9 really
1 very small, one street town, only 184 10 incredibly
inhabitants, rural, quiet, not rich
2 wooden or temporary-looking, nothing very 3
new, the houses were elevated on bricks a rare, practical, pleasing, dramatic
b remarkable, spectacular
4 c organic, still
1 old
2 architecture plans or design 4
3 functional, simple 1 bedroom
4 a grass fire 2 bitterly
5 various activities: cutting, sawing, 3 brick
assembling, drilling, sanding, welding 4 built
6 children 5 sprawling
6 storey
5 7 suite
1 burn down; insurance; homeless 8 wildly
2 organization; the building 9 walk
3 thirty-two House: 1, 7, 9
4 library Town: 4, 5, 6,
5 chose; glad Adverb + adjective: 2, 8
6 same goal
7 solution; people 5 Example answers
Students’ own answers
6a Picture 1: characterless, compact (apartments),
1b2a3c4c5c imposing, modern
Picture 2: quaint, sleepy
6b Picture 3: compact, quaint
1 The sole reason that I learn English is to
improve my job prospects. 6
2 Winning the singing contest was a catalyst Students’ own answers
for my career in show business.
3 The book, Catcher In the Rye, had a 7 Example answers
profound effect on me when I was younger. 1e2f3c4a5g6d7b
UNIT 3
1 fold: umbrella, wallet, bank note, lightweight
Students’ own ideas
2 2 Students’ own answers, but anything bulky
1 She was (virtually) blind.
2 Immediately after the operation she could
see light and colour and later she could
identify nearby objects.
3 They are for anyone and they help people
hear better by allowing the wearer to choose
which sounds to ignore and which to focus on.
4 whether bionic body parts will actually be
more efficient than our own biological body
parts
3 1 smaller, thinner
1 inserted
2 train
3 distinguish (= to see and recognize the
difference
between things)
4 filter out
5 amplify
4 Example answers
Students’ own answers
bionic legs: could help you run faster, jump
higher, swim faster, etc., legs won’t get tired
or suffer muscle strain or pulled muscles, legs
won’t get conditions such as arthritis
in the joints, you could choose what length
your legs are and therefore your height, you
could have interchangeable different kinds of
legs for different activities a bionic hand:
could help you grip things more tightly,
you could hit things without it hurting you,
you won’t get arthritis in old age, your hand
muscles wouldn’t get tired a bionic eye: could
help you see further or more clearly,
you won’t need to wear glasses, you might be
able to add special filters, e.g. to be able to see
in the dark bionic skin: you won’t get sunburn;
could be more resistant to cuts and bruises, it
won’t age like ordinary skin, it could
look smoother and more uniform than human
skin
4a Shrink it, bend it, fold it
1 Example answers
1 shrink: many kinds of clothes, often made of
wool, e.g. a jumper, a scarf, a dress, socks;
potatoes if you leave them in the oven too long
bend: a knife, a fork, a spoon, a book, a piece
of card, an electrical cable
raincoat, folding chair, penknife, clothes,
sheets, towels
that needs storing or carrying (a car, a laptop
computer, cooking pots and pans, a mattress,
etc.)
2
a folding bike, raincoat, sunglasses
b phones, computers, TV screens, satellites,
electronic
implants, stents, pills
3
2 within windows
3 Bendable screens will become widespread in
the next few years, e.g. being used in phones
that wrap around your wrist and computers
that fit into your pocket.
4 anyone with $3,000 to spare
5 You only need to take the pill once; the pill
could be inserted exactly into the place where
it is needed.
4
1 Those cups aren’t reusable; they’re
disposable.
2 They said this camera was unbreakable. I
hope the money is refundable.
3 Is this jacket washable …?
4 The car is repairable. It’s just a question of
whether the repair is affordable.
5 His behaviour is inexcusable. All I asked
was that he was reliable.
6 The pain was unimaginable.
5
1 It means the thing is more likely to happen.
2 before the main verb; occasionally at the
beginning of the sentence (with perhaps,
maybe)
3 It’s likely that + subject + future
subject + is likely to + infinitive
Such ‘super-pills’ are likely to be inserted
directly. It’s likely that progress in bionics will
continue at a fast
pace.
Answers to Grammar Summary exercises
1
1 might
2 probably won’t pollution which is being emitted, new cleaner
3 may not fuels, electric vehicles
4 likely The growing shortage of water: technology to
5 should capture and store water, better desalination
6 a good chance techniques, more water recycling, home water
treatment units
2 Curing illnesses and disease: gene editing to
1 There’s a good chance that our train will be prevent genetic diseases, better drugs, laser
late surgery, etc.
2 He probably won’t come to our party
3 Perhaps we’ll all be driving electric cars 4b The mother of invention
4 It’s likely that space travel will be a lot
cheaper or Space 1
travel is likely to be a lot cheaper It means that new things are invented when a
5 It’s possible that the government might raise particular need arises.
interest rates
2 Example answers
3 Students’ own answers
1 almost certainly Possibilities include: crazy, innovative,
2 should/could interesting, funny, impractical, ridiculous,
3 could dangerous, etc.
4 possible It appears that the inventor is trying to involve
5 unlikely members of the family and give a form of
6 chances transport that allows the men/boys to do the
pedalling, the young girl to steer, and the
6 ‘mother’ to do some sewing at the same time.
1 may, could, might, perhaps, maybe, possible
2 may/could/might well, probably, probable, 3
likely, should, The likelihood is (that), The b
chances are (that), There’s a good chance
(that) 4
3 unlikely 1 doing research
4 almost certainly 2 an academic
3 of little use
7 4 didn’t exist before
1 (the) chances are (that) we will see 5 easier
2 may well have 6 going out to shop
3 are likely to be wearing 7 very expensive at first
4 This could mean 8 remain a luxury
5 probably won’t produce
6 it should be 5
1b2a3a4b5a6b
8
1 may/could/might/will 7
2 may/could/might a3b1c4d2
3 likely
4 certainly Answers to Grammar Summary exercises
5 well
6 certainly/probably/possibly/perhaps 4
1 had to
9 2 didn’t have to
Students’ own views 3 didn’t have to buy / needn’t have bought
Traffic congestion and pollution: self-driving 4 needn’t have worn
cars, technology to make journey routes more 5 weren’t allowed to
efficient, more technology to measure 6 didn’t need to go
pollution, technology in cars to reduce
5 / They had to rely on their body clocks. /
1 shouldn’t have Someone had to stay awake at all times.
2 should have They must have put their money in some kind
3 couldn’t have of safe box.
4 must have / They might/may have hidden it somewhere at
5 could have home. They must have read a lot of books /
6 might not have played a lot of games
/ told a lot of stories. / They could have visited
6 friends more.
1 can’t/couldn’t have driven They might have had natural remedies. / They
2 shouldn’t have eaten might have used herbal medicines. / They
3 should have left might have just put up with the discomfort.
4 must have seen They can’t have contacted people quickly. /
5 might have bought They must have needed help from neighbours.
6 must have opened (also acceptable: must be / They might have sent telegrams.
open) Either they can’t have bothered or they must
have chewed something that made their breath
8 fresher.
1 a needn’t have b didn’t need to They must have just guessed from how much
2 a must have b can’t have c might/may/could pain the person was in. / They might have
have touched and moved the bone.

9 13 Example answers
1 must I couldn’t live without an electric iron. In the
2 needn’t have bothered old days, it can’t have been easy to do the
3 could ironing without one.
4 should have woken People had to heat up the iron on a hot stove. It
5 had to be must have taken ages.
I don’t see the point of electric toothbrushes.
10 In the past, people had to use normal
1 can’t/couldn’t have been toothbrushes and they were perfectly good.
2 didn’t need to own The person who invented the electric one
3 had to depend needn’t have bothered – they are just a waste
4 shouldn’t have bought or needn’t have of energy and money.
bought or didn’t need to buy
5 must have been 4c The shoe giver
6 could/may/might have been (Note that you
would probably only use must have been if 1 Example answers
you are fairly sure you are right.) Students’ own answers
7 should have received 1 make a profit, provide jobs for people, look
8 must have realized or should have realized after employees, improve society
or can’t have realized 2 by doing good work, e.g. helping the
environment, employing people with
11a disabilities; by making a product
1 It should have worked, but it didn’t. that is beneficial, e.g. a health food; by
2 I had to wait half an hour. creating wealth and jobs for a town
3 He must have forgotten.
4 You needn’t have worried. 2
5 She may have left already. It sells shoes for a profit and also gives shoes
6 I didn’t need to be there. away to poor children, so helping to solve a
social problem at the same time.
12 Example answers
They must/could have woken up when it got 3
light. / They can’t have slept very well. / They 1 T (He set up his first business … he sold his
had to go to bed early. share to his business partner and moved on …
This again he sold on … Three more a while = some time (sentence 5)
businesses later …) a try = a go (sentence 6)
2 F (Mycoskie’s first instinct was to set up a Possible sentences:
charity to donate shoes to the children. But I’ve just moved house – it feels odd – I need to
after giving it some thought …) give it some time.
3 T (if he asked people to donate repeatedly My boss gave me the chance to come here to
every time more shoes were needed, their study.
sympathy for the cause might also wear out I’ve been offered a new job – I’m giving it
pretty quickly.) some thought.

4 4d An elevator pitch
a It’s quite an expensive product. (… sell it as
a high-end fashion item at around US$50 a 1
pair. Quite a lot for a canvas shoe you might See answers to Exercise 2
say … – paragraph 4)
b The business model is perhaps not very 2
successful as it didn’t make money for a long Three points:
time. (TOMS is a for-profit business, 1 Say in a few words what your product or
but for a long time it didn’t show a profit. – service does.
paragraph 7) 2 Make clear what problem it solves and why
c Mycoskie thinks giving alone isn’t enough. your solution is different.
(He is conscious that ‘giving’ alone is not the 3 Convince the other person that you are a
answer and that educating people to improve good person to implement this idea.
their own lives is the real key. – paragraph 7)
3
5 Example answers 1 Volunteer Planner
Students’ own answers 2 charities (who are
a Why should I buy these shoes? Are they looking for help)
really worth the money? Couldn’t you make 3 regular time
and sell them more cheaply? 4 TimePal
Wouldn’t it be better to just give the money 5 qualifications
directly to charity? 6 skills
b Is this a good model if it doesn’t make a 7 IT experts
good amount of money? Is there any point to 8 working with charities
the business if it doesn’t make money? 9 Funding
c Isn’t there a danger that you are discouraging
people from charitable giving if you say what 4
people really need is education? Rhetorical questions:
How does it work? (Basically, it’s an
6 interactive diary that links people who
a stop doing something for a while volunteer to charities …)
b think about an idea Why is that necessary? (Well, essentially the
problem is that voluntary organizations always
7 want people to commit to a regular time …)
1 time So, what are we asking for? (Well, we’ve
2 best made a prototype and now we need some
3 go ahead funding to bring it to market.)
4 break Sentence adverbs:
5 thought Basically, …
6 go Essentially, …
Of course, …
8 Honestly …
a chance = a break (sentence 4)
consideration = thought (sentence 1) 4e Problem or solution?
your all = your best (sentence 2)
the green light = the go ahead (sentence 3)
1 Time-saving and cost-saving for teachers –
1 no (we suggest that teachers actively
encourage students to use the internet in class)
2 because reading books is known to help our
ability to do many things: focus and
remember, expand vocabulary, improve
communications skills, develop analytical
thinking
3 Students’ own ideas
2 be computer savvy.
1 It’s divided into paragraphs with headings:
Introduction, Current situation, Possible
solutions, Recommendations.
The proposal uses bullet points to list different
points.
2 materials.
a This proposal suggests ways teachers can use
technology to get children reading.
b So how can we use students’ enthusiasm for
digital devices to encourage them to read
more?
c Unless we begin to see technology as part of
the solution, rather than part of the problem,
we are unlikely to reverse the trend.
3a
1 … we suggest that teachers actively
encourage students to use …
2 … we recommend using student blogs or
learning diaries …
3 We strongly recommend teachers to explore
similar ideas.
3b
1 people (should) follow
2 people (should) save
3 wait / to wait
4 teachers (should) always teach
5 the company looks
4 Example answers
Students should provide their own ideas under
the three ‘points’. However, here are some
suggestions you can use to prompt them:
Different uses for these tablet computers:
Students can go online to find out information.
Students can interact with other students and
the teacher.
Students can access a wide range of texts and
images.
Students can play educational games.
Students can write and send their homework
online.
The benefits they could bring:
allows teachers to provide texts, images and
activities easily without having to use books or
photocopies.
Motivating for students – they like working
with laptops.
Allows students to learn how to use a laptop
and how to surf the internet safely.
Why this is an opportunity not to be missed:
Reflects the real world – young people need to
Saves time and money for teachers and
schools (in the long run) because everything is
online.
Access to a greater variety of interesting
materials than when using tradition classroom
Interactive – students and teachers can interact
more easily online.
4f This man risked it all
1 Example answers
Students’ own answers
a Children have to work instead of play/study;
it could be bad for them physically, e.g. it may
cause bad backs, etc.; on the plus side, they are
contributing to their family’s welfare and are
being active.
b Wood burning produces pollutants that affect
the ozone layer; trees get cut down; the natural
habitat is changed and reduced.
2b
1c2d3a4e5b
3
How it affects children’s lives: they miss
school and are unhappy about this, they lose
that opportunity to improve their lives
How it affects the environment: deforestation,
air pollution
The benefits of Sanga Moses’ business:
producing clean fuel that burns longer and is
65 per cent cheaper, stopping deforestation,
stopping indoor air pollution, enabling
farmers and women to earn a living, more
children are in school (getting an education)
4 Example answers
The tool used to cut wood: a large knife with a
long, wide, sharp metal blade (called a
machete)
The buildings in the villages: simple, single-
storey buildings made of mud, bricks, wood
and corrugated metal
The ‘clean’ cooking fuel he produced: Unit 4 Review
cheaper, popular;
when it’s being made, it is formed into dark, 1
wet-looking cylinders; sacks of dry cylindrical 1 might
fuel bricks 2 needn’t
The transport farmers were using: a three- 3 chances
wheeled motorbike fitted with a pickup back 4 likely
for carrying goods 5 possible
6 had
5 7 must (also acceptable: might)
1 the fact that she was missing school / 8 certainly
missing out on her education / on the verge of
the opportunity to improve her life 2
2 His boss thought he was crazy. 1 likely (so, 8 or 9)
3 all of them 2 thinks must or might (so, 7 or 6)
4 He sold his things (his bed, TV and sofa set). 3 almost certainly (so, 9 or 10)
5 She was angry and thought it was a waste of
energy. / She didn’t want to stay with him. 3
1 extendable
6 2 non-washable
1 waste 3 forgivable
2 longer 4 unreliable
3 65 per cent / 65% 5 removable
4 460 6 non-refundable
5 10,000 7 reusable
6 ten 8 unavoidable
7 deforestation
8 indoor 4 Example answers
9 women 1 Think about it carefully for a time – so,
10 education perhaps advising someone to consider a job
offer carefully (or think about whether to join
7 a club or volunteer for something
1a2b3a4a5b6a or accept an offer of help).
2 Used to say that somebody should be
8 Example answers allowed to do something or shouldn’t be
1 The news that there had been another criticized – so a situation could be that
terrorist attack hit people hard. somebody has worked hard all night but not
2 It’s important to have a good network of completed a task – you are saying that she
friends because you need people around you shouldn’t be criticized because she has put in a
when things go wrong. lot of effort.
3 I have an idea to extend the living room, but 3 I’ll attempt to do this even though it’s
I don’t know if should act on it. difficult or I might fail – somebody being
asked to try skiing for the first time or drive a
9 Example answers new car.
Eco Fuel Africa’s service is ecological in the 4 We met strong opposition or disagreement –
sense that it uses farm waste to create fuel, perhaps they had building plans that local
thus reducing deforestation and indoor air people were angry about.
pollution. It’s also beneficial because it
enables farmers and women to earn a living. 5 Example answers
However, the fuel used is still a carbon-based 1 is it / exactly is this machine
fuel and therefore is still polluting. Energy also 2 is it necessary; buy/choose it
needs to be used to collect the waste, process it 3 does it work
and distribute it. 4 it/that be expensive / cost a lot
5 are we going to do/achieve that
10
Students’ own ideas
6 famous monuments or relax and have fun and
Students’ own answers
UNIT 5
1 Example answers
Students’ own ideas
This is a photo of Paris. It’s known for its
romantic character, its cafés and wide roads
(boulevards), such as the Champs Elyseés.
Famous landmarks include the Eiffel Tower
(shown in the photo), Arc de Triomphe, Sacré
Coeur and Notre Dame Cathedral. The people
of Paris are usually thought of as being stylish
and cultured.
2 Example answers
Students’ own ideas
1 the time of year, reason for travel, the
weather, our mood, whether we are in a hurry
or not, our background and interests, where we
stay, who we meet, what we eat, whether we
travel with someone else or alone, how much
money we have or spend, whether we can
speak the local language, etc.
2 experienced at travelling, a good way with
words, descriptive, good at meeting people,
observant, able to see beneath the surface of a
place, open-minded, flexible, humorous, etc.
The travel writer’s opinion:
1 the circumstances and state of mind in which
we arrive, the people we meet, the
preconceptions we may have of a place
2 the ability to capture the essence of a place
in a way we can all identify with, and to show
how people and places shape each other
3 2 you can’t have one thing without the other
Note that some adjectives can go in more than
one category.
P: romantic, officious, lazy, elegant, affable,
wary, lively
PL: romantic, cosy, elegant, grand, lively
T: romantic, lazy, lively
The speaker uses the adjectives as follows:
romantic evening, cosy restaurant, officious
museum attendant, lazy afternoon, elegant
park, affable fellow traveller, wary local,
grand architecture, lively cafés
5a How we travel
1 Example answers
Students’ own ideas
1 Mostly, people travel to see family, do
business, visit
get a suntan in a tourist resort. Others want to
see the world, broaden the mind, find
themselves, be inspired, learn new things or
meet people from many places.
2/3 Students’ own ideas
4 To some, it means travelling on organized
tour groups, to others it means backpacking
and finding your own way around, to yet
others it means a package holiday in a resort.
2
1 In India, people generally visit relatives in
their parents’ home town during the summer.
2 His father prefers to stay at home and
doesn’t like to travel, but when he does, he
doesn’t behave as a tourist. The writer agrees
that doing things in your own time and being
open to experiences is the right way to
travel.
3 He wants experiences that are exciting and
unusual.
4 Students’ own answers
3
1 carefree
2 a (strict) itinerary
3 smouldering
4 glassy
5 flanked
6 a gorge
4
a meet someone in person
b one day at a time, not thinking about the
future or planning
1 not seeming to stop
3 neither person appears to be winning
4 agree
5 become better and better
6 slowly and following the correct procedure
5 Example answers
Students’ own ideas
Possibilities:
on and on: a homework assignment, a report at
work, painting/decorating your house, a friend
telling a story, a boring film at the cinema,
waiting at the dentist’s
don’t see eye to eye: bringing up your children,
getting a
serious job, the importance of social media,
politics, saving money
strength to strength: a successful film star or
pop star, a politician, a member of your family
taking step by step: learning a language, going
on a diet / losing weight, getting fit, going
sugar free, becoming a vegetarian/vegan,
learning to drive
6 travelling through France in a tiny car.
2 I enjoy sitting and reading the newspaper.
3 We (really) value being carefree.
4 When I travel now, I avoid the ‘sights’.
5 I took my laptop on my last holiday too.
5 But the thing they never tell you is how
boring it can be too.
6 but he does like to eat well when he’s on
holiday.
7 The thing I’ll never forget is the seven of us
8 It wasn’t the disruption (that) I minded
9a
1 do 2 does 3 do 4 did

