MRS 21 Calcium Carbonate in Zim

ZIMBABWE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
MINERAL RESOURCES SERIES

No . 21
CALCIUM CARBONATE
IN ZIMBABWE
by
B. BARBER, B.Sc.
ISSUED BY AUTHORITY
HARARE , 1990
CONTENTS
Page
INTRODUCTION . .
1
DEFINITIONS . . . . . . 1
CALCIUM CARBONATE SOURCE ROCKS . . . . . 3
PRIMARY . . . . . . . 4
Sedimentary . . . . . . . 4
-
POst Karoo Limestones . . . . . . . 4
Karoo Limestones . . . . . . 5
Crystalline . . . . . . 7
Marbles of the Tengwe River Group . . . . . . . 7
Marbles of the Rushinga Metamorphic Suite . . . . . . 7
Marbles of the Umkondo Group . . . . . . . 7
Marbles of the Lomagundi Group . . . . . . . 8
Marbles of the Beitbridge Group . . . . . . . 10
Marbles of the Greenstones Group . . . . . . . 11
-
Vein deposits . . . . . . . 11
Carbonatites . . 11
SECONDARY . . . . . . . 11
Calc Tufa . . . . . . . 12
Calcretes . . . . . . . 12
LOCALITIES . . . . . . . 12
BEITBRIDGE DISTRICT . . . . . . . 12
1 Dill DOLOMARBLE . . . . . . . 12
2 KAYANSEE MARBLE . . . . . 14
3 SCAPOLITE MARBLE . . . . . . . 14
BIK1TA DISTRICT . . . . . . . 14
4 DEVULI MARBLE . . . . . . . 14
5 MDARA MARBLE . . . . . . . IS
BINDURA DISTRICT . . . . . . . 15
6 CONTAC T MARBLE . . 15
7 DUNKERRY CALCITE AND MARBLE . . . . . 16
INSING1SI CALCRETE . . . . . . 17
8
9 KINGSTO NE CALCRE TE . . . . . . 18
10 D
LEOPAR ' S VLEI CALCRE TE . . . . . . 18
11 ULBURN MARBLE . . . . . . . 18
12 MARSTON MARBLE . . 20
13 NAN TERRA MARBLE .. . . . . . 20
14 PIMENTO PARK CALC TUFA . . . . . . 20
15 SELWOOD MARBLE .. . . . . . 21
BINGA DISTRIC T . . . . . . . 21
1« CH1BWATATA TRAVERTINE . . . . . . 21
17 KATETE CARBONATITE COMPLEX . . . . . 21
BUBI DISTRICT . . . . . . . 23
18 BRAEMAR MARBLE . . . 23
19 DINGAAN CALCRETE . . . . . . . 23
20 FELIX CALCRETE . . . . . . . 23
21 GLENDENNING MARBLE . . . . . . 23
22 GRAVESEND MARBLE . . 23
23 HUNTSMAN MARBLE . . . . . . 24
24 INKWEKWEZI CALCRETE . . . . . . 24
25 LONELYMARBLE . . . . . . . 24
2« MATSHEUMHLOPE CALCITE (?) . . . . . 25
27 POLLARDS MARBLE
. 25
28 THREE FOUNTAINS CALCRETE . . . . . 25
29 WALK MARBLE . . . . . . . 25
BUHERA DISTRICT . . . . . . . 26
30 BIRCHENOUGH CALCITE . . . . . . 26
31 CHISHAN YA CARBON ATITE COMPLE X . . . . 26
32 DOROW CARBON
A ATITE COMPLE X . . . . . 2 8
*
33 GWATI CALCRETE . . . . . . . 30
34 MANZINZIMA CALOTTE . . . . . . 31
35 MURAMBWI 'CARBONATITE’ . . . . . . 31
3<S SHAWA CARBONATITE COMPLEX . . . . . 31
BULAWAYO DISTRICT . . . . . . . 33
37 IMBESU CALCRETE . . . 33
38 LOWER NONDWENE ’MARBLE' . . . . . 33
39 M’NONDU CALCRETE . . . . . . . 33
40 NONDWENE CALCRETE . . . . . . 33
41 REIGATE CALCRETE . . . . . . . 34
42 RENNEYDENE CALCRETE . . . . . . 34
BULILIMAMANGWE DISTRICT . . . . . . 34
CHARTER DISTRICT . . . . . . . 34
CHEGUTU DISTRICT . . . . . . . 34
43 AVONDALE CALCRETE . . . . . . 34
44 .
CAX MARBLE . . . . . . . 33
45 CHIGWELL CALCRETE . . . . . . 33
44 DUNTOCHER CALCITE . . . . . . 35
47 KUJAWY CALCRETE . . . . . . . 36
4« LAMBOURNE MARBLE . . . . . . 36
49 NASEBY CALCRETE . . 38
CHIMANIMANI DISTRICT . . . . . . . 38
50 CHIY1RE CALC TUFA . . . 38
51 GRASSLANDS MARBLE . . . . . . 38
52 HOT SPRINGS CALCRETE . . . . . . 38
53 UMECUFFE CALC TUFA . . . . . . 39
54 MOOSGWE CALC TUFA . . . . . . 39
55 MUWUSHU CALCITE . . . . . . . 41
54 NYANYADZI MARBLE . . . . . . 41
CHIPINGE DISTRICT . . . . . . . 41
57 CHIPANGAYI CALCRETE . . . . . . 41
58 CADAUFEMARBLE . . . . . . . 41
59 MOUNT RUDD MARBLE . . . . . . 42
40 MUSIKAVANTHU CALCRETE . . . . . . 42
41 TANGANDA BRIDGE MARBLE . . . . . . 42
42 TANGANDA HALT MARBLE . . . . . . 42
43 THREE SPANS CALC TUFA . 43
CHIREDZI DISTRICT . . . . . . . 43
44 CHIWANJE CALCITE . . . . . . . 43
45 DRAGON CALCRETE . . . . . . . 43
44 JETE CALCITE . . . . . . . 43
47 MATIBI CALCITE . . . . . . . 44
48 SIMU CALCITE . . . . . . . 43
49 TRIANGLE MARBLE . . . . . . . 43
CHIRUMANZU DISTRICT . . . . . . . 46
CHIVI DISTRICT . . . . . . . 46
DARWIN DISTRICT . . . . . . . 46
70 CH1WANDA MARBLE . . . . . . . 46
71 KAROYI MARBLE . . . . . . . 46
72 MKAU MARBLE . . . . . . . 46
73 NANUTA METACARBONATE . . . . . . 47
74 NYASANGA CALC TUFA . . . . . 48
75 NYAMAZIZI MARBLE . . . . . . . 48
74 RUYA RIVER MARBLE . . . . . . 48
GQKWE DISTRICT . . . . . . . 49
77 GWANYIKA LIMESTONE . . . . . . 49
78 MAFUNGABUSI CALCRETE . . . . . . 49
79 MUDZONGWE LIMESTONE . . . . . . 49
80 NJELELE LIMESTONE . . 30
81 SENGWA LIMESTONE . . . . . . . 50
82 ZHOMBE LIMESTONE . . . . . . . 3 0
GOROMONZI DISTRICT
83 CHISHAW ASHA MARBLE
84 KILMUIR MARBLE
85 LUCKY LEAP YEAR MARBLE
GURUVE DISTRICT
86 NYAK APUPU MARBLE
87 SIPOLILO MARBLE
GUTU DISTRICT
88 CHECKMATE MARBLE
GWANDA DISTRICT
89 ANTERIOR MARBLE
90 COLLEEN BA WN MARBLE
91 COPTHAL BLOCK MARBLE
92 HAMPDEN MARBLE
93 JOPEMBI MARBLE
94 MAKODO CALCRETE (7)
95 MASHURA MARBLE
96 MJENE MARBLE
97 MOORD SPRUIT MARBLE
98 MV ANI MARBLE
99 TUU MARBLE
GWERU DISTRICT
100 DIVIDE MARBLE (7)
101 FOXTON FARM MARBLE
102 INDIVA MARBLE
103 KEYNSHAMBURG ESTATE CALCRETE
104 LALAPANZI MARBLE .
105 SAFAGO CALCRETE
HARARE DISTRICT
106 ATHLONE MARBLE
107 BROCK PARK MARBLE
108 DUNKIRK CALCRETE .
109 FAIR VIEW MARBLE
110 GOOD HOPE CALCRETE
111 JOSEPHINE MARBLE .
112 LOWDALE CALCRETE .
113 MANDARA MARBLE
114 MATE MARBLE
115 M'GUTU CALCRETE
116 PASSAFORD MARBLE
117 POPE MARBLE
118 SELBY CALCRETE
119 SIGARO MARBLE
120 STERNBUCK MARBLE
121 STERNBUCK EAST MARBLE
HURUNGWE DISTRICT
122 GAROWA CALC TUFA
123 MARINDAGOMO CARBONATITE (?)
124 MARANGORA MARBLE
125 MARBLES OF THE TENGWE RIVER GROUP
125A CHIDAMOYO MARBLE
125B FULECHI MARBLE
125C KA WAYA GATE MARBLE
125D MDSIMU MARBLE
125E MTIRIKATI MARBLE .
125F TENGWE GATE MARBLE
125G TENGWE GORGE MARBLE
125H UTOMBIRA FALLS MARBLE
HWANGE DISTRICT
126 BEEHIVE CALCTTE
127 BINGWA CALCTTE
128 DEKA CALOTTE ZONE . . . . . . . 79
129 LUKOSI LIMESTONE . . . . . . 79
130 MALIND1 CALCRETE . . . . . . . 80
131 NOLA CALOTTE . . . . . . . 80
132 REED CALC1TE . . . . . . . 80
HWEDZA DISTRICT . . . . . . . 81
INSIZA DISTRICT . . . . . . . 81
133 ANNEDALE MARBLE . . . . . . . 81
134 ARCADIA MARBLE . . . . . . . 81
135 BALMORAL MARBLE . . . . . . . 81
136 COMEDY AND FOLLEVS LUCK MARBLE . . . . 82
137 ELDORADO MARBLE . . . . . . . 82
138 FTLABUSIOUTSPAN MARBLE . . . . . . 82
139 MOSENTHAL'S CALCITE . . . . . . 83
140 WINNIFRED MARBLE . . . . . . . 83
KADOMA DISTRICT . . . . . . . 84
141 FALCON MARBLE . . . . . . . 84
142 ROCKLANDS MARBLE . . . . . . 85
143 RAILWAY FARM MARBLE . . . . . . 85
KARIBA DISTRICT . . . . . . . 85
KWEKWE DISTRICT . . . . 85
144 ALLOYS CALCRETE . . . . . . . 85
145 EAST CLARE CALCRETE . . . . . . 85
146 LEO HURST CALCRETE . . . . . . 86
147 RIFFLE CREEK ESTATE MARBLE . . . . . 86
148 SERGS MARBLE . . . . . . . 89
149 SHERWOOD STARR CALCRETE . . . . . 89
LUPANE DISTRICT . . . . . . .
.
89
MAKONDE DISRICT 90
150 ALASKA DOLOMITE . . . . . . . 90
151 ANGELINA DOLOMARBLE . . . . . . 91
152 ANNABEL DOLOMARBLE . . . . . . 91
153 ARGYLE CALC TUFA . . . . . . . 91
154 CHIWE ESTATE MARBLE . . . . . . 91
155 DARLINGTON DOLOMARBLE . . . 91
156 GANDOMAMELO MARBLE . . 92
157 KASOKOMARBLE . . . . . . . 92
158 LIMELUX AND WHITELUX MARBLE . . . . . 92
159 . MAGONDIMARBLE . . . . . . . 92
160 MOHAMMED'S DOLOMARBLE . . . . . . 93
161 MUSHOWE CALC TUFA . . . . . 93
162 NYARURU HILLS DOLOMARBLE . . . . . 95
163 ..
P D DOLOMARBLE . . . . . . . 95
164 POTTY DOLOMARBLE . . . . . 95
165 SANDRA DEAN DOLOMARBLE . . . . . 95
166 SILVERSIDE DOLOMARBLE . . . . . . 96
MAKONI DISTRICT . . . . . . . 96
167 KIRKLY VALE CALCRETE . . . . . . 96
168 TANDA CALCRETE . . . . . . . 96
MARONDERA DISTRICT . . . . . . . 97
MASVINGO DISTRICT . 97
169 BKA MARBLE . . . . . . . 97
170 CHARUMBIRA MARBLE . . . . . . 97
171 ELIZABETH MARBLE . . . 97
172 EMPIRE MARBLE . . 98
173 GODANI MARBLE . . . . . . . 98
174 HOUGHfbN MARBLE . . . 99
175 LION MARBLE . . . . . . . 99
176 MASVINGO MARBLE . . . . 100
177 SUNBEAM MARBLE . . . . . . . 104
178 THORN CALCRETE . . . . . . . 1 0 4
MATOBO DISTRICT . 1 0«
179 LEGION CALCRETE . . . . . . . 10*
180 SEMOKWE CALCRETE . . . . . . 104
MAZOWE DISTRICT . 105
181 ASCOTTMARBLE . . . . . . . 105
182 AUCHENDINNY CALCRETE . . . . . . 105
183 BELFORD ESTATE MARBLE . . . . . . 105
184 BLOOMFIELD MARBLE . 105
DANDAMERA MARBLE . . . . . . 106
185
186 EARLY WORM MARBLE . . . 106
ESPERANZA MARBLE . . . . . . 110
187
188 MBEBI CALC TUFA . . . . . . . 110
NDIRICOT MARBLE . . . . . . . Ill
189
190 PEARSON CALCRETE . . . . . . Ill
RIVERSDALE ESTATE SOUTH MARBLE . 111
191
SOUTHMOUR CALCRETE . . . . . . 112
192
193 SPITZKOP CALCRETE . . . . . . 112
TEIGN CALCRETE . . . . . . . 112
194
195 WELBECKMARBLE . . . . .
.
.
.
.
.
112
MBERENGWA DISTRICT . . . .
.
113
-
196 BELINGWE SHABANI MARBLE . . 113
MUDZI DISTRICT . . . . . . . 114
197 JACO AND ROGO MARBLE . . . . . . 114
198 MAKAHA CALCRETE . . . . . . . 114
199 NYAKADESHA MARBLE . . . 115
200 RONMAU MARBLE . . . . . . . 115
MUREHWADISTRICT . . . . . . . 116
201 MBUBU MARBLE . . . . . . . 116
MUTARE DISTRICT . . . . . . . 117
202 DAIRY FARM CALCRETE . . . . . . 117
203 DEVON CALCRETE . . . . . . . 117
204 DUKES HILL CALCRETE . . . . . . 117
205 LIMEKILN CALCRETE . . . . 118
206 MARANKA CALCRETE . . . . . .
.
118
MEKLES JUNGLE CALC TUFA . 118
207
ODZI MARBLE BELT . . . . . . . 118
208
RAHEEN CALCRETE . . . . . . . 120
209
MUTASA DISTRICT . . . . . . . 120
MUTOKO DISTRICT . . . . . . . 120
MUZARABANI DISTRICT . . . . . . . 121
MWENE ZI DISTRIC T . . . . . . . 121
210 CALCA , TAIPAN AND TAITAIC ALCITE . . 121
NDANGA DISTRICT . . . . . . . 121
NKAYI DISTRICT . . . . . . . 121
211 ZENKA LIMESTONE . . . . . . . 121
NYAMANDHLOVU DISTRICT . . . . . . 121
212 SEAFIELD VALLEY CALCRETE . . 121
NYANGA DISTRICT . . . . . . . 122
. . . . . . 122
213 CHITANGAZUWA MARBLE
214 LUCANMARBLE . . . . .
.
.. .
.
122
RUSHINGA DISTRICT . . . .
.
122
122
GUNGWA METACARBONAITTE
215
216 PFUNGWE MARBLE . . . . . . . 123
217 RUSHINGA MARBLE . . . . . . . 124
218 SOUTHERN CROSS CALCRETE . 126
SHAMVA DISTRICT . . . . . . . 126
219 CALCIA AND DUDLEY MARBLE . 126
220 CALEDON CALC TUFA . . . . . . 127
221 DODGE MINE . . . . .
.
.
.
127
222 DRAGON CALC TUFA . . . . 128
223 DUNGREIG CALC TUFA . . . . . . 1 2 9
224 GRAHAMSDALE CALC TUFA . . . . . . 129
225 INYAGUI CALC TUFA . . . 129
226 LILYCALCTUFA . . . . . . . 129
LION'S HEAD MARBLE . . . . . . 129
227
228 MACHIDISE MARBLE . .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
130
131
22» RUTHERDALE MARBLE .
230 SHAMVA MARB LE BELT . . . . . . 131
231 SNOW WHITE CALC TUFA CLAIMS
. 134
232 THREE BAOBABS MARBLE . . . . . . 134
233 TIPPERARY MARBLE . .
. .
.
.
137
234 WOLLEY MARBLE . . .
.
.
. . .
137
SHURUGWI DISTRI CT . . .
. . . .
138
FOTHERINGHAM’S LIME . . 138
235
HOME FARM CALCR ETE . . . 138
236
237 SANTOY MARBLE . . . . . . . 138
238 TARAT I CALCR ETE . . . . . .
.
. 138
UMZINGWANE DISTRICT . . . . .
.
. 139
239 CLAREMONT MARBLE . . . . . 139
GLEN MONTAGU MARBLE . . . 139
240
241 IMBETSHU MARBLE . . .
140
242 JACK AND JACKET MARBLE . . . . . 140
243 KODHWAYO MARBLE . . . . . .
.
140
141
MULUNGWANE RANGE MARBLE
244
245 SPITZKOP MARBLE . . . . . . . 141
246 UMZINGWANE MARBLE . . . .
.
.
.
.
.
141
ZVISHAVANE DISTRICT . . . . 141
247 SOUTH DEVON CALCRETE . . . . . . 141
248 VUGWEMARBLE . . .
142
UTILIZATION IN ZIMBABWE . . . .
.
142
AGGREGATE . . . . . . 142
AGRICULTURE . . .. . . . 143
.
BUILDING FACING AND ORNAM ENTAL STONE . . . . .
.
143
CALCIUM . . . . .
.
.
. .
143
CEMENT . . . . 143
COPPER SMELTING . . . . 147
GLASS . . . . . . . 147
LIME . . . . .
.
.
.
.
.
147
STOCKFEEDS ETC . . . . 157
WHmNG . . . . . . . 157
REFERENCES . . . . .
.
. .
.
158
APPENDIX . . . . . 171
INDEX . . . . . . . 1 8 2
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
TEXT FIGURES
Page
.
1 Calcium Carbonate Source Rocks . . . . . . 1
.
2 Classification of Carbonate Rocks on Total Caleite and Dolomite Content . . . 3
. -
Classification of Indurate Clay Carbonate Sediments . . . . . . 4
3
4. Distribution of Calcium Carbonate Source Rocks in Zimbabwe . . . . . 5
5. Listed Calcium Carbonate Localities in Zimbabwe . . . . . facing p 12
6. Did Dolomarble . . . . . . 13
. Lilbum Marble . . . . . . 19
7
8. Katete Carbonatite Complex . . . . . . 22
9. Chishan ya Carbona tite Complex . . . . . . 27
10. Dorowa Carbonatite Complex . . . . . . 29
32
11 .
Shawa Carbona tite Complex
. . . . .
12 .
CAL Marble. . . . . .
faring p 34
facing p 36
13 . me Marble
14.
15
Lambou
. .
Borehole locations Bulge area Lamboume Marble
.
Nanuta Metacarbonatite
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
37
48
16. Lucky Leap Year Marble . . . . . . 52
17. Colleen Bawn Marble . . . . . . 56
18. Marble localities east of Harare . . . . . . 63
19. Marble deposits of Brock Park, Passaford and Mate . . . . . . 65
.
20 Geological Map of area around Stemblick Quarry . . . . . facing p 70
21. Stemblick East Marble . . . . . . 74
75
22. E.P.0.32 Tengwe Gate 88
23. Ripple Creek Estate Marble
.
24 Magondi Marble . . . . . . 94
25. Masvingo Marble . . . . . . 101
-
26. Masvingo Marble Western Body . . . . . . 103
.
27 Geological Environs of Early Worm Marble . . . . . . 106
28. Early Worm Marble Quarry . . . . . . 108
116
29. Mbubu Marble
.
30 Odzi Marble Belt East of the Save River . . . . . . 119
31. Geological Sketch -
map of the Gungwa Metacar bonatite . . . . . . 123
125
3Z Rushinga Marble . .
33. Geological Environs of Dodge Mine . . . . 128
130
.
34 Lion's Head Marble
. . . . . . 133
35. MachidiseMribfe . .
.
36 Shamva Marble Belt . . . . 135
136
37. Three Baobab 's Marble
TABLES IN TEXT
Identification of Aragonite, Caleite and Dolomite . . . . . . 2

