Dr. S. M. A.

Waseem, JNMC, AMU, Aligarh 9/20/2021

Movements of large intestine

and Functions in Brief
Dr. S. M . A. Waseem
Department of Physiology
JNMC, AMU, Aligarh

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Dr. S. M. A. Waseem, JNMC, AMU, Aligarh 9/20/2021

Few important points:

• Sodium potassium pump is present in apical membrane of colon
• In colon there is reabsorption of sodium and secretion of potassium.
• The above mechanism is stimulated by aldosterone.
• Increase potassium loss in diarrhea cause hypokalemia.
• In colon there is reabsorption of water.
• External anal sphincter is innervated by the alpha motor neuron of
the pudendal nerve and is under voluntary control and is usually in
contracted state (closed).
• The basal electric rhythm is 2/ min at ileo cecal valve and 6/min at
sigmoid colon.
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External sphincter is
under voluntary control

Internal sphincter is
circular smooth
muscle.

• https://www.yourpelvicfloor.org/conditions/fecal-incontinence/

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Good to know:
 Water absorption by________ .
Sodium by_____ ___.
Potassium is_____or_________.
Vitamin___ and _________ are produced.
Apical side is towards____________ and basolateral
towards_______.
Basal parts of crypts LIBERKUHN have__________cells.
Crypts covered by epithelium have ________and ______cells.

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Hope you remember: Inhibitory NT: nitric oxide

Excitatory NT:
Ach,
Substance P Contraction of circular muscle_______the
diameter of the lumen. Relax longitudinal
muscle.
Contraction of longitudinal muscle
_________the diameter of lumen. Circular
muscle relax.

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Few basics revised:

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Dr. S. M. A. Waseem, JNMC, AMU, Aligarh 9/20/2021

Large Intestine
Histology and
important
aspects?

http://droualb.faculty.mjc.edu/Lecture%20Notes/Unit%206/Spring%2006%20Di
gestive%20system%20with%20figures.htm Dr. S. M. A. Waseem, JNMC, AMU, Aligarh 8

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Large intestine :

Crypts of
Lieberkuhn

Plexus?

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GIT Reflexes : Summary

Defecation
Reflex
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MOTILITY of Large Intestine: Summary

MOTILITY:

1. Sac like characteristics haustra : segmental contractions. Play role in mixing of content. Appear mainly in caecum and
proximal colon.

2. Mass movement ( from transverse colon to sigmoid colon): move the contents to longer distances.
frequency can be 1- 3 times/ day.
In distal parts of the colon there is reabsorption of water and thus feces are turned semi solid. Thus, a final
mass movements help to propel the feces into rectum wherein they are stored until expelled by defecation reflex.

3. Entry of the food in stomach occurs due to relaxation of the lower oesophageal sphincter. There is distention of the
stomach. This results in the increase in the motility of colon. It also increases the mass movements. The afferent
mechanism is by vagal nerves (parasympathetic). Hormones like CCK and gastrin are released resulting in the increase in
motility. This reflex is known as gastro colic reflex.

4. Defecation reflex: entry of the feces in the rectum cause the contraction of smooth muscles of rectum. There is
relaxation of the internal and external anal sphincter. Increase in the rectal pressure beyond 25% causes the urge to
defecate and then the external anal sphincter relaxes (voluntary striated). There is also role of Valsalva maneuvre in
defecation reflex.
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Applied:

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Irritable Bowel Disease ANS: Stress: Diarrhoea And Constipation

Hirschsprungs Disease( Congenital Megacolon) Absence Of Nerve Cells In Auerbachs Plexus

Muscle Layer Weakness Results In The Diverticulitis

Development Of Pockets In Mucosa Especially In
Old Age
Inflammatory Bowel Disease Ulcerative Colitis . Inflammation And Immune Disease.

Ischemia Lack Of Blood Supply

Infections E. Coli, Shigella, Salmonella.

Excess Use Of Antibiotics Effects Gut Flora.

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Summary:
Histology of colon Lack villi, crypts are deeper, goblet cells are abundant.

Functions Absorb water, forms feces

What are taenia coli Transverse bands of longitudinal muscles.

Motility types Mainly:

Segmental : sacculations/ haustrations
Mass movement

Defecation reflex Excretion of feces

Important applied Congenital megacolon.

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