Answers to Grammar Summary exercises 10 Example answers

Students’ own views
1 What I like to take with me is my phone and
was Francis that called Ben last night also my favourite T-shirts.
2 ’s more free time that I’d like, not money I do like trying different food when I’m
3 ’s the way her manager speaks to her that she travelling.
doesn’t The thing I hate when I travel is having to wait
like hours at the airport or bus station.
4 was the flights that cost us the most What I love when I travel is using public
5 ’s the reasons why the project failed that the transport – you really get to see a place like
report is that. Unfortunately, my boyfriend doesn’t see
going to focus on eye to eye with me on that. He prefers to get
6 ’s in January that the students find out their taxis everywhere.
results What I really want to do on holiday is
activities that I would never do at home.
2 It’s the culture of a place that I’m really
I hate in winter is the cold weather interested in.
2 we forgot to do is (to) lock our front door
3 I loved was being able to relax on a beach 5b Magical mystery tour
4 she liked most was the film’s ending
5 the airline won’t do is (to) refund our tickets 1 Example answers
6 you’re going to see now is a summary of the hotel: guest house, B&B, motel, inn, hostel,
research villa, lodge, resort
relax: take it easy, rest, chill (out), unwind, put
3 your feet up
I did think travel around: get around, tour, explore,
2 will sightsee, visit
3 She did seem to be ignoring trip: journey, voyage, holiday, tour, excursion,
4 have expedition, outing
5 They did offer
6 She does work 2
1d2e3g4h5i6a7f8c9b
7
1 the unpredictability of travel that I love. 3
2 I love about travel is its unpredictability. 1 Secret
3 that I love about travel is its unpredictability. 2 London
4 do love the unpredictability of travel. 3 bicycle
4 swimming costume
8 5 two
1 It’s the journey that matters. 6 flat/easy
2 What I missed was my friends and family. 7 island
3 I did read up about it before I went, but … 8 the open
4 what struck me was how relaxed the people 9 train
were / what I was really struck by was how 10 less than £40
relaxed the people were.
4 8
1 The Beatles (‘Magical Mystery Tour’ film) 1 did 2 that 3 leave/go 4 not to 5 one 6 it
2 coach tour operators
3 (a) magical (dream) 9b
4 Too much information would have spoiled 1 that
the surprise. 2 did
5 He gave them a few clues about where they 3 so
were going. 4 it
6 She felt it was exhilarating. 5 ones
7 It felt strange, like the whole thing had been 6 it
a magical dream.
8 You don’t need to travel far or spend a lot of 5c The adventures of Hergé
money to have a magical experience.
1
5 Students’ own answers
1 Sentence 1: an experience
Sentence 2: how far they’d have to swim 2
Sentence 3: one of the trips 1 F (the investigative journalist, Tintin)
Sentence 4: it’s our island 2 F (their creator never travelled to these
2 a Sentences 1 and 3 b Sentences 2 and 4 places either.)
3 Sentence 5: ask 3 T (the books … were all the result of
Sentence 6: screaming and gasping painstaking research … to provide as accurate
a representation, both in the drawings and the
Answers to Grammar Summary exercises storylines, as they could.)

4 3
1b2c3b4a5c6b 1 read
2 National Geographic
5 3 drawings
go to one of the busier islands 4 movie makers
2 go on a jungle hike 5 at the last moment
3 felt like relaxing on a beach 6 best
4 go elephant trekking
5 been snorkelling before 4
6 on the island 1 far-off
2 marvelled
6 3 painstaking
1 a concept b path 4 faithfully
2 (the) easy cycling 5 uncanny
3 sleeping in the open without tents 6 gift
4 been a magical dream
5 trip 5
6 travel a long way and spend a lot more a mention of technical drawings of a ship but
otherwise no source provided
7 b This included examining catalogues of cars
1 that and planes, and technical drawings of ships
2 trip/vacation/one and bridges. (lines 30–32)
3 Coming back / Getting back / Going back c I can personally attest to the incredible
4 an incredible / a wonderful accuracy of Hergé’s representations of foreign
5 one places because a few years ago, I visited Petra
6 do that with my family. … I was looking at a view
7 That straight from the pages of the book
8 it/that (lines 49–60)
9 didn’t d … gave, according to commentators at the
10 That time, an extraordinarily realistic account of
11 they should / so what would be involved
in sending a manned rocket to the Moon. (lines Consequently, we get a lot of tourists and
67–70) sunseekers here.
A few years ago I was in my clinic and …
6 Example answers The following morning, I was walking to work
Students’ own answers along the street by the beach.
It’s important that writers do this for the By chance, I happened to glance down at the
following people on the beach …
reasons: it shows they have done research; and there, to my amazement, was the same
allows the man!
reader to be more confident that they are being
told facts 5a
not opinions; it makes a book truly educational aTbFcFdTeFfTgFhFiTjT
as well as
entertaining. 6
1 /eɪ/ 2 /ɪ:/ 3 /aɪ/ 4 /ɒ/ 5 /eɪ/ 6 /aɪ/ 7 /eɪ/ 8 /a/
7 The two which are not long vowel sounds are
b 4 (horror) and 8 (embarrassment).

8 7 Example answers
1 time Have you ever noticed that when we are
2 laughing abroad, we tend to forget we aren’t at home
3 mind and can be surprised by something different?
4 course For example, a few years ago, my friends
5 way Theo and Eleni had just got married and were
6 principle on honeymoon in Cyprus.
Several days into the holiday, they decided to
5d To my amazement go for a long walk in the countryside.
Worryingly, it was really hot
1 Example answers and they hadn’t taken any water with them.
1 It was probably taken on a beach in a But as luck would have it, they came across a
tropical country. café and stopped for a rest before setting out
(The photo was actually taken in Thailand.) on the walk again. A little while
2 beach, sea, sand, sun loungers, parasols, later, they came to the top of a cliff and
boats, palm trees, blue sky paused to look at the amazing view. Just as
3 Students’ own ideas Theo was thinking he was the happiest man
alive, to his delight, he felt Eleni’s hand
2 on his. But then he looked down. To his
1 People didn’t use to be so careful about horror, it wasn’t Eleni’s hand on his at all – it
getting sunburned. was a massive insect! As soon as he realized
2 Speaker’s background: medical clinic; the what it was he screamed and leapt about all
setting for the story: Patong beach in Phuket, over the place. But as if by magic, the insect
Thailand – a few years ago. immediately vanished, and Eleni never even
3 Speaker was in clinic when a man with fair saw it. To Theo’s embarrassment, Eleni
skin came in with terrible sunburn – put always tells the story at dinner parties
bandages on him. Next day, the speaker was and claims that there was no insect at all, and
walking by the beach and saw the same man that Theo was just having second thoughts
sunbathing. about having married her!
4 That the situation was so crazy it was almost
funny. 5e Book of the month

4 1 Example answers
It’s a well-known fact that a lot of exposure to Students’ own ideas
strong sun is a dangerous thing. Students may argue that a press review is
These days people are generally more careful reliable, especially if they trust the view of the
– they take precautions not to get sunburned. writer. It also tends to be thorough and
It’s famous for having beautiful beaches … relatively detailed. The
recommendation of friends can be good if you
know your friend has similar tastes to you.
Blurb can be unreliable because it’s always
written to be positive and to market
the book.
2 somewhere in
The reviewer has a positive opinion of the
book: a beautiful reflection on the subject of
destiny; elegant prose; the compelling
characters that Wilder has drawn so
vividly; I cannot recommend this thought-
provoking book highly enough.
3 3
1 a (short) novel
2 that a monk has witnessed the accidental
deaths of five people and wants to make sense
of the tragedy
3 present tense
4 elegant (prose)
4 a Andrew McCarthy came across Jak Hitt’s
C book about the Camino in a bookstore.
5a
short (novel), beautiful (reflection), true
(story), real (people), elegant (prose),
aristocratic (Marquesa de Montemayor), native
(Spain), wise (Uncle Pio), lifelong
(ambition), young (actress), frustrated
(ambition), compelling (characters), vividly
(drawn), eccentric (characters), human
(characters), thought-provoking
(book), highly (recommend)
Lifelong and thought-provoking are compound
adjectives.
5b
1 provoking
2 fetched
3 going
4 written
5 packed
6 breaking
7 moving
8 willed
5c
1 convincing – far-fetched
2 easy-to-read – heavy-going
3 happy – heart-breaking
4 indecisive – strong-willed
5 poorly written – well-written
6 slow-moving – fast-moving
7 uneventful – action-packed
8 uninspiring – thought-provoking
5f On the road: Andrew McCarthy
1 Example answers
1 It’s an old, medieval city – probably
southern Europe. It’s the Camino do Santiago
in Spain.
2 They seem to be on a walking holiday.
2b
1 a; c 2 e 3 d 4 b 5 f
1 his trip along the Camino de Santiago to
Santiago de Compostela
2 He felt unafraid in the world for the first
time, on a deep level, and then, as a result, he
started travelling.
4
b McCarthy read Hitt’s book about walking
the Camino while he was on a plane.
c The internet didn’t exist at the time of the
story and so McCarthy couldn’t easily research
the Camino.
d Harper’s magazine was the magazine that
Jack Hitt wrote for at the time of the story.
e Jack Hitt gave McCarthy his home number
so McCarthy could call him and ask more
questions about the Camino.
5
1 a transformative
b terrifying, lonely, miserable
c not religious
d unafraid
2 I went there to see if I could take care of
myself, in a certain way, though I didn’t know
that at the time.
6
1 He says: do you really want to go do those
things again?
He implies that it was a difficult emotional
journey and that it would be difficult to repeat.
2 a month
3 refugios (= Spanish pilgrim hostels),
pensiones (= little Spanish inns)
4 gold-card; It means he likes comfortable
hotels – he prefers to pay with his ‘gold’ credit
card for expensive places to stay rather than in
uncomfortable hostels.
5 it was a way of meeting locals not tourists. b experience this paradise (Fiji) more simply
c desire of tourists to experience Fiji on a
7 budget
1 bookstore d Yasawa
2 walked e go fishing
3 Spain f the feeling of being a tourist
4 grabbed/found
5 internet/way 3
6 guy/author/writer 1 If what you value is seeing the country’s true
7 transformative way of life …; If you value seeing the
8 miserable/lonely country’s true way of life …
9 changed 2 … it’s here that you can experience real
10 unafraid Fijian culture.; … you can experience real
11 hostels/inns/refugios Fijian culture here.
12 locals
4
8a 1 (met) face to face
1c2b3b4b5a 2 (see) eye to eye
3 (went) on and on
8b 4 (taking …) day by day
1 Often for lunch I just grab a sandwich. / a 5 (go) hand in hand
bite to eat. Example sentences:
2 Sometimes I feel like I can’t take criticism / 1 I’ve never met my French pen pal face to
late nights / working nights anymore. face.
3 I didn’t mind paying the fine / losing the 2 I don’t think I’ll ever see eye to eye with my
game. It was just one of those things. brother about his way of life.
3 That lecture was terrible! He just went on
9 Example answers and on about the same thing for an hour!
1 not knowing the language, not being familiar 4 After my accident I just had to take things
with a different culture, not knowing very day by day.
much about the route or place, not having his 5 In my opinion, medical care and kindness
home comforts around him, etc. should go hand in hand.
2 He might have met someone who helped him
realize travelling wasn’t frightening; he had a 5
good experience travelling that helped him 1 magical
overcome his fears; he had an opportunity to 2 cosy
spend time thinking and reflecting. 3 ruined
3 missing a plane/bus/train, losing a passport / 4 spot
money, being ripped off, getting injured, 5 grand
feeling ill, travelling at night, getting split up 6 wary
from people you are travelling with, not being 7 officious
able to speak the local language, not being 8 headed
able to read road signs, etc.
6
Unit 5 Review Students’ own answers

1 7
1 It has upmarket hotels catering for rich 1f2g3a4e5h6c7b8d
tourists and honeymooners, but it also has less
expensive youth hostel-style accommodation 8
for backpackers. Students’ own answers
2 Most of the population live there and you
can experience real Fijian culture there.

2
a the Fijian islands
UNIT 6
1 Example answers
Students’ own ideas
Examples: Racing at high speed, Racing
through nature, Speed thrill
2 Coming from is a verb + preposition (it has a
1 She says intensive exercise is less effective
than gentle exercise and that intensive exercise
means your body demands calorie
compensation afterwards; this isn’t the
case with less intensive exercise.
2 She does active things that she enjoys, e.g.
road cycling (rather than going to the gym or
going for a run).
3 Note also following things about the examples
1 in 2 – 3 for 4 – 5 on 6 – 7 out 8 – 9 –
4 Example answers
Students’ own answers
How often do you work out at the gym?
Have you ever been on a diet?
What do you do to keep active in the winter?
Do you ever stretch your legs if you are
working at a desk?
What do you do to keep active?
6a Exercise around the world
1
The point he’s making is that if you do
exercise that you enjoy, the time passes very
quickly. If you do exercise that you don’t
enjoy, it feels that it takes much longer.
2 phone
1 Y 2 RT/Y 3 RT 4 S 5 S 6 RT
3 Example answers
Students’ own ideas
1 Warming up to Japanese radio, Japan’s
national exercise, How Japan stays fit
2 Swogging – the secret to longevity?, Using
nature as your gym, Freezing, free and
fabulous
3 Yoga in Tamil Nadu, Yoga – a growing
western trend, Holistic well-being through
yoga
4 old clothes away
warm-up (adjective), workout (noun)
5
1 backup 2 stop-off 3 break-in 4 far-off
5 drive-in
6
Come across is a phrasal verb (you cannot
guess the meaning of ‘to find by accident’ by
understanding or combining the meaning of its
separate parts: come and across).
literal meaning).
7
We have to put the object between the verb
and the preposition when the phrasal verb is
separable and the object is a pronoun. When
the object is not a pronoun, we can choose to
put it between the verb and preposition, or
after the preposition.
in the grammar box (also see Grammar notes
below):
1 Intransitive phrasal verbs have no (noun or
pronoun) object.
3 In inseparable phrasal verbs, the object (both
noun or pronoun) comes after the phrasal verb
– the verb and preposition cannot be separated.
4 In three-part phrasal verbs with one object,
the object (both noun or pronoun) comes after
the phrasal verb.
5 In three-part phrasal verbs with two objects,
the first object (noun or pronoun) comes after
the verb and the second after the particle.
Answers to grammar summary exercises
1
1 pay back me – pay me back
2 took the plane off – the plane took off
3 looking his phone for – looking for his
4 turn off it – turn it off
5 put up his bad behaviour – put up with his
bad behaviour
6 let in Adam on the plans – let Adam in on
the plans
2
1 turned to him
2 put it off
3 takes after her father
4 fallen out with their neighbours
5 come over
6 throw away these old clothes / throw these
7 ran into her
8 fill this form in / fill in this form
3
a3b8c2d4e7f6g5h1
8 injuries but means ‘to get angry or lose
1 set up – both correct
2 catch up with – b is correct
3 go for – a is correct
4 look up to – a is correct
5 take up on – b is correct
9 knee, your toe, your voice
1 get over this (= to recover from this)
2 setting them up (= starting businesses or
companies) came about (= happened,
originated)
3 hit on it (= had the idea)
4 fell back on some Salsa dance music (= used
as a reliable support or source)
taken off (= become successful)
5 getting out of dangerous situations (=
escaping from)
6 trying them out (= testing them or using
them for the first time)
10
1 I’m thinking of taking up Pilates.
2 It took me ages to get over it.
3 We couldn’t get out of it.
4 The doctor is going to carry out some tests
on my knee. (or carry some tests out)
5 How did you come up with that idea?
6 She puts her success down to hard work.
7 Playing hockey takes me back to my
childhood.
11
Students’ own answers
6b No pain, no gain
lose – your arm, your ribs, your tooth, your
voice (lose your head has nothing to do with
control’)
pull – your back, a muscle (pull a tooth means
to take it out)
sprain – your ankle, your arm, your knee, your
muscle, your toe
strain – your ankle, your arm, your back, your
stub – your toe
2 Example answers
Students’ own answers
1 He risks most of them. Perhaps the most
likely are sprains to his ankles and knees,
stubbing his toes, straining his back, pulling a
muscle.
2a Bumps and bruises to parts of the legs or
arms are common.
2b breaking your arm or ankle, losing an arm
3
1 running distances beyond a usual marathon
distance (for example running 100 kilometres
in a single day, or running several marathons
on consecutive days)
2 failure
3 They try to go through the pain or they tend
to carry on exercising despite injury.
4 He does the right kind of preparation –
stretches and strengthening exercises.
4
1 exhaustion; sick
2 strains; pain
3 severe
4 sprains; back; knee