1
2 Exclusive Prospecting Orders granted for Calcium Carbonate . . . . . 6
Chemical Analyses of the Umkondo Marbles . . . . . . 8
3
4 A Comparison of Classifications of the Piriwiri, Deweras and Lomagu ndi Rocks . . 9
5 Chemical Analyses of Lomagundi Group Marbles . . . . . . 1 0
APPENDIX
Page
Tabic 6 Chemical Analyses of Carbonatite, Katete Alkali Ring Complex . . . . 171

Exploration of the Chishanya Carbonatite Complex . . . . 172
Table 7
Table 8
Table 9
.
Chemical Analyses of Carbonatite Chishanya Alkali Ring Complex
Underground drilling results, Lamboume Marble, Chegutu . .
*
.
. .
. .
.
173
174
Table 10
Table 11 Known Claims: Deka Calcite Zone
.
Chemical Analyses Surface Samples Lamboume Marble Deposit
. .
.
. .
. .
.
.
.
175
176
Table 12
Annual Production Alaska Dolomite
.
Chemical Analyses and Production Statistics Ripple Creek Estate Marble
.. . . . .
Deposit
.
.
.
177
178
Table 13
Table 14 Chemical Analyses Three Baobabs Marble . . . . -
179 180
Table 15 World Cement Production 1983 and Clinker Capacity 1983 , 1984 and Forecast 1990 . 181
Calcium Carbonate in Zimbabwe
INTRODUCTION
The importance of calcium carbonate source rocks has long been recognised inZimbabwe,and as early as 1922 some of these
occurrences were described by Blackshaw in a paper entitled , ‘Limestones In Southern Rhodesia*.This was followed in 1952
by the Geological Survey publication, ‘Limestones', which was the first issue in the Departments ongoing Mineral
Resources Series. Much additional information has been generated since thenand is utilized in this report which reviews
every known occurrence of calcium carbonate that might be of economic value, detailing production and utilization of these
rocks and of lime within the country. The title of this publication is chosen in recognition of the predominance of calcium
carbonate in nearly all of the deposits described, and because it would not be accurate to categorize certain occurrences,
including carbonatites and vein deposits, as ‘limestones*.
-
The geological units within which carbonate source rocks are found in the country are shown in Fig 1. Currently, the
recent deposits of calc tufa and the Precam brian marbles of the Greenstone Groups, the Lomagundi Group and the Rushinga
Metamorphic Suite, are exploited. Marble contained in the greenstone belts, although commonly limited in tonnage and
-
frequently rich in both magnesium and silica, has been a major source of calcium carbonate in Zimbabwe.
The location, exploration history and known production of each identified deposit are summarized, individual
occurrences being listed in alphabetical order within each administrativedistrict. As is not uncommon in the caseof industrial
rocks, most deposits have been inadequately investigated and consequently accurate estimation of national resources is a
matter of some difficulty.
-
The co operation received in response to requests for information from numerous concerns in the private sector is
gratefully acknowledged
DEFINITIONS
The term limestone is used in the geological sense in this publication, to describe any unmetamorphosed sedimentary rock
composed predominantly of calcium carbonate and incl udes rocks rich in magnesium. Marble is defined as limestone which
has been completely recrystallized during metamorphism, and not in the trade sense of any rock which can be polished for
.
decorative purposes. Marbles exhibit a wide variety of colours Absolutely pure marble is brilliant white. Shades ranging
from light grey to black are produced by disseminated carbonaceous matter in the form of fine scales of graphite. Green tints
result from the presence of chlorite or other silicates. Pink and red marbles owe their hue to finely divided haematite or
.
manganese carbonate, and cream to yellow ones to a limonite content The colour may be evenly distributed throughout the
rock, but in many marbles it occurs as mottling or in streaks and bands.
|CaC03 Source Rocks|
I
Primary Secondary
Sedimentary
T
Crystalline -
Vein deposits Carbonatite
1
I
Tengwe
\
Marble of Umkondo Lomagundi Beitbridge Marbles
River the Rushinga Group Group Marble Group of the
Group Metamorphic Maibh Marble Greenstone
Marble Suite Belts
Cretaceous Karoo Calc Tufa Calcrete

Limestones Limestones
Fig. 1 Calcium Carbonate Source Rocks

DEFINITIONS
Calcium carbonate (CaCO,) forms almost
, 2% of the earth’$ crust, and is accordingly one of the best known minerals*
It is formed both organically and inorganically Limestone, which by definition is predominantly composed of the mineral,
*
covers some 22% of the continental land surface* Calcium carbonate possesses three polymorphs, aragonite, calcitc and
vaterite, which are described below:
-
Aragonite crystallizes in the orthorhombic dipyramidal class of symmetry at temperatures above 29°Cf and is the form
normally assumed when calcium carbonate is precipitated under marine conditions. Warm waters, high alkalinity,
supersaturation and an abundance of sulphate ions in solution favouring its formation over that of calcitc Aragonite is .
unstable and under conditions of normal temperature and pressure transforms into calcitc. Accordingly, lithified deposits
of calcium carbonate rarely contain aragonite, and fossils, originally composed of this mineral are commonly replaced by
coarsely crystalline calcite,
along the rhombohedral plane . -

Catdte crystallizes in the ditrigonal scaknohedral class, and is readily identifiable by its crystal forms and cleavage
^
Vaterite, which forms crystals in the hexagonal class, is commonly created during the formation of snail shells It is .
unstable and gradually transforms to aragonite and finally calcite.
AH limestones and marbles contain impurities. These include magnesium minerals, silica and clay minerals.Composi¬
tion therefore varies markedly and if impurities are present in sufficient quantities they affect the use to which the rock can
be put The mineral most commonly associated with calcium carbonate is dolomite (CaMg (CO . Dolomitization, the
process by which calcium carbonate is either partially or wholly converted to calcium magnesium carbonate, may take place
.
at any time following the deposition of calcareous material In modem sediments dolomite is formed penecontemporane
^ -
.
ouslyby the reaction of calcite with hypersaline brines Pure dolostone, which is the name given to any unmetamorphosed
rock composed wholly of the mineral dolomite, theoretically contains 45.72% MgOO, (21.86% MgO) and 54.27% CaCO,
(34.41% CaO). A list of the properties by which aragonite, calcite and dolomite can be distinguished is given in Table 1.
When laboratory analyses are reported either in the carbonate or oxide forms, conversion can readily be made using the
following factors:
% C«CO
% MgCO
, x 0.560
, x 0.478 -
«
% CtO
% MgO
,
% CaO
% MgO
x 1.785
x 2.092
-
« % CaCO
% MgCO ,
A classification of carbonate rocks containing greater than 50% calcium and magnesium carbonate, apposite for both
.
sedimentary and crystalline deposits, is given in Fig 2. A sedimentary rock composed of 61% calcite, 24% day, 14%
dolomite and 1% silt would accordingly be described as a clayey dolomitic limestone with minor silt
-
Maris are sediments rich in calcium carbonate and contain 50 80% clay. Following lithification they are termed
maristones. A classification of indurate clay carbonate sediments is given in Fig 3.
TABLE 1
IDENTIFICATION OF ARAGONITE, CALCITE AND DOLOMITE
Liwne TVwtyimev £uak Hardness SSL Fracture CrvWl

Mac rnwpnMlinn
* Syum
CaCO , Colouriess
while,
- Vitreous
to
Transparent
10
White 3JS
to
2.44 Subcon
chordal,
- Poor Ortho¬
rhombic
ydlowufa, Dull Translucent 4.0 brittle
grey and
occasionally
daft*
Oiciic CaCO , Colourless* White 2,5 2.71 Conchoids!, Perfect Trigonal

white, often 10
Opaque
to
3.0
mashed by
perfect
Rhomboi
hcdral
-
limed a
variety of cleavage
cdotn
Dotomiie CaMg(CQ
* Greyish
white,
- Vitreous
10
Translucent
to
Colour ¬
less to
3.5
to
2.85 Conchoidal
or uneven
ffcrfoct
Rhombot -
Trigonal
yellowish
brownish
. Pearly Claque while 4.0 hcdntl
2
CALCIUM CARBONATE SOURCE ROCKS
Carbonate Oxide
45.72
10
SUEASUSfflSCttTi
Mtlimud M percentages of the total
Carbonate content, e g..
^
gaOMlor gCOai xlOO
20
35
Impurities present are expressed w
0 to 5 % Marble with minor quart*;
30 5 to 20 « Marble with some quart*;
20 to 50 % Quart*!tic marble .
i
40
25
8
50
a a
CO *
15
3 JR *
*
5
I 3
§0 & § a
&
3i
90 - 5
i
rtoo. 0
0 5 20
% Dofamte <<Wc»3}i )
SO
r
95 ilOO
(2.5mm x 5 mm Chips in 1 : 7 10 HCL.)

-
UmoMnAtoW .
Magnesian Lime*tonc/Marbte
VIOLENT EFFERVESCENCE; frothy, audfclo reaction.
Small chip* agitated float on arnface .
DokxniUc Llmeatone/Marble dioxide bubble*. Small chip* more and frequently riaa
of 1 bottom.
Calcareous DoCoctone/DolommHe .
dioxide babble* Small chip* vibrate but remain rtaUonwy
Chide DokwttwWDokxnarWe NO BHffltVESCENCfi; no immediate reaction, with bubble*
.
Fig 2 CLASSIFICATION OF CARBONATE ROCKS
(Adapted Burnett, 1979; Leighton and Pendexter, 19C2 and Pettljohn, 195«)

The various calcium carbonate source rocks found in Zimbabwe arc listed in Fig.1, whilst thedistribution of these geological
units is shown in Fig; 4. Currently, marbles of the Lomagundi Group, Rushinga Metamorphic Suite and Greenstone groups
and recent deposits of calc tufa are exploited, but it is the marbles contained within the greenstone belts which have been
the mqjor source of the calcium carbonate mined to date. Disappointingly, the larger occurrences in the other geological
divisions tend to be situated in infrastructurally underdeveloped areas remote from the nation's industrial centres.
-
Calcium carbonate, being a low cost bulk product, is usually quarried and utilized close to source. Unfortunately, such
deposits are either absent or rare in certain areas of the country, whilst material suitable for the manufacture of cement and
.
production of high grade lime are relatively scarce nationwide The lack of locally available liming agents adversely effects
agricultural output in certain districts, particularly that of the small scale and subsistence fanners Significant tonnages of .
-
high grade lime are imported to meet the more stringent demands of certain consumers.
3
IOC 0
h 95
Limestone ox Dolostone
5
Limestone or Dolostone
with some clay
8C 20
3 Clayey
aB Limestone or Dolostone
1B 5C 50
*
Q
Marlstone
2C 80
Mudstone or Shale
with some Calcium
Carbonate
5 95
0
Mudstone or Shale
100 /
Fig. 3 Classification of Indurate Clay • Carbonate Sediments

Adapted : Higginbottom and Fookes, 1975.
As is frequently the case with industrial rocks and minerals most occurrences of calcium carbonate known and
worked
in the country have been inadequately investigated. This is highlighte d by the fact that from 1947 to the present only nine
Exclusive Prospecting Orders, as listed in Table 2 have, been granted for calcium carbonate source rocks . Extensive
trenching and pitting of the outcrop followed by adequate drilling on a regular grid pattern all
, accompanied by
comprehensive sampling and analyses , provide the most accurate method of assessing the resource s of a deposit (The
common practice of sampling fixed lengths of borehole core rather than sampling individual geological units isgeologicainefficient
detailed l
and should be actively discouraged.) The results of thorough exploration campaigns together with
,
by such investigat ions to
mapping and interpretation, form the basis for mine planning and development Areas shown
by selective mining
contain calcium carbonate of inferior quality, unsuitable for a particular use, can then either be avoided
or utilized after upgrading by blending with better quality material.
PRIMARY
Sedimentary
Sedimentary limestones are lithified deposits in which the calcium carbonate fraction exceeds all others
.
The classification
, developm ent of the concepts proposed by Burnett
of sedimentary limestones is not discussed in this report as the merits and
ly in many
(1979), Dunham (1962),Folk (1959 and 1962), Leighton and Pendexter (1962) and others are dealt with extensive
of the readily available treatises on sedimentary petrology.
-
Post Karoo Limestones
, (1973)
In the Gwampa Valley and Mafungabusi areas the Calcareous Member of the Gokwe Formation which Bond
ly contain relatively thin,
assigned to the Cretaceous, is reported by Muirhead (1974) and Sutton (1979) respective to
4
30°oo East
Scale of kilometres PJi

100 o 100
8 A
/
«?
ZSS, - ^3 o
o — 19 » o
o°,
EXPLANATION
O Carbonatitas
lllllll Tengwa Group

KSgvbSS Rushinga Metamorphic Suita
| Umkondo Group 6
Lomagundi Group
ITUTT^T?] Baitbridga Group 30 “ ooEast

[ Greenstone Beits
FZG. 4. Distribution of calcium carbonate source rocks in Zimbabwe.
ary strata of related age elsewhere

limestone beds of limited area. Similar deposits probably exist within unmapped sediment
within the country.
Karoo Limestones
Upper Karoo Group, and no
In Zimbabwe such deposits are limited to nodules and restricted beds of limestone in the
calcareous sediments are known to occur in the underlying Lower Karoo strata of the Ecca Series. These limestones are
. in common with marine limestones, with
believed to be lacustrine in origin Such deposits possess many characteristics
s found , although there is less diversity of
skeletal particles, ooliths, pellets and algal bodies being amongst the structure , but calcium carbonate
-
organisms. The sources of these limestone forming materials have not yet been
er
fully
organism
investiga
s
ted
including plants such as Chora.
has been produced extensively since the Mesozoic by a variety of freshwat
predomin antly argillace ous sedimen ts of the Middle
In the Beaufort Series limestones are found intercalated within the
and Upper Madumabisa Mudstone formations in the mid Zambezi basin - and the Mkuruw e Alternat ions Formatio n in the
Save Limpopo basin. These beds of impure, dolomite rich limeston
- - e, which rarely exceed a
material
metre in
including
thicknes
fossil
s, common
fragment
ly
s.
-
weather a pale, yellow brown colour and frequently contain quantitie s
and
of detrital
Upper Maduma bisa Mudston e formatio ns are
Additionally, a significant proportion of the strata forming the Middle
reported by Barber (1987) to contain sufficient quantities of calcium carbonate to be classified
as marlstones.
-
Impure limestones occur as intra formational breccias in the Pebbly Arkose of the Stormber g Series in the Mudzungwe
area, the lateral and vertical
and Nyarupakwe valleys, Mafungabusi area. Although these are exposed over an extensiv e both
limits of the deposits are masked by secondary enrichment of a concretio nary nature . Sutton ( 1979) states that the
5
TABLE 2
EXCLUSIVE PROSPECTING ORDERS GRANTED FOR CALCIUM CARBONATE
COMPANY ICCATION AREA HELD COMMENTS

( km2 )
Wolf Hiller ShamvaRing 16 1.1247 Additionally issued for diorite, olivine

I
Complex to .
serpentine and silica Area covered body
30.1148 -.
divine rich dunite in southern part
complex No final report
Sabi Mininng and Malilongwe Coal 160 1.1033 Additionally issued for iron, coal, mineral
25
.
Exploration Co Lid Locality to oils A natural gas. Investigated dolomite
20.10.67 rich marbles of Umkondo Group.
Analyses but no drilling.
Tengwe Gate 124 1.0735 Additionally issued for gypsum. 3650 m

32 Rhodesia Cement
Ltd to shallow trenching ft 395 m drilling proved
30.0637 -
only 3 4 million tonnes marble, dire
complex structure ft gradation into marls .
Messina (Transvaal) Chtnoyi 129.2 1.1135 Additionally issued for copper, lead, zinc
35
Development Co Ltd. to ft allied minerals. All dolo-marbles exam¬
30.1038 ined to determine suitability as smelter
flux, but no claims pegged .
Messina (Transvaal) Copper King and 233.1 1.1235 Additionally issued for copper, lead, zinc,
37
Development Co. Ltd Copper Queen to iron ft sulphur. No final report ft replaced
30.1138 . .
E P.O s 77 ft 78.
Hartley Development Lamboume LsL, 4.1 1.1239 Five boreholes drilled proving some 14
79
Chegutu to million tonnes marble, averaging 85%
31.01.61 CaCo3 .
209 Prospecting Ventures Machidise Lst, 5284 17.11.67 Additionally for nickel ft copper .
Ltd ML Darwin to Machidise Claims pegged, as considered
03.07.70 only exploitable marble .
Prospecting Ventures 1293 23.02.68 Additionally for copper, nickel ft uranium .

