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GASTROINTESTINAL SYSTEM: GIT

Brief Introduction
Dr. S. M. A. Waseem

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Cell is the fundamental unit of life

Cells

Tissues

Organs

System

Physiology is the study of normal

functioning of human body

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Gastrointestinal System: GIT

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FROM ORAL CAVITY TILL ANAL REGION

 https://in.pinterest.com/pin/262616221997654176/

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HEPATOBILIARY SYSTEM:

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FUNCTIONS OF GIT

Motility

Secretory functions

Absorption and circulation

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PHYSIOLOGICAL ANATOMY OF THE GIT

 inner to outer
 mucosa
 submucosa
 outer longitudinal and inner circular smooth muscle
 serosa

LONGITUDINAL CIRCULAR

Thin Thick
Contracts : the lumen diameter Lumen diameter is decreased
is increased and the length of and the length is increased
segment is decreased

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CONTRACTIONS

TONIC PHASIC

sustained rhythmic or periodic

contraction without relaxation contraction followed by
relaxation

lower oesophagous, proximal oesophagous, gastric antrum,

regions of stomach, internal small intestine
anal sphincter and ileocaecal
valves.

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ELECTRICAL ACTIVITY OF SMOOTH MUSCLES

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ENTERIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

 Collection of neurons in gut
 “Intrinsic nervous system/mini brain of the gut”
 100 million neurons located in numerous ganglia
 Ganglia are interconnected via nerve bundles to form plexus.

 Two types of plexus:

A. Myentric (Auerbachs)
B. Submucosal(Meissners)

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https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/The-enteric-nervous-system-and-
Furness/b39147404dc9e3838a17a92bf85097109ac2600b/figure/2

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myentric submucosal
auerbachs meissners
located between muscular layers submucoasal layers
from oesophagous at rostral end till most prominent in the small intestine
rectum at caudal end

Innervate smooth muscles

responsible for motility of gut

Innervate secretory and endocrine

cells in the gut

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 Neuronal networks receive fibres from parasympathetic and

sympathetic nervous systems. Gut brain axis.
 They also receive sensory input from wall of the gut via vagus
and splanchic nerves.
 ENS also contains non adrenergic and non cholinergic fibres
example: Nitric Oxide, CGRP, Substance P, VIP, Enkephalins,
endorphins etc.

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https://doctorlib.info/physiology/physiology-2/70.html

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PARASYMPATHETIC SYMPATHETIC
Run mainly in vagus (X cranial) and Sacral THORACO LUMBAR(T5-
nerves( pelvic nerves). L2)

Cholinergic and excitatory Adrenergic and inhibitory

Stomach: Increases the tone and motility ?

Cause relaxation of the sphincters
Increase the secretions
Gall bladder and duct: Contraction and ?
increase in secretions
Intestine: Increase the motility and increase ?
the secretions. Cause relaxation of sphincters
Pancreas: Increase the secretion of ?
pancreatic juice and also increase the release
of insulin and glucagon.
Cause watery secretion from salivary glands Increases copious /thick

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Myenteric Submucosal
Increase tonic and rhythmic Intestinal secretions.
contractions Localized contractions cause
infolding of the GIT mucosa.

Increases the spread of wave of Blood flow

contraction

Some are inhibitory: pyloric Absorption

and ileocaecal valves

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neurotransmitters:
 excitatory to secretions: VIP, histamine
 excitatory to motility: ACh, SubstanceP
 inhibitory: nitric oxide, VIP

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SUMMARY:
FUNCTIONS OF GIT DIGESTIVE, SECRETORY, MOTILITY,
ABSORPTION
types of electrical activity slow wave and spike potentials
types of contractions tonic and phasic
ENS myentric and auerbachs plexus
ANS sympathetic thoracolumbar
parasympathetic: craniosacral
Sympathetic decreases motility of git, constrics
sphincters
Parasympathetic increases git motility, relaxes
sphincters, increases secretions
Excitatory NT acetylcholine, substance P
Inhibitory NT nitric oxide, VIP

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http://ibbiologyhelp.com/HumanPhysiology/digestion.html

https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Human_Biology/Book%3A_Human_Biology_(Wakim_and_
Grewal)/18%3A_Digestive_System/18.3%3A_Digestion_and_Absorption
https://teachmeanatomy.info/abdomen/viscera/gallbladder
https://teachmeanatomy.info/abdomen/viscera/gallbladder
https://www.britannica.com/science/gastrointestinal-tract
https://doctorlib.info/physiology/textbook-medical-physiology/2.html

THANK YOU FOR PATIENCE LISTENING

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