1 5
break – your ankle, your arm, your back, your seriously injured or ill
knee, your ribs, your toe, your tooth (note that
we would normally say crack your head; you 6
can say my voice broke, but it has nothing to 1 in; up 2 out; on 3 off; under; down
do with injuries – it refers to when a boy
reaches adolescence and his voice becomes 7
deeper) 1 + to + infinitive
bruise – your ankle, your arm, your back, your 2 + -ing
head, your knee, your ribs, your toe 3 + -ing
bump – your ankle, your arm, your head, your 4 + -ing / object + preposition + -ing
knee, your toe 5 + object + infinitive
chip – your ankle, your knee, your ribs, your 6 + object + preposition + -ing
tooth 7 + preposition + -ing
graze – your ankle, your arm, your back, your 8 + to + infinitive / + -ing
knee, your ribs, your toe 9 + object + to + infinitive
10 + object + to + infinitive
Answers to Grammar summary exercises 12
1 having
4 2 to develop
1 doing 3 to play
2 to wait 4 to tackle
3 ringing 5 fall
4 to finish 6 for putting
5 missing 7 to play
6 wearing 8 to do
7 wake
8 watching 13
Students’ own answers
5
1 stopped playing squash 6c The enigma of beauty
2 promised not to be
3 don’t want to discourage you from doing the 1 Example answers
race Students’ own answers
4 urged us to decide Likely findings include the fact that ‘beauty’ is
5 let me borrow her racing bike subjective not objective, and that people don’t
6 you miss living agree; your perception can also depend on
your age, sex, sexual orientation and culture.
6 Note that these are discussed in the next
1 decided to do section and the recording.
2 started to train / started training
3 makes me exercise 2
4 stopped going 1 The author contradicts this by pointing out
5 helping me get / helping me to get that there are some universally agreed
6 ask her to work characteristics: across different
7 thought about doing cultures we can agree on certain points.
Psychologists have proven this by testing the
9 attractiveness of different faces on children.
1 about suffering (from); to be Symmetry … averageness … Things that
2 damaging; getting suggest strength and good health …
3 on using; to have 2 The author agrees: in northern Europe, a
4 to warm up; (from) occurring tanned skin belonged to those who were forced
5 on bending; to raise to work outside – agricultural workers or
other poorer members of society – and so a
10 white skin was a symbol of status and beauty.
1 swimmers 3 The author agrees to a point (We say that
2 runners (also, all the others except beauty is only skin deep: that personality and
swimmers) charm contribute more to attractiveness than
3 tennis players (arguably swimmers) superficial beauty. Certainly, as we grow
4 footballers (or tennis players) older, the more generous our definition of
5 cyclists beauty seems to become. Experience teaches
us to look for the beauty within).
11 4 The author challenges this view: most of us
1 stop still care how we look … It seems the quest for
2 blamed beauty goes deeper than vanity – maybe it
3 means fulfils a deep need in all of us.
4 decided
5 appeared 3
6 postpone 1a2a3b4b5b6a
7 expect
8 convinced
4 very unfashionable
Students’ own answers
5 more aware of their diet, puts pressure on
1 The author feels sorry for them (one poor
hopeful, Rebecca).
2 The author gives no opinion.
3 The author thinks this is a bad practice
(thankfully the ancient practice of foot-binding
has now disappeared.).
4 The author thinks magazines nowadays give
people an idea of beauty that is difficult to
achieve (Nowadays, a very different image
stares out at us from the pages of fashion
magazines: that of … an impossibly slim
figure.).
5 The author thinks that it can be a positive
thing to care about your looks (she radiated
happiness).
6 on unfit but intelligent students, may force
a long faces
b let’s face it
7 subjects
1 lose credibility, not be respected anymore
2 hid her disappointment from others
3 as it appeared, without reading extra
meaning into it
4 not laughing, looking serious
5 confront reality; accept the consequences of
your action(s)
6 on the surface, without examining
(something) in more detail
8 Example answers
I applied for a job last summer but didn’t get
it. I had to put a brave face on it with family
and friends.
On the face of it, English grammar seems easy,
but it isn’t once you look at it more closely!
You can’t take anything he says at face value.
He always has some other motive that you
didn’t suspect.
6d A bold initiative
1 Example answers
Students’ own ideas
Pros and cons:
1 Japan – pros: something that everyone does
at the same time, not expensive to run, doesn’t
cost people money, doesn’t use up too much of
the day, no need for regulations or compliance;
cons: people don’t have to do it, it become
repetitive and boring, it could become
2 Washington – pros: people can see what they
are eating, educational because people become
companies to change; cons: expensive for
companies, people can just ignore the advice
3 Qatar – pros: companies forced to be
responsible, workers have great facilities to
use, it’s very convenient and efficient for
workers; cons: only useful for healthy
working population, expensive for companies,
people could exercise when they should be
working
4 UK – pros: useful advice for people,
educational, can reach most of the population;
cons: people can ignore them, expensive to
make
5 South Korea – pros: provides an incentive,
forces schools and parents to prioritize fitness,
makes exercise the social norm; cons: unfair
schools to focus on PE ahead of other subjects
6 Philippines – pros: useful life skills,
efficient; cons: may do this ahead of other
2
1 because there’s a benefit in terms of
productivity and days lost through sickness,
and it’ll make for a happier workforce
2 encourage people to walk to work, not spend
so much time at their computers, install a gym
or fitness centre, offer team sports / activities
which employees think are fun, dance classes,
group exercises, a bike to work scheme
3 the bike to work scheme got approval; the
group exercises idea was rejected
3
1 Propose: Or the other alternative is to …;
Concede: Having said that, I realize …
2 Propose: Another idea could be …;
Concede: Admittedly, …
3 Propose: And what about the idea of … ?;
Concede: I’ll grant you
4 Propose: I think it’d be better to …;
Concede: I haven’t thought the details through
exactly, but …
5 Example answers
organize regular exercise breaks, introduce
desk exercise equipment or ‘standing’ desks,
install a table tennis table in the office, arrange
talks by fitness and health experts, extend the
provision of healthy foods in the work canteen
or in vending machines
6e A controversial plan
1 4 suggest, propose, advise, urge; group,
1 This report examines a proposal to make
smokers pay
higher health insurance premiums.
2 … 55% took the opposite view: that smokers
make a personal choice to smoke and therefore
should pay for the consequences. With regard
to assistance to quit smoking, 74% of
respondents believed free help should
be given to smokers.
3 Accordingly, we recommend that a pilot
scheme should be set up where smokers are
given free help by their insurer to stop
smoking over a six-month period. … If
they succeed, they will be rewarded with a
discount of 5% on their insurance premiums
… if they fail, their insurance premiums will
rise by 20%.
2 talks by fitness and health experts
Features included in the report in Exercise 1:
findings, recommendations, subheadings, short
paragraphs, objective facts, passive verb forms
There are no bullet points, but both the
statistics and the results could be broken down
into bullet points.
3 bungee jumping, skydiving, free climbing
1 on the grounds that
2 according to
3 therefore
4 With regard to
5 Overall
6 Accordingly
7 Conversely
4a
1 those questioned, respondents (note that the
writer then reverts to ‘interviewees’ in
paragraph 4)
2 believed (note also variations on ways to
express their viewpoint: objected to, one
comment argument was that, agreed that, were
in favour of)
3 help (note that the writer reverts to ‘help’ in
paragraph 4 and also uses the word solutions’)
4 stop smoking, give up
5 insurer
6 time
4b Example answers
1 outcomes, findings, conclusions
2 opinions, attitudes, feelings
3 benefit, help, aid, contribute to, improve,
enhance
working group, research group, task force,
committee
5
Students should provide their own ideas for
the reports, but here are some possibilities
from the listening in lesson 6d and the
example answers from Exercise 5 in that
lesson:
walking to work
not spending such long periods at their
computers
installing a gym or a fitness centre on site
introducing team sports
doing group exercises
regular exercise breaks
introduce desk exercise equipment
a table tennis table in the office
health foods in the work canteen
6f The art of parkour
1 Example answers
Students’ own answers
a boxing, motor racing, extreme sports such as
b gymnastics, dance, rock climbing
c sports requiring a lot of equipment or travel,
e.g. golf, fishing, horse riding,
mountaineering, skiing, snowboarding
d football, basketball, jogging, skateboarding,
stunt scooting, rollerblading, free running
(parkour)
e women’s football, eSports, mountain biking,
foot golf (golf played with a football), archery
2 Example answers
Students’ own answers
The sport involves running, jumping, doing
acrobatics like
back flips and forward rolls, and being fit,
quick-witted
and brave.
Arguably it fits all categories except c.
3b
1e2c3a4b5d
4
1 Parkour is also known as free running. It
involves
‘navigating the urban landscape by moving on, 2
off and around obstacles without using any 1 (from) working
other equipment’, it’s ‘the art of moving from 2 to become
one part to another as fast and easily as 3 for thinking
possible by using physical strength and 4 to suffer / to be suffering
ability’. 5 sitting
2 young city dwellers in cities all over the 6 working
world, especially those with fewer
opportunities; it’s assessable, affordable, 3
creative, expressive, keeps you fit, and gives a 7 go in for it
sense of personal achievement 8 look into them
3 They use the environment around them – 9 turn it around
stairways, railings, walls and ledges – to jump 10 put up with it
on, off and over things, balance and do
somersaults. 4
4 It seems unlikely for the majority of people 1 go in for (it) = three-part; inseparable;
who do parkour, but according to the narrator transitive
there is a hope that they ‘may one day be 2 look into (them) = inseparable; transitive
asked to perform their art in 3 turn (it) around = separable; transitive
a competition, a film or even as professional 4 put up with (it) = three-part; inseparable;
stuntmen’. transitive