213 No information on marble ft no claims
to
Ltd
28.03.69 pegged .
214 Prospecting Ventures Colleen Bawn 259.0 23.02.68 Additionally for nickel, copper ft uranium .
to Two small bodies impure marble found in
Ltd
02.05.69 Greenstone shout 1.6 km south of Colleen
Bawn Quarries .
494 Rhodesian Gemstone How Gold Mine 2633 23.11 74. Additionally for gold, copper, nickel, lead
Mines (Pvt ) Ltd Bulawayo to .
ft zinc No data on marble in final report
22.11.75
6
occurrences are typically, “ pink to red rubbly rocks composed of rounded to angular fragments
, by secondary , earthy , -
fine grained, partly nodular lime.
**
-
of fine grained limestone
in a partly sandy matrix cemented
There are no records of any limestone from the Karoo Supergroup having been exploited
Crystalline
These are metamorphosed carbonate rocks consisting predominantly of interlocking grains of calcitc and dolomite .
Unpurides within the original sediment, such as silica, iron and clay minerals, give rise on progressive regional
.
metamorphism toa wide variety of minerals which give certain marbles distinctive appearances These iminerals nclude talc,
tremolitc, diopside, forsterite, wollastonite, periclase (brucite), monticellite, akermanitc, spunite, mervinite and lamite .
Limestones are unaffected by very low grade metamorphism.
-
In Zimbabwe these deposits, which all tend to be dolomite rich, range in age from the Proterozoic metasediments of the
.
Tengwe River Group to the Archean rocks of the Sebakwian Greenstone Group
Marbles of the Tengwe River Group

The Tengwe River Group contains some of the largest resources of marble in the country, but unfortunately these are
remotely situated in relation to infrastructure and market The Group consists of a sporadically developed, thin basal meta -
-
arkose on which rests the Calcareous Formation, a 200 m sequence of marbles and metamarlstones overlain by dolomitic
-
marbles, which in turn is overlain by the Orthoquartzite Formation, a 300 m pile of psammidc rocks containing peliric
intercalations. The Group has been subjected only to low grade metamorphism and the rocks in the main are gently folded .
-
It has been suggested that these beds constitute an outlier of klippe type origin, and have been thrust over the supposedly
.
younger rocks of the Sijariia Group from a now eroded source to the north Alternatively, it has been proposed that the
Tengwe River Group represents an upper sequence of sediments belonging to the Sijarira Group, and overlies the lower part
of this group across an unconformity.
Marbles of the Rushinga Metamorphic Suite

-
Bodies of generally coarsely crystalline, dolomite rich marble occur within the Rushinga Metamorphic Suite of rocks in the
.
north east of the country. These occurrencesalsocontain thin bands of calcareouscomposition Barton era/, (in prep.),report
-
- - -
the presence of large deposits of marble close to Rushinga and in the Rogq Nyamhara Umtungurgwe Nyadzundzu range
of hills The former has been worked for aggregate, etc., whilst marble has been produced from the Jaco and Rogo claims
. .
on the latter for building, facing and ornamental stone purposes A third sizeable body of marble,about which little is known,
occurs on the eastern side of the Vombosi River, NW of Msau School .
Marbles of the Umkondo Group
The sediments of the Umkondo Group were deposited unconformably on granites and gneisses of the Archean Basement
Complex and eastern part of the Limpopo Mobile Belt. They are widely distributed, being found along and to the east of the
Save River, where they form parts of the Eastern Highlands and Chimanimani Mountains before continuing on into
Mozambique, and also around Nyanga, Ruangwe and Chirwa in the north. The group is divided into two distinct facies; a
western Zimbabwean succession, which is represented by a series of virtually flat lying, relatively undeformed argillitesand
-
arenites of shallow-water origin,and an eastern Mozambican sequence of deformed, metamorphosed deep water pelites and
psammites.
ZIMBABWEAN FACIES
South North
(Chipinga Facies) (Nyanga Facies)
Volcanics
Upper Argillaceous Formation Upper Argillaceous Formation
Arenaceous Formation Arenaceous Formation
Lower Argillaceous Formation Lower Argillaceous Formation
Calcareous Formation Calcareous Formation
Basal Formation
Maximum Thickness Maximum Thickness

3650 m 200 m
-
In the Middle Save Valley the typically fine grained, cherty calcareous homfelses of the Calcareous Formation, which
contain minor developments of intercalated marble, are underlain by a series of arfcoses, dolostones, sQtstones, and
.
quartzites These decrease in thickness to the east and intercalate with the shales, phyllites and ferruginous arenites of the
.
.
Lower Argillaceous Formation Thick dolerite sills are numerous in the Calcareous and Lower Argillaceous formations
7
CAT JTTIJM CARBONATE SOI FRCE ROCKS
fin the Nyanga area the Calcareous Formation is the most persistent and characteristic
formation of the Umkondo Group .
However, calc hornfelses dominate the lithology and the thin marble intercalations
- present are uncommon .
- of the Calcare ous Format ion are commonly greenish-grey in colour,
The predominantly siliceous, dolomite rich marbles
although pink, brown and other varieties are not uncommon. The marble frequently
possesses a relict oolitic texture and it
.
is reported that visible quartz grains are often present Lenses and veins of calcite and silica, which are generally from a few
res. silica content is accordi ngly often relatively high, which detracts
centimetres to a metre in width, intersect the exposu The imani and Chipinge districts .
le in the Bikita, Buhera , Chiman
from the potential value of the vast reserves of marble availab
.
), Swift etal (1953), $wift (1962)
The general geology of the Umkondo Group is described by Stocklmayer (1978 and 1980 .
publications are given in Table 3
and Watson (1969). Analyses of marble from the Umkondo Group reported in these
TABLE 3
CHEMICAL ANALYSES OF THE UMKONDO MARBLES
Composition CaO MgO R2O3 Insols LOI C11CO3 MgCOj

% % % % % % %
Source
Stocklmayer ( 1978) 1 44.02 3.67 5.17 14.70 32.07 78.58 7 , 68

2 33.70 2.38 7.35 31.13 21.48 60.15 4.98
3 43.65 1.89 3.03 22.54 27.04 77.92 3.95
46.50 4.12 2.92 13.01 33.41 83.00 8.62

Stocklmayer (1980)
1 39.88 7 , 82 2.10 8.64 41.20 71.17 16.42

Swift et al ( 1953)
2 44.60 2.06 1.86 13.20 37.84 79.60 4.31
3 53.23 0.94 0.82 2.10 42.84 95.00 1.97
4 28.86 16.59 2.78 12.18 38 ,84 51.70 35.00
5 34.52 16.69 2.88 9.72 36.76 61.70 35.20
6 31.42 17.36 2.24 5.30 43.28 56.00 36.50
7 34.10 17.90 0.52 1.70 46.00 60.90 37.40
8 32.70 19.00 1.30 2.50 45 , 30 58.40 39.70
9 31.30 19.50 2.90 4.50 42.40 55.90 40.80
10 40.40 3.50 0 , 88 9.90 39.80 82.90 7.30
1 26.90 0.50 8.00 53.60 11.40 48.00 1.00

Watson (1969 ) Tr
2 30.00 TV 2.70 47.70 19.70 53.60
3 38.60 TV 2, 20 36.20 22.80 68.90 Tr
4 35.80 Tr 1.80 39.60 22.80 63.90 TV
Marbles of the Lomagundi Group

rphosed sedimentary rocks, which extends in
-
These dolomite rich marbles occur associated in an arcuate belt of metamo
ent. The geology of the Lomagundi
a NNE direction from the Manyame River west of Kadoma to the Zambezi EscarpmGeological Survey by Bliss (1970),
Group along the length of this exposure is described in bulletins of the Zimbabwe
), Stagman (1959, 1961, and 1962), Sutton
Kirkpatrick (1976), Leyshon (1969), Molyneux (1919), Phaup and Dobell (1938
publications is produced in Table
(1979) and Tennick (1976). A comparison of the different classifications given in these
Group are listed in Table 5.
4, whilst the chemical determinations recorded on marbles of the Lomagundi
The Lomagundi Group, which is composed of slates and greywackes with a basal -
orthoquartzitic carbonate association,
, greywackes and basaltic lavas of the
s,
is unconformably underlain to the east by the metamoiphosed argillite arkoses
exposure of metagreywackes and phyllites
Deweras Group. In the west the Lomagundi Group is adjoined by an extensive
belonging to the Piriwiri Group.
by a fracture along the eastern margin
The Deweras Group is regarded as having been deposited in a graben bounded
led to the differentiated sediments of the
of the Piriwiri basin. Further subsidence and a postulated marine incursion then
Lomagundi Group being deposited in a series of axially adjoining basins. The -
exact inter relationships of the groups are
faulting, folding and the almost total absence
uncertain, with the stratigraphic relationship in the field being obscured by
of exposure in critical areas. This problem, which has been called the ‘Lomagu - .
ndi Puzzle* is compounded by the fact that
rphic features, which are attributable to the Miami
those rocks lying to the north of latitude 17°S possess high grade metamo
8
TABLE 4
, AS
A COMPARISON OF CLASSIFICATIONS OF THE PIRIWIRI DEWER
AND LOMAGUNDI ROCKS
(Lateral equivalents of fonnations is not implied)
( Kirkpatrick (1976) )
General Sinoia-Banket area

Area west of Sinoia (Stoyman. 19611
(Molyneux. 1919 fMacyregor. 19471
^
LOMAGUNDI SYSTEM LOMAGUNDI SYSTEM
LOMAGUNDI SYSTEM Upper Series
Piriwiri Series Argillaceous Series
Kanyaga Group Striped slate,
Graphitic Shale Group
Chidoma Group quartizites and grits
Chidome Sandstone Mountain sandstone
Group Graphitic Group
Striped Slate Group Black slate
Kanyaga Group Dolomite, quartzite
Striped Shale Series Mountain Sandstone
Group and slate
Mountain Sandstone Unconformity
Series Lower Slate Group
Arenaceous Series Deweras Series
Angwa Plains Series
Main Dolomite Group Arkose
Arkose, conglomerate,
Main Quartzite Group Conglomerate
limestone, shales
Basal Group Basic amygdaloids
and igneous rocks
Unconformity Unconformity
Hunyani Range Series
Deweras Series Piriwiri Series (? System)
Quartzites Group
Arkose and conglomerate Graphitic Slate Group
Slates Group Phyllite Group
Sinoia Caves Lavas and basal
Dolomite Group conglomerate
Basal Group;
arenaceous rocks
Mayondi ar** Tengwe area

H ^vshon tQAO - (Kirkpatrick. 19751
1970; Tennick. 19731
PIRIWIRI GROUP LOMAGUNDI GROUP

Copper Queen Formation Zhonzhi Formation
Chenjiri Formation MameUe Grit Member
Umfuli Formation Mwembo Quartzite Member
LOMAGUNDI GROUP Sunset Range Quartzite Member
Sakurgwe Formation Mountain Sandstone
Nyagari Formation Quartzite Member
Mkheka Formation Striped Slate Member
Unconformity Black Shale Member
DEWERAS GROUP Singia Caves Formation
Arenaceous Formation Undifferentiated
Volcanic Formation quartzite and dolomite
Basal Sedimentary Formation Unconformity
DEWERAS GROUP
Undifferentiated
arenaceous rocks
Relationship unknown
PIRIWIRI GROUP
Chitena Formation
Graphitic and Ferruginous
slates and cherty quartzite
Ngonya Argillaceous Member
Kanyaga Formation
Greywacke and phyllite
9
TABLE 5
CHEMICAL ANALYSES OF LOMAGUNDI GROUP MARBLES
R2 3 Insols LOI CaC03 MgCOj

Source
Composition CaO
%
MgQ
% %
° % % % %
20.04 13.99 1.30 33.40 31.02 35.72 29.26

Phaup & Dobell (1938)
29.14 19.81 0.72 5.10 44.86 52.04 41.10
Stagman (1959) 33.75 18.15 0.55 1.15 46.45 60.24 37.97

26.12 18.15 4.43 11.13 39.82 46.62 37.97
36.28 16.08 0.83 0.20 46.51 64.76 33.64
21.84 15.61 1.64 27.06 33.41 38.98 32.66

St&gman (1961)
29.12 21.00 0.62 4.06 45.60 51.98 43.93
29.90 21.60 0.20 1.60 46.00 52.12 45.20
26.90 17.60 2.10 13.30 39.20 48.00 36.80

Leyshon (1969)
25.20 15.60 4.90 16.00 37.90 44.90 32.60
27.60 18.70 1.90 10.00 41.90 49.20 39.10
28.50 20.70 0.60 5.40 44.40 50.90 43.30

BUss (1970)
Tennick (1975) 41.60

6.10 44.30 52.30
-Mcheka Formation 29.30
36.10
19.90
0,80
0.60
0.50 34.10 28.60 64.40 1.60
28 , 60 14.60 0.50 18.70 37.30 51.00 30.50
29.30 20.80 0.70 4.90 44.10 52.30 43.40
28.80 21.20 0.70 4.80 44.30 51.40 44.30
25.20 17.50 0.40 18.40 38.70 45.80 36.50
25.10 18.10 0.20 18.40 37.90 44.80 37.80
22.10 16.00 0.30 27.70 33.70 28.50 33.40
29.60 20.90 0.20 4.30 44.50 52.80 43.70
26.80 19.60 0.40 10.00 42.80 47.80 40.90
24.40 16 , 70 0.80 21.50 36.80 43.50 34.90
21.20 15.20 0.50 29.90 32.90 37.80 31.70
27.60 20,10 0.60 9.10 43.00 49.20 42.00
27.60 20.40 0.50 8.40 42.90 49.20 42.60
44.60 37.40
- Nyagari Formation 25.00
23.80
17.90
17.20
1.40 16.90
0.90 21.00
38.60
37.00 42.50 36.00
25.50 17.20 1.10 18.80 37.10 45.50 36.00
23.60 17.30 0.60 22.10 36.40 42.10 36.20
28.60 21.00 0.50 5.00 44.40 51.00 43.90
28.30 21.60 0.30 6.90 43.50 50.50 43.10
28.10 20.60 0.60 7.10 44.10 50.20 43.10

Sutton (1979) 44.80
30.00 21.40 0.50 2.40 45.40 53.60
27.60 19.70 0.40 10.00 42.50 49.30 41.20
29.00 21.10 0.90 3.80 45.50 51.80 44.10
22.40 17.50 1.20 23.00 36.20 40.00 36.60
metamorphism.
Metamorphic Event, whilst those south of this have only experienced low grade
Marbles of the Beitbridge Group

ion, Beitbridge Group, in the central
Dolomite-rich marbles occur in the Shalcwisa Calcareous Member of the Did Format
e and on Diziza Hill. The medium
zone of the Limpopo Mobile Belt, and arc best developed in the Shakwisa Dome structur between quartzite ridges,
to dark grey, fine to coarsely crystalline marbles, which usually occupy the flat-
lying ground
lage indicat es a shallow water sedimentary
commonly exhibit disharmonic folding. Light (in prep.) states that, “ The assemb
10
depositional environment, and consists of marbles, ophicalcites, calc-silicate rocks and quartzites interbanded with
-
leucocradc gneiss, garnet granulite as well as rare corundum bearing spinel granulites and enstatite cordierite granulites” .
Rocks of the Shakwisa Calcareous Member are further described by Broderick (1979) and Resch (in prep.).
Marbles of the Greenstones Group n
Amongst the metamorphosed lavas of the schistbelt, which are named greenstones because their primary minerals havebeen
altered to green coloured amphiboles and chlorite, there are beds of sedimentary origin. These commonly include lenticular
bedsof marble which often occur in close association with banded iron formation horizons.The regional metamorphic grade
-
is normally low, with primary structures and textures often preserved, but the effects of thermal metamorphism attributable
to granite intrusions are notably apparent in the smaller greenstone belts and those in the northern portion of the Rhodesian
Craton. All the deposits are greater than 2600 million years in age, with stromatolitic crystalline limestones from theearliest
Greenstone group, the Sebakwian, having been dated at 3500 million years. The origin of the marbles contained in these
basement schist groups, whether lacustrine or marine, is still a matter of controversy.
These deposits of marble,although commonly small and frequently rich in both dolomite and silica, are the main sources
of calcium carbonate mined in the country.
-
Vein deposits
Calcite veins are formed by the deposition of calcium carbonate in fissures within rock and are commonly associated with
fracture planes. The calcite is frequently composed of large interlocking crystals, which are commonly white, grey or pink
in colour. Iceland spar is the pure, transparent, colourless crystalline variety which, because of its strong double refraction,
was formerly used extensively in the manufacture of Nicoi prisms, essential for certain optical instruments such as
petrological microscopes, photometers, etc. In modem times it has been largely replaced for these purposes by polaroid
material.
In Zimbabwe calcite veins are widespread, and are found cutting rocks of all types and ages. They are particularly
common in the Karoo basalts, notably so in the basalts lying immediately to the north of the Deka Fault, with which they
.
are closely associated in the Hwange area Many of these deposits have been worked, principally to supply the ferro-chrome
industry with a source of pure, high grade calcium carbonate. The resources present in these deposits were relatively small,
and no production has been recorded since that from the Deka claims in 1973. Permission to mine known deposits situated
along the Deka Fault in the Hwange National Park has previously been denied. The quantity of calcite present inside the
National Park is unknown, but is in all probability relatively small. Detailed geological exploration could prove limited
additional resources both in and outside the National Park .
Veins of calcite are commonly associated with the bodies of crystalline limestone found in the greenstone beltsand other
Precambrian rocks. Such veins are not considered separately as they are an integral part of, and genetically related to, these
marble bodies .
Carbonatltes
-
In Zimbabwe 12 structures considered to be of carbonatitic origin, that is carbonate rich rocks associated with igneous
activity, have been recognised.Carbonates present commonly include calcite, dolomite,ankerite and siderite. The presence
of magnetite is generally regarded as being one of the diagnostic features of carbonatltes. A confusing plethora of terms have
been generated to describe the numerous mineral varieties of the carbonate suite present in carbonarites, with sflvite and
-
beforsite being the ones used respectively to denote calcium and magnesium rich members. Apatite, base metals,
-
-
radioactive minerals and rare earth dements, which may occur in economic concentrations, are often associated with
carbonatites.
-
The exploration and geology of six of the carbonatites, theMesozoic alkali ring complexesof Chishanya,Dorowa,Katete
and Shawa together with the contended Precambrian metacarbonatites of Gungwa and Shawa, are reasonably well
documented. Little is known, however, regarding the six remaining occurrences which have only recently been recognised:
-
the Marindagomo and Murambwi carbonatites are believed to be alkali ring structures of Mesozoic age, and four irregular
bodies of Precambrian age in the Guruve West area are possibly metacarbonatites.
None of the structures believed to be of carbonatitic origin are currently considered to be significant economic sources
of calcium carbonate.
SECONDARY
Secondary deposits were formed by the localized precipitation of calcium carbonate from solution, A wide range of rock
types are produced with compact or spongy varieties, which possess either concretionary,granularor platy textures,and exist
either in a pure form or intermixed with clay, sand, gravel or weathered rock, Because of their mode of origin they commonly
.
contain a high proportion of impurities Those of economic interest contain mainly more than 50% Calcium Carbonate. In
this report they are classified simply:calc tufas were deposited on existing surfaces, whereas calcretes were deposited within
pre existing sediments.
-
11
BEITBRIDGE DISTRICT
Calc Tufa
Deposits of calc tufa are formed by the precipitation of calcium carbonate from solutions containing calcium bicarbonat
e:
rocks which they flow over or through ,
CafllCO = CaCOj + Hp + COr These waters obtain calcium bicarbonate from
^
with precipitation frequently occurring at a considerable distance from the source area.The solubility of calcium bicarbonat
in water is dependent on the quantity of carbon dioxide (COa) that it contains.This is a function of temperature and ,
e
pressure,
with low temperature and high pressure increasing the amount of carbon dioxide contained in solution . Accordingl y when
water saturated in carbon dioxide and carbon bicarbonate at a particular temperature and pressure is subjected to an increase
in temperature, decrease in pressure or evaporation the equilibrium is restored by the precipitation of calcium carbonate
.
Solutions of calcium carbonate precipitated on vertical faces form the variety of calc tufa known as cliff limestone These
.
deposits may be of considerable height and lateral extent. Tufa is the name applied to deposits of calc tufa which have
a
spongy, porous nature. Stalagmites and stalactites respectively refer to the upward and pendant accumulations of calcium
.
carbonate which are formed in fissures and caves within larger masses of limestone, dolostone or marble Travertine
is a
frequently misused term that should only be employed to define calc tufa deposited from the waters of hot springs .
Calcretes
Calcretes arc formed by the cementation of surface gravels by calcium carbonate. The process of calcificatio
n varies and
calcretes may be of pedogenic or non -pedogenic origin, or both. The deposits occur at, or close to, bedrock and are often
only covered by a relatively thin layer of soil.
- .
Calcretes arc common in warm and semi arid lands and arc widespread in southern Africa They are known
by a variety
synonyms.
of names, some limited to local usage, with caliche, kunkar and vlei limestone being amongst the most common
ion
Calcretes differ widely in composition, varying from thin horizons of very loose soil containing a small accumulat
of calcium carbonate to hard rocks formed predominantly of calcium carbonate and hundreds of metres thick .
They are
described according to their moisture content,condition,colour, hardness, weathering, structure
, size, origin and inclusions .
given by NeUerberg
For further information, reference should be made to the detailed review of southern African calcretes
(1980) . deposits
In young calcretes the Si:Ca ratio is high due to the presence of thp original silicate material, whilst in mature
the ratio is more even due to the accumulation of calcium carbonate. In overmature calcretes the ratio of Si to Ca is generally
High, having increased due to the deposition of amorphous silica. A pommon feature of calcretes is that they arc variable
in
composition both laterally and vertically.
Overmuch of the area ofthe country underlain by Karoo basalts the ground is strewn with fragments of calcrete
.Cuttings
in such localities reveal weathered clasts of basalts embedded in calcrete to depths in excess of 2 m. The areal extent of these
deposits can sometimes be determined by the limits of the stunted flora commonly supported .
, but they
-
Being non tradirional materials of little economic significance until recently, calcretes received little attention
are now being investigated more thoroughly as potential source rocks for use as aggregate for the production of cement and
lime .
LOCALITIES
Individual deposits are discussed in alphabetical order within each administrative district and are assigned a reference
number. The position and number of each occurrence are indicated on Fig. S.
The bodies of calcium carbonate are discussed as complete entities, not by claim block or grouping which
commonly
.
artificially subdivide integral deposits All the pertinent information available
.
on
,
each
the
individual
quality of
known
the data
occurrenc
obtained
e is
varies
reviewed in order of locality, history, geology, resources and production However
, it may
-
considerably and, as it was not feasible to visit and re assess the vast majority of these bodies for this compilation
not reflect the true merits of some deposits .
BEITBRIDGE DISTRICT
1 DITIDOLOMARBLE (22°14*S 30°28*E)
.
Location The occurrence is situated in the Chipise and Did Communal Lands, 50 km east of Beitbridge and
approximately
9 km north of the Limpopo river.
n Limited
.
History The Did Claims,covering Shakwisa Hill, were pegged by the Tribal Trustlands Development Corporatio
in March 1975 .
, Beitbridge Group,
-
Geology. Dolomite rich marbles of the Shakwisa Calcareous Member occur within the Did Formation
in the Shakwisa Dome to the east of Shakwisa Hill. The calcareous assemblage s consist of a series of complexly interfolded
12
MItj£
ZIMBABWE
i’
......
AYO
¥
JT
FIG. S Listed Calcium Carbonate Localities in Zimbabwe.

REITRttTDTiE DISTRICT
- -
layers of forsterite or serpentinite bearing marbles, calc silicate rocks, garnet granulit
- es, leucocratic paragneiss and
, isoclinally folded ridges of
amphibolitic gneiss. The bands of marble commonly form the low ground between parallel
massive quartzite.
. mately 1.5 km.North
Tbe marbles, as indicated on Fig 6,are exposed in a synformal structure with a diameter of approxi
of the exposure the gneisses dip at approximately 50° S and on the south side at 45° N
.In places , notably the northern, north¬
eastern and south-western sides, the dolomarble forms low ridges. The recrysta
llized white marble varies in width from 50
the deposit.
-
. -
130 m , with an average thickness of 65 m A NE trending dolerite dyke, 30 m wide bisects
,
Scale of kilometres
2 3
*
**
**
T. N ,
*
CHIPISE
DITI 40° COMMUNAL LAND

j
COMMUNAL LAND
EXPLANATION
D ofante
[- jWj Doiomarbfe
IDEALISED WEST - EAST CROSS - SECTION
1 Gneiss
Dip
= Rvad
FIG . 6. Diti Dolomarble ( after B . G , Worst , 1963 ).
13
BIKITA DISTRICT
s ed along the exposure, have been
The following analytical determinations, obtained from random sample collect
reported:
Composition CaO MgO RA Insols LOI CaCO, MgCO,

% % % % % % %
Source
Light (in prep.) 31.67 17.01 4.91 11.53 34.88 56.53 35.58
Radclyffe (1963) 30.50 21.00 1.40 5, 30 41.80 54.40 43.90

29.50 21.20 1.70 5.10 42.90 52.70 44.40
28.90 20.40 2.40 9.40 39.10 51.60 42.70
28.90 22.20 1.40 1.80 45.90 51.60 46.40*
26.20 24.70 1.40 2.00 46.10 46.80 51.70*
45.72% MgCO}.
Result too high for dolomite, which only contains a theoretical maximum of
ference and on average 65 m thick, it is estimated
Resources. Taking the deposit of dolomaible to be about 4.8 km in circum
that the reserves per 20 m mining depth are 17.5 million tonnes.
Production. None known.

(21°58’S 30°45’E)
2 KAYANSEE MARBLE
s.
Location. The marble traverses the link road on the Bubani and Kayans ranche
ee
Member, Diti Formation, Beitbridge Group. The

Geology. The deposit occurs in a northward extension of the Shakwisa
marble, which contains graphite and other mineral inclusions, was shown
on analysis to contain:
Composition CaO MgO RA Insols LOI CaCO. MgCO,

% % % % % % %
Source
Broderick (1979) 49.80 2.75 1.89 3.73 42.69 87.15 5.75
Resources. The reserves contained in this deposit of magnesian marble

are unassessed.

(22°08’S 30C08’E)
3 SCAPOUTE MARBLE
- Hill, which lies 6 km to the east of the main

Location. These claims are situated on the north western slope of Diriza
Beitbridge to Masvingo road.
Geology.The marbles occur in the Shakwisa Calcareous Member of the Diti

.
Formation, Beitbridge Group Light (in prep.)
reports that the assemblage is similar to that exposed in the Diti deposit near .
Shakwisa Hill The calcareous rocks forming
Diriza Ridge are terminated to the south-west by an antiformal closure .
Composition CaO MgO RA Insols LOI CaCO, MgCOj
% % % % % % %
Sourc
Light (in prep.) 34.18 17.69 2.13 12.88 33.12 61.01 37.01
calcic dolomarble category. No resource tonnage

Resources. This analysis implies that the deposit contains material in the
figures are available.
BIKITA DISTRICT
(20°0’S 32°15’E)
4 DEVULI MARBLE
Location. Devuli Irrigation Project, Bikita.
14
BINDURA DISTRICT
History. Marble encountered in an irrigation furrow.
Geology. No details were reported except that the marble was presumed to belong to the Umkondo Group. Analysis of a
specimen showed:
Composition CaO MgO R203 Insols LOI CaCOs MgCO

Source % % % % % % % ^
Golding <19460 35.68 15.50 1.22 1.94 44.93 63,68 32,41
Resources. Thereserves of this deposit of inferred calcareous dolomarble classification material* although in all probability
limited* are unassessed.
5 MDARA MARBLE (19°55’S Sl

Ê)
Location.The occurrence lies a few hundred metres south of Glen Isla Farm homestead, to the east of Matezma Hill,65 km
Bom Masvingo.
. -
Geology The deposit consists of a poorly exposed, narrow band of NE striking, rather impure marble, which occurs within
the pelitic schists and phyllites of the Upper Series of the Shamvaian towards the eastern side of the Masvingo Schist Belt
The body of marble is cut off to the east by a northerly trending fault
Resources. Unevaluated, but probably of poor quality and limited quantity.
Production. None recorded.
BINDURA DISTRICT
6 CONTACT MARBLE (17°22*S 31°13*E)
Location. The Contact claims are situated along the southern boundary of Wiseacre Farm, which is separated from the
Marambura Communal Lands by the Pote River. The deposit is situated 12 km SW of Bindura .
History. TheContact 1 claims were pegged by A. Mylroie in 1964 and the Contact 2 claims by G andW Industrial Minerals
(Pvt) Ltd in November 1974.Thirteen diamond drillholes centred on the Contact 2 claims have been drilled.Thisexploration
was undertaken with the intention of proving the 72000 tonnes of good quality marble required to supply Trojan NickelMine
for a three year contract
- -
Geology. The predominantly dolomite rich marble, which reportedly attains a width varying Bom 15 50 m along an
intermittent ENE strike of 2300 m, dips at 65 70° to the north. In places along its exposure terraces of up to 15 m high occur.
-
The body lies within 200 m of the northern margin of the contact between theChinamora Batholith and Mazowe Greenstone
Belt Morrison (1975) reported the geological succession from south to north as:
(i) Granitic rocks;

(ii) Contact Bulawayan Group, marked by Pote River;
(iii) Chloritic schists;
(iv) Scree and Soil;
(v) Dolomitic marble, forming a steep scarp face; and
- -
(vi) Iron formation, forming the crest of an ENE trending ridge which rises 100 m above the level of
the Pote River .
- -
Two distinct types of marble have been noted; a very hard, massive, homogeneous* brown grey, dolomite rich variety
.
and a much purer, banded grey and white deposit The former comprises the majority of the occurrence, as the pure marble
has been recorded only at the western end of the strike where, sandwiched between the impurer variety, it attains a thickness
of 20 m or so. The analytical results obtained from the various sampling exercises undertaken on theclaims, as reported by
Atkinson (1985) and Morrison (1975), are given overleaf:
15
RTNDTIRA DISTRICT
Composition CaO MgO RA Insols LOI CaC03 MgCO,
Source % % % % % % %
Morrison ( 1975)- la 33.40 15.73 4.20 1.60 45.10

59.55 32.91
lb 53.70 030 - - -
95.70 0.60
lc 53.90 0.25 . - - 96.10 031
Id 54.20 030 0.65 1.90 43.00 96.60 0.60
2a 35.60 13.90 - - - 6330 23.10
2b 54.20 0.40 1.15 2.10 42.20 96.60 0.90
3a 34.40 10.40 8.10 9.10 38.00 6134 21.70
Atkinson (1985)
- Mylroie, Av . ll 35.30 11.80 . 3.60 62,90 24,70
Impurer brown-
grey variety 32.40 1230 4.20 6.10 45.00 57.80 25.70
Purer white -
grey variety 54.10 030 0,70 1.70 43.20 96.60 0.60
Resources. The deposit appears to contain two varieties of calcium carbonate; a relatively pure, white-grey marble and a
-
contaminated,silica rich brown-grey calcareousdolomarble. The former is in all probability of limited tonnage. The drilling
programme undertaken was assessed to have proven total reserves of 300 000 tonnes.
Production. The following quantities have been declared mined: 1976, 1312.0 tonnes; 1977, 3627.1 tonnes; 1978, 107.9
tonnes .
7 DUNKERRY CALCITE AND MARBLE ( HÔ’S 31°16’E)
Location. These occurrences are situated on Dunkerry Farm, 32 km to the north of Bindura. They lie at a distance of over
46 km by road from the railhead.
-
History. The first geological account of the deposit was given by Lightfootand Tyndale Biscoe in 1931 The marble was .
.
of interest to the farm owner, H.C. Conradie and in the late 1940s to T Stoklasa who intended to work the deposit. The claims
.
were taken over by D Young towards the end of 1962. Following the discovery of calcite the occurrence was investigated
under the supervision of Worst early in 1963 with the intention of supplying high grade calcite to the ferrochrome industry .
During this exploration, which was restricted to investigation of the calcite bodies, eleven trenches, totalling some 540 m,
and four inclined boreholes, totalling approximately 182 m , were sunk. The deposits have been covered by both the Dunkerry
and Y claims .
Geology, Two small bodies of marble, separated by 65 m of greenstone, were discovered on the eastern slope of a northerly
trending ridge capped by banded iron-formations. The deposits occur intercalated within a steeply dipping metasedimentary
sequence of the Bulawayan in the Mtepatepa arm of the Mazowe Greenstone Belt. The lower, easterly body is a coarsely
crystalline* grey rock containing biotite, garnet, hornblende, magnetite and pyrrhotite, which is cut by numerous extensive
streaks and irregular veins of a siliceous nature. The western body is predominantly coarsely crystalline and white, although
.
some grey marble is present It contains fewer impurities than the eastern deposit, but siliceous veinlets occur The analytical.
data available is reported below:
Composition CaO MgO RA Insols LOI CaCO} MgCOj

Source % % % % % % %
Golding ( 1928a) 53.29 1.82 2.86 130 40.77 89.97 3.81
Golding (1949b):
Western 5338 T 0.26 0.48 43.48 98.84 T
Golding ( 1949g):
Southern 51.40 1.08 0.60 5.60 41.60 91.74 2.26
Western 54.60 T 0.80 1.40 42.92 98.84 T
Radford (1952):
Western 49.90 0.40 2.20 7.20 39.90 89.10 0.80
Western 52.20 1.00 1.00 4.10 4130 93.20 2.10
16
BINDURA DISTRICT
Worn (1963b) reported on investigations undertaken to delineate the then recently discovered veins of calcite, which
.
were found 30-65 m west of the western body of marble, higher up the slope The calcite occupies a series of northerly
trending fissures, which run roughly parallel to the general strike of the rocks, in the greenstones and metadolerites that occur
-
between the marble and banded iron formations capping the ridge. The calcite is considered to have been deposited in the
.
fractures by groundwatersenriched in calcium carbonate obtained from the marbleandother carbonate-rich bodies In places
.
the calcite is locally contaminated with dark green mafic material derived from the adjoining greenstones The trenching
-
conducted revealed the calcite to be 23 87 m wide. However, it decreases both towards the north and south. The results of
the four boreholes, drilled to confirm these findings, are summarized below:
Borehole Total Length Inclination Total Pure Thickest Tfiial Maximum Depth
(m) (degrees) Calcite Vein Cavities Calcite ( m )
(m) (m) (m )
1 49.99 45 7.32 3.05 1.22 16.46

2 38,10 45 1.83 * 1.22 3.05 27.43
3 47.24 45 5.18 2.44 11.58 45.72
4 59.74 25 17.07 3.66 0.00 43.89
These investigations were disappointing as they revealed that the width of the calcite intersected in the trenches bore little
relation to that encountered underground, with few veins extending to any considerable depth. Worst (1963b) concluded that,
"the calcite occurs as almost vertical veins which narrow with depth but extend individually for several hundred feet along
the strike. Therefore a considerable proportion of the width of the calcite exposed in the trenches is considered to be scree
below the individual veins*1.
There were 17 composite samples collected from the trenches which indicate that the calcite has an insoluble matter
contentoflessthan 2%, amanganeseoxidecontentofbelow 0.08% andapho$phoruscontentupto0.005%.ltwasconsideFed
that there was no apparent deterioration of the quality of the calcite with depth.
.
Resources Stagman (1949) estimated that by mining into the slope of the hill for 65 m over a length of 100 m, thereby
achieving a final quarry face 33 m high, over 250 000 tonnes of marble could be won from the better quality western body.
No reserve assessment was made for the eastern body which, as indicated by one analysis (Golding, 1928a), contains
magnesian marble.
The reserves of high grade calcite, whilst difficult to assess, were calculated by Worst (1963b) for both scree and material
in situ to be not less than 105 000 tonnes .
The reserves of both calcite and marble remaining following mining are unknown.
Production. The tonnages declared mined annually from 1936 to when last worked in 1970 were:
Year Tonnes XSSL Tonnes

1936 32.7 1961 4460.6
1937 62.6 1962 663.0
1963 480.7
1950 45.4 1964 -
1951 72.6 1965 254.0
1966 1 746.0
1957 380.1 1967 907.0
1958 3400.3 1968 984.1
1959 6002.5 1969 -
1960 4917.8 1970 36.3
Lime produced in kilns on the property was shown to contain:
Composition CaO MgO RA Insols LOI

Source % % % % %
Golding (1928a) 80.46 3.56 5.40 3.40 7.69
Radford (1952): Western 79.70 2.70 3.40 4.90 9.20
8 INSINGISI CALCRETE (17°17*S 31°16*E)
Location. The deposit lies on Insingisi Farm , which is situated 7 km west of Bindura.
17
BINDURA DISTRICT
.
Geology A sample from the deposit was analysed with the following result:
Composition CaO MgO R O, + Ihsols LOI CaCO} MgCOs

Source % % ^ % % % %
Blsckshaw (1922) S2.01 0.88 4A0 42.71 92.87 1.84
Resources. The reserves contained in this deposit of calcrete are probably limited.
9 KINGSTONE CALCRETE (17°2rS 31°20*E)
Location. The occurrence is situated on Kingstone Farm, approximately 4 km south of Bindura.

Geology. The only data available is a chemical determination showing the calcrete to be composed of:
Composition CaO MgO Insols LOI CaCO} MgCO,
Source % % % % % % %
Blackshaw (1922) 44.73 1.10 4.85 10.47 38.85 79.88 230
Resources. The reserves contained in this deposit of siliceous magnesian calcrete are unassessed.
Production. None known .

10 LEOPARD’S VLEI CALCRETE (17°19’S 31°19’E)
.
Location The calcrete occurs on Leopard's Vlei Farm, which lies 5 km west of Simoona Siding on the Harare to Shamva
railroad .
.
Geology Analysis of a sample showed:
Composition CaO MgO Ipsols LOI CaCO, MgCO,

Source % % % % % %
Blackshaw (1922) 52.43 132 233 43.93 93.62 2.76
Resources The reserves contained in this deposit of magnesian calcrete are unassessed.
.
11 LILBURN MARBLE (17°22'S 31° irE)
, SW of
Location. The deposit lies astride the Pote River on Lilbum Farm and in the Marambura Communal Land 6 km
Bindura.
History The occurrence was recognised during the exploration of E.P.0.178B between July 1966 and December
. 1968.
Anglo American pegged 30claimsin October 1972 with the
, intention of supplying calcium carbonate as ah acid neutralizer
was sampled
to Trojan Nickel Mine.The deposit was investigated with 22 vole drillholes, totalling 368 m of core which
length. The marble was considered unsuitable for use in
at one metre intervals, and Eve trenches of 222 m combined
ZimAlloys’ high carbon ferrochrome process.
Bulawayan
Geology. The deposit, which is exposed in two major outcrops along the Pote River, occurs within rocks of
age in the Mazowe Greenstone Belt on the northern margin of the Chinhamor a Granite Batholith . The marble is included
in a sequence of highly cleaved phyllites containing epidiorites , psammites , quartz -mica schists and
-
quartz -rich
,
pegmatite
to grey
veins. The rocks dip 45° N and trend WNW. The marble is generally a fairly well bedded , medium grained white
bands . Contamina nts include iron oxide , silicates of calcium , iron and
coloured rode, which locally contains pelitic .
magnesium and also galena. The magnesium content of the deposit increases westwards . The marble , as depicted by Fig
,
7, pinches and swells along strike and is probably not continuous over its entire 900 m of exposure . The analytical data
18
-
Marble bands
,/f'A w ..
A A! »%
A :I A
Z '>
- r '
vj « , j %
Jj
/ 1 ~ t
^
' f I
t ' - " %.
We// J/jeered y
Scale of kilometres
1 2
^
Mrf fractured . EXPLANATION
Lf-Lj */ I
$
IrQ I j
River sand and gravel
Marble
SAMPLE
True
TIH CeO MgO R 203 NSOLS Lol CaC03 t yfgC03
wi
if#A* s
i
I
£
&
Y///A Intensely oxidized rock
I Ll 7 \ \
'
Weathered epidiorite
Epidiorite
A
B
C
D
0 64
1 07
1 07
0 04
31 22
46 49
51 64
S3 30
13 99
2 50
-
1 21
125
6 54
3 48
1- 66
0 99
2 21
4 54
2 06
0 - 93
46 04
42 99
43 43
43 53
55 73
82 98
92 18
95 14
29 27
5 23
2 S3
2 62
E V 07 48 10 4 74 2 -10 1 64 43 42 85 86 9 92
-d? Dip, amount in degrees
. Jo Sample interval F 0 91 50 60 1 64 1 82 2 46 43 48 90 32 3 43
Ite .
..
Rock outcrop G
H
0 S3
1 07
50 - 94
32 78
1 39
14 70
2 21
4 64
1 46
6 82
44 00
41 06
90 93
58 51
2 91
30 76
* 1 0 64 29 35 11 75 11 88 3 34 43 68 -
62 39 24 58
BINDURA
* - 55 - 82
* J
*Lv
0 43 31 27 14 56 4 92 10 98 38 27 30 46
"
69 - 35
M j .
K
L
1 07
0 43
33 25
31 - 17
14 28
13 01
5 30
10 83
3 60
1 77
43 57
43 22 66 64
29 87
27 22
s Am
‘ 14 - 05
DISTRC
M 1 07 31 79 7 29 2 26 44 61 56 75 29 39
/
CSf *i u- .n
lpS .\ ;v -r ..
!
/ ’ i i iii i i
,
^ N 1 07 53 09 2 - 05 1 05 1 24 42 57 94 76 4 29
w: :
*
O 1 07 -
42 18 5 91 -
4 97 2 55 44 39 75 29 12 36
P 0 7B 32 94 14 78 4 14 4 08 44 06 58 80 30 92
*.
: 0 Contorted
c bands a 1 07 32 20 14 61 4 42 5 52 43 25 57 48 30 56
R -
0 66 33 97 14 45 4 09 116 46 33 -
60 64 30 23
S 33 04 14 93 1- 43 46 46 58 98 31 23
hi 4 14
s- * pOTE
T
0 46
0 84 47 22 3 99 3 31 1 93 43 65 84 29 8 35
$
?o
5k FI
* #
0
U
V
152
1 52
49 - 35
34 - 09
1 93
9 23 -
3 07
7 84
3 33
11 08
42 32
37 77
88 09
60 83
4 04
19 31
w
*5>
1 22 42 03 3 27 4 81 11 39 38 60 75 02 6 84
PUMP HOUSE
X 1 - 07 45 - 05 4 * 98 2 61 7 37 - 39 9 « 80 41 10 42
Y 107 34 44 5 30 - 8 78 21 82 -
29 66 61 48 11 09
FIG. 7. Lilbum Marble Deposit.