5 5
1 1940s 1 go out; stretch
2 He’s unemployed or ‘looking for a job’. 2 keep; take
3 20 years old 3 pulled; working
4 He can ‘climb a picket fence with no special 4 grazed; bruised/bumped
shoes, 5 chipped; shaken
no balancing pole, just nerve and an uncanny 6 set
sense
of balance’. 6
Students’ own answers
7
1 unemployment 7
2 apathy 1 particularly
3 fit 2 grant
4 expressing 3 through
5 proud 4 Admittedly
6 tooth 5 having
7 fall 6 possibility/alternative
8 convince 7 alternative/possibility
9 achievement 8 out
10 film
8 Example answers
8 Students’ own answers
1c2a3c4b5a 1 Admittedly, I know people’s budget can
sometimes be an issue.
Unit 6 Review 2 Having said that, if you are elderly or
disabled, they may not even be an option.
1 3 It’s not particularly exciting, I’ll grant you,
1 everyone around the world / 80% of but at least it doesn’t cost anything.
Americans at some time in their lives
2 You can do yoga or Pilates classes; take
painkillers or (undergo) manipulation; but
often nothing can be done.
UNIT 7 3
1 We don’t know how many are taken each
1 Example answers year, but 24 billion of them were uploaded on
Students’ own ideas Google’s app alone in 2015.
They are taking photos of Van Gogh’s portrait, 2 young people – the average age is 24
using their mobile phones, possibly either to 3 a they have the most ‘straight to camera’
record to show to friends and family, or to poses.
share on social media. b they are the most expressive selfies.
4 seven minutes on average
2 5 The study doesn’t give reasons why people
1 They have changed the way we record and take selfies, though some other researchers
share our experiences (and we now seem to have noted the current importance of people’s
spend as much time recording the experience online image.
as we do experiencing it).
2 They record and share the information as it 4
happens, i.e. by taking photos, sending texts or 1 outnumber
tweeting. 2 outgrow
3 The journalist thinks that provided you use 3 outweigh
digital media in moderation, it shouldn’t 4 have outsold / are outselling
detract from the experience itself. 5 outclassed
6 outlived
3
The journalist mentions: instant messaging, 5
blogs, social networking sites, internet forums, 1
online photo albums, online music and video 1 present simple
Other examples: business networking sites, 2 present perfect simple
games consoles, online gaming, apps on 3 present simple
smartphones and tablets, interactive 4 present simple
information points (e.g. in train stations, 5 past simple
airports and doctor’s surgeries), augmented 2
and virtual reality, specific examples of social no (see Grammar notes below)
networking sites (e.g. Facebook, Twitter, 3
Snapchat, Instagram) The agent is only included in sentence 2: other
researchers. The agent is included because
7a Selfie world this is relevant information – the writer wants
to retain the formal passive style but to reveal
1 who, in contrast to Manovich, has observed
Symbols used: emoji (= a graphic symbol that that the selfie is indispensable.
you type in a text message or email to show 4 It’s useful for academic reports because it’s a
how you feel or to represent a person or more formal, impersonal style; Journalists
object), hashtag (= #), exclamation cannot always give the source of the
mark (= !) information or may want to indicate that it’s
The expression has been adapted from the not 100% reliable (e.g. It is believed that …).
widely known expression Believe in yourself!,
which means ‘have confidence in yourself’. Answers to Grammar summary exercises
Here, the word self has been changed to selfie.
1
2 1 is
According to the article, the best way to take a 2 was
good selfie is to flip the view on your phone so 3 is being
that you are looking at the image you are 4 were
taking; hold the phone away from you – 5 was
usually at a high angle to make your eyes look 6 are
bigger and slightly right or left to show off
your ‘best’ side; and then click.
2 A fireman is expected to receive a medal for
1 is said to be working; is said that the director
is working
2 is known that regular exercise is; is known to
be
3 was claimed to be carrying; was claimed that
the suspect was carrying
4 are expected to have arrived; is expected that
the guests will have arrived
5 is argued that the mobile phone has had a big
impact; is argued to have had a big impact
6 were thought to cause; was thought for a
long time that bad smells caused
6 2 free wi-fi
1 It’s not really known why women take more
selfies than men.
2 It has been said (by many) that the social
pressure on women to look good is an
important factor.
3 The proportion of men taking selfies is
believed to be increasing.
4 Another reason for the popularity of selfies
is thought to be their democratic nature.
5 Last year, pictures of ‘ordinary’ people were
reported to outnumber those of celebrities by a
million to one. or … were reported to have
outnumbered …
6 The selfie phenomenon is not expected to
end soon.
7 It is thought that it will begin to decrease in
the coming years.
8 At the same time, banks are reported to have
started looking at selfies as a possible
replacement for passwords and PIN numbers.
7 3 T (… National Geographic. They actively
1 are / were / have been reported to have been
arrested
2 are said to be working
3 is expected to announce or is expected to be
announcing
4 were feared to have died
5 is / has been claimed to be or is / has been
claimed to have been
6 has been suggested / is being suggested
8 Example answers
Two walkers are reported to have gone
missing during their round-the-world trip.
An old coin, which is thought to be one of the
first coins ever made, has been found by a
four-year-old boy.
It is feared that a dog who became a famous
celebrity for its part in a Hollywood film has
been stolen.
bravery after rescuing the US president from a
burning car.
Three sisters who developed an app at home
are believed to have sold it to Google for $100
million.
7b Creating a buzz
1
Students’ own answers
2
1 lemonade
3 hand-made signs, posters; possibly a website
(if we believe that the web address quoted on
the poster is real); possibly demonstrating the
use of wi-fi at this location on a laptop
3
1 loyal ones
2 National Geographic (they actively
encourage fan interaction and offer discounts);
a company that sells tea (they give you an
interactive tour of the teas of China on their
website)
4
1 T (Good marketing is an ability to turn your
customers into fans … making people so
passionate about what you do that they want to
share it with others.)
2 F (… customers these days want to know a
company’s story, and they want to learn
something.)
encourage fan interaction … You can enter
competitions …)
4 F (there are offers of discounts for magazine
subscribers, coupons you can use for National
Geographic products …)
5 F (it’s really no different – the same
principles apply … It doesn’t matter what
you’re selling: customer engagement will
boost sales.)
6 F (It was great fun and very educational …)
5
1 interested in or concentrating on what the
customer really wants
2 believe and be interested in
3 the best or recommended way of doing
something (usually in business)
6 12 Example answers
1d2f3h4e5g6c7b8a I always buy Samsung phones. The quality and
reliability of their products is very good.
7 I get my underwear from Marks and Spencer
a T b F c T (Note that this is often the case, but in Oxford Street. The main reason why I do
not always.) this is the cost, but the quality is of importance
too.
Answers to Grammar summary exercises
7c A hacker’s life
3
1 disappointment 1 Example answers
2 decision Students’ own answers
3 destruction Possible answers: use passwords, change your
4 suitability passwords frequently, don’t use personal
5 awareness information as part of a password, use
6 treatment complex passwords, use encryption apps,
7 dangers don’t give out personal information online,
back up information regularly, don’t click on
4 unknown links, don’t open emails/messages
1 f, definition from unknown senders, don’t log in or make
2 a, disinterest payments on public networks, use a virus
3 e, fear checker
4 b, hobbies
5 d, person 2
6 c, location The author’s view aligns with definition 1. (…
passionate hackers meet at the DefCon
8 convention in Las Vegas to present their
1 intention knowledge and capabilities … ‘criminals’
2 announcement … is actually a gross misrepresentation of
3 discovery what most hackers do.)
4 wish
5 concern 3
6 anger 1 They look for the weak points in … security
and fix them.
9 2 They are not a seventeen-year-old in their
1 speed; response; indication; interest; bedroom, illegally hacking into the US’s
satisfaction defence secrets or ‘criminals’.
2 Interaction; risk; comments 3 They examine all kinds of systems, from the
internet to mobile communications to
10 household door locks.
1 Success; good preparation; hard work 4 Their findings are dutifully passed on to the
2 Good leaders; the ability; their industries that design these systems so that
workers/employees they can plug the holes.
3 Honesty; the respect of 5 Social status is based on knowledge and
4 Competition (between companies); reduction accomplishment, not on clothing labels or
in what car you drive. The writer finds this
refreshing.
11 6 a cyber game of attack and defence between
1 Payment / The payment was made the best hackers
2 Arrangements have been made / An 7 There is no greater ignorance to be found
arrangement has been made online than that of an average internet user.
3 The decision will be taken 8 They are fanatical about online freedom and
4 No explanation was given for safety and have the means to help us
5 Complaints / A complaint should be made vulnerable users protect our privacy.
6 Research was carried out on
7 Photographs can’t be taken of
5 7d A podcast
a a gross misrepresentation
b plug the holes
c bad manners
d dimly-lit
e filing cabinet
f computer geek
6
Paragraph 2: passionate (hackers), gross
(misrepresentation)
Paragraph 3: enormous (impact)
Paragraph 4: great (example), significant
(weaknesses), easily (defeated)
Paragraph 5: vast (mix), refreshing
Paragraph 6: intensely (trying), mesmerizing
Paragraph 8: dedicated (people)
Paragraph 9: fanatical (group of people)
7 Example answers
Students’ own answers
a They are mostly people who are passionate
about fixing problems with computer systems
so that we can all feel safe.
b Defcon is an extraordinary mix of people
doing some very important and useful work.
c We’re ignorant of the threats we face from
insecure computer systems.
8 1 glowing blue waves, which are arguably
break in = to enter a house or property by
force
1 tell (someone) something important and
usually negative (that they don’t know about
yet)
2 help people relax (usually in a social, work
or school situation)
3 stop doing something that you often or
regularly do (or do too much)
4 use up all your money
5 we‘ve done most of the (hard) work
6 made neither a profit or loss (in financial
terms, it means you have made as much
money as you have spent)
9 Example answers
Playing music is a good way of ______ early
on at parties.
(breaking the ice)
We spent £10,000 so we’ll have to sell a
thousand tickets at £10 to ______ . (break
even) Amy isn’t in the team this week. Can
you ______ to her – you’re her sister? (break
the news)
1 Example answers
Students’ own views
1 Many would argue that news stories in print
are more reliable (written by professional
journalists, published by reliable newspapers
or journals).
2
a science and environment report
3
1 That the source of the light is from small sea
creatures called phytoplankton.
2 Now they think that motion in the water
causes electrical signals to make a chemical
reaction in the phytoplankton’s body,
producing a blue light.
4b
glowing /ˈgləʊɪŋ/
phytoplankton /ˌfaɪtəˈplaŋktən/
Martin Roddick /ˈmɑːtɪn/ /ˈrɒdɪk/
bioluminescent /ˌbaɪəʊˌluːmɪˈnɛsənt/
predators /ˈprɛdətəz/
emitted /ɪˈmɪtɪd/
5
one of the most spectacular sights in nature
2 there are thought to be a lot of sea creatures
that are bioluminescent
3 most of these creatures tend to live in the
deep ocean 4 or perhaps just lighting your
way as you move around
5 It seems that an electrical force in the
phytoplankton’s body causes a chemical
reaction
6 we can probably conclude that the
electricity is generated by motion in the water
6 Example answers
Possible group A podcast:
In an amazing twist, it seems that scientists
have changed their view on why stars twinkle.
It was thought that the light from stars was
disturbed by the movement of air in
our own atmosphere. But perhaps that theory
doesn’t explain why planets twinkle too. This
suggests that the real reason may be to do with
the distance (planets are much nearer) and that
there is something getting in the way. It
appears that we don’t yet know what that
‘something’ is.
Possible group B podcast:
It seems that people yawn not to show they are
sleepy, but to try and stay awake. People tend
to yawn to cool the brain so it can operate
better. It’s reasonable to assume that that is
why others yawn when they see us yawning.
Most likely, it’s part of ancient behaviour that
helps groups to stay awake and be alert to
danger.
7e The Invisible Mam
1 Example answers
Students’ own ideas
Who is this man? What is he doing? Where is
he? When did this happen? Why is he doing
this? How has he achieved this incredible
effect?
2 Example answers
Students’ own answers
Here are the answers to the model questions:
Who is this man? Chinese artist Liu Bolin
What is he doing? He’s taking part in an art
project.
Where is he? in a supermarket
When did this happen? in the summer of 2011
Why is he doing this? to express his shock at
the discovery of plasticizer in food products /
to make a statement about the use of
plasticizer in food products
How has he achieved this incredible effect? He
has had his body painted so that when he is
photographed it looks like he has blended into
the supermarket shelves.
3 Mandarin and Spanish than of English.
a paragraph 3
b paragraph 1
c paragraph 2
4a
1 he seemed to have disappeared; they appear
to have appealed to people all over the world
2 it is said he used them originally to …
3 Plasticizer is normally used to …
4 presumably in some discomfort
5 The pictures may be unusual …
4b
1 His pictures generally carry a strong social
message.
2 Apparently, he became internationally
famous when a New York art dealer bought
some of his works.
3 His work might make people think more
about their surroundings.
4 It seems (that) he wants to draw our
attention to what we cannot see in a picture. or
He seems to want to draw our attention to
what we cannot see in the picture.
5 It is believed that Bolin used friends at first
to help him paint his pictures. or Bolin is
believed to have used friends at first …
7f Talking dictionaries
1
1
English is the primary language in the UK,
Ireland, the USA, Canada, Australia, New
Zealand, and a number of African and
Caribbean countries.
French is spoken in France, Belgium,
Switzerland, Canada, and a number of African
and Caribbean countries.
German is spoken in Germany, Austria and
Liechtenstein.
Arabic is spoken in the United Arab Emirates,
Afghanistan, Algeria, Bahrain, Chad,
Comoros, Djibouti, Egypt, Eritrea, Israel, Iraq,
Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Morocco,
Mauritania, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia,
Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, Western Sahara and
Yemen.
Spanish is spoken in Spain, Mexico, USA and
most of central and South America.
English is the most widespread language
geographically (it’s spoken on all five
continents as a first language, and is by far the
most common second language).
However, there are more native speakers of
2/3
Students’ own answers
2 Example answers
Ideas include: using technology to sustain
languages (recording and archiving speakers;
broadcasting in the language – TV and radio
stations, websites, etc.; social media, text
messaging); language classes; making study
part of the school curriculum or even
compulsory; encouraging employers to employ
people with skills in a disappearing language;
making it compulsory to hold a certificate of
qualification in the language to be accepted
for certain jobs, e.g. teacher, civil servant
It’s important because we may also lose
culture, literature, identity and history when a
language dies.
3b
1d2e3a4b5c
4 Siletz nation to eat fish and use baskets, while
Students’ own answers
The speaker says:
… using technology to sustain themselves, to
expand their reach, to broadcast themselves
out through many different channels, whether
it be social media, text messaging, … Under
[the] Enduring Voices programme,
… building talking dictionaries … to give
some very small languages a first-ever
presence on the internet.
… linguistic diversity is one of the most
important parts of our human heritage. … It
gives us insight into history, into
culture, into how the brain functions. Without
linguistic diversity, we really wouldn’t be
human.
5 10 Example answers
1 3,500 (half of 7,000)
2 For a variety of reasons, mostly because of
social pressure and attitudes that devalue those
small languages and tell people that they’re
not worthwhile, they’re not modern enough to
continue using.
3 using technology to sustain themselves, to
expand their reach, to broadcast themselves
out through many different channels, whether
it be social media, text messaging …
6 1
1 presence
2 internet
3 fluent
4 knowledge
5 revitalize/revitalise (= to bring back to life)
7 1 It is said to be
1 They said: ‘We would like our language to
be on the internet.’
2 This sends a very powerful message that
their language is just as good as any other,
even though it may be very small and no one
has ever heard of it, it’s just as good as
any other – it can exist in a high-tech medium.
3 It has been launched as an iPhone
application, so you can actually hear the Tuvan
language … on a smartphone platform.
4 Not only to scientists, but to journalists and
to indigenous communities whose languages
are struggling to survive.
8
1 Siletz Dee-ni: salmon, basket
2 Matukar Panau: a white pig, a black pig, my
pig. It reveals that it is probably typical for the
speakers of Matukar Panau probably keep or
hunt pigs.
9a
1b2a3b4a5c6b
9b
1 I always feel revitalized after a nice hot bath.
/ I’ve had a proper holiday. / spending quality
time with friends.
2 Talking to my grandparents / the locals gave
me real insight into what life was like in the
past. / what it must be like to live in a rural
village.
3 We mustn’t devalue the cleaning staff in
hospitals because they play a really important
role.
A possible English lexicon (for speakers from
south-east England) you could present as an
amusing model: a cup of tea, a game of
cricket, it’s raining, I’m sorry, I’m in the
garden.
11
Students’ own answers
Unit 7 Review
The Mariana Trench is the deepest part of the
ocean.
He visited it to learn more about what was
living in the deep ocean.
2
2 is known to be
3 it is/was already known
4 is said to have had
5 were reported to have spent
6 is said not to have been able to
3
1 hope; knowledge/understanding; life
2 amount; observation
Nominalization emphasizes who is responsible
for an action and expresses ideas more
concisely and objectively.
4
1 uploaded; click 2 Example answers
2 broadcast 1 because she wanted to get more confidence
3 posting as a performer
4 writes 2 She started busking in a nearby town when
5 reviewed she was seventeen. She gradually got better at
6 outnumber(ed) it, and then was approached by another
musician to write and perform together, and
5 now they work together and perform
1 d ballpark figure (rough estimate, gigs around the country.
approximate number) 3 They’re starting to make recordings and next
2 c (not) rocket science (not incredibly clever year they’re touring in some quite decent
or difficult) venues.
3 a best practice (the best or recommended
way of doing something) 3
4 b reality check (moment to face the true 1 live
facts) 2 acoustic
5 f going forward (in the future) 3 hum
6 e win-win (advantageous to both sides, 4 amateur
everybody has a positive outcome) 5 lyrics
6 gifted
6 7 solo
1 Gorillas tend to be shy creatures.
2 There are estimated to be around … 4
3 It’s reasonable to conclude that this is … / Students’ own answers
Beyond reasonable doubt, this is …
4 No one appears to know the real reason. / It 8a World music
appears that no one knows the real reason.
5 This suggests that the current regulations are 1
ineffective. Students’ own answers
6 She is arguably the greatest actor of her
generation. 2
b (I just get very excited when I hear new types
7 of music)
Students’ own answers
The public tend to be more interested in the 3
exploration of space than of the oceans. 1d2c3a4b
It appears that James Cameron is a person who
wants to test his own personal limits. 4
The small number of expeditions in the past 1 universal (line 07)
suggests that exploring the deep sea is not of 2 accessible (line 13)
great value to scientists. 3 rewarding (line 20)
We can probably conclude that Cameron did 4 upbeat (line 23)
not do this for profit. 5 eclectic (line 28)
The deep sea is arguably the last place people 6 introspective (line 37)
have yet to explore.
5
UNIT 8 Examples from the text:
I’m just working on a song … (line 24, just +
1 Example answers verb)
Students’ own ideas I just get very excited when I hear new types of
A busker is a person who plays music in the music
street and collects money from passers-by. (line 9, just + verb)
They can play any kind of music, often … each new generation feels that ‘their’ music
popular and well-known songs or tunes. They is speaking just to them … (line 39, just +
are common in tourist areas of major cities. preposition)
… in just the same way that not many Indians
eat hamburgers and fries. (line 17, just +
noun)
.. and often just daily life. (line 34, just +
noun)
1 a before the (main) verb
b before the preposition
c before (article) + noun
2 a He has been travelling around the world
for just under two years, …
b I just get very excited when I hear new types
of music…; Tastes are often just a question of
habit; .. and often just daily life.
c … each new generation feels that ‘their’
music is speaking just to them, …
d Not many American teenagers listen to
Indian sitar music, in just the same way that
not many Indians eat hamburgers and fries.
e Justin, you’ve just spent a lot of time
studying …
f I’m just working on a song …
Answers to Grammar summary exercises
1 Response to: ‘I hope we get there before the
1a2b3a4b5a6b
2 3 Situation: you are trying to behave as if the
1 cost just
2 ’ve just heard
3 that looks just like
4 is just dealing with another client (at the
moment)
5 just need to arrive on time
6 takes just under two
6 help you; Response to: ‘Would you like any
1 If you just took the time to listen to Ry
Cooder, you’d definitely like him. or If you
took the time just to listen
to Ry Cooder …
2 I’ve just been listening to a live concert on
the radio.
3 It’s just over five years since they performed
in New York.
4 Just hearing her sing gives me goosebumps.
or Hearing her sing just gives me
goosebumps.
5 The concert is in an old theatre just behind
the bank in the High Street.
6 If you like Stevie Wonder, I have just the
thing for you: a CD of his early recorded
songs.
7 I don’t just listen to the lyrics; I like the
music. or I don’t listen to the lyrics; I just like
the music.
8 It’s just an idea, but why don’t you try to get
the tickets on eBay? or It’s an idea, but why
don’t you just try to get the tickets on eBay?
7 Example answers
Students’ own answers
1 If you don’t mind, I’ll just move this chair –
it’s in the way.
2 Don’t worry. It’s just a cold – you’ll feel
better in the morning.
3 My home is just round the corner from here
– come over for a coffee.
4 I’ll call you back. I’m just in the middle of a
meeting.
5 I’ve just come back from Lisbon – it was a
lovely trip.
8a Example answers
Students’ own answers
1 Situation: you’re about to go out, one friend
is waiting for another; Response to: ‘Oh, look
at the time! I think we need to leave now.’
2 Situation: you nearly missed the train or you
arrived right at the start of a concert/film;
train leaves’ or ‘I thought you weren’t
coming!’
thing which has gone wrong isn’t a serious
problem; Response to: ‘Oh, no! I’m so sorry,
I’ve just broken your pen.’
4 Situation: someone has found or given you
something that is exactly what you need to do
a particular task; Response to: ‘I’m going to
struggle to fix this without a tool.’
5 Situation: a shop assistant has just offered to
help?’
6 Situation: someone phones you when you
were planning to call them;
Response to: ‘Hello, it’s ___ here.’
7 Situation: someone has asked you if you are
in a romantic relationship with someone;
Response to: ‘Excuse me for asking, but is ___
your boyfriend/girlfriend/partner?’
8 Situation: someone has just asked a
particular question; Response to: ‘Have you
worked here for long?’
9 Situation: someone is offering to bring
something that you may or may not need, e.g.
sun cream, tissues, chocolate, etc.;
Response to: ‘Shall I bring some reference
books to the meeting?’
10 Situation: someone who you think highly of
(or who thinks highly of themselves) has made
a mistake; Response to: ‘I was surprised to
hear that Dr Brookes is a smoker.’
8b
1 two people leaving a place and going
somewhere
2 two people arriving at a place
3 two people unable to go to a museum
because they’ve just realized it’s closed
4 someone offering another person use of their
screwdriver
5 a shop assistant and a person looking around
in a shop
6 a person who is apologizing because they
have just arrived late to meet someone else
7 someone asking another person about a
relationship
8 two people talking about a third person
9 two people setting out on a train journey
together
10 two people talking about a sporting event /
sportsperson
9 Example answers
Students’ own ideas
Here are some well-known songs that feature
some of the words:
‘Hey Jude’ (The Beatles)
‘Sweet child of mine’ (Guns N’ Roses)
‘Never gonna fall in love again’ (Eric Carmen)
‘Dancing in the moonlight’ (King Harvest,
Toploader)
‘Three times a lady’ (Commodores)
‘Summer rain’ (Belinda Carlisle)
‘Daydream believer’ (The Monkees)
8b Healing music
1 Example answers
Optional step: He could be in his own home or
in some kind of meditation room. He may be
listening to music or some kind of other
recording in order to relax or meditate.
1 Quiet or ambient music can calm you down,
loud music can make you excited, upbeat
music can make you feel happy and energized,
while some other types of music can make you
feel sad or even angry.
2 driving a car (upbeat music to make you feel
you’re on an adventure, relaxing music on a
stressful commute); studying or revising
(perhaps classical music to help you
concentrate); cooking (upbeat music to help
you be creative); relaxing in the bath or late at
night (ambient music to relax)
2
The speaker mentions a, b, e, f and g.
3
1 many different parts – there’s no one centre
that processes music
2 help us deal with stress or pain; feelings of
happiness (or even elation)
3 music and language
4 dyslexia; learning disorders
5 had had a stroke / were unable to speak after
(having had) a stroke
6 amazingly successful / impressive
7 they are an increasingly big problem and we
need to find a solution.
4
something that we’re very pleased to hear
about
5
1b2c3f4e5a6d
6 Example answers
1 My dad likes to blow his own trumpet,
especially when he’s just done some DIY!
2 Last week, I scratched someone else’s car as
I drove out of a parking space. I felt a bit sick
because I knew I’d have to face the music
when they came back to their car.
3 I read a newspaper report on how mobile
phones are really affecting our level of
concentration these days. It really struck a
chord with me, because recently I’ve
really been noticing just how often I feel
compelled to check my phone.
4 The kind of holiday I love is where you just
relax and instead of having everything all
planned out, you just play it all by ear.
7
1 a infinitive
b noun or verb + -ing
c a clause with an indicative verb (i.e. the verb
used in ordinary statements when stating a
fact, etc.) or the modal verbs can or will
2 sentence 3
3 a so + adjective + that
b such + (+ a/an) (+ adjective) + noun + that
4 In this case, we use so + much, many, little,
few + noun.
Answers to Grammar summary exercises
3
1 in order to book
2 so (that) we weren’t late
3 in order that it would/should
4 for finding
5 in order not to live
4 I don’t think we’ll ever agree.
1 so 2 so 3 such 4 so 5 so 6 So 7 such
5 ones to develop.
1 so that I don’t fail it / in order not to fail
2 to improve our IT skills / so that we improve
our IT skills / in order to improve our IT skills
3 so … that it’s been hard to find time to study
4 (in order) to persuade him to do that
5 so … that I find it difficult to concentrate
6 so … that I fall asleep
8 almost immediately.
1 so as not to sound silly
2 in order to pronounce
3 for improving
4 to avoid developing / in order to avoid
developing
5 so that you get
6 to help you lose / in order to help you lose
9 Example answers
Students’ own ideas
Keep a notebook to write down any new words
you come across.
Read online websites in English so that you
extend your vocabulary.
Listen to English pop music for fun.
Write a blog in English in order to get used to
expressing yourself in the language.
Make English friends so as to have a reason to
practise.
Watch films in English that you have already
seen in your own language – it’s a great way to
practise your English.
If you can, go on holiday to an English-
speaking country so as to experience the
language in an authentic setting.
10
1 The queue for taxis was so long that we
decided to walk. / There was such a long
queue for taxis that we …
2 I’ve worked there for so many years / such a
long time that I really need to move on.
3 I have so little experience of travelling that I
feel really nervous about this trip. / I’m so
inexperienced when it comes to travelling that
…
4 She’s so determined / She has such (great)
determination that I think she’s bound to
succeed.
5 The differences between us are so big /
There are such big differences between us that
6 He has so many good ideas / He has such a
lot of good ideas that he never knows which
11 Example answers
Students’ own answers
1 Rita Ora’s new song is so catchy that I can’t
stop listening to it.
2 We had such a wonderful time in Portugal
that I can’t wait to go there again.
3 It was such a nice cup of tea that I felt better
4 What he said about local geography was so
interesting that I’ve decided to find out more
about it.
12 Example answers
Elderly people play this game to / so as to / in
order to keep their memory sharp.
They also play the game for fun.
Players work together in two teams, which is
great for promoting social interaction.
The element of competition can be so
motivating that some people who are usually
reluctant can be persuaded to join in.
The elderly people are asked to sing the song
to / so as to / in order to activate different
memory skills.
It’s such an enjoyable game I would expect the
elderly people to have fun.
Songs are so memorable that I would expect
people to remember a lot.
13 Example answers
a If I’m stressed, I usually have a hot bath to
relax me, and then I have an early night so as
to make sure I don’t get too tired.
b When I’m feeling down I talk to a friend so
as not to get things out of proportion.
c I find that watching TV is great for relaxing
in the evenings.
d I have so many things going on in my life
that I have to write lists to keep on top of
everything.
8c One love
1 the hardship he experienced
Students’ own answers
2 his early death from cancer at the age of 36
1 partly agrees (strictly speaking, he wasn’t the
first: Marley was not the first person to
introduce reggae to a wider audience outside
the West Indies, but he was largely responsible
for the spread of reggae: He remains the only
global reggae superstar.)
2 agrees (in many developing countries, he is
celebrated as some kind of saviour, a symbol
of hope.)
3 agrees (His difficult environment instilled in
him a keen sense of social justice, which came
to be expressed in his music; themes of social
injustice and hardship in the shanty towns of
Kingston … characterize early songs)
4 partly agrees (his daughter, Cedella, talks
about her difficulty in getting her father to
notice her but There is no sense that he did not
have time for them; simply that he was
prioritizing)
5 partly agrees (we do learn a lot but the
documentary … fascinates even if it does not
provide all the answers; provides an insight
into the mind and motivation of … Marley;
there are many unanswered questions)
6 agrees (whether the songs deal with injustice
or with dislocation, they still contain the
sentiments of unity and love that run through
all his work; the concert was intended to unite
the warring political factions)
3 generation and keep going for over thirty
1 saviour (line 9)
2 footage (line 14)
3 ghetto (line 19)
4 outsider (line 25)
5 displaced (line 45)
6 hardship (line 53, also occurs in line 43)
7 (warring) factions (line 56)
8 ecstatically (line 64)
4 Example answers
born in a ghetto / difficult environment
internationally recognized as a reggae
superstar and symbol of hope
keen sense of social justice
mixed race origins
absence of his own father, his father’s death
when Marley was ten years old
his Rastafarianism and love of Africa
his feeling of the power of music to effect
change
the risks he took
the assassination attempt
5 Example answers
Students’ own answers
The author thinks that Bob Marley stands out
as a pop artist because he makes a heartfelt
message to people in hardship and because of
the magic of his performances and freshness of
his music.
6
a popular and successful song that a lot of
people buy or download
7
1e2c3b4d5f6a
8 Example answers
1 Criticizing Susie for talking too much really
hit a nerve. She’s very sensitive about that.
2 I’m planning my speech for the wedding. I
think I’m going to avoid mentioning how we
met and focus instead on telling funny stories
about what has happened since then. Do you
think that will hit the right note?
8d Desert Island Discs
2
1 a disc jockey (DJ)
2 He has managed to appeal to each new
years.
3 it’s a song by a blues and jazz guitarist, John
Etheridge; it was the first blues record he ever
heard; it opened up a new world to him; it
reminds him of the hot summer
of 1976.
3
a Frank, what’s the secret of your continuing
success?
What, for you, makes a good record?
And what’s your first record?
How did that come about?
b That’s a good question, …
… isn’t something I’ve often thought about.
I honestly don’t know.
That’s difficult to say.
4 Example answers
Some challenging questions to ask:
Do you ever wish you’d chosen a different
course of study?
Have you ever made a mistake in life that you
still regret?
What hobby or sport would you most like to
take up?
What do you think you will be doing ten years
from now?
8e Fado
1 in reality – you choose what you focus on.
Students’ own answers
2 really love.
1 Fado is comparable to the blues – its songs
tell of pain and hardship, but unlike the blues,
the songs focus on the pain of separation – the
sheer drama of the music tells its own story.
2 Today it has an international following (its
appeal has broadened), but twenty years ago it
was only popular in Portugal and Portuguese-
speaking former colonies (Brazil,
Mozambique, Angola).
3 e We don’t need to run round trying to achieve
1 sheer (drama)
2 you’ll love it or you’ll hate it; the intensity of
the emotion … piercing the listener’s body
like a knife; pain and hardship; the pain of
separation
3 dimly lit café; sultry evening
4 piercing the listener’s body like a knife
5 either you’ll love it or you’ll hate it … you
can’t ignore it; you should go where its roots
are … you may hate it, but I suspect you will
love it.
4a
1 either + pronoun + verb, or + pronoun +
verb
2 like + noun + clause, but unlike + noun +
clause
3 either + noun phrase, or + noun phrase, or +
noun phrase
4 by + -ing, (and) by + -ing
4b
1 Mariza is young, talented and energetic.
2 She sings both traditional and more modern
songs.
3 You can either book in advance or pay on
the door.
4 You can spend hours wandering around the
old town, visiting cafés and listening to live
music.
5 The music fuses traditional Spanish folk
music and/with elements of north African
music.
8f A biopic
1
Students’ own answers
a Being happy depends on having your own
positive outlook regardless of how things are
b Be friends with and spend time with people
who have something good to offer, people you
c It’s a lyric about perspective. Some take a
moment to appreciate the rain, the way it feels
on your skin, the pretty reflections and
puddles. Others perceive the rain as a
nuisance, something that dampens your day,
literally and figuratively.
d It’s a way of telling people to take
responsibility for their lives – enjoy the life
you have, but also choose and live the life you
want to have.
things or solve things – when we see that life
isn’t a race and we just have to be – then we
will be happy and fulfilled. It’s advising a
change of perspective.
f This is a way of saying that you should fight
for what you believe with a sense of purpose,
and not to remain passive and accept things
that you believe are wrong.
2b
1d2c3a4e5b
3 Example answers
Students’ own answers
Why did you want to make a documentary
about …?
Has … had a big influence on your life?
What was it about …’s life story that attracted
you?
Were you concerned about giving a distorted
or untrue picture of …’s life?
4
And what was it like to take on a project like
this – about someone so popular?
What is there in Marley’s life story that
recommended itself to you?
Why is Bob Marley so special? What was it 3
about him that touched people? But the wider aim of the Concert for
Bangladesh wasn’t just to raise money. (only)
5 The organizers felt people were just not aware
1 who Marley really was as a person and what enough of Bangladesh and its problems.
his inspiration was (simply)
2 He says we don’t really listen to it properly Ravi Shankar later said that in this sense the
now – it’s often background music to our response to the concert had just been amazing.
lives. (simply)
3 He hopes it will make us listen to his music It also proved to be just the start of a new
with fresh ears. movement in benefit concerts. (only)
Just under fifteen years later, Live Aid, a
6 response to the Ethiopian famine, was staged
fascinating, extraordinary, rags to riches, racial in London and Philadelphia, attracting a global
issues, TV audience of almost two billion.
violence, gangsters, amazing (a little)