BINDURA DISTRICT
obtained from surface sampling by Anglo American are also reported on this plan .
, being highly
Resources. Anglo American consider that the deposit contains good quality marble, but of limited tonnage
localized and of patchy distribution. The following resource estimates and average compositions are reported :
Area Tonnes CaO MgO SiOa CaCOj MgC03 \

% % % % % %
Eastern Body 5000 45.2 4.0 5.9 80.7 8.4

Western Body 10000 32.2 11.7 4.9 57.5 24.5
These suggest that the eastern locality is purer, containing on average dolomitic marble, whilst the more magnesia rich -
western sector is of calcareous dotomarble. The proximity of the Pote River adversely effects the possible mining
depth of
the eastern body.
Production. Marble from the deposit was mined for use as a flux in the Nickel Smelter at Bindura, but no record of the annual
production could be ascertained
12 MARSTON MARBLE (17°15*S 31°19’E)
-
Location. The occurrence lies on a ridge in the south western comer of Marston Farm , which is situated 8 km to the north
of Bindura.
Geology Tyndale Biscoe (1933) reports that calcareous rocks occur interbedded in intensely sheared greenstones An
. - .
analysis showed:
Composition CaO MgO RA Insols LQI CaC05 MgCOs

Source % % % % % % %
Blackshaw (1922) 47.10 0.72 3.99 19.14 38.05 84.10 1.51
Resources. The reserves contained in this deposit of marble with some impurities are reported to be small.
.
Production None known.
13 NAN TERRA MARBLE (17°14’S 31°22*E)
tely
Location. The marble occurs on a low knoll, 800 m SSW of the homestead on Nan Terra Farm which lies approxima
11 km NNE of Bindura .
Geology. Tyndale-Biscoe (1933) reported small beds of marble in intensely sheared greenstone rocks.
Resources. Unasscssed, but probably too small to be of any economic potential.
PIMENTO PARK CALC TUFA (17°20’S 31°14*E)

14
Location. The occurrence is situated on Pimento Park Farm, midway between Mapunga and Simoona sidings on
the Harare
to Shamva railroad
Geology. Calc tufa is deposited in gorges of the Makuri range of hills formed by basement greenstones
. A sample analysed
was shown to have the following composition:
Source % % % % % % %
Tyndale-Biscoe 52.86 0.39 0.45 1.26 45.04 94.39 0.82

(1933)
20
'
BINGA DISTRICT
Resources. The analysis implies that the deposit consists of good quality calc tufa, although the reserves present are in all
probability limited.

.
15 SELWOOD MARBLE (17°13’$ 31°19'E)
Location. The deposit occurs on the common boundary separating Marston and Selwood farms, 9 km NNW of Bindura.
. ..
History. In 1972 the occurrence, which was held by J Nicolle, was investigated by M T D. as apossible source of flux for
the Alaska Smelter.
Geology. The easterly trending body of marble, which is exposed on Marston Farm, is traceable for a distance of about 65
m along strike. The marble is 3 m wide at its eastern end, but only a metre or so wide towards the west where it grades into
-
calc silicate rocks. Mooney (1972) had four samples from the deposit analysed, but two of these contained excess silica for
.
classification as marbles The results of the remaining analyses were;
Composition CaO MgO Insols CaCU MgCO,
Source % % % % %
Mooney (1972) 37.2 3.1 22.8 66 A 6.5

40.8 3.1 16.2 72.8 6.5
Resources.The reserves of this occurrence of inferior, siliceous magnesian marble are limited.
Production. 200 tonnes of marble has been quarried from the deposit, which as an old kiln indicates, was used to produce
lime .
BINGA DISTRICT
16 CHIBWATATA TRAVERTINE (17°35*S 27°21*E)
.
Location The hot spring is situated less than 500 m west of the Binga Rest Camp, Binga.
Geology. Travertine deposited from the Chibwatata gushers was analysed with the following result:
Composition CaO MgO Insob LOI CaCO, MgCOj

Source % % % % % % %
Golding (1944e) 30.80 8.96 1.20 24.68 34.32 54.97 18.74
Resources. The reserves contained in this occurrence of siliceous dolomitic travertine are limited.
17 KATETE CARBONATITE (18°09*S 26°53*E)
.
Location The alkali ring complex lies to the north of the Gwayi River, 50 km to the NE of Hwange.
-
History. Professor G. Bond established the presence of carbonatite in 1958 when investigating an airborne radioactive
mineral anomaly on behalf of the United Kingdon Atomic Energy Commission.
-
Following photogeologtcal studies of the mid Zambezi Valley, the Anglo American Corporation, unto its subsidiary,
Prospecting Ventures Limited, pegged the Complex for base metals in the late 1960s. The work carried out on the claims
included a geochemical soil survey for copper, lead, phosphorus and zinc. Lee (1973) later investigated the petrochemistry
of the carbonatite during the tenure of an Anglo American research grant
. - -
Geology The Katete Carbonatite is a clover leaf shaped alkali ring complex about 1100 m across which was emplaced in
sediments of the Karoo Supergroup. Batoka basalts of the Karoo are found to the north and east of the Complex. The NE
-
trending Deka Fault lies 12 km to the north west of Katete. Associated ENE fracturing intersects the Deka Fault at acute
-
.
angles just to the north of the Complex, giving rise to a zone of local weakness favourable to igneous activity Mann (1969)
21
BINGA DISTRICT
remains active.
considers that this major structure originated about 200 million years ago and ral effect on the surrounding
Katete, which probably represents the highest level of a carbonatite has major structuex is indicated in Fig. 8, whilst
, no
Compl
rocks. No alkali igneous rocks are associated with the carbonatite. The geolog
y of the
,
partial chemical analyses of the various carbonatites are given in Appendix Table
6. Lee (1974) reports that, using K:Ar
on phlogopite from xenoliths in the agglomerate phase, Katete was dated at 89 ± Ma, Middle to Late Cretaceous.
3
Seal* of m*tr *c EXPLANATION

500
I fT7?| Silicified carbonatite
’ >VJ Carbonatite aggiomarata
Manganiferous carbonatite
Sidentic carbonatite
Dofomitlc carbonatite
Brecciated carbonatite
I | Karoo sandstone
—— Fault
o
/
/
/
S /
7 /
/
/
/
N,
/
Bin / FIG. 6. Geological sketch map of the Katete
J
/ Carbonatite (adapted from Lee, 1974).
The outer limit of the Complex is marked by an irregular exposure of brecciated

quartzite up to 15 m wide Chloritized .
ofdolomitic carbonatite occur at the contact
amphibole and hydrated iron oxide infill the fractures in thebreccia, whilst veins
rock metasomatism noted at Katete. -
with the carbonatite. This shattering and mild fenitization is the only wall
varying composition, up to 10 cm across,
Dolomitic carbonatite, containing subangular to subrounded xenoliths of
. carbonatite consists of a mozaic of
occurs at four centres within the Complex Lee (1974) states that “ In thin ryststhe
, section
of dolomite, siderite and calcite up to
anhedral carbonate crystals coloured by hydrated iron oxide dust with , phenoc
. of the phenoc rysts have zonal inclusions of iron
10 mm in diameter scattered irregularly through the carbonate host Some
- ,
oxide dust. Accessory minerals are lime green monazite barite and rare magnet ite. The monazite is associated with barite
and quartz in circular patches up to 15 mm in diameter which in thin section consist of spherul esof monazite in a fine grained
fluorite was identified in one
-
matrix of quartz and subhedral barite. Pyrochlore was identifi ed in only two thin section s and
specimen*. .
north of the Complex This rock is
- -
A black, medium to coarse grained manganiferous carbonatite is present in the ory barite and monazite and rare
, access
composed of anhedral crystals of calcite and abundant fine manganese oxide
- has produc ed second ary botryoidal pyrolusite and calcite. The
pyrochlore.Weathering of the manganese rich carbonatite
- nts a weathered sideritic carbonatite. This
manganiferous carbonatite grades into iron rich sttvite, which probably represe
secondary calcite. In thin section, iron and
contains segregations of manganese oxide and veins of later carbonatite andry pyrochlore rare.
manganese oxide were reported to be abundant, barite and monazite accesso and
Hard, cherty silicified carbonatite, which weathe rs to a soft, cellula r rock , is the most common rock type in the Katete
uted occurrences of dolomitic carbonatite
-
Carbonatite. It occurs as small rounded bodies which contain irregularly distrib
atite across a gradational contact, and is
and brecciated quartzite. The silicified carbonatite caps the dolomitic carbon weathering. It is composed of an interlocking
considered to result from the silicification of the dolomitic carbonatite during,
tite and monazite and rare fluorite.
mozaic of quartz crystals containing accessory barite, occasional magne er are exposed to the west, north and
Twelve, roughly circular, agglomerate vents ranging from 8 m to 60 m in diamet
. basementrocks,carbonatite,Karoo sediments
south of the Complex The agglomerate is composed of abundant xenoliths of
magnetite are present asaccessory minerals.
and basalts contained in a matrix of red iron oxide stained dolomite. Barite and
-
Late carbonatite veins cut the agglomerate.
Carbonatite dykes and sills have been emplac ed in the Karoo sediments surrounding the Katete Carbonatite Complex.
The dykes occur over an area of some 75 km .
1
Resources. The reserves contained in this magnesium-rich carbonatite are unasse

ssed .
.
Production None known .
22
BUBI DISTRICT
BUBI DISTRICT
18 BRAEMAR MARBLE (19°34*S 28°38’E)
Location. The deposit is situated some 14.5 km WSW of Lonely Mine in the northern section of Braemar Block Farm .
.
Geology. The belt of siliceous, grey-brown marble, approximately 4 km long, possesses a NE trend The deposit occurs
within the Ndutjana metasedimentary sequence in the Bubi Greenstone Belt An analysis showed the marble to contain:
Composition CaO MgO Insols LOI CaCO, MgCO,

Source % % % % % % %
Robertson (1970b) 41.7 3.1 3.7 15.6 36.0 74.4 6.5
Resources. The reserves contained in this deposit of siliceous magnesian marble are unassessed.
19 DINGAAN CALCRETE (19°55*S 28°40’E)
Location. Dingaan Farm, SW of Queen’s Mine.
Geology. White secondary calcium carbonate rests on Forest Sandstone of the Upper Karoo. Analysis by Pingstone (1912)
showed the vlei limestone to contain 89.68% CaCO, and 2.07% MgCOr
Resources. The reserves of this deposit of calcrete are unassessed.
Production. An unknown quantity of material was mined by T.I, Laidley prior to and during 1915.
20 FELIX CALCRETE (19°48’S 28°37'E)
Location. Approximately 10 km west of Queen’s Mine .

Geology. Unknown. An analysis of the calcrete showed:
Composition CaO MgO R,0, Insols LOI CaCO, MgCO,

Source % % % % % % %
Blackshaw (1922) 46.82 1.66 0.76 12.17 38.59 83.60 3.47
.
Resources Unassessed, but probably limited.
21 GLENDENNING MARBLE (19°35*S 28°42*E)
Location. The deposit occurs on Glendenning and GlenKamey farms, approximately 8 km WSW of Lonely Mine.
Geology, The mari)le is intercalated within rocks of the Ndutjana metasedimentary sequence in the Bubi Greenstone Belt
It strikes in a NE direction for a distance of 4 km.
Resources. Unassessed .
22 GRAVESEND MARBLE (19°55’S 28°48’E)
.
Location The occurrence is situated on Gravesend Farm, 10 km SE of Queen's Mine.
. .
Geology The marble forms a lenticular exposure 200 m long and up to 3 m wide Analysis showed its composition to be:
23
BUBI DISTRICT
Composition CaO MgO R2O, Insols LOI CaCO MgC03
% % % % % % %
Source
Hack (1924) 27.94 15.75 8.52 7.19 40.60 49.90 32.96
Resources. The reserves contained in this deposit of calcareous dolomaible are limited
.
23 HUNTSMAN MARBLE (19°4VS 28°48’E)

, in the Bubi District 53 km NNE of
Location. The old workings lie on Huntsman Farm, immediately east of Turk Mine
Bulawayo .
History. The right to work any occurrence of ‘limestone was vested in the title deed to Huntsm
* an Farm and no claims were
to 1957. It is in this marble
ever registered.There is no record of mining prior to 1954, but production was declared from 1954
body that Macgregor (1940) described the presence of stromatolites.
- an Group in the Bubi Greenstone

Geology. The deposit occurs in flat lying country within metasediments of the Bulaway
-
Belt The overburden, although on average 1 2 m, ranges up to 10 m in thickness
. Macgregor et al. (1937) record that the
dark grey marble worked occurs as a 1.2 km long lens trending across a cream coloured
.
body of dolomaible Goldberg (1966)
reports that the narrow belt of greenstone, which separates the main quarry from the two
smaller ones north of it, possesses
an easterly strike and dips 75° N. The following chemical analyses were determined :
Composition CaO MgO R O, Insols LOI CaC03 MgCO,

% % ^
% % % % % *
Source
Hack (1924) 30.81 18.03 557 1.31 44.28 55.02 37.73

S.R.G5. (1952) 50.46 2.00 3.42 1.54 42.75 90.07 4.18
deposit ranges fronrmagnesian

Resources.No resource estimatesare available, although the analytical data indicates that the
marble to calcic dolomarble.
following years was declared: 1954,
Production. Although the deposit was worked previously, only production for the
4062.7 tonnes; 1955, 1706.9 tonnes; 1956, 484.3 tonnes; 1957, 183.2 tonnes .
An unknown quantity of lime was produced from the material quarried in four kilns built
on the farm .
(19°39*S 28°51*E)
24 INKWEKWEZI CALCRETE
edge of the vlei between the Forest
.
Location The calcrete occurs on the northern bank of the Irikwekwezi River on the
,
Sandstone and the river.
Resources. Unassessed, but probably limited.

Production. The deposit was worked prior to 1928.
LONELY MARBLE
(19°39*S 28°40’E)
25
. ,
Location The marble occurs 200 m SW of the store on Braemar Block Farm to the
west of Ntabakaikonjwa Hill
of the Ndutjana metasedimentary

Geology. The deposit consists of several thin bands of marble inteibedded within rocks
d 90.61% CaCOv 4.87%
sequence in the Bubi Greenstone Belt. Macgregor (1928) reported that an analysed sample containe
MgCOj and 1.67% R 03
^
.
.
Resources The reserves remaining after exploitation in thisdeposit of magnesian marble
are,although unassessed,probably
limited.
, ; 1938, 462.6 tonnes.
.
Production The following tonnages were declared mined: 1936, 2107.9 tonnes 1937 1609.0
; tonnes
24
BUBI DISTRICT
26 MATSHEUMHLOPE CALCITE (?) (20°00’S 28°50*E)
al Land.
Location. The deposit occurs some 4 km SW of Chief Kayisa’s kraal in the Ntabazinduna Commun
Geology. Boulders of white, crystalline calcium carbonate and greyish calcrete are exposed near the
concealed contact
between the meta andesites and metatholeiites of the Bulawayan Greenstone Group The
- .
occurren ce could possibly
- .
represent the calcite infilling of the N S shear separating the two rock types Analyses showed the average content of the
white, crystalline rock to be:
Composition CaO MgO RaO, Insols LOI CaCO, MgCO,

% % % % % % %
50.78 1.41 1.80 - - 90.64 2.95
limited.
Resources. The reserve potential of this deposit of magnesian calcium carbonate is considered to be
POLLARDS MARBLE (19°38’S 28°50’E)

27
Location. The occurrence traverses Lortondale and Pollards Farms to the north of Tuik Mine Bubi District
, .
Belt. The southerly
Geology. The lenticular deposit of marble is intercalated with metavolcanics of the Bubi Greenstone
trending occurrence, which possesses a strike-length of 4 km , is locally cut by dolerites. At its southern end the marble is
obscured by calcrete. A sample of marble has the following chemical composition:
Composition CaO MgO Insols LOI CaCOj MgCO,

Source % % % % % % %
Robertson (1970) 27.3 18.1 5.3 6.8 42.3 48.7 37.7
Resources. The reserves contained in this deposit of calcic dolomarble are unassessed.
28 THREE FOUNTAINS CALCRETE (20°01*S 28°44’E)
Location. The deposit occurs about 750 m SSE of the homestead on Three Fountains Farm.
-
Geology. The calcrete overlies meta andesites of the Bulawayan Greenstone Group .
Resources. Unassessed, but probably of limited size.
Production. Over 1000 tonnes had been sold locally for agricultural use by the end of 1983.
29 WALK MARBLE (19°30’S 28°42'E)
Mine.
Location. The occurrence traverses KiUegar and Whites farms, and lies 5 km west of Lonely
- -
Geology. The deposit of magnesium rich marble, which is associated with banded iron formations
and metasediments of
-
the Ndutjena greenstone sequence, trends in a NE direction over a strike length excess
in of 1.5 km. The following analysts
is reported:
CaCO, MgCO,
Composition
Source
CaO
%
MgO
%
R2
% °, Insols
%
LOI
% % %
ZMDC (1987 ) 48.42 6.47 2,77 9.64 32.70 8643 13.52
to be dolomitic marble, are

Resources. The reserves contained in this deposit, which the chemical determination shows
unassessed.