7 4
1 attractive / gorgeous-looking 2 sincere 3 1 amateur
solace 2 acoustic
4 believe him 5 universal 6 relate to 3 lyrics/words
4 solo
8a 5 gigs (concerts)
1 on 2 to 3 in 4 through 5 at 6 to 6 trumpet
7 gifted
8b Example answers
1 Hip hop music doesn’t really appeal to me. 5
2 When I agreed to organize the party, I took 1 sing (words)
on more than I bargained for. hum (a tune)
3 My sister went through a difficult time when 2 gig (a performance in a small, local venue)
our parents died. concert (a performance in a big venue such as
a stadium
9 Example answers or concert hall)
1 at parties, carnivals, parades, concerts, 3 song (with words)
funerals, ceremonies, choirs, bands, in classes tune (without words)
where people are learning musical instruments, 4 pop (in the charts – often electric)
etc. folk (traditional songs – often acoustic)
2 Students’ own answers 5 busker (someone who plays in the street for
money) amateur musician (any musician who
10 doesn’t do it for a living)
Students’ own answers 6 title (name of a song)
lyrics (words of a song)
Unit 8 Review 7 chord (a group of three or more notes
sounded together, as a basis of harmony)
1 note (one individual musical sound)
1 to 2 so 3 for 4 so 5 as
6
2 1 thought
1 It raised over US$250,000 (and then made 2 would/should
further money from the live album of the 3 interesting
concert that was made). 4 tell
2 It raised awareness of the problems in 5 say
Bangladesh. 6 honestly/really
3 It started a new movement in benefit
concerts. 7
Students’ own answers
UNIT 9
1 1
Students’ own ideas (the answer is in the
recording to
follow)
2 remind us of what we were doing
Age: 5,000 years old
Location: (on a grassy hill) on the island of
Orkney, far north of Scotland
Purpose: exact purpose not known, probably
culturally important monument, possibly with
religious significance
Built by: a wealthy civilization
Other: impressive, on an old trade route, part
of discovery of wealthy civilization, rich
farming community
3 newspaper cuttings of things featuring us or
the bones of domestic animals, pieces of
pottery, ruins of smaller stone buildings made
of stone, volcanic glass, highquality
flint tools that were transported from other
islands
4 He wrote the letter to send advice to his
1 find out
2 determine
3 uncovered
4 clues
5 indicated
6 evidence
7 deduced
5 Example answers
We discussed Newgrange, which is a
prehistoric monument in County Meath,
Ireland. It was built in around 3200 BC,
which makes it even older than the Egyptian
pyramids and Stonehenge. It’s basically a big,
round man-made hill of earth with passages
inside that are made of stone. Archaeologists
have uncovered human bones inside it, as
well as objects and other clues that tell us that
the people who built Newgrange probably had
ceremonies around death. They are thought to
have been artistic people, since there is
evidence of megalithic art on some of the
bigger stones. Another interesting fact is that
entrance to the passages lines up with the
rising sun on the winter solstice – we can
deduce from this that the people of that time
had a very good understanding and
appreciation of the movements of the sun and
probably moon.
9a Dear little daughter
Students’ own ideas
Old photos remind us of what we looked like,
where we were and who we were with. They
reveal fashions and haircuts of the time and
and feeling.
Letters and diaries also reveal where we were,
how we felt and who we were with.
Old schoolwork may remind us of fellow
students and teachers as well as what subjects
we were good at or enjoyed, or personality
traits we displayed as children.
Other documents may include old passports
and their photo (they show places we have
visited), legal records like birth certificates,
scrapbooks and albums we kept as a child,
our family members, stories or poems we
wrote, greetings cards that acknowledge life
events such as birthdays, marriage, illness,
moving house, etc.
2
daughter who had left the US and started
boarding school in England. He hopes that
some of the strangeness (of being at
boarding school) has worn off and that she has
settled in, that his daughter is working hard
and regularly, that she starts to love the ‘old
world’, that she doesn’t avoid new
experiences and customs, that she does
embrace her new life and does unpleasant
things to ‘gain the upper hand of her soul’, that
she remembers her father loves her and
believes in her, and that she writes to him
every week.
3
1 Advantages: they are engaging, they are a
window on people’s values and behaviour,
their subject matter is something we can easily
relate to;
Disadvantages: owing to their personal nature
letters don’t always represent mainstream
views
2 He was well educated – he got a PhD from
Harvard University.
3
a He considered America to be new and smart.
b He talks of the beauty of ‘the old world’,
which shows that he sees it as a place of
tradition and heritage, and refers to its ‘calm
and eternity’ and sees it as lovable.
c new experiences and customs, sleeping in a
dormitory (a big bedroom), taking cold baths,
having to do unpleasant things and ‘take
herself in hand’
d Dubois had high expectations of his daughter
– he wants her to read serious books and be
strict with herself. By saying he expects her to
be ‘wonderful’ may be interpreted as a kind
and supportive comment – he wants her to
achieve what she can and be as good as she
can be.
4 5 The hotel is very conveniently located.
1 a relate to
b wait for
c shrink from
5 music, I really enjoyed the concert. / I don’t
1 from 2 of 3 to 4 on 5 in 6 at
6
Examples from the article are underlined
below:
a although, but, while, despite, in spite of,
however, nevertheless, yet (no additional
examples)
b and, as well as, in addition to, moreover,
what’s more … Dubois … valued education
highly and was concerned because … (line 11)
and soon after she left (line 14)
c as, because, since, on account of, because of,
as a result of, owing to, consequently
owing to their personal nature, they often
provide a fascinating window on people’s
values and behaviour. (line 3)
d after, when, following, afterwards,
subsequently soon after she left (line 14)
Answers to Grammar summary exercises
1
1 What’s more
2 Although
3 subsequently/afterwards
4 consequently
5 as well as / in addition to
6 Since/As
2 3
1 while
2 However
3 despite
3
1 Most people expected Martinez to become
president.
However, Sanchez won easily. / Even though
people expected Martinez to become president,
Sanchez won easily. / In spite of the fact that
people expected Martinez to become president,
Sanchez won easily.
2 As well as visiting our friends in New York,
we also spent some time in Boston.
3 Our offices are closed on Monday on
account of the holiday.
4 Many motorists went out on the roads, in
spite of the police’s warning to stay at home.
Moreover, it is very good value for money.
6 Even though I don’t normally like classical
music, I really enjoyed the concert. / In spite
of the fact that I don’t normally like classical
normally like classical music. However, I
really enjoyed the concert.
7
1 Despite (linking word + -ing form)
2 and also (linking word + clause)
3 on account of / after (linking word + -ing
form)
4 Moreover (linking word + -ing form)
5 After / Following (linking word + new
sentence)
6 Since (linking word + clause)
8
1
a Despite war breaking out in Europe shortly
after Yolande arrived, her mother decided to
visit her there anyway. (linking word + -ing
form)
b War broke out in Europe shortly after
Yolande arrived. However, her mother decided
to visit her there anyway. (linking word + new
sentence)
2
a In addition to showing that he was a
concerned father, the letter (also) reveals that
he was quite strict. (linking word + -ing form)
b The letter showed that he was a concerned
father as well as (also) revealing that he was
quite strict. (linking word + -ing form)
a Owing to his busy schedule / Owing to
having such a busy schedule, Dubois did not
see his daughter again for two years. (linking
word + noun phrase) or Dubois did not see his
daughter again for two years, owing to (the
fact that he had) such a / his busy schedule.
(linking word + noun phrase)
b Since he had such a busy schedule, Dubois
did not see his daughter again for two years.
(linking word + clause)
4 8 trespassing
a Following Yolande and her mother’s return
to America, Dubois went off travelling
himself. (linking word + noun phrase)
b Yolande and her mother returned to
America. Soon afterwards, Dubois went off
travelling himself. (linking word + new
sentence)
9 Example answers
(Note that there are many possible variations.)
Dear Jana
Thanks for your letter and news. I was very
glad to hear that you’re well. However,/But I
was really disappointed to read about Nathan’s
job. I do hope he’s able to find another one
soon.
It would be great if you could visit us here.
Although the weather’s quite cold at the
moment, it’s often sunny and there’s so much
to see. Berlin has some fantastic museums
and galleries, as well as (having) some
amazing shops.
It’s also just a great place to walk around on
account of (it) not being / because it’s not
very densely populated – unlike London,
which always feels too crowded and hectic.
What’s more, there are loads of interesting
places to eat and drink.
If you don’t make it here, I’ll probably come
back to England in the summer following my
exams at the end of May. In spite of having
made some good friends here, I really miss
my old friends. Anyway, when you’ve had a
think about it, write to me and let me know.
Much love
Harriet
9b The story of Martin Guerre
3 dangerous driving
4 fraud
5 possession of drugs
6 theft
7 vandalism
2
1g2d3h4e5c6a7b8f
The next step: They are released.
3 Example answers
Students’ own ideas
Assault and theft (and perhaps burglary)
probably took place. However, the other
common crimes in Exercise 1 probably didn’t
(or couldn’t) happen. Punishments were severe
and police forces non-existent so there were
probably few crimes (or few crimes that were
solved).
4
1 The historian is interested in what is called
‘microhistory’, which focuses on small, single
events in history, because he believes you can
learn more about a society from intensive
study of these events.
2
a Martin Guerre was a French peasant who
lived in a village called Artigat in the south-
west of France.
b Bertrande was Martin’s wife.
c Arnaud de Tilh was a French peasant who
turned up in Artigat claiming falsely to be
Martin Guerre.
d Pierre was Martin’s uncle, and was in charge
of administering his estate.
3 He left after being accused of theft (stealing
his father’s grain).
4 She accepted him as her husband – perhaps,
having waited so long, she was just glad to
have someone to support her again financially.
5 He turned up in court and told his story and
was believed.

1 5
Students’ own ideas 1c2h3e4b5f6a7g8d
Here is a possible list. However, the order is
open to interpretation. If dangerous driving 6
results in serious injury or death, you might 1 1 We
put it at the top of the list. Similarly, 2 he
if fraud involves stealing millions, it might be 3 Bertrande
at the top of the list, if it involves a small 4 he
amount of money, it might be at the bottom. 5 she
1 assault 2 a secondary event
2 burglary 3 before
Answers to Grammar summary exercises
4 Martin’s uncle Pierre took him/Arnaud to
1 Not being very interested in the film, she left
early.
2 Reading / While reading the contract, I
realized I had made a big mistake.
3 Forgetting my friend’s birthday made her
very angry.
4 Not wanting to spend too much money, they
went on holiday nearby.
5 Looking / When looking around the room, I
noticed an old school friend in the corner.
6 Walking into the house with his shoes on, he
left dirt all over the floor.
5 burglar / an intruder in the house.
1 compared
2 Given
3 Comparing
4 Having compared
5 giving
6 Having given
6 they would move abroad.
1 Considering
2 looking
3 hacking
4 Using
5 stealing
6 Assuming
7 11
1 We look out for that kind of unusual story
because we hope (that) it will give a better
idea of …
2 Because he feared a severe punishment, …
3 Bertrande was left at home and she didn’t
know what had happened …
4 After he had spent some time doing
different jobs, he …
5 Perhaps, after she had waited (for) so long,
… or Perhaps, because she had waited so
long, …
8 d Compared to some other existing medicines,
1 Clara focuses on historical events that are
unusual, examining them in great detail.
2 Having got married very young, Martin had
a son when he was 21.
3 He was wounded in battle while fighting for
the Spanish army. or While fighting for the
Spanish army, he was wounded in battle.
4 Arnaud came to the village hoping to inherit
Martin’s
estate.
5 Suspecting Arnaud was an impostor,
court. or Martin’s uncle, suspecting that
Arnaud was an impostor, took him to
court.
6 Having lost the first case, Arnaud appealed
and took the case to a higher court.
9 Example answers
1 He didn’t tell his parents, fearing their anger
/ that they would punish him.
2 Having travelled round the world, she
decided that New Zealand was the place she
most wanted to live.
3 I called the police, thinking there was a
4 I burned my hand trying to take the cake out
of the oven.
5 Having waited an hour, he concluded that
his friend must have forgotten their
arrangement.
6 They sold all their possessions – their house,
their car, their furniture, having decided that
10
1 Given that is used to introduce a reason and
refers to a
fact that is already known.
2 It gives extra information.
3 The subjects of each clause are different.
1b2e3a4c5f6d
12 Example answers
a Considering it has such a wet climate,
Vancouver offers
a lot of outdoor activities.
b Provided (that) my favourite restaurant is
open, we can have something to eat before the
show.
c Given that she’s only been having lessons for
a few months, her performance on the piano
was amazing.
the drug has a lot of advantages.
e Assuming (that) we all work as a team, I
don’t mind being in charge of the project.
f Seen from the point of view of cost, I think a
book about ancient maps would be a great gift.
13
Student A:
Having created some fake government
documents …, he then looked …
Having claimed that it was a secret …, he
persuaded …
Taking the money, Lustig returned …
Continuing his career as a fraudster, he even
cheated …
Student B:
Having run out of money, he began …
Having no qualifications …, he created …
Using false identities, he cashed …
Having finally been arrested and sentenced …,
he spent …
14
Students’ own ideas
15
Students’ own ideas
9c Diamond shipwreck
1 Example answers
Students’ own answers
1 for trading purposes; to explore and map
coastlines; to find gold or other valuable items;
to capture slaves
2 bad weather, pirates, illness, shortage of
water and fresh fruit and vegetables,
disagreements between crew members, hostile
locals if they had to make an unexpected stop
2 We don’t know if there are still diamonds
In the spring of 1533, the ship the Bom Jesus
set off from Portugal with other ships headed
for the East Indies. It hit a storm and was
wrecked near the Cape of Good Hope.
The crew either died in the sea or in the desert.
The irony is that they were searching for
riches, and unknown to them the ship was
wrecked on a coast with millions of
diamonds.
3 8 Example answers
1a2c3c4a5a6a
4 have to go back to the drawing board now
1 remarkable (line 1)
2 exquisite (line 10)
3 capable (line 25)
4 sketchy (line 35)
5 chunk (= a chunk is a large piece which has
been broken
off roughly) (line 44)
6 inhospitable (line 52)
5 Example answers
Students’ own answers
The treasure: Where is the treasure now and
who does it belong to? Did they find all of it?
Are people still trying to look for it?
The geologist: Which company did he work
for? What work was he doing? Was he
working alone? What was his
name?
The wreck: How big was the ship? Are there
any signs of it today? How do we know that
the bow broke off?
The sailors’ bodies: What happened to the
sailors’ bodies?
Do we know exactly where they died? Are
they buried on the island?
The diamonds: How many are here? Are there
still a lot there? Are people still searching in
that area for more diamonds?
6
We know:
The fleet was caught in a storm and that Bom
Jesus disappeared somewhere near the Cape of
Good Hope.
We know who the captain was, how many
crew there were and what the ships were
carrying. We know what happened to the
treasure that the Bom Jesus was carrying.
We don’t know for sure:
What happened after the storm hit and what
exactly happened to the sailors.
there today.
7
1 accepted and acted upon
2 let’s return to the very beginning of the
process, start again
3 do too much or get too excited
4 regular, correct, legal
5 in all situations
Students’ own ideas
1 I wanted to study to become a vet. But I’ll
because I didn’t get the right grades in my
exams.
2 My sister is going overboard with her
wedding – she’s going to have six
bridesmaids! I think that’s far too many.
3 I really didn’t enjoy managing the project.
Having to take so many people’s views on
board was very
challenging, especially when I didn’t really
agree with some of them.
9 4 It probably caused terrible floods in the
Student A:
1 Alfred Nobel was the man after whom the
Nobel peace prize was named, but he also
invented dynamite.
2 Jim Fixx, the author of The Complete Book
of Running, was the man who popularized
jogging as a way to get healthy exercise. But at
the age of 52, while out jogging
he had a heart attack and died.
Student B:
1 Henry VIII of England (1492–1547) had six
wives because he desperately wanted a son
and strong male successor.
But Edward, his only son, was a weak child
and he died when he was fifteen, being King
for only six years. His greatest successor was
his daughter Elizabeth I, who ruled for 45
years.
2 Einstein had one of the most brilliant minds
of the twentieth century. Yet when he was
seventeen, he failed his university entrance
exam.
Student C:
1 In the US civil war, General John Sedgwick
said to his soldiers, ‘Don’t worry. The enemy
couldn’t hit an elephant at this distance.’
However, he was then shot by an enemy
bullet.
2 Alexander Bell worked hard at creating new
inventions. He came up with the telephone, for
example. But he refused to have one in his
own study because he said that the telephone
got in the way of his work.
9d I’ll give you an example
1 Example answers
Students’ own answers
The photo seems to show a storm coming in or
blowing away across a mountainous
landscape. There are storm clouds to the left,
clear skies to the right, and a rainbow in
the sky and a suggestion of rain over the water
on the left.
2 several years, e.g. temperatures in Nebraska,
1 It’s about people’s attempts in the past to
control the weather.
2 by praying for sunshine and doing rain
dances
3 They have done this with technology,
including an experiment that involved putting
chemicals into clouds in the 1950s.
south-west of England that happened the same
year.
5 That we need to explore solutions for dealing
with climate change but that it’s important not
to rush into things without looking at the
history of previous attempts to use various
techniques. or Climate change solutions are
complex but necessary. The history of climate
change techniques should be taken into
account.
3
See answers to Exercise 4
4
1 What do you mean by
2 that’s to say
3 I’ll give you an example
4 the point is that
5 let me get this straight
6 Are you saying that
7 am I right in thinking
8 In other words
9e Krakatoa
1 Example answers
It’s a picture of a volcanic island, and it seems
to be
erupting. There are spumes of smoke and dust
above the
island.
2
1 an explosion that could be heard 160
kilometres away and that sent ash up six
kilometres into the upper atmosphere; the
deaths of thousands of people; the
destruction of two thirds of the island of
Krakatoa
2 Because ash reached the upper atmosphere
and was blown around the world on the trade
winds, there was a drop in global temperatures
of 1.2 degrees Centigrade for several years.
There were unusual global weather patterns for
USA, dropped 18 degrees in three minutes
and 125 cm of snow fell in 36 hours. This was
unusual as 60 cm was the average for a whole
year.
3a
1c2b3a 6
1 repatriate
3b 2 auction
1 until then (up to then / up to that time) 3 bidding
2 in the preceding months (in the months prior 6 affordable
/ in the months immediately prior to) 7 investment
3 the following year (the year after / a year 8 heritage
later)
4 in those days (back then) 7a
1c2a3a4c5b6b
3c
1 a few days earlier 7b Example answers
2 the following day 1 The price of petrol/electricity has soared in
3 at that time the last few years.
4 the previous day 2 The professional hacker is one of a new
5 from then on breed of techsavvy young people who
understand how the internet works.
9f Collecting the past 3 Usain Bolt smashed the record for the 100
metres.
1 Example answers
1 9 Example answers
This is a print showing a Chinese Emperor. Students’ own ideas
It’s important because it’s probably extremely The Alfred Jewel in the Ashmolean Museum
old, may be very rare, may be the only in Oxford is a small jewel with an enamel
likeness of the Chinese emperor, and pattern showing the head of a ninth-century
may tell us something important or unique English king, Alfred. It was used as part
about the emperor and Chinese history. It may of a page marker when reading the bible, and
have belonged to important people or be part was made to encourage priests across England
of an important collection today. to read in English.
2/3 Consequently, it’s important not only as a relic
Students’ own answers of a great English king, but also as a reminder
of how the English language and the
2b instruction of people in English was
1e2c3a4d5b important even a thousand years ago.

3 Unit 9 Review
Chinese collectors are collecting these objects;
they think it’s important that these items are 1
brought back to China. 1 compared
2 What’s more
4 3 Referring
1 Qing dynasty 4 and
2 private collector 5 since
3 foreign auctions 6 However,
4 a shopping mall 7 painting
5 US$ 100 million 8 Using
9 after having out
5 10 Assuming
1 (wealthy) Chinese collectors 11 in spite of
2 Prices are soaring (rising very high). 12 as well as
3 in Japan, in the late 70s and 80s
4 more affordable decorative pieces 2
5 They are a good investment; 1 Due to the adult-like representation of
investors/collectors want to bring a piece of children in painting of the time, and the fact
their heritage home. that life expectancy
was much shorter, historians assumed that 7
children were sent out to work at a young age. 1 correctly
2 They found and dug up children’s toys in an 2 missing
archaeological dig by using metal detectors. 3 in
4 straight
3 5 by
1 compared to (+ noun); However, (+ clause); 6 over
even though (+ clause); although (+ clause); in
spite of (+ noun or -ing) 8
2 What’s more, (+ clause); and (+ noun or Students’ own answers
clause); in addition (+ clause); as well as (+
noun or -ing) UNIT 10
3 Referring to (+ noun); Assuming that (+
clause); since (+ clause); because of (+ noun) 1 Example answers
4 after (+ -ing) Students’ own ideas
Optional step: I can see a number of women
4 who are dressed in very similar dresses and
1 took have their hair styled in the same way. The
2 committed dresses appear to be black and are made of a
3 accused material such as cotton. They are covered in
4 found very colourful, detailed floral embroidery
5 appealed work. Colours that can be seen include bright
pink, purple, turquoise, orange, blue, yellow,
5 green, red and gold. The women are also
of: accuse, approve wearing chunky gold jewellery and each have
to: adjust, aim, belong, relate a different coloured scarf around their
in: believe, participate, specialize shoulders. They are taking part in an organized
from: benefit, suffer dance or procession as part of the Cinco de
on: reflect, rely Mayo festival.

6 Example answers 2
Students’ own answers 1 Melbourne, Australia: Greek
When I started my new job, I found it took me London, UK: French
a long time to adjust to the working hours. Denver, USA: Mexican/Hispanic
I aim to do exercise four times a week. 2 They mainly consist of second to fifth
I belong to a cycling club. generation immigrants.
My brother finds it difficult to relate to people 3 Family is more important than the
who don’t like computer games. individual.
I really benefit from revising little and often if
I want to learn new vocabulary. 3
I suffer from hayfever in the summer. ethnic groups
My brother is always being accused of losing first-generation migrants
things because he’s so untidy. long-standing immigrant community
I don’t approve of people who use their extended family
mobile phones while driving. traditional/deep-rooted values
I believe in giving people a second chance. close-knit community
My friend always participates in every class, social gatherings
whereas I only answer questions when I’m rich heritage
asked.
There’s a shop in my town which specializes 10a A co-operative society
in doll’s house furniture – it’s incredible!
It’s better not to reflect on your past mistakes 1 Example answers
too much. 1
I have to rely on my sister for lifts because I Humorously, the quotes reveal that ants are
don’t drive. numerous and faceless, and that the individual
is not important; the second quote reveals that
ants are remarkably strong in relation to their
size and weight.
2 2 1 degree; 2 frequency; 3 manner; 4 degree;
Students’ own answers – typical answers: ants
are small black or red six-legged insects; live
in societies with a queen that lays eggs; most
ants are ‘workers’ who follow trails to collect
food; behave like a well-ordered
society; often live in underground networks;
seem to eat almost anything; predators include
anteaters and ant-eating birds
2
efficient, co-operative
b incredibly, probably
c socially, unfortunately
5 viewpoint; 6 probability; 7 comment; 8
manner; 9 manner
3 1 end position; 2 end position; 3 before main
verb; 4 none; 5 end position or before
sophisticated; 6 none; 7 end position or after
this is if between two commas; 8 none; 9 none
4 Fast is an adverb but is formed without -ly.
Organized needs a phrase to make it an adverb
because you can’t add -ly to it.
Answers to Grammar summary exercises

3 1
1 mountain peaks and the polar regions 1 He rarely buys a present for my birthday.
2 because they are socially sophisticated 2 She absolutely loves listening to podcasts.
creatures (unselfish, community minded, they 3 Luckily, I was offered the job.
think as one) 4 In my opinion we should postpone the
3 workers and soldiers meeting.
4 1) an ant leaving a pheromone trail leading 5 He was slightly annoyed by what I said.
to food 2) alarm pheromone alerting the 6 She probably won’t respond to my email.
colony to danger 7 My driving test didn’t go very well.
5 They work as a group to overwhelm their
attacker. 2
6 If people were more like ants and acted in a 1 very well
community minded way all the time, the 2 probably
achievements of the human race would be 3 absolutely, slightly
greater / more positive. The writer is implying
that people tend to act in selfish ways. 3
1 Always he drinks – He always drinks
4 Example answers 2 friendly – in a friendly way
There are many examples of social animals. 3 lately – late
Termites, bees and wasps also live in large 4 if I certainly can – I will certainly help you if
colonies around a ‘queen’ and help each other I can.
in similar ways to the ants. 5 very well going – going very well
Many fish live in huge shoals to help protect 6 fast drove – drove fast
themselves from predators.
Many hunting animals work together in groups 4
(dolphins, wolves, lions), which can make 1 really
hunting more effective, and help to protect 2 fortunately
them from attacks from other animals. 3 probably
Bats live in large cave colonies and many birds 4 rarely
colonize cliff faces. Grouping together in large 5 In my opinion
numbers can help to keep warm and protect 6 Luckily
from predators. 4 always
Prey animals (buffalo, deer, antelope, etc.) 5 late
tend to live in large herds in order to protect 6 quickly
themselves from predators.
6
5 Paragraph 1:
1 approximately: degree, -ly ending, after the
a entirely, regularly, readily, fast, in an verb largely: degree, -ly ending, before the
organized adjective
manner Paragraph 2:
clearly: manner, -ly ending, before the
adjective shortly (after): degree, -ly ending,
after the verb / before after
Paragraph 3:
primarily: degree, -ly ending, after the verb
straight: manner, irregular adverb, after the
object
Paragraph 4:
completely: degree, -ly ending, before the
adjective
Paragraph 5:
in this unselfish and community-minded way:
manner, adverbial phrase, after the verb
7 Possible statements:
1 slowly
2 in a lively manner/way
3 Technically
4 straight
5 generally
6 colourfully
8 1
1 Ants have a highly developed social system.
2 An ant can easily lift objects as much as
twenty times its own body weight (or its own
body weight easily).
3 A worker ant doesn’t live long – on average
fifty days.
4 Many brown ants don’t work hard at all,
with 72 per cent being inactive half the time.
5 Physically, different species of ant vary
enormously (or Different species of ant vary
enormously physically).
6 Ants do not necessarily act in a friendly
way/manner towards each other (or act
towards each other in a friendly
way/manner).
7 Surprisingly, some species of ants attack
other ant colonies aggressively (or
aggressively attack).
9 Example answers
A lot of my friends are incredibly health-
conscious: they do a lot of exercise, eat
healthily, and so on. Personally, I’m a
bit more relaxed about those things.
Generally, I’d say that people in my social
circle are financially secure. Many of them are
highly motivated and work incredibly hard. On
the downside, they often stay in the office late
and tend not to eat very healthily.
10
1 play (using local shops and facilities,
chatting to local people)
2 do (volunteer to collect litter or clean road
signs)
3 lend (knock on an elderly neighbour’s door
and ask if they need some shopping or need
their lawn mown)
4 take (use the recycling bin correctly, try not
to use plastic bags)
5 show (give money to local charities, help at a
shelter for the homeless)
6 have (vote in local elections, be a committee
member for a local group)
11 Example answers
Students’ own ideas and ranking
… should volunteer to help neighbours.
… should give time and money to local
causes.
… should watch out for and report on crime.
10b The power of play
1 f space invaders, Super Mario, Grand Theft
Auto
2 e crossword, jigsaw, wordsearch
3 c football, rugby, hockey, volleyball
4 a ring toss, capture the flag, sack race, tag
5 b Monopoly, Cluedo, draughts, solitaire
6 d follow my leader, musical chairs, pass the
parcel
2 Example answers
keeps you fit, develops co-ordination,
improves strength/balance/mobility, enhances
concentration, encourages
teamwork, teaches kids how to take turns,
helps you to make friends, is entertaining,
encourages collaboration rather than
competition
3
1 Play is a brain stimulant and helps us think
in more creative ways.
2 It’s good for our health because it relieves
tension, and laughter improves circulation and
increases our resistance to disease.
3 Play connects us socially with other people
and encourages communication and improves
empathy.
4 Play keeps us immersed in the present
moment, which is where true happiness lies.
4
1 luxury
2 box
3 resistance 4 Only after
4 go 5 Under no circumstances
5 barriers 6 No doubt
6 wander
7 lose 7
8 state 1 No way can we afford
2 Not until … will we
5 3 Little did she know
1 of 4 No sooner had she
2 against 5 Rarely have we
3 on
4 out of 9
5 on 1 No sooner had we set out on our walk than it
6 about started to rain.
2 Sorry, I’ve barely had a minute to think
6 Example answers about it.
Students’ own ideas 3 Only by using a special card reader is it
Last week, I came back to my parked car and possible to access the bank’s website.
saw something tucked under my windscreen 4 Under no circumstances must you mention
wiper. My heart sank – I thought it was a this to her.
parking fine. But when I picked it up I realized 5 Only very rarely did/would we go out in the
that someone had played a joke on me – it evenings, because it was so expensive.
was just a piece of paper and someone had 6 Not only does he look like George Clooney,
used black and yellow pens to make it look he sounds like him too.
like a parking ticket! 7 We hardly ever go out dancing anymore.
8 Nowhere else in America could you find
7 such a spectacular view.
1 after the subject, before the verb (but after
the verb to be in sentence 3) 10
2 In many ways, it almost doesn’t matter what 1 seldom
kind of play it is. / In casual play, there’s 2 when
almost no formality. 3 do
3 The subject and verb have been inverted (as 4 hardly (also possible: never)
they are in a question). 5 never
4 As soon as we start to relax, our minds also 6 should
begin to think differently. / Studies have 7 Only
shown that laughter not only relieves tension, 8 will
it also improves blood circulation. 9 not
5 It makes the sentence more emphatic. 10 you

Answers to Grammar summary exercises 10c Living free?

5 1
1 he plays A hunter-gatherer is a person who survives by
2 do the buses arrive hunting animals for meat and collecting
3 it stops; can we (gathering) plants, fruits, etc. to eat. Their life
4 were the passengers is different to farmers because they don’t own
5 we had complained; did our neighbours animals or land, so they move from place to
switch off place to find food and they don’t plant crops.
6 have I won; I have They are often nomadic.
7 have they
2
6 The map shows that most people were hunter-
1 not only gatherers in prehistory. By 1,500 BC, many
2 Only by had become farmers. The map shows that only
3 Rarely
sparsely inhabited areas in the north and south stewards of the land), and seems to agree with
of the world (where deserts or cold restricted the view that agriculture was an evolutionary
farming) continued to be home to hunter- error (a mistake … from which we have
gatherers by AD 2,000. In this millennium, never recovered). The author is critical of
hunter-gatherers have all but disappeared. encroachment on Hadza land (they are being
Only certain tribal people in remote, forced to share what was once their exclusive
undeveloped areas continue to live in this way. territory), and infers that we should be
concerned about protecting their way of life
3 (Of greater concern is that soon it may be
a (they do not engage in warfare … too few impossible for them to remain in it.).
and spread out to be threatened by infectious
disease; no history of famine; they enjoy an 8
extraordinary amount of leisure time; There It means that the Hadza are free from the
are many things to envy … free spirits but … restrictions and limitations most of us have to
it’s too late for us to go back to a Hadza live with. to be a free spirit = to be free from
lifestyle.) social conventions and do more or less what
you want
4
Things they have: sufficient food, basic tools 9
(cooking pot, water container, axe, blanket), a 1 There’s no need to ask if you want to do
lot of free time, a difficult environment something.
Don’t have: working animals, enemies, a 2 You can’t ever get something for nothing.
government, their own strict routines 3 an uncontrolled discussion with everyone
talking at once
5 4 the freedom to do what we wanted
1 also had (significant) disadvantages 5 came out of the situation without receiving
2 people who are well off (the ‘haves’) and any punishment
those that are poor (the ‘have nots’)
3 left behind signs of their presence, or any 10d Showing interest
pollution or damage to the land
4 careful and thoughtful caretakers 1 Example answers
5 only theirs; no one else was there Students’ own ideas
6 unbelievably absorbed and involved, their Suggested answers: b, c, e, f
way of life seems very extreme to us, always
living in simple, temporary accommodation, 2
that would seem to us like a camping trip that Students’ own ideas
never ends
3
6 Conversation A:
1 Yes. The author talks in a positive tone about 1 She wants Reka to play tennis with her that
the positive aspects of their lifestyle. (They do afternoon.
not engage in warfare. They are too few and 2 She says she can’t – she has to write an
too spread out to be threatened by infectious essay.
disease. And they have no history of famine Conversation B:
… They enjoy an extraordinary amount of 1 She wants help clearing up after a party.
leisure time.) 2 He says he can’t help – he has to wait at
They have not harmed the environment (they home for a delivery to arrive.
have scarcely left a footprint on the land; the
Hadza are such gentle stewards of the land) 4
and they are a peaceful people (are by nature 1 I’d love to, but …
peaceful). The writer says: There are many 2 Working.
things to envy about the Hadza – principally, 3 Oh, that’s a shame.
what free spirits they appear to be. Free from 4 Are you?
schedules, jobs, bosses, bills, traffic, taxes, 5 It was, wasn’t it?
laws, social duties and money. 6 (Yeah,) I’m afraid so.
2 Yes. The author seems to support being 7 I expect so.
respectful of the land (the Hadza are gentle 8 (Oh,) have you?
9 (Yeah,) me too.
10 Yeah, do, please.
5a
1 rising intonation – interest
2 rising intonation – interest
3 rising intonation – interest
4 falling intonation – agreement
5 falling intonation – agreement
6 rising intonation – surprise
(children’s prospects are connected to their
expectations) is true.
3, 4 and 5 are used when we can deduce from
‘what was said before’ that the statement
(children’s prospects are connected to their
expectations) may be true.
6 carries a similar meaning to 3, 4 and 5.
However, note the change of form: This points
to children’s prospects being connected to …
or This points to the fact that ….