25
BUHERA DISTRICT
BUHERA DISTRICT
30 BIRCHENOUGH CALOTTE (19°55’S 32°15’E)
Location. The occurrence occurs 3.5 km NNE of the Masvingo to Biichenough road bridge across the Devure River.
. - .
Geology The deposit consists of the calcite infillings of several post Karoo faults cutting the granite Analysis showed a
sample to contain:
Composition CaO MgO Insols LOl CaCO, MgCOj

Source % % % % % % %
Phaup (1959) 55.40 Tr 0.04 0.52 44.04 98.89 Tr
Resources. Limited reserves of calcite.
31 CHISHANYA CARBONATITE COMPLEX (19°45*S 32°18’E)
.
Location The Chishanya Carbonatite Complex lies in the Buhera District of eastern Zimbabwe. It is situated 9 km west of
the confluence of the Odzi and Save rivers and 25 km north of Biichenough Bridge.
. .
History. Eight blocks of claims were pegged for ‘limestone’ by G S.C. and J. Meikle in 1945 From then until 1975
.
Chishanya was investigated by a number of mining concerns for copper, lead and phosphate A summary of the work
undertaken in each of these exploration campaigns is given in Appendix,Table 7.However, the last mining house to conduct
exploration over a portion of the Complex, the Messina (Rhodesia) Development Company Limited, found soil sampling,
which was used extensively in the prior investigations, to be unreliable due to the presence of a concealed calcrete cap .
.
Geology The hills formed by the Chishanya Carbonatite Complex rise some 200 m above the surrounding Middle Save
plain. Steep carbonatite cliffs, approximately 30 m in height, are found on the two northern hills of Baradanga and
Chishanya. Mennell (1946) was the first to briefly describe the Complex. Macgregor (1947, 1950 and 1951) expressed the
.
opinion that the carbonate represented remnant rafts of Umkondo marble following intensive igneous activity Swift (1952)
repudiated this hypothesis and proposed that the carbonatite had been formed by fenitization similar to that described by
Biogger (in McKie, 1966) .
The Complex occupies an area roughly 1.5 km in width and 5 km in length, augmented by a few offshoots and outliers
-
of melteigite, which are confined to a narrow strip contained between two parallel NNE trending faults. Bowen (1986)
-
established that the carbonatite does not occupy a continuous area as previously interpreted, but forms arcuate, dyke like
- .
bodies alternating with ijolite melteigite, fenite and, less commonly, foyaite These were emplaced in Archean granitic
terrain designated by Phaup (1971) as the Umtali adamellite batholith .
Utilizing K:Ar radiometric dating Lee (1973) determined Chishanya to be of Lower Cretaceous age, 127 ± 4 Ma. This
indicates that the Complex is geochronologically younger than that of Shawa and by inference Dorowa, which Nicolaysen
et al.(1962) dated at 209 ±16 Ma using the Rb:Sr method. However, single isotopic datings should be treated with caution,
.
and the possibility remains that all three carbonatite complexes belong to the Nuanetsi Igneous Province,Cox et al (1965).
Bowen (1986) states that, “ The fact that no plug of carbonatite or alkaline silicate rock has been identified in the
Chishanya Complex, but only fenitized country rock traversed by minor intrusions of rather irregular shape, leads to the
conclusion that only the hood of the alkaline intrusion has been exposed and that the major part of the Complex remains
concealed**.
As depicted in Fig. 9 the contacts between the country rock and various rock types of the Complex are very irregular,
although some of the carbonatite dykes are centred around Chishanya in an arcuate pattern. Carbonatite and melteigite are
intimately associated and, due to poor exposure, Bowen (1986) was only able to map these separately in the intensely
.
prospected area located around Baradanga Hill In many instances he states that the impression gained was that the
carbonatite and melteigite form composite dykes.
Carbonatite occurs as large exposures of while, coarsely crystalline sOvite on the northern slope of Chishanya Hill and
in die Sanja occurrence. Accessory aegirine, magnetite, phlogopitc and pyrite are present, while amphibole, chlorite and
vermiculite occur as secondary minerals. Lenses of magnetite up to 10 cm in width are recorded in the Sanja section. On
Baradanga and Bepe hills light to dark brown ferruginous carbonatites are predominant These are often very rich in apatite
. -
or magnetite and contain subordinate aegirine, biotile, pyrite and rare barite The most iron rich carbonatite forms part of
theprominentridge on thesouth western flank of Baradanga Hilt. Here thecarbonatite, which consists of bandsof magnetite
-
and siderite, up to 3 cm wide, alternating with ankeritic layers speckled with siderite, contains up to 70% magnetite. The
.
apatite occurs in pink,cryptocrystalline stringers and lenses that stand out on weathered surfaces of ferruginous carbonatite
26
BUHERA DISTRICT
32 °IB East
V s?
I'V - :- .- -:
' ’ '
•
'
' v a
V BARADANOA
A; 19°*S'
ia ** s South
South
SSH . .1
s.- - : ji2
1«
i v '
} .
3 m"
'
i
&
i
sEftffiaamm *
rs? &
Sr
a
, /A
IS ' 1'
1 mu
: - iS :;>SV :
'
^
> y EXPLANATION
C*rbon» titm
r j
' '• k Mfxtd arbonitit
*
• [' "' ll »nd mtttiigit*
*
ESI Milfigif
liV l
^
! 1 /**»
::
Foyif
v [ | Granif
e3s Z<MM oA tiiictovs f»uft rock
© flora /rofr
Seal* ot matraa « D Workings
A too , 0 too «00 «00 aoo tooo
-
(l j === floarf
32*1 * East
FIG. 9. Chishanya Carbonatite Complex.
27
BUHERA DISTRICT
Some stringers are concentrated in apatite-rich bands, a centimetre or so wide, that can be traced
over a distance of three to
. with interstitia l calcite and quartz,
four metres Dykelets of fine-grained, yellow- weathering, ankeritic carbonatitc together ,
x , Table 8 ) indicate the highly variable
represent a late stage of fracture filling. The chemical analyses reported (Appendi
composition of the carbonatites.
-
Melteigite occurs both as larger bodies of medium tocoarse-grained rock, which commonl -
y form boulder strewn ridges,
-
and smaller, poorly exposed, fine grained developments often associated with carbonat ite. Xenoliths of melteigite in
- were designated as ijolites,
carbonatitc have been noted in borehole cores. Formerly these dark green to black silicate rocks
, the rocks are more accuratel y classified as melteigites.
but as the nepheline content seldom, if ever, exceeds 30% by volume
, normally occurs as bright green aegirine but pale green * zoned
Pyroxene, which is the predominant mineral in melteigites
-
aegirine augite is also present. The nepheline present occurs as subhedra l crystals .
These are remarkab ly clear and free from
- ne and may be interpreted as being
inclusions. Some melteigites contain up to 15% of highly altered soda microcli ,
quantitie s are apatite , biotite , calcite fayalitic olivine,
replacement remnants of fenite. Other minerals present in minor *
magnetite phlogopite and pyrite.

Chishanya hills, much of it
Foyaite occurs in two localities: a large lens-shaped body on the saddle between Bepe and
composit ion near the centre of the Sanja carbonatite.
exposed in the form of loose blocks, and a small occurrence of identical
-
The principal consituents are grey white, potash rich perthite , brownish euhedral nephelin e and strongly zoned aegirine -
augite. The feldspar laths are about 2 cm long and up to 1 cm wide with a strong preferred orientati on . These give the rock
a striking texture. Accessory minerals are amphibole* apatite , biotite , magnetite , pyrite and sphene .
The Complex is surrounded by an aureole of Fenitized granite approximately 500 m wide
. There is no shattered zone or
gradual depletion of quartz coupled with the introduction of
abrupt change from unaltered country rock to fenite* only the
. fenite and even remnants of unaltered granite have
-
soda rich pyroxene and amphibole along fracture planes Xenolith
centre of
s
the
of
Complex . The original oligoclas - e perthite is cloudy
been encountered on surface and in boreholes close to the
.
and often rimmed by albite Phlogopite occurs in fenite close to carbonat ite, perhaps
the
indicatin
unaltered
g a separate
granite . Both
stage of potash
magnetite and
metasomatism. Calcite and discrete crystals of apatite are more abundan t than in
pyrite are also present in small quantities.
- y varies along trend,
-
Small, sometimes only centimetre wide, nepheline bearing dykes, whose composition frequentl ic or radial relationship to
abound in the Complex and surrounding area. The orientation of these bodies bears no concentr
the Complex and was apparently controlled the by regional fracture pattern . Their texture is generally aphanophyric: the
- ,
phenocrysts are aegirine augite, biotite hornblen de , magnesia n olivine * soda -
rich plagiocla se and titanaugi te. In the central
area the only indication of these dykes is common ly a brown colourat ion of the soil .
, magnetite and
A pinkish brown calciete up to three metres thick, containing fragments of carbonatite* fenite* granite
-
-
melteigite cemented in situ, occurs at an altitude of 600 650 m. The remnants of this calcrete which differs
, noticeably from
the nodular calcrete currently forming, probably reflect a regional erosion level. Neither of these
calcretes are depicted in
Fig. 9 .
Resources.Swift (1962) estimated that at least 100 million tonnes of ‘cement grade’ calcium carbonate. was (1986) states
present between
, with much more existing within the remainde r of the Complex Bowen
the summit and base of Chishanya Hill
that this figure was over estimated based on inadequate exposure. The phosphorus contact of
the sdvite would be
-
advantageous if the deposit were to be exploited to agricultural purposes.
produced from the Jack Meikle
Production. Only two tonnes of material have been declared mined, with one tonne being
block in 1946 and one from the John Garrick in 1947.
DOROWA CARBONATITE COMPLEX (19°04’S 31°46’E)

32
.
Location Dorowa Mine, theonly producer of phosphate rock in Zimbabwe, is situated on an alkaliComplex lies within 2 km
.
-
ring complex in the Save
Communal Lands, Buhera District. It is linked by a main tarred road to railhead at Nyazura The
of the Save, one of the largest perennial rivers in the country.
Portuguese map upon
History. In 1938 FF. Mennell, one of the country’s most famous early prospectors, obtained an old
informat ion given in this documen t Mennell came
which was indicated the position of an iron ore deposit Followin the g
e pebbles. The
was littered with rounded magnetit
across a wooded hill, shaped like a hollow crater, the entire area of which
local inhabitants used these as ammunition in muzzle loading firearms - , giving rise to the name Dorowa , which in the local
Shona dialect means the stones that kill’.
4
cut from a sample

After the end of the Second World War, six years later, Mennell examined a thin section of rock
collected during that visit and found crystals of apatite embedde d in the iron ore Armed with. the knowled ge that the hill
e, Mennell , accompa nied by his son returned and pegged the
at Dorowa possibly contained large amounts of phosphat *
the body
e and indicated that
deposit in March 1945. Within a year the Mennells had mined over nine tonnes of phosphat
covered an area of more than 1000 hectares. , commenced
An option was taken out over the deposit by a consortium , including Rhodesian Anglo American Ltd whichto the nation s
a borehole campaign in 1952. The potential of the phosphat e at Dorowa as a fertilizer compone nt to supply ’
28
BUHERA DISTRICT
Complex were completely bought
expanding agricultural sector was soon realised, and in 1956 all the interests held over the
out by African Explosives and Chemical Industries Rhodesia
( ) Limited (A .E.C.I.). This Company constructed a pilot plant
of 1961, but to ensure
to evaluate ore concentration. These investigations were successfu lly complete d towards the end
on phosphate fertilizers prior
economic viability A.E.C.1. applied to the State the
for implemen tation of protective tariffs all
, feared that such a monopol y could result in price increases , rejected
to development. The then Federal Government who ,
the initial application in 1962. Negotiations were rc-opened when the Rhodesian Governm
ent took office and following
assurances from A.E.C.I., an agreement was signed early in 1964 . The construct ion of an operation al plant, initially designed
of the Capital with 907 000 tonnes of phosphat e concentra te per annum, was
to supply the fertilizer factory on the outskirts
soon initiated and full scale production commenced at Dorowa in 1965.
-
Geology. Mennell (1938) regarded the carbonatite as having been derived from the reaction
of sedimentary limestone with
. ) suggested that these rocks were subsided blocks of Umkondo marble that were
the surrounding gneiss Macgregor (1947
- the carbonatite was of
-
emplaced during post Karoo times, but both Tyndale
magmatic rather than sedimentary origin. The geology
Biscoe
of the
(1950
Complex
) and Swift
was
(1952
investiga
)
ted
believed
in detail by Johnson (1961 and
1966), whilst Lee (1973) exmained the petrochem istry of the alkali ring complex . Lauderda le (in prep .), from which this
as of the Geologic al Survey 's continuin g regional mapping
paper draws extensively, recently mapped Dorowa part
programme.
- .
The Dorowa Carbonatite Complex is a ‘U ' shaped range of syenite hills open to the SSE It rises
some 160 m or so above
are closely associate d in the Complex , which was formed in situ by
the surrounding country, Foyaite, ijolite and pulaskite
ring structure is depicted in
the fenitization of the Archean, leucocratic, granitic Ziyambe Gneiss. The geology of the alkali
) that Dorowa originated from the same magma source as Shawa,
Fig. 10. The petrological investigations of Lee 1973
( infer
which Nicolaysen et al. (1962) dated at 209 ±16 Ma, late-Karoo to early post Karoo. This radiomet the Karoo Igneous
- ric age determination
complements the theory of Cox et al. (1965) that these complexes formed as part of the
waxing phase of
Cycle .
.:r-
EXPLANATION
*5 gffgrij Foyaite ,
H Carbonatite plug and dykes

carbon* tite dyto* of centra! yulta
Magnetite ( Mt ) and magnetit ic serpantinite

EZ3 S yen tic , fenita
Apatite and varmiculita mineralized ayanitic fenita

1V\1 Quartz -syenitic fenita
WM Fenitized Maahonafand Do/erita

-!k Geological boundary
s-:-:-: £x Geological boundary, gradational
sou
a Ci Opencast pit wall
WP
Soal * of matraa
Z O , ZOO 400 800 890
^ t
O | t 1
preparation).
FIG. 10. Geology of the Dorowa Carbonatite Complex after Lauderdale , in
(
-
The Central Suite of the Complex consists of a nepheline rich foyaite and ijolites
which have been extensively
tic urtite to melanocradc
mineralized with apatite and vermiculite. The ijolites, which range in composition from leucocra antly of nephdine,
melteigite, are most generally dark green to black, fine- to medium-grained rocks composed
predomin
aegirine and/or aegirine-augite with accessory apatite, biotite, magnetite and sphene. The
foyaite is mainly composed of
29
BUHERA DISTRICT
, magnetite and sphene occur as accessory minerals.
sodium feldspar with nepheline and pyroxene, whilst apatite, biotite lization of the fenites, but subsequent
Initially, Johnson (1961) proposed that the Central Suite had been formed by remobi
of
work, Lee (1973), revealed a more complicated relationship and mode format
ion . The relationships of the rocks in the
less abunda nt foyaite appear to be unzoned
Central Suite mobscured by the opencast mining operation, but the ijolites and
and erratically distributed. up to 4.5 m wide in both the Central
Carbonatite forms a plug to the north of the southern ore body and occurs as dykes
.
Suite and surrounding syenitic fenite These carbonatite bodies, along with the
magnet -
ite and magnetite serpentine dykes,
are considered to have been intruded cyclically towards the end of the formatofion of the .
Complex The plug, consisting of
up to 1 cm in size, is cut by an
--
concentrically banded, limonite stained sOvite containing euhedral crystals magnet
The
ite
carbon. atite dykes, which are poorly
arcuate dyke of buff coloured, fine grained beforesite about three metres in width ing accessory apatite,
exposed in the Central Suite, are predominantly composed of white, coarse-grained
sfivite contain
plug , are less comm on. In places the
magnetite, phlogopite and pyrite. Dykes of beforesite, similar to the one that cuts
the
-
carbonatites have been replaced by micro crystalline quartz The available chemic . al analyse s of the carbona tites are as
follows:
Composition CaO MgO RA Insols LOI CaC03 MgC03
% % % % % % %
Source
Golding (1946) 30.66 17.62 3.48 4.94 43.65 54.72 36.84

5238 Tr 5.16 1.16 41.20 - Tr
Lee (1973) 37.61 12.19 7.17

_ 67.13 25.50
50.40 0.83 3.51 0.43 44.83 89.96 1.74
50.61 134 337 - - 9033 3.85
\ 46.23 2.17 335 - - 82.52 4.54
'
'
x 45.83 3.68 3.15 - -

-
81.81 7.70
x 4343 1.98 3.81 - 7732 3.95
Complex. Differentation between the individual

The fenites occur in asymmetrical zones around the Central Suite of the
zones is rendered difficult by gradational contacts , poor exposu re and the occurrence of xenolithic blocks from one zone
, compos ed of perthite, pyroxene, minor nepheline and
within another. Dense, homogeneous grey-pink pulasld tic fenite
. a
accessory apatite, calcite and zeolite, forms the innermost zone This constitutes discrete
ring around the occurrences of
foyaite and ijolite, but is indicated on the geological map as part of the Central Suite
. The zone of syenitic fenite following,
- replacement of quartz, is cut by irregularly
typically a leucocratic rock possessing a pock marked appearance due to the
on of the feldspar contained in the original
distributed veins of aegirine and aegirine augite. In thin section the alterati
- of the syenitic fenite where it is completely
Ziyambe Gneiss is observed to increase gradationally towards the inner contact
replaced.
tat the foot of these indicates the lithological
The syenitic fenite forms the hills around Dorowa,and the change in gradien
contact with the quartz syenitic fenite which forms the third zone of fenitization
- . The first indication of fenitization, veins
of pyroxene cutting the Ziyambe Gneiss, are found about a kilometre out fiom
.
the base of these hills The contact between
of the latter with the unaltered Ziyambe
the quartz syenitic fenite and the outermost zone of fenitized gneiss, and the contact
-
Gneiss, is difficult to determine. The transition fiom fenitized Ziyambe Gneiss
content
-
to quartz syenitic fenite is marked by the
complete replacement of biotite by pyroxenes and some depletion of the quartz
.
Resources. Lauderdale (pers comm., 1988) believes that the carbonatite bodies
present are sub economic both - in quality
and quantity.
.
(19°46*S 32°20*E)
33 GWATI CALCRETE
Communal Land.
Location. The occurrence lies 23 km north of Biichenough Bridge in the Save
Geology. No data available.
Resources. Unassessed.
produced fiom the deposit The tonnage mined
.
Production Between 1977 and 1983 a total of 350 tonnes of material were
annually is reported below:
30
BUHERA DISTRICT
Year Tonnes Xfiff Tonnes
1977 20 1981 50
1978 50 1982 155
1979 1983 35
1980 50
MANZINZIMA CALCITE
( i 9°50* s yrivE )
34
mately 16 km NNW of the crossing of
Location. The deposit is situated a short distance SW of Manzinzima Hill, approxi
the main Birchenough Bridge to Masvingo road over the Devure River.
infilling a major fault-zone, which strikes
.
Geology Phaup (1937) reported the existence of possible optical quality calcite
in a NNE direction for over 1.5 km and develops up to 6 m wide on surface.
Resources. Unassessed, but possible source of a limited quantity of high grade calcite
.
(19°39*S 32°15*E)
35 MURAMBWI 1CARBONATITE*
nce with the Murambwi. The intrusion lies
Location. Proximate to the western bank of the Save River, close to its confluerespecti vely.
10 km and 35 km NNW of the Chishanya Complex and Birchenough Bridge
History. Pegged by the Bvumavarande Mining Syndicate .