5c 4b Example answers
1 ’fraid not 1 Their excellent exam results prove that
2 s’pose so everybody worked hard / the teaching had
3 espec so been of a high standard.
4 hope so 2 The fact that no one passed the exam points
5 doubt it to the exam being too hard.
6 (’d) love to 3 From the age of the paper we can infer that
the documents are from the eighteenth century
6 Example answers / are genuine.
Model conversation: 4 His popularity with the students illustrates
A: Hi, Maria. Fancy a cup of coffee? the fact that teachers don’t have to be distant.
B: I’d love to, but I have to meet Jo in a 5 The high quality of her writing indicates that
minute. she may have studied language at university.
A: Jo? Really? You haven’t told me about her
before, have you? 10f Initiation with ants

10e A good start in life 1 Example answers

1 Example answers
Students’ own ideas
Answers will depend on your students’ culture
and
personal views. In many western societies, a
strong work
ethic and good education are considered to be
prerequisites for professional success.
2 e have to do a dare or commit a crime, get a
Students’ own ideas
3 f pay a fee to join, formally introduce yourself
1 That your prospects are determined by your
own opinion of what you can achieve.
2 a recent study in Baltimore, USA
3 Students’ own opinions
4a
Note that in all these sentences, the
demonstrative pronoun this refers back to what
has been said before.
1, 7 and 8 are used when ‘what was said
before’ is clear evidence that the statement
(children’s prospects are connected to their
expectations) is true.
2 is used when ‘what was said before’ is an
example showing that the statement
In North America or Europe, some of the
following apply:
a christening, baby shower, registering the
birth
b confirmation, bar mitzvah, family party,
having your first alcoholic drink
c wedding, honeymoon, stag and hen party,
buying a ring
d buying a uniform, doing a test, having to
perform a dare or forfeit
tattoo, have a particular hair cut or wear
particular clothes
to existing members, do a test, do a dare on the
first day – sing a song
2 Example answers
The boy has black paint covering half of his
face and some of his chest – there also seems
to be some red paint on his chest. He’s holding
and wearing items made from grass,
bamboo or a similar plant. He’s also wearing a
necklace that seems to be made of small black
beads. He looks quite serious and possibly
worried.
Perhaps he has to find, kill, eat, or endure the
ants (perhaps by letting them crawl on him or
bite him).
3b
1c2a3f4d5b6e
4
Students’ own answers
5 2 deteriorating fast
1 sound of the horn
2 eleven hours
3 twelve years and upwards/older
4 giant tropical bullet ants
5 initiation into adulthood / to become a ‘true
Indian, a warrior’
6 twenty
6 1 can we relax (more emphatic and broader)
1 thirty times worse than a bee sting
2 They are drugged with a herbal solution
which lasts long enough for the medicine man
to put them into the glove.
3 Because they are trapped in the woven parts
of the inner glove.
4 to distract the young men from the pain
5 The pain gets worse.
6 He’s brave: although it hurts a lot he
continues to dance and says he’s prepared to
go through it again.
Unit 10 Review
1
The key was creating a conservation area and
banning fishing so that the stocks of fish,
which are an important part of the ecosystem,
increased.
2
1 acting in a concerted way/manner
3 campaigning hard
4 hardly any fish were left
5 incredibly successful
6 Sadly, there’s a new …
7 Currently, we’re negotiating …
8 conducted in a friendly way/manner
3
2 had we finished one campaign than we had
to begin another (more emphatic, greater sense
of immediacy of the second campaign
beginning)
4
1 rich; ethnic; generation; part; show; lend
2 extended; gatherings; knit; laugh
5
Students’ own answers

7 6
The chief says that the ritual marks the Positive: 3 and 5
initiate’s entrance into adulthood and makes Negative: 1 and 2
them better men; you have to suffer and make Both: 4 and 6
some kind of effort to really appreciate
your life. 7
Students’ own views as to whether they agree 1 That’s a shame. / Me neither. (also possible:
with the chief. Really?)
2 Definitely. / I hope so.
8a 3 Working, mostly. / Not much.
1c2c3a4c5b6b 4 Yes, it was, wasn’t it? / You enjoyed it, did
you?
8b 5 Yes, please do. / Thanks, I’d appreciate it.
1 I think my prospects of getting a job in 6 Really? / Have you? (also possible: What
advertising aren’t very good. about?)
2 My brother was completely unfazed by
doing a bungee jump. 8
3 I didn’t enjoy the walk because I had to Students’ own answers
endure some awful weather.

10
Students’ own ideas
UNIT 11
1 Example answers
Students’ own ideas
Possibilities: delight, happiness, feeling
proud/pride, pleased with himself, satisfied
The photographer says: This little boy looks so
proud and pleased with himself … He’s
obviously delighted to have brought lunch
home for his family.
2 harmful ones … you
1 composition, colour, the emotions it
expresses / emotional gravity
2 emotions that are revealed in one glance;
they can be extreme or more subtle
3 Children are good to photograph because
they tend not to hide their emotions as adults
sometimes do.
3 supposing you were …
The adjective with the stronger meaning is
shown in brackets:
Anger: cross, livid (livid)
Fear: petrified, scared (petrified)
Surprise: astonished, taken aback (astonished)
Happiness: content, ecstatic (ecstatic)
Sadness: low, miserable (miserable)
4 Example answers
I was cross when the bus arrived ten minutes
late this
morning. I was livid when my flatmate went
away for the
weekend, taking my key and leaving me
unable to get
into the house.
It rained all day on Sunday and I felt pretty
miserable.
The only time I’ve really felt despondent was
when I was
rejected by the university I’d applied to and I
thought I
would never have the career I wanted.
11a Emotional intelligence
1 5
Emotional intelligence, or EI in its abbreviated
form, is the ability to recognize, judge and deal
with one’s own emotions and those of others.
How it might be helpful: in tasks that involve
problem-solving; in building relationships with
others; in roles where you have to manage
people or work as a team; when you are
helping people who are in distress or
experiencing problems; when you want to
come across well, for example at an interview;
in stressful situations, etc.
2
1 F (if you are someone who often feels
anxious and on edge in the modern world …
and wish you were more in control of things,
perhaps it’s time you looked into EI training.)
2 T (EI training is about learning to …
distinguish constructive emotions from
get to know when to follow you head and when
to follow your gut feeling.)
3 NG
4 T (… excitement might be influencing an
important decision.)
5 NG
6 T (Understanding these micro-expressions is
very useful for managing relationships …
trying to decide whether to trust the other
person; an ability to read such signals could
be invaluable.)
3
1 sad
2 confused and disorganized
3 optimistic
4 exhausted
5 very surprised
6 very happy
4 Example answers
I felt a bit down after losing the match.
My brother’s having a tough time at university
at the moment – the pressure of exams is too
much for him and he’s all over the place.
I feel upbeat about the interview. I think I’m a
strong candidate and I’ve done lots of
preparation for it.
On Friday evening, after a hard week at work,
I always feel done in.
My friends organized a surprise birthday party
for me – when I walked in I was speechless!
I was thrilled to bits when we won first prize!
a3b4c2d6e5f1
Answers to Grammar summary exercises
1
1 didn’t
2 had
3 not go
4 had been Here is a top ten list of hates adapted from a
5 would stop national British newspaper:
6 moved 1 People driving close behind you
7 could 2 People who smell of body odour
8 watch 3 People who eat with their mouth open
4 Rude shop assistants
2 5 Slow internet connections
1 ’s time you went home 6 Dog owners that don’t clean up after their
2 wishes he earned/earnt more money dog
3 ’d just as soon she asked 7 Noisy eaters
4 only I’d stayed in touch 8 Spam email
5 ’d rather cook the meal 9 Adverts in between TV programmes
6 wish my colleagues would knock 10 People reading over your shoulder

3 11b Thinking fast and slow

1 wish I hadn’t decided
2 would rather they didn’t make / wish they 1
didn’t make Students’ own ideas
3 ’d rather live
4 it’s time I spoke 2
5 what if it doesn’t help 1 how we make certain judgments and
6 wish we lived decisions
7 If only we’d decided 2 Nobel Prize in Economics
3 asking people questions
6
1 It’s high time he sorted out his life. 3
2 I wish I didn’t have to commute to work Students’ own answers
every day.
3 If only I’d listened to his advice, none of this 4
would have happened. 1 1 53
4 I’d rather you had shown me the letter before 2 Neither statement is statistically more
you had sent it. probable.
5 Modern life is too hectic. I wish people 3 a/3b Logically, you should answer both these
would just slow down a bit. questions the same way – either choosing
6 It’s time we left. In fact, I wish we had left a certainty, or choosing risk.
while ago. 2 Our intuition can be unreliable and irrational
and affects our ability to use more conscious,
7 deliberate thought to make good decisions.
1 rubbed
2 would come out 5
3 did a 2 (We assume Linda is a feminist because of
4 were lying / was lying our preconceptions and the influence of the
5 would take plausible details of the human story.)
6 made b 3 (Probabilities are the same in 3a and 3b –
it’s illogical to choose different answers.)
8 c 1 (The number we choose here is influenced
1 didn’t talk by high or low numbers we have recently
2 didn’t get heard or thought about – the temperature we
3 could show have just heard is irrelevant to the question
4 were/was, would find asked.)
5 would teach
7a
9 1 a adjective; b verb
Students’ own ideas 2 a verb; b adjective
3 a verb; b adjective
10 Example answers 4 a adjective; b verb
Students’ own ideas 5 a verb; b adjective
 4 Were you to take the job, I am sure you
7b Example answers wouldn’t regret it. (or Should you take the job
Students’ own ideas …)
The politicians are deliberating the issue. 5 Were I to analyse the part my emotions
That was a deliberate attempt to cheat. played, I’d probably make fewer bad
This will separate the men from the boys. decisions.
There’s a separate changing area for families. 6 Should you need any help, I hope you will
feel able to
8 call me.
a i) sentences 1 and 5 ii) sentences 2–4 and 6–
9 10
b The subject and verb have been inverted as 1 would/’d
in a question; the word if has been left out. 2 were
c It means ‘if this thing or situation did not 3 found
exist’; it’s followed by a noun. 4 take
d more formal 5 were
6 to
Answers to Grammar summary exercises 7 ‘d
8 have/‘ve
4 9 Had
1 if I have time – if I had time 10 would/could/might
2 they’ll continue – they continue 11 been
3 she’ll be able – she’d be able 12 were
4 won’t – wouldn’t
5 would be – was 11 Example answers
6 you remembered – you’d remembered Students’ own answers
1 Were it not for my parents, I would have left
5 school early. / I would have given up learning
1 put English.
2 change 2 Had it not been so expensive, I would have
3 wouldn’t have bought a new car. / gone on last weekend’s
4 hadn’t been trip to London.
5 lose/lost 3 Were I not such a lazy person, I think I
6 ’ll/’d would have learned the guitar. / have run a
7 don’t need marathon by now.
8 were 4 I would have become a vet, had I been any
9 wouldn’t have bought good at biology at school!
10 hadn’t spent 5 Had I not been so young at the time, I might
11 would have been able to / would be able to have learned some Swedish before my family
left Stockholm and moved to America.
6
1 Should … be 12
2 Had … known Students’ own ideas
3 Had … treated
4 Were 13
5 Had … not arrived 1 The bat costs $1.05 – $1 dollar more than the
6 Should … sell ball costs, which is 5 cents. If you got the
puzzle wrong (most people say $1.00), don’t
9 be discouraged – so did more than 50 per cent
1 Should anyone ask, please don’t tell them it of students at Harvard, MIT and Princeton.
was me who told you. $1.00 is the intuitive, but incorrect answer.
2 Had I thought about it longer, I think I would 2 Most answer yes, but according to
have got the answer right. probability it should be an equal number of yes
3 Had they taken my advice, they wouldn’t be and no. The point of the first puzzle is to show
in this situation now. how important it is to stop and think before
giving a quick answer.
The point of the second puzzle is that we are
influenced by more than just simple logic. We
already have the disappointment of losing $30,
but we don’t want the added disappointment of
not seeing the show.
14 Example answers
Ideas include: which university to go to, what
to study, which career to follow, who to marry,
what to call your children, whether to take a
job or not, how to spend a large sum of money
you have been given, where to live,
whether to buy or rent a property, whether or
not to report a crime, etc.
11c Who’s working for who?
1 Example answers
1 Students’ own answers
2 Machines like cars are largely put together
by machines nowadays – the cars are designed
on computers; the parts are moved by
machines (conveyors, forklift trucks);
the parts are connected and painted by
machines with robotic arms.
Newspapers are now designed exclusively on
computers, and printed on large automated
printing presses.
3 Possible jobs include: performing surgery,
providing services (robots as waiters, shop
assistants, hotel receptionists), doing
dangerous jobs (mining, bomb disposal, space
exploration).
2 Example answers
Sarah’s story: Financial Times journalist –
competed with computer to write report for the
newspaper – computer was quicker but Sarah’s
report was better – Sarah could distinguish
facts that readers would find interesting
What Sarah’s story tell us: AI is intelligent but
not intelligent enough to make humans
obsolete just yet … but more parts
of our work can and will be done by machines
in future. Other jobs currently done by
machines: manufacturing, stock market trading
Other jobs currently done by people: boring,
monotonous jobs, e.g. checking the work
machines do
3 learning’ and ‘crowdwork’.
1 She wasn’t worried that her job was under
threat from AI. (line 3 onwards: Sarah
O’Connor did not really think she was one …
was fairly sure that her artificial intelligence
(AI) rival would be quicker than her, but at
the same time felt confident that she would be
able to produce a better-crafted report …)
2 making a distinction between that was
significant and of interest, and what was not
(lines 20–22: the program was unable to make
a distinction between significant facts and
facts that readers would find interesting.)
3 They don’t think they will any time soon.
(lines 25–26: AI is intelligent but not
intelligent enough to make humans obsolete
just yet.)
4 It occurs when technology replaces jobs,
which has already happened in manufacturing
but hasn’t yet in the services sector. (lines 40–
41: Technology has already largely replaced
people in manufacturing. If it does the
same in the services sector – banks,
restaurants, shops …)
5 It is when machines learn to do tasks that
they weren’t specifically programmed for.
(lines 43–45: ‘machine learning’, the idea that
machines can learn to do tasks for which they
have not been specifically programmed.)
6 because they involve tasks that computers
are not good at (lines 51–52: ‘crowdwork’,
boring tasks that machines are not good at but
can be done by an army of independent
human workers from their home computers.)
4
1 under threat (line 2)
2 fell short (line 18)
3 subtlety (line 22)
4 obsolete (line 26)
5 monotonous (line 54)
6 bizarre (line 59)
5
Answers are provided in Exercise 6.
6
Answers to Exercise 5:
1 that an increasing number of people are
worried that their jobs are threatened by
machines (paragraph 1)
2 that machines could take over the boring
parts of work, leaving (people) more time to
be creative (paragraph 4)
3 There are three fundamental problems:
‘technological unemployment’, ‘machine
(paragraphs 4 and 5)
4 with a different problem: people are doing
work you would expect a machine to do – will
you be one of those lucky enough to have
machines working for you, or will you be decision-making, interpretation of complex
working for them? (paragraph 5) and varied information, and for work in court
Students’ own ideas about how effective they Teaching: teaching grammatical rules, facts
think the structure is. It is one of several and figures could be done by a robot, as well
possible structures for a discursive article. as some marking and preparation, but anything
involving subtle judgments, feedback, etc. is
7 best done by a person
was beyond it = it was too difficult or
complicated for it 10
to do Students’ own ideas
1 recognition
2 doubt 11d You look concerned
3 me
4 means 1
5 a joke Students’ own ideas
6 the call of duty
2
8 Example answers 1 Conversation 1: colleagues
1 My old school / the city centre where I live Conversation 2: friends
has changed Conversation 3: friends
beyond recognition. 2 Conversation 1: frustrations at work
2 A new house / A new car / Private school for Conversation 2: making a birthday card
the kids is Conversation 3: new job at Disney
beyond my/our means at the moment.
3 Having to work weekends / travel around the 3
world / Speaker’s feeling Comment by other speaker
pay for my own coffee seems beyond the call
of duty. 1 Felipe: frustrated Jennie: You don’t seem fine.
4 This bad weather / The rising cost of Is there anything I can do?
inflation is beyond 2 Ohoud: distracted Lara: You look a bit
a joke. troubled.
I didn’t mean to offend you.
9
Students’ own ideas 3 Megumi: excited Paola: Don’t get me wrong
Police work: routine jobs such as paperwork, – I wasn’t laughing at you.
surveillance, etc. could be done by robots – but I’m really happy for you.
not subtle things like communicating with
people in the community, making an
arrest, using a weapon Healthcare: dispensing
medicine, performing routine surgery, 4 Example answers
monitoring patients – but not talking to 1 Is there anything I can do?
patients, diagnosing and decision-making 2 You seem a bit worried. or You look a little
Childcare: observing, feeding and doing troubled.
routine tasks; but people are needed to deal 3 I didn’t mean to sound ungrateful. or I didn’t
with any problems, watch for safety, comfort mean to be rude.
and interact with children on an emotional 4 Did I say something funny?
level
Public transport: already used on some tram 5a
and train networks – driverless cars, taxis and /d/: annoyed, confused, preoccupied, puzzled,
buses still sci-fi – need a person to make troubled
decisions in busy city centres and deal /t/: embarrassed, shocked
with unexpected situations /ɪd/: distracted, frustrated, offended
Legal work: robots could interview and take
notes and carry out routine tasks (e.g. drawing 5b
up contracts or wills); need person for See the Pronunciation notes below.
5c
busied /ˈbɪzi:d/
naked /ˈneɪkɪd/
readied /ˈrɛdi:d/
rugged /ˈrʌɡɪd/
sacred /ˈseɪkrɪd/
6 Example answers
Students’ own ideas
A: Are you OK? You look a bit annoyed.
B: Oh, sorry, I’m just a bit frustrated by this
exercise. / I’m worried about today’s test. / I’m
distracted by what’s happening outside the
window.
A: I’m sorry to hear that. Is there anything I
can do?
B: Not really, but thanks anyway.
7
Students’ own ideas
11e Don’t get me wrong
1 Example answers
1 Because we can’t hear the tone of the
person’s voice, or see their facial expression
while they are communicating, it makes it easy
to misinterpret an email.
2 Students’ own answers
2
People generally treat an email like a face-to-
face
conversation, but we aren’t able to
communicate feelings
with gestures, facial expressions and tone of
voice in an
email – the reader must imagine the tone –
that’s why it’s
so easy to misinterpret the content.
3 2 replace
1b2d3e4f5c6a
4 Example answers
A Thanks. I got your report. I really
appreciate your help with this. It took me
slightly by surprise as I didn’t expect to see it
until the end of the month.
B Thanks for letting me know about Jessica’s
farewell party next Saturday. Please don’t
take this the wrong way, but I hoped you
were going to change the day of the party to
one I could manage. I don’t want to
pressure you, but it would be great if you
could.
C Thanks for your suggestions. Please don’t
take this the wrong way, but in the end
we’ve decided that we’re going to stick to the
original plan. We do really appreciate your
time and help, though.
D As you might know, we’re going to the
races next week and a couple of spaces have
become free at short notice. Would you like
to come? It would be great if you could.
E Thanks for the email asking for my opinion.
Without wanting to be rude, personally, I
think the blue curtains look nicer.
F Without wanting to be rude, I know you’re
very busy, but could you reply to the email I
sent two days ago? I don’t want to pressure
you, but the deadline for a decision is today.
11f Madeleine the robot tamer
1
Students’ own ideas
2 Example answers
It looks industrial (large, heavy, functional).
It seems to have moving parts – perhaps it can
lift things,
move things, attach things or build things.
3b
1d2a3e4b5c
4
To react to people’s movements, coming
closer to them when they walk near.
To help people to see an opportunity for
interacting with robots and to think about what
other kinds of interactions we might have with
them.
5
1 need
3 expand
4 artists
5 people
6 seven
7 cameras
8 gestures
6
1 a more interactive one – a bit more like a
humanhuman interaction
2 because the robot isn’t doing a specific
industrial job and does not have a special tool
attached to it
3 the ‘raw experience’ of just interacting with in statement 4: I wish people wouldn’t ask me
the robot personal questions.)
4 it’s the way you innovate 3 wish + past perfect = to talk about a past
5 anyone and everyone situation that we would like to be different (not
used in the article)
7a
1b2a3c4c5b6c7a8b 4
1 a bit on edge
7b Example answers 2 livid
1 I don’t know what’s going to happen with 3 taken aback
my job. The ideal scenario would be a pay 4 thrilled to bits
rise. / a promotion. / a fresh start. 5 down
2 Sony / Samsung / Microsoft is a 6 petrified
company/organization that’s always trying to
push the boundaries of technology. 5 Example answers
3 An example of when everything came Students’ own answers
together for me was when I met the woman 1 I’m not depressed, I’m just a bit down
who is now my wife. because I got a bad test result.
2 I’m a bit all over the place at the moment
8 because I’ve just heard the news that my mum
Students’ own ideas is seriously ill.
3 I’m absolutely done in. Remind me never to
9 work the whole weekend again!
Students’ own ideas 4 You seem surprisingly upbeat for someone
who’s just lost their job. Is there something I
Unit 11 Review don’t know?
5 I simply can’t believe Mark’s been arrested.
1 I’m speechless.
1 give 6 I don’t like being scared, so I’d rather watch
2 told a thriller than a horror film, to be honest.
3 could
4 wouldn’t ask 6
5 had 1 You look/seem a bit
6 praises 2 say something funny/wrong
7 Were I to be asked 3 seemed/sounded; rude/abrupt (also possible:
8 Had you been instructed was; direct)
4 be rude / sound ungrateful
2 5 didn’t upset you / offend you / say
1 The problem with measuring emotional something wrong
intelligence 6 out wrong / out the wrong way
is that it relies on the respondent knowing their
own 7
feelings, and being truthful in their responses. Students’ own answers
2 Most of us are inclined / tend to give
untruthful UNIT 12
responses about our weaknesses.
1 Example answers
3 Students’ own ideas
1 wish + past = to talk about a present situation The photo shows a mountainous landscape
that we would like to be different (used in with snowcapped peaks and large boulders and
statement 3: I wish I could control my bad crags – there is a blue lake in the valley. The
habits … ) sky is clear and it’s a sunny day.
2 wish + someone + would = to express the There is a person – possibly a woman – who is
fact that we would like someone to do or stop wearing a rucksack and is standing and
doing something, often used to complain (used looking at the view.
2 3b
1 Speaker 1: Azraq, east of Amman in Jordan; Japan (110 active)
desert Indonesia (76 active)
Speaker 2: the village of Tyssedal in Norway; Nicaragua (8 active)
dramatic scenery – a valley between a fjord 4b
and a mountain 1 nitrogen (N2) 78.084%
Speaker 3: Blaenavon in Wales; rugged, hilly, 2 oxygen (O2) 20.9476%
industrial landscape 3 argon (Ar) 0.934%
2 Speaker 1: it’s beautiful – nature untouched 4 carbon dioxide (CO2) 0.0314%
by man 5a
Speaker 2: loves the contrasts in the landscape, Aleppo (at least 6000 BC)
it’s all on a huge scale, but still calming Varanasi (1800 BC)
Speaker 3: the shared social history and sense Beijing (1045 BC)
of community connected to the industrial 6a
landscape grassland (around 50%)
3 Speaker 2 desert (25%)
rainforest (less than 12%)
3
Speaker 1: a blue, cloudless sky; sparse 2
vegetation; a bleak, monotonous landscape Accept students’ own ideas. See the expert’s
Speaker 2: dramatic scenery; wooded hillsides; reasons (Exercise 3 answers) for a possible
snow-capped mountains list.
Speaker 3: rich farmland; lush green valleys;
rugged, hilly Terrain 3
1 without a mental map of the Earth’s surface
4 Example answers and the distribution of people across it, the
Students’ own ideas world is confusing
I love the sandy beaches and rugged coast line 2 Geo-literacy gives people the ability to use
of Cornwall in the UK. I grew up there and it geographic knowledge to make connections
really reminds me of happy days on the beach. between things and to understand how changes
The most dramatic scenery I have ever seen in nature and how our own actions affect us
has to be the volcanoes of Indonesia. There’s all.
nothing like Indonesia for lush green 3 It can help us to understand how actions in
vegetation and incredible sweeping valleys one place (e.g. pollution) can affect outcomes
with dramatic volcanoes rising up through the elsewhere (e.g. drought).
early morning mists. 4 It can help us understand how the
There used to a beautiful view near where I organization of a city affects quality of life.
live, with rolling hills and wooded 5 Geo-literacy helps to develop cultural
mountainsides. But last year they built a new understanding.
shopping complex there. It’s such a blot on the
landscape – I don’t know why they allowed it. 4
1 to make connections between things and to
12a The why of where understand how changes in nature and how our
own actions affect us all
1 2 The pollution in the northern hemisphere
Note that these answers are also given on page contributed to a drought by changing the
190 of the climate – by cooling air over Europe and the
Students’ Book. Atlantic, it forced the rain further south in
1a Africa.
2a 3 They felt helpless and not responsible for the
Monaco: Number 1 in the world (3 situation.
billionaires, population 37,800) 4 It could help us make decisions about where
USA: Number 13 in the world (536 we live and what transport we use.
billionaires, population 321 million) 5 that it is one homogenous country
Kuwait: Number 14 in the world (5
billionaires, population 3.2 million) 5 Example answers
1 Understanding geography (and geology) 3 stuff
helps us find mineral resources, plan best 4 or something
where to build new towns, predict the weather 5 sort of
and other natural events, avoid natural 6 and so on
disasters; understanding geography (and
geopolitics) helps us understand why there are 3
conflicts in the world, and helps us understand 1 up to ten people
people better. 2 sort of boring
2 Students’ own ideas 3 or something
4 and that sort of thing
6 5 two hours or so
The following should be crossed out: 6 he has forty-odd
1 ethnically
2 internationally 9
3 geographically Other possible answers are given in brackets.
4 socially 1 Around (Over, Roughly)
5 visually 2 or something
6 culturally 3 or so (-odd)
7 industrially 4 about (around)
8 politically 5 kind of (sort of)
6 stuff (things)
7 Example answers 7 as many as (over, around, about, roughly)
Older people are more physically active these 8 -ish
days – they go to the gym. 9 more or less (sort of, kind of)
Since the last election, 18 to 25 year olds have 10 over (as many as, around, about, roughly)
become more politically active.
Japan is an economically/industrially advanced 10 Example answers
country. 1 greenish
It’s politically correct to use ‘Ms’ when 2 as many as / about / around / over / roughly
writing business correspondence to women. ten
George Clooney is an internationally famous 3 kind of bleak and monotonous / sort of hilly
actor. 4 more or less / as many as / about / around /
Wind power is environmentally friendly. over / roughly ten
Mozart was musically gifted. 5 fast/slow; more or less / as many as / about /
Some islands in the Pacific are geographically around / over / roughly fifty thousand
remote. 6 dozens of different things; seeing friends,
playing tennis, going for a walk and so on
8
1 Less precise words in themselves are: 11 Example answers
hundreds of, dozens of, stuff. All the others Students’ own ideas
make another word imprecise. Near where I live there is a river and at one
2 -odd, (or so), (dozens of), -ish, kind of, more point there’s a wide part which is particularly
or less, stuff, things, or something beautiful. It’s a special place because not only
is it very pretty, but it’s the perfect spot
Answers to Grammar summary exercises for families to visit in the summer. Some
people fish there, but there are usually dozens
1 of young children paddling and playing in the
1 up to 3,000 people water.
2 under ten hours In the town near me is the biggest free multi-
3 as many as five years storey car park in Europe. It has around four or
4 hundreds of dollars five floors and over five hundred cars can park
5 under fifty cars there. It’s very popular because it’s free, and
also because it’s right next to shops,
2 restaurants, cafés and so on.
1 -ish
2 Up to 12b Nature close up
1 Thankfully Dad managed to swerve out of the
three lines; five syllables in the first line, seven way. But for Dad’s lightning quick reactions,
syllables in it could have been serious. I was scared stiff
the second line, five syllables in the third line; …
seventeen
syllables in total 8
a7b6c1d4e5f3g2
2
1 travel guides 9
2 seventeenth century 1e2f3d4c5g6b7a
3 because he wanted to escape his fame and
lead a simpler life 10
4 that even though she was writing about 1 that would be great
places she visited, she was missing lots of the 2 wouldn’t have thought
beautiful details in nature around her 3 wouldn’t start; would have given
4 (that) you’d be
3 5 would go
1 the brilliant colour
2 the way sunlight catches the spray and 11 Example answers
makes a rainbow Long walks:
3 the reflection of the leaf in the crystal-clear When I was younger, I’d go on really long
water of a stream walks with my dad / we’d often get lost / we’d
4 the splash it makes when it jumps into the take a picnic for the journey.
water If I had more time, I’d go on more long walks.
5 was in ruins and overgrown with grass and I promised myself I’d take up long-distance
seemed Forgotten walking / I’d join a walking club one day.
Reading poetry:
4 When I was younger, I’d spend days reading
extremely clear – a crystal is a mineral rock poetry books.
which looks pure and transparent, like glass If I had more time, I’d study poetry at college.
I promised myself I’d join a poetry reading
5 course.
scared stiff, worried sick Nature:
When I was younger, we would go on nature
6 walks.
bone dry: ground/earth If I had more time, I’d spend more time in the
brand new: a car countryside.
fast asleep: a baby I promised myself I’d take up gardening.
freezing cold: a winter’s day
lightning quick: reactions 12 Example answers
pitch black: a cave Students’ own ideas
rock hard: old bread Examples of ‘nature’s modest dramas’ could
scared stiff: a child be leaves falling into ponds, ants carrying
sopping wet: a towel food, a bird feeding its chicks, a mouse
stone cold: dinner running into a burrow.
wide open: eyes
worried sick: a parent 12c Rise of the urban animal

7 Example answers
Students’ own ideas
One freezing cold winter’s evening, we went
out to see some friends in our brand new car.
Dad drove, the baby was fast asleep in the
back, and I sat in the front. It was pitch black
out there, so when a deer ran out of the bushes,
we didn’t see it until the very last moment.
1
1/2 Students’ own answers. It depends, of
course, on where they live. On a typical day, in
the UK, people might see common
domesticated pets (cats, dogs, hamsters,
rabbits, gerbils, goldfish, tropical fish, etc.),
farm animals (cows, sheep, pigs, chickens,
goats, etc.), wild birds (pigeons, sparrows,
crows, blackbirds, robins, finches, kites, gulls,
etc.) and occasionally wild animals (squirrels, c There are more dangerous animals in urban
rabbits, deer, urban foxes). areas and when predators lose their instinctive
3 In the UK, pigeons, cats, dogs, urban foxes, fear of humans, they actually become more
rats and mice. likely to attack us.
d Some animals are thriving successfully in
2 cities and there is plenty of food for them –
a Students’ own ideas. they are here to stay; animals that are naturally
For reasons why the number of animals in cautious or timid do better in cities; How do
cities is rising, see the answers in Exercise 3. we turn cities into something good,
b From left to right (top row): fox, falcon, boar something positive for wildlife?
From left to right (bottom row): pigeon, coyote
(a wolf-like wild dog native to North America) 7
The author concludes that the growth of cities
3 has meant animals have had to adapt and that
Reasons: abundance of food in cities we humans also need to adapt and learn to live
(discarded food, land-fills, rubbish bins); with animals in cities – we should also think
increased number of prey animals about making our cities more animal friendly.
(e.g. pigeons) has attracted predators; native
habitats are disappearing (urban sprawl and 8
climate change); less animal hunting now come into a new place and start living in it
According to the text, it’s a trend we can’t (can be applied equally to people)
stop.
9
4 1 around
1 Peregrine falcons are more concentrated in 2 to
New York City than anywhere else; they have 3 out
started to attack pigeons in cities. 4 on
2 There are 2,000 wild coyotes in Suburban 5 over
Chicago. 6 on
These animals have begun to take on some 7 in
aspects of human behaviour (e.g. waiting at 8 off
traffic lights).
3 Foxes are very common now in city streets, 10 Example answers
especially at night, and now feed from rubbish I’m going to move in to my new flat in June.
bins. I found it hard to move on when my first
4 Ants’ behaviour hasn’t changed – have been girlfriend left me.
living and feeding in cities for a long time. I ran to catch the bus yesterday, but it moved
5 Mountain lions usually need a lot of space off just as I got there!
and usually roam an area of about 1,000
square kilometres, but have adapted to living 11
in smaller spaces, e.g. 65 square Students’ own ideas
kilometres in Hollywood. As a result, they are
becoming less wary of humans. 12d A blot on the landscape
6 Some bears have stopped hibernating
through winter because there is so much 1
discarded food for them to feed on all year. Note that these answers are also given on page
190 of the Student’s Book.
5 1 Buenos Aires
a Rodents and insects, such as ants, have long 2 Beijing
been city dwellers; animals feel less wary of 3 Bucharest
their human neighbours than in the past 4 Jakarta
because animal hunting is far less popular. 5 Mexico City
b Urban sprawl and climate change have
meant that animals’ native habitats have 2 Example answers
shrunk or have begun to disappear. banning cars on certain days or at certain
times;
congestion charging; only allowing zero-
emission cars;
providing park and ride services or trams or
underground rail; providing free rental
bicycles; encouraging people to lift share;
having improved traffic light systems; using
computerization to organize traffic flow;
widening roads or building new roads;
building a ring road
3a
1 a congestion charging scheme; banning all
private cars from the centre and providing a
park and ride bus service from various points
on the outskirts of the city into the centre
2 a scope
b cost
c charged/exempt
3b
Sorry, can I just say something in answer to
that?
No, hang on, hang on a minute.
Yes, but …
Sorry, can I just finish what I was saying?
12e To the editor
1 Example answers
Students’ own answers
People write to newspapers to complain about
something in the newspaper (e.g. an opinion
they disagree with), to voice a complaint about
something which is directly affecting them
(e.g. complaining about poor rubbish
collection in their area) or a cause that they are
passionate about (e.g. saving wild animals,
protecting the environment).
2 The landscape: snow-capped mountain peaks,
1 a news item about people in the city dying
from air
pollution
2 there’s no political will
3 increase awareness of air pollution through
public
Displays
3 family groups
Yes, it responds the same day.
It refers to the article (but does not give the
title or author).
So-so (the letter could be shorter).
Yes (points are stated boldly).
It’s not angry, but not that funny either.
4a
1d2f3c4b5a6e
4b Example answers
(for the topic of littering)
The issue is one of personal responsibility. (2)
At any time of day, you’ll find a sea of paper
washing around our streets. (1)
It has a disastrous effect on our health and
well-being. (6)
5 Example answers
Pros: clean energy, safe, inexpensive to
maintain once you have built the turbines,
often placed in areas far from where most
people live
Cons: unattractive, a blot on the landscape,
expensive to build, dangerous for birds, spoils
nature experiences for tourists, can be noisy if
you live nearby
12f Three years and 6,000 miles on a horse
1 Example answers
a I once did a charity walk to raise money for
homeless people and I walked twenty
kilometres. I think I could push it and walk at
least twenty-five in a day.
b I think riding a bike is much easier and more
efficient than walking. I reckon I could easily
cover 60 kilometres in a day, maybe more.
I’ve never ridden a horse, so maybe I’d only
manage fewer than ten kilometres!
c 4.7 miles a day
2b
1d2b3f4e5a6c
3
desert, bleak, dry, rugged, grasslands, lush
green valleys and hills
The weather: mostly cloudy and wet, foggy,
with some clear skies and some snow
The people: there is a western adventurer and
his team and there are also local people who
seem to work with horses and live in simple,
remote huts or gers, they probably live in
The animals: there are horses which are ridden
and herded, there is a domesticated dog with
the adventurer
4
1 meeting nomadic people in the Gobi Desert
2 to ride from Mongolia to Hungary
3 he couldn’t ride a horse 3
4 They were tied up badly; he found them Line 2: You’d think (to express an opinion or
unexpectedly. hope less forcefully)
5 He realized that he shouldn’t rush or make Line 3: You’d be mistaken (hypothetical
too many plans. situation)
6 eighteen months Line 19: The hunters would stalk (habitual
action in the past)
5 Line 21: They’d sweep them up (habitual
1 through; eyes action in the past)
2 down Line 23: I would have asked (hypothetical
3 ocean; yacht situation)
4 rush slowly Line 26: none … would admit to (refusal)
5 turning
6 rise; fall 4
1 monotonous
6a 2 sparse
1b2b3c4c5a6c 3 hilly
4 lush
6b 5 rich
1 Did you get to the beach when you were on
holiday? 5
2 Once you have started on this 1 bone dry and sopping wet (a desert; a towel)
journey/course/programme, there’s no turning 2 completely fearless and scared stiff (a
back. warrior; a nervous child)
3 You need to let go of your fear of travelling. 3 wide awake and fast asleep (a marathon
Otherwise, you’ll never go anywhere! runner; a baby)
4 boiling hot and freezing cold (a desert; an
7 Example answers ice cap)
Students’ own ideas 5 dazzlingly bright and pitch black (a
It sounds like he became much more patient greenhouse; a cellar)
and relaxed. 6 utterly unconcerned and worried sick (a
He may well have returned to home and teenager; a parent)
decided to live a much simpler, slower life. He
also seemed to get very used to being with 6
horses and said he couldn’t imagine life 1 Could I just interrupt you there?
without them. Maybe he carried on riding 2 Can I just say something in answer to that?
when he got home, or perhaps he even decided 3 I’m sorry. I need to stop you there.
to stay there. 4 Can I just finish what I was saying?
5 OK. You can make your point in a moment.
8 6 Just a moment, please.
Students’ own ideas
7
Unit 12 Review Students’ own answers

1
It’s Iceland and he’s hunting/catching puffins.

2
1 roughly ten kilometres / ten kilometres or so
2 fifty years or so
3 smallish
4 a bit like
5 Dozens of puffins
6 kind of fishy / a bit fishy