- nt ridges of carbonitic rock showing signs
.
Geology The claims cover an unmapped alkali ring complex in which promine
-
calcium carbonate .
. ,
of fenitization occur The cores of these ridges consist of impure magnes ium rich
.
(19°13*S 31°43’E)
36 SHAWA CARBONATITE COMPLEX
- Communal Lands, Buhera District

Location. The.Shawa Alkali Ring complex lies 16 km SSW of Dorowa in the Save
History. In the 1930s, the occurrence was investigated and pegged by a number of concer
ns, whilst from 1 December 1947
.. ine and silica, was held by Wolf Heller over
to 30 November 1948 E P 0, 1, granted for diopside, limestone, olivine, serpent
- .
an olivine rich body of dunite located in the southern portion of Shawa the Complex, was produced by Sabi Vermiculite
Vermiculite, the only mineral to have been mined commercially from
Limited and the Shawa Syndicate between 1948 and 1951. and trenching investigations over
During a 12 month period in 1951 and 1952 the Union Corporation conducted pitting
ate potential of the Complex was assessed
Shawa. In 1954, on telinquishmentofthe option held by this company, the phosph
tion.
by Rhodesian Alloys Limited, but determined insufficient to warrant explora
..
At the request of A.E C L the phosphate resourc es contain ed within the weathe red zone in the central portion of the ring
and November 1971. Work conducted
structure were investigated by Prospecting Ventures Limited between June 1970
of 35 pits, totalling 395.5 m. Samples
included the drilling of 27 percussion boreholes, totalling 251.5 m, and the digging
, Fe O, and P3Or
from these, together with those collected from 34 old pits, were analysed for COa ^
ed by Macgregor (1947, 1950 and 1951),
Geology. The geology and origin of the Shawa Carbonatite Complex was discuss .
to examine the structure in detail
-
Tyndale Biscoe (1950) and Swift (1952), but Johnson (1961 and 1966) was the first
.
Nicolaysen et al.(1962) dated Shawa at 209 ±16 Ma This age determination
is supported by the palaeomagnetism results
x, which indicated a Mesozoic magnetic south
obtained by Gough and Brock (1964) on samples of ijolite from the Comple
.
pole position of 64.2°S 85.6°E, and concurs with the postulation of Cox etal 1965 that
( ) the Chishanya, Dorowa and Shawa
.
complexes represent the waxing phase of the Karoo Igneous Cycle Lee 1973 examin
( ) ed the petrochemistry of the ring
(1977).
structure, whilst the results of a gravity survey are reported by Lee and Reid
. of two incomp lete circular ranges of hills up to 5 km in diameter which
Lauderdale (in prep ) repents that Shawa consists
are attributable to the formation of the alkali ring complex in the Archean, finely -
foliated Mashonaland Granites As .
main complex body.
indicated on Fig. 11, numerous associated minor intrusives were emplaced with the
The chemical analyses determined on two samples of befoiesite are given below
:
31
BUHERA DISTRICT
Composition CaO MgO RjOa Si02 CaC05 MgCOs
Source % % % % % %
Lee (1973) 26.90 22.90 2.04 2.73 48.02 47.91*

27.10 22.10 2.47 0.00 4837 46.23*
45.72% MgCO,.
* Results too high for dolomite, which theoretically contains a maximum of
serpentinite containing calcite,
A large area of the central portion of the alkali ring structure is formed by weathered brown
dolomite, quartz and a little magnetite as replacement minerals. Isolated exposures of unaltere
d coarse grained dunite form -
olivine, although a little magnetite is
low rounded hills within the serpentinite. The rock is composed almost entirely of
present, and characteristically weathers to produce red brown soils. Particularly in the
- south and SE , the serpentinite is cut
by white, fibrous and coarsely crystalline veins of magnesite up to a metre in width
.
31*42' Ejlt
\ /
/
/
/ Seal* of kflometras
/
1 2 3 * J
r
EXPLANATION
a Quartz
0
South
Wm :20/
\
Magnesite
Carbonathe
Ijoiita
Olivine urtita
Ounite end sarpantinized dunite
\ "vTT
rjLZ *
Syenitic fenita
. Mashonetend Detente Suite
Mashone land Granite
tr C3 Ztyamba Gneiss
Fauft
Geological boundary
Q
S j - Gaotogicat boundary, gradational
A
/
£ *\+
31*42' E«*t
. on).
FIG. 11 Geology of the Shawa Carbonatite Complex (after Lauderdale , in preparati
Intrusions of foliated and massive dolomitic carbonatite occur within the serpentinite
. The largest of these bodies is the
banded carbonatite ring dyke that gave rise to the inner circle of hills. The contact between
this dyke and the surrounding
the carbonatite. The texture of
rocks is gradational over a distance of some 15 m. Xenoliths of serpentinite occur within
-
the carbonatite intrusions varies from being a fine grained rock composed of equigran
ular rhombs of dolomite, through
Accessory magnetite is present. In addition
alternating coarse and fine banded material, to very coarse grained carbonatite.-
to these dykes, the gravity survey conducted Lee by and Reid (1977 ) indicate d the presence of a mass of carbonatite
underlying a significant portion of the central area of Shawa. Carbonatite encountered
in two pits reported by Johnson
(1961) and in 13 out of 25 pits detailed by Lee (1973), together with a sink hole situated
in the middle of the lowest area
-
e a central carbonatite plug.
in the Complex, supports this interpretation and possibly denotes the presenc of .
There are two major, although poorly exposed, arcuate bodies of ijolite within the
alkali ring structure Where present,
, when ijolite is found in contact with
these separate the outlying fenites from the central body of seipentinized dunite and
.
the edge of the Complex the syenitic fenite is often absent The larger of the bodies of
ijolite, which is 4 km long by 1 km
wide, extends around approximately one third of the western and south western -
portion of the Complex, whilst the other
-
main but much smaller occurrence lies in the east. Ift addition to these exposur
es of ijolite, pegmatitic ijolite and olivine
urtite occur within the surrounding fenites and serpentinite. Although fine to very coarse - -
grained varieties are present, the
accessory apatite, biotite, magnetite
-
ijolite is predominantly a coarse grained rock composed of nepheline, pyroxen and
e
pyroxene and accessory biotite, magnetite
and sphene. The olivine urtite is predominantly composed of nepheline, minor
and olivine.
presence of thin, fine grained veinlets
Fenitization of the leucocratic Mashonaland Granites is initially indicated by the of the syenitic fenite. Fenitization -
-
of aegirine augite. These occur up to a distance of about 1 km from the outer
increases towards the centre of the carbona tite complex , and is denoted by the
contact
gradual replacement of biotite and silica by
32
BULAWAYO DISTRICT
-
aegirine augite and ultimately by the developm - .
ent of pyroxene lined cavities and veinlets On commencement of the
progressive replacement of silica, the rock alters from fenitized granite, to poorly exposed -
quartz syenite fenite, and on
. gradation , and xenoliths of one occur
al
complete desilicification to syenitic fenite The contact between the two fenites is
is only absent in the SW where
. -
within the other The well developed syenitic fenite forms the outer ring of hills at Shawa and
.
,
the syenitic fenite and inner
quartz syenitic fenite occurs in direct contact with intrusive ijolite The contact between
-
serpentinized dunites is reported to be sharp.
alkali ring complex to be
Resources. Lauderdale (pers. comm., 1988) considers the carbonatite present within the Shawa
of sub economic grade. The reserves present have not been assessed.
-
BULAWAYO DISTRICT
IMBESU CALCRETE (20°CX)tS 28°41’E)

37
Location. Imbesu Kraal, Bulawayo .

Geology. Calcrete overlying Bulawayan greenstones of Andesite Group.

(20°04’S 28°43’E)
38 LOWER NONDWENE ‘MARBLE'
portion of Maxim Hill farms
Location. The deposit underlies the northern portion of Lower Nondwene and southern
lies just north of the Bulawayo to Harare road
extending into Sharona Park Extension. The most extensive area of interest
on Sharona Park Extension Farm.
carbonate.
Geology. The occurrence consists of highly carbonated meta-andesite containing up to 90 calcium
%
Resources. Not assessed .

M'NONDU CALCRETE (20°05*S 28°30’E)

39
Location. Cowdray Park Farm, Bulawayo.
Geology. The calcrete overlies granitic basement. The calcium carbonate was possibly derived
from the now eroded basal
.
calcareous beds of the Forest Sandstone Analysis showed a sample to contain:
Composition CaO MgO RA Insols LOI CaCO, MgC03

Source % % % % % % %
Blackshaw ( 1922) 47.00 0.40 0.46 13.16 - 83.93 0.84
unknown.
Resources. The reserves of calcrete remaining following mining during the 1950s are
, ; 1953, 935.1 tonnes; 1958, 1717.0
Production.The annual tonnages declared mined from the depositare: 1952 171.9 tonnes
tonnes.
(20°03*S 28°4 rE)
40 NONDWENE CALCRETE
eastern side of Queen’s Mine road,
Location. The occurrence lies in the southern portion of Upper Nondwene Farm on the
,
12 km NNE of Bulawayo.
extent overlying andesitic
Geology. Trenching exposed a layer of porous, white, nodular calcrete of considerable lateral
greenstones of the Bulawayan. The following chemical determination was made:
33
CHEGUTU DISTRICT
Composition CaO MgO Insols LOI CaCOj MgC03
Source % % % % % % %
Arnett (1976) 46.0 1.1 Tr 9.2 - 82.1 2.3
Resources, The reserves of this deposit inferred to be siliceous calcrete, are unassessed.
Production , None known.
41 REIGATE CALCRETE (20°04’S 28°37’E)
Location, The deposit caps a ridge on the nothem portion of Reigate Farm, Bulawayo.
Geology. Thought by Amm (1940) to be derived from the lower calcareous beds of the Karoo Forest Sandstone .
Production. Agricultural lime was produced from the occurrence.
42 RENNEYDENE CALCRETE (20°00’S 28°32’E)
Location. The calcrete is found near the homestead on Renneydene Farm, Bulawayo.
.
Geology Amm (1940) considered that the deposit was almost certainly derived from thecalcareous basal beds of the Karoo
Forest Sandstone.
Resources, Unassessed.
Production. An unknown tonnage was mined for agricultural lime.
BUL1LIMAMANGWE DISTRICT
No economic occurrence of calcium carbonate has been reported from this district.
CHARTER DISTRICT
No economic occurrence of calcium carbonate has been reported from this district
CHEGUTU DISTRICT
43 AVONDALE CALCRETE (18°22*S 30Q25'E)
Location. Avondale Farm , near the Sivundezi River.
.
Geology Two samples of vlei limestone from this deposit were analysed and found to contain:
LOI CaCO, MgCO,

Composition
Source
CaO
%
MgO
%
*%A Insols
% % % %
Wiles (1957) 9.6 6.2 5.9 603 18.5 17.1 13.0

25.6 203 2.8 11.9 39.4 45.7 42.5
-
Resources, The reserves contained in this deposit, inferred to be siliceous, dolomite rich calcrete, are unassessed.
.
34
!
A
11 ^ imvL
u mm
.
* Hwr tLJM ’
^ CUCHp!
v
i. rn \rr
W\ H \ # \ \W\ \Av
*
C
S
nu \\\i\
I WVA 1
n '
*t ^
*
Ipapro-- -:; -
'1 1 ft L
si
Vl - \ ^ { !S!\ ,
vI: i»
,l
m
,
vm .
s
k |i ill II
lit:
'
CHEGUTU DISTRICT
44 ...
C A L MARBLE
(18°14*S 30°30*E)
Marie farms. They lie approximately

Location.The claims are centred on Ruanda Estate but cross over on to Essex and Mont
and about 70 km SW of Harare.
2 km north of the Mupfure River. The deposit is situated 38 km ESE of Chegutu
following a limited amount of prospecting » were
History. The claims were owned by a local farmer during the 1950$» but
. - , Circle Cement Limited, as the C.A.L. Claims.
allowed to lapse In 1968, the deposit was re pegged by the current holders
of trenching. This was followed by over 330
Investigation of the occurrence commenced the following year with 1200 m
30 to 150 m and totalling 2709 m, which
m of percussion drilling in 15 holes, and 35 cored boreholes, vaiying from nearly
were drilled between December 1972 and June 1974.
Sedimentary Series of the Bulawayan in the Three
Geology. Wiles (1957) categorised the marble as belonging to the Middle
Cheers Gold Belt. The deposit occurs on the north-western side of a promin -
ent banded iron formation ridge that runs along
trending marble body is bounded by banded iron-
. -
the boundary between Essex and Ruanda Estate farms The ENE
olite and greenstone schist on the north. The average
formation, greenstone SGhist and psammites on the south and by amphib
dip of the deposit is 85° SSE but this increases slightly from west to east
. To the east the lenticular deposit ends against a
- a quartz dolerite intrusion. This body masks
-
felsite body, whilst to the west it is truncated by a NNE trending fault against . .
. of the deposit is illustrated in Fig 12
the contact of the schist belt with the Great Dyke The surface geology
up to 5 m thick, is predominantly medium ¬
The marble, which contains intercalations and lenses of schist and silica
-
grained and from blue-grey to black grey in colour. The occurrence has a maxim
um proven length of over 715 m and a width
is covered by over 10 m of overburden in places.
of 90 m, although thickness was shown to decrease with depth. The outcrop
deposit, but substantial zones containing more than
The quality of the marble varies significantly both across and along the
composition of the marble to be:
90% calcium carbonate occur. Circle Cement Limited assessed the average
Composition CaO
%
MgO Aip,
% %
Fe20,
%
Si02
%
Mi O,
^% %
.
KO Na20
%
P2Os
%
48.36 1.97 0.35 1.21 9.31 0.34 0.04 0.05 0.01
Cl CaC03 MgCOa
% % %
0.01 86.31 4.12
ian marble can be extracted from a quarry

Resources. Circle Cement Limited estimated that 3.54 million tonnes of magnes
ng the opencast mine laterally and in depth,
450 m long and 75 m deep. Additional reserves could be extracted by extendi
and possible slope stability problems.
but this would involve quarrying increasing proportions of waste rock
Production. No production has been declared.

(18°11’S 30°03’E)
45 CHIGWELL CALCRETE
Location. Chigwell Farm, Chegutu.

,21% CaC03and 2.31% MgC03 by Blackshaw
Geology. A sample from the occurrence was analysed and shown to contain 95
(1922) .

(18°01’S 30°20’E)
46 DUNTOCHER CALCITE
Chegutu.
Location. The calcite occurs on Duntocher Farm, which lies 34 km NE of
body of norite. Analyses yielded the following
Geology A northerly-trending vein of calcite 3 m wide occurs within a
.
chemical determinations:
R2 Insols LOI CaC03 MgCO,
Composition
Source
CaO
%
MgO
% %° 3
% % % %
Golding (1932) 54.16 0.37 0.28 1.70 43.30 96.66 0.77

53.79 0.43 0.48 2.40 42.70 96.00 0.90
35
CHEGUTU DISTRICT
Resources.The reserves contained in this deposit of calcite are limited.
.
47 KUJAWY CALCRETE (18°01*S 30°27’E)
Location. Kujawy Farm, Chegutu.
Geology. Analysis revealed a sample from the deposit to contain:
Composition CaO MgO R304 + Insols LOI CaC03 MgCO

Source % % % % % % ^
Blackshaw (1922) 22.78 5.57 46.08 25.57 40,67 11.66
Resources. The reserves contained in this deposit, inferred to be siliceous dolomitic calcrete are unassessed
.
48 LAMBOURNE MARBLE (18°07’S 30o10*E)
- ,
Location.The deposit occupies a relatively fiat lying area on Lamboumc Farm some 3.5 km east of Chegutu and is traversed
by the main road from Bulawayo to Harare.
History The marble was discovered, in an excavation cut in an iron formation kopje for road ballast by Dr .D
. - , H . le Roun
in 1957, who pegged five claims in the centre of the deposit The occurrence was then investigate d by the Harris brothers.
This work led to the formation of the Hardey Development Company (Private Limited 1958
) in . To facilitate exploration
of the deposit the concern took out EJP.0.79 covering 414.4 hectares of land on Lamboume Farm and adjoining areas
of
,
the Chegutu Municipal Reserve. During the tenure of this award, from 1 December 1959 31 to January 1961 five inclined
given in Fig.
boreholes were sunk. The localities and information concerning the marble intersected in these drillholes are
, disclosed the presence of a
13. The holes were too widely spaced to reveal any de{H>sitional distribution patterns but
significant quantity of high grade material. The investigations were assessed by Haddon 1959( ) to indicate that the deposit
agricultural
contained some 14 million tonnes of marble, averaging 85% CaCOJt which was regarded as suitable for either
or cement manufacturing purposes.
bulge area*,
In the early sixties a large potential reserve of marble was revealed by trenching in what is known as the ‘
which lies to the east of the small kopje south of the main road. During 1963 three wagon bores and 11 diamond bores were
sunk on a grid pattern in this region to an average depth of 30 m. Worst (1963g) reports that location
these boreholes , whose
is indicated in Fig. 14, revealed the position of several zones of good quality marble. Unfortunat ely , being vertical , the
drillholes gave little indication of width, but provided much information on the purity of the marble . Only four of these
boreholes, Al , A3, D5 and D6, intersected high quality marble, and the average grade from twenty one samples - analysed
from these cores was reported to be:
Composition CaO MgO Insols LOI CaCO, MgCOa
% % % % % % %
52.90 1.04 2.16 1.06 42.90 94.4 2.2
pillar and
A shaft was sunk in the bulge area* which had the greatest tonnage potential, and underground mining the
4 by
stall method commenced. This development proved the deposit to extend further to the east than indicated by drilling. In
by boreholes to the west , NW and S W
order to maintain production and investigate areas of good quality marble penetrated
-
of the mine, a drive was extended west on the 27 m level from the existing workings to provide access
or
for undergroun d
.
drilling From this drive ten BX sized boreholes, totalling 567.69 m were drilled
, either horizontall y at shallow angles
intersected was sampled
to
assess these zones and establish the limits of the deposit. Arnett (1975) reports that all the marble. indicate significant
at 1.82 m intervals. The analytical results of this sampling are summarized in Appendix , Table 9 These
reserves of good quality to the NE of the workings and additional potential to the S W .
The underground mine closed in 1979, but lower grade material for use as aggregate has been quarried
under tribute by
the Chegutu Stone Campany since 1983.
- Group near
Geology.The marble occurs associated with banded iron formations and other metasediments of the Bulawayan
-
the north eastern margin of the Hartley Greenstone Belt As indicated in Fig. 13* from the Mupfure River the marble beds
, some 2 km . To the south of the main Bulawayo to Harare road,
strike SE, subparallel to the granite contact for a distance of
-
immediately to the east of asmall iron formation kopje, the marble widens in outcrop around a fold axis forming an
, irregular
36
B. H . 3
% %
V7i
4.25 m Medium grade
5.34 /n High grade

¥ V7\
2,13 m High grade marble
2 ,24 m Low grade
1,82 m Medium grade
0
11.43 m High grade marble
3.51m High grade

1,83 m Medium gredt
High grade
6.78 m High grade marble
Medium grade
7 ,31m High grade
f
7 ,31m High grade
1.82 m High grade
3.66 m High grade

INCLINED 0 O°W
3,66 m High grade
3.66 m High grade

8.23 m Medium grade
MM ,, ,„ Deptli(m) DriS
*" cA= coT% S;
[~± i 11111
B.H.
1
0 e burd
3 66 -
70 71 -
67 06 366 838
M
^
058
EO.H, 106 - 93
CSSS 2 10 00 56 69 46 67 33 5 69 0 2 - 46
3 2131 80 16 52 20 41 -1 S1 BS —
4 -
3 66 110 34 106 68 68 6 80 2 —
5 —
— lM.
BH 3
Direction and degree of dip
7 77 78 60 68 73 640 88 2
INCLINED 45°W
Scale of metres
•- "
Borehole, E.P.Q. 79
Trunk rood
500
i . ,
0
I _
500
i _
1 000
j
1 500
|
2 000
|
Other road or track
FIG , 13 Lambourne Marble

*
mmmJ DISTRICT
LAM BOURNE 17
( ALPHA LIME )
B N
Q Seal* of m «trc»
BANDED 1 «0 100
20 0 20 40 BO
IRONSTONE
KOPJE t ' E EXPLANATION

J
/
•Bonhofo
/
F
LAMBOURNE IB G
H
1 2 3 4 6 8
/ LAMBOURNE 22
LAMBOURNE 20
Deposit
FIG. 14. Borehole locations, Bulge area, Lamboume Marble
(after B.G.Worst, 1963 .
)
me Farm and into the Chegutu

bulge. Following this the deposit narrows and alters strike, trending SW out of Lambou
.
Municipal Reserve Here, in the vicinity of the cemetery, the marble is again folded and
it resume s its former south easterly -
strike direction. impurity is reported to be fine,
-
The marble is a fine to medium grained, grey to dark grey crystalline rock. The main
-
ferruginous material, which occurs as bands of 1 mm or greater in width intercala ted within the marble.When freshly drilled
-
it occurs in a greenish grey ferrous state, butoxidises rapidly to a ferric reddish brown colour- on exposure to the atmosphere .
Some strongly sheared zones within the marble are stained by haemati te and limonite. Pyrite and pyrrhotite are locally
present in appreciable amounts.
surface sampling reported in Appendix,
Resources. The drilling campaigns conducted, together with the analytical results of
l varying from marble to magnesian
Table 10, indicate that the quality of the deposit, which predominandy contains materia ,
often occurs finely disseminated
marble, varies with the amount of intercalated impurities. Sulphur in the
, form of pyrites
rus content is very low at 0.001 to 0.004%,
throughout the marble. A limited number of analyses suggest that the phospho
.
0.07% and 0.5% This is lower
whilst spectrographic results indicate the manganese content of the marble varies between , averaging 1.2%, is iron
. main metallic impurity probably
than normally encountered in Precambrian metalimestones The
oxide.
shaped bulge in the marble to the south
Arnett (1975) states that the greatest potential tonnage exists in the irregularly
of the main road, where drilling indicated reserves in excess of 5 million tonnes . One million tonnes of this marble,
content greater than 50%. Similar grade marble is also present in the
-
concentrated in a zone,60 m wide by 300 m long in the north eastern portion of
southern
thebulge, was shown to haveacalcium oxide
part of the bulge, but these reserves occur in
grade zones of marble are sufficiently large
smaller bodies separated by larger amounts of inferior material. These higher
to work selectively, but some sorting of intercalated low grade rock would be .
necessary However, these bodies are not
and samplin g in advance of operations would be required to
continuous, being subject to abrupt termination, and drilling
demarcate mining limits. Additionally, potential exists for locating further tonnages
of good quality marble in the north¬
in the vicinity of the bulge, combined
western extensions of the ‘bulge* area. Overall, the relatively large quantity of marble
with the relatively thin overburden, renders it suitable for limited opencas t mining .
) as 14.5 million topnes,
The reserves of marble to the north of the main road, which were assessed by Haddon 1959
(
nature of the marble.
require intensive drilling and sampling to establish accurate resource figures due to the variable
Production. Mining of the deposit commenced in 1959, and although some marble
was won by quarrying the majority was
37
CHIMANIMANI DISTRICT
extracted underground using the pillar and stall mining method. Annual production figures are given below:
Year Tonnes Year Tonnes Year Tonnes

1959
1960
1 921.0
970.5
1969
1970
10460.0
6 6683
1979
1980
-
-
1961 616.8 1971 8 974.8 1981 -
1962 4 067.9 1972 11 882.0 1982 -
1963 3 637.1 1973 8938.0 1983 812.0
1964 3 941.8 1974 13 812,0 1984 3 742.0
1965 3 8783 1975 13 431.0 1985 10939,0
1966 4 894.6 1976 20 802.0 1986 5 183.0
1967 6 7243 1977 21 964.0
1968 8117.7 1978 10 503.0
49 NASEBY CALCRETE (18°15’ S 30°<XVE)
Location. Naseby Farm, approximately 23 km SW of Chegutu.
.
Geology An analysis reported by Blackshaw (1922) indicates that a sample from the deposit contains 71.77% CaCOr
CHIMANIMANI DISTRICT
50 CHIYIRE CALC TUFA (19°38’S 32°31 *E)
Location. The occurrence lies some 8 km WSW of the Limecliffe Deposit on the flank of Shangura Hill, towards the upper
reaches of the Chiyire River .
Geology. Reported to be similar to the Limecliffe Deposit
51 GRASSLANDS MARBLE (19°34’S 32°41’E)
Location.The deposit occurs near the north eastern beacon of Grasslands Farm, Chimanimani,
-
Geology. Umkondo marble, which analysis showed to contain:
Composition CaO MgO Insols LOI CaCOj MgCOj

Source % % % % % % %
Golding (1947) 41.92 Tr 2.12 23.06 33.10 74.82 Tr
.
Resources The reserves contained in this deposit inferred to be marble of impure quality, are unassessed.
52 HOT SPRINGS CALCRETE (19°39’S 32°29*E)
Location. Hot Springs, Mutambara, 46.5 km NNW of Chimanimani.
.
Geology The following analyses have been undertaken on samples of vlei limestone from the deposit
38
CHTMANIMANT DISTRICT
Composition CaO MgO Insols LOI CaCOj MgCO ,
Source % % % % % % %
Golding (1942c) 17.08 7.80 5.28 47.76 21.91 30.49 16.29

Brewer (1950g) 43.80 3.80 4.50 8.60 38.40 78.20 7.90
38.90 1.80 5.90 18.60 33.60 69.40 3.80
Resources.The reserves of magnesian to dolomitic calcrete contained in the occurrence are unassess
ed but probably limited.
UM£CUFFE CALC TUFA ( 19*36' $ 32°36'E)

53
. fe Farm, 4 km west of the main

Location The deposit is located on the Murari River, near the northern boundary of Limeclif
km south of Mutare.
Chimanimani to Mutare road. It lies approximately 40 km NNW of Chimanimani and 80
History. The deposit was first registered by M.M Murray, who worked it from 1938 to 1953
.
During 1954 5 DJ. Kruger - -.
sold 62 tonnes of lime produced from the claims. It was re pegged by WX. Armstro
- ng who worked it in 1956 7
, deposited along the southern bank

Geology A triangular shaped horizon of calc tufa, 10 m wide and possibly 30 m thick is
.
.
of the Murari River Doleriie forms the northern bank, and probably underlies the calc tufa
. Iron oxides stain the normally
- ese
off white coloured calc tufa reddish brown, whilst patchy concentrations of mangan oxides
cause dark grey to black
-
discolouration in places. The following analyses are known:
Composition
Source
CaO
%
MgO
% \°- Insols
%
LOI
%
CaCO, MgCO,
% %
Watson (1962) 48.71 1.13 3.11 3.94 42.43 87.00 2.90

Urie (1974) Av.ll 46.84 1.27 2.95 L59 39.73 83.60 2.70
.
Av 4 49.65 2.08 2,28 3.32 41.54 88.60
8020
440
320
Av. 3 44.95 1.55 3.43 6.07 41.04
.
Av 2 50.20 1.76 - - - 89.60 3.70
, possibly asacid insoluble

Watson (1962) states that someof the calcium is present in a form other than calcium carbonate
phosphates and sulphates.
significant quantities of impurities.
Resources.The quality data reported above indicate that the magnesian calc tufa contains
Urie (1974) quantifies the reserves available for extraction, due to the large amount
of waste which would have to be
removed, at only 60 000 tonnes.
Production. The deposit was first worked during 1938, but production from then
until 1948 is unknown The yearly .
production figures, believed to be of lime, from 1948 to 1957 were:
Tonnes Xsu Tomes

1948 21.3 1953 56.8
1949 370.1 1954 56.8
1950 2612 1955 54
1951 311.1 1956 725.6
1952 185.4 1957 412.9
MOOSGWE CALC TUFA (19°41’S 32°49’E)

54
road to Mutare, 30 km WNW of
Location The deposit occupies the south-western coiner of Moosgwe Farm, close to the
.
Chimanimani .
.
History. The deposit was originally held and worked by J.S Van Niekirk, under Special Grant 132,
, before being taken over
by Meikles. Later it was registered as claims, which were transferr ed to G W.H Gammo n in . .
1938 Gammon Bros, in 1941,
L.G. Seymour Smith in 1951 and Moosgwe Limeworks (Pvt) Ltd in 1955 Rhodesian Alloys Ltd now
- .
, Zimalloys, obtained
the claims in 1958 but have not worked the deposit .
-
Geology. The cream to brown coloured, open textured, porous calc tufa, which contains numerous
- plant impressions, is
deposited on the northern slope of a steep sided valley traversed by a gill. The calc tufa contains occasional
small siliceous
39
CHTMANTMANT DISTRICT
concretions. These are reported to be of such minor significance that they detract little from the quality of the deposit as a
whole. The material forms two narrow terraces, an upper one 100 m long and a lower 500 m in length. These are over 30
m thick, with the floor not having been reached during quarrying.
-
The most likely calcium carbonate source rocks for the deposit are the greenish grey marbles of the UmkondoFormation
which outcrop on the farm.
Resources. The average grade of the reserves was considered by J. Clutten (pers. comm., 1987) to be:
Composition CaO MgO FeO SiOa MnO LOI CaC03 MgC03
Source % % % % % % % %
48.90 2.00 0.90 6.00 0.15 42.00 8730 4.20
As indicated by the chemical analyses reported in below , the composition of the calc tufa varies considerably both
laterally and vertically throughout the deposit.
Composition CaO MgO R2O3 Insols LOI CaCO, MgC03

Source % % % % % % %
Golding (1935c) 53.72 0.79 0.80 0.60 43.64 95.88 1.65

Golding (19491) 51.80 0.80 130 4.04 41.67 92.45 1.67
Brewer (1950a)
No.2 2830 1.80 8.60 3130 30.70 5030 3.80
No.3 47.80 030 2.70 7.00 42.00 85.10 1.00
No.4 54.40 0.60 0.60 1.00 43.80 96.90 130
Brewer (1950b)
No.l 45.80 130 2.90 8.40 4130 81.80 3.10
No.2 4030 1.60 5.00 15.90 37.90 71.90 330
No3 3430 130 6.10 23.40 35,50 6130 3.10
No.4 37.80 1.40 530 19.20 37.00 67.20 2.90
No.5 40.30 1.50 430 16.40 38.00 71.90 3.10
No.6 22,90 1,40 830 40.00 28.00 40.90 2.90
No.7 18.20 130 1230 43.30 25.70 3230 3.10
No.8 50.40 130 1.60 3.70 43.20 89.90 2.70
No.9 24.10 1.60 930 37.40 28.20 43,00 330
Brewer (1950e) 4530 0.20 4,70 12.00 3830 80.80 0.40
Watson (1962)
No.l 51.02 135 2.15 2.23 4330 91 ,00 3.00
No3 53.60 030 0.80 2.30 42.60 95.70 1.00
No.4 54.80 0.60 0.40 0,70 43.20 97.70 1.00
Watson (1962) reports that some of the calcium does not occur as calcium carbonate but as acid insoluble compounds
tonnes.
-
and suggests that compounds of calcium phosphate and sulphate are present The reserves are calculated to be 2 3 million
Production. The deposit is reported to have been worked first in 1936. The production since then is listed below:
Tonnes Year Tonnes

1936 1281.8 1947 2 167.7
1937 10283 1948 1282.8
1938 702.9 1949 1 308.8
1939 585.0 1950 859.4
1940 4533 1951 1 212.7
1941 355.1 1952 1 195.2
1942 961.4 1953 1 970.9
1943 983.2 1954 3 187.2
1944 1 582.7 1955 No Production
1945 16233 1956 1 0703
1946 2 281.1 1957 18.1
The deposit,as the followinganalyses indicate,contains relatively high grade material which produces good quality lime.
40
CHIPINGE DISTRICT
Composition CaO MgO RA Insols
Source % % % %
Golding ( 1935a) 82.60 1.02 1.16 332

Golding (1935b) 85.84 1.71 1.16 0.56
Golding (1939a) 93.52 0.99 0.24 030
Golding ( l 944o) 95.00 1.56 1.08 1.08
Golding (1948b) 78.89 6.02 4.80 8.02
Although remotely situated and limited in reserves the deposit could be of interest for
.
industrial use If not, it is of great
potential value for agricultural liming in an area of high soil acidity.
MUWUSHU CALCITE (19°48*S 32°26’E)

55
to Chipinge road.
Location. The deposit occurs in the Mutema Commual Land near to the main Mutare
Geology. The occurrence consists of a calcite vein, locally of good quality. It is highly
siliceous at either end.
Resources. Unassessed, but reputedly small.
Production.Worked, but tonnages mined unknown.

(19°45’S 32°26’E)
56 NYANYADZI MARBLE
Location. Adjacent to the main Birchenough Bridge to Mutare road near the
Nyanyadzi River, Chipise .
Geology. Umkondo marble, which was analysed with the following results.
Composition CaO MgO RA Insols LOI CaCOj MgCO,

% % % % % % %
Source
Golding (1945) 42.20 9.56 1.06 3.80 4338 7532 19.99

28.82 1630 248 12.10 40.44 51.43 34.09
36.64 14.03 1.70 3.60 44.20 6539 2934
Swift (1962) 30.20 1930 1.60 3.90 45.00 44.50 40.40
-
Resources. The reserves contained in this deposit of dolomite rich marble are unassess
ed.
Production. The deposit was worked, an unknown tonnage being mined for local
use.
CHIPINGE DISTRICT
,
(20°13’S 32°25 E)
57 CHIPANGAYI CALCRETE
Chipangayi and Sindowse rivers.
Location. The deposit is situated at the foot of the escarpment between the

good quality material.
Resources. Swift (1962) considered the deposit to contain a limited tonnage of

,
(20°12 S 32e4 UE)
58 GADAUFE MARBLE
Location. Retulei Farm, 6 km ESE of Chipinge.
History. Additionally known as the Emanuel deposit

s reported by Atkinson (1984) provided the
Geology. Umkondo marble, plus calc tufa in the Nyamahowawa stream. Analyse
following results:
41
CH1PINGE DISTRICT
Composition CaO MgO Insols LOI CaC03 MgC03
Source % % % % % % %
Marble - Min, 15.30 0.07 0.93 0.55 . 27,30 0.15

Max. 44.70 1.97 5.86 8.11 - 79.80 4.12
Av. 30.20 1.13 3.25 1.27 64.15 53.90 2.36
Calc Tufa 21.00 1.36 4.65 23.60 49.39 37.50 2.85
Resources. The reserves of both magnesian marble and magnesian calc tufa are unassessed.

,
59 MOUNT RUDD MARBLE (20°0 rS 32°23 E)
Location. The occurrence lies 3 km NNE of Mount Rudd in the foothills of the Mutema Range.
.
Geology Umkondo marble, which an analysis showed to be composed of:
Composition CaO MgO RA Insols LOI CaCOj MgCOj

Source % % % % % % %
Anon. (1954) 47.07 1.03 3.70 13.10 35.50 85.14 2.15
Resources. The reserves contained in this deposit of impure marble are unassessed.
60 MUSIKAVANTHU CALCRETE (20°2 rS 32°20*E)
, nthu
Location. The calcrete has developed near the site of the house of the Lands Development Officer Musikava
Communal Land, Chipise.
.
Geology Analysis of a sample from the deposit revealed:

Source % % % % % % %
Barlow (1945) 19.08 1.45 634 49.26 23.00 34.05 2.93
Resources. The reserves contained in this calcareous deposit are unassessed.
61 TANGANDA BRIDGE MARBLE (20°07*S 32°27*E)
Chipise road at the bridge

Location.The deposit occurs less than a kilometre to the east of the main Birchcnough Bridge to
over the Tanganda River.
.
Geology The marble, which belongs to the Umkondo Group, was shown by analysis to contain
:

Source % % % % % % %
Brewer (1950c ) 22.9 17 J5 3.1 20,0 36.7 40.9 36.6
Resources. The reserves contained in this deposit, inferred to be dolomarble, are unassessed
.
62 TANGANDA HALT MARBLE (20°07’S 32°28’E)
Location. Tanganda Halt Farm, Chipise.
42
CHIREDZI DISTRICT
-
Geology. Siliceous deposit of dolomite rich Umkondo marble.
63 THREE SPANS CALC TUFA (20°06'S 32°30fE)
Location. The deposit lies on Driespansberg Farm , 38.5 km NW of Chipise by road.
Geology. The calc tufa overlies dolerite in a cliff section along a tributary of the Tanganda River.
Resources. The reserves remaining following exploitation axe unknown.
Production. Between 1938 and 1975 a total of 2438.8 tonnes were mined from the deposit The annual tonnages declared
are given below:
Year Tonnes Year Tonnes
1938 10.9 1957 136.1
1939
1940 4.5 1963 469.8
1941 49.9 1964 210.4
1948 163.3 1972 226.8

1949 124.3
1950 7.3 1975 1 035.5
CHIREDZI DISTRICT
64 CHIWANJE CALCITE (21°0 rS 31°17*E)
Location. The deposit lies 11.5 km WNW of the Mtilikwe River Bridge on the Triangle road, to the west of a small bridge
over a tributary of the Chiwanje River.
.
Geology The deposit is formed by a vein of calcite up to 27 m in width, which strikes for 115 m in a NE direction .
65 DRAGON CALCRETE (21°44’S 31°34’E)
Location. Adjacent to the railway line 110 km from Rutanga and 40 km from the Mozambique border.
-
Geology. Phaup (1955) reported that the deposit lies on a NNE trcnding ridge, which extends approximately 120 m SSW
and 100 m NNE of the railway. The 100-150 m broad occurrence consists of calcrete up to 3 m thick deposited within
. -
sandstone of Cretaceous age, which is overlain by a surface depositof calcareous sandy soil up to 2 m thick The dirty white,
compact, nodular calcrete, which is slightly porous, contains up to 26% insoluble matter predominantly in the form of quartz.
Resources. Limited quantities of sub-economic, siliceous calcrete are present in the occurrence.

,
66 JETE CALCITE (20°56 S SrSO'E)
Location. The claims lie on Essanby Watershed Extension Farm and are 18 km NE of Nandi railway siding.
History. The claims were investigated by the owner, Mr Stockil, on behalf of Rhodesian Alloys (Pvt) Ltd, now Zimalloys,
during 1966 and 1967. Initially comprehensive trenching, backed up by the drilling of two boreholes was undertaken. Later
25 percussion holes, totalling 960 m, were drilled on a 25 m line spacing to an average depth of 38.4 m. The vein of calcite
43
CHIP ^HTT DISTRICT
intersected attained a maximum width of 5 m, but on average was only some 2 m wide. The avenge grade of this material,
calculated from 76 chemical determinations conducted on pulp samples, was reported to be 30.2% CaO with 29.0% SiOa.
The deposit was worked by Zimalloys during 1967 and 1968 in an open pit 50 m long, 15 m deep and 2 m wide.
-
Geology. The two convergent, WSW trending calcite veins, the Main and Parallel, occur in flat lying, highly foliated -
gneissic terrain belonging to the Beitbridge Group.The Main Reef is traceable on surface as a line of vuggy » siliceous nibble
.
containing occasional small boulders of calcite for over 400 m This veinvwhich dips at about 80° SSE, is 1.0 3.7 m wide, -
. -
averaging 2.7 m The Parallel Reef lies to the north of the Main Reef. It dips at 80 85° SSE over a strike length of over 70
.
m, and is 1.7 6.7 m wide On average it is some 2.7 m thick The calcite in both fractures is contaminated with quartz, but
.
- .
-
it was believed that most of this material could be removed by hand sorting Watson (1966a) reported the following
analytical results obtained from samples taken in trenches across the veins;
Composition CaO FeO MnO P SiO LOI CaCo,
Source % % % % % % %
Main 55.77 0.07 0.04 Nil 030 44.09 9939

5437 0.07 0.03 Tr 2.46 42.87 9744
55.62 0.07 0.03 Nil 038 43.70 9932
55,10 0.07 0.03 Nil 1.50 4330 98,40
Parallel 55.69 0.07 0.03 Nil 0.46 43.75 99,44
Resources.The claims contain good quality calcite, although the presence of quartz is deleterious. Watson (1966b) prior to
quarrying estimated proven reserves of over 1500 tonnes of calcite to be present, whilst Harrison (1969) calculated the
possible reserves to be 10583 tonnes.
.
Production An annual production of 148.7 tonnes of calcite was declared in 1967 and 38.1 tonnes in 1968, while a further
484.6 and 240 tonnes were mined in 1975 and 1976 respectively.
67 MATIBI CALCITE (21°16’S 31°53*E)
.
Location The calcite claims lie 5 km east of the road leading to Chipinda Pools, just south of the Tsingwezi River, and about
35 km NE of railhead at Makombe Siding .
.
History There were 10 blocks of claims originally pegged by Mr van Eden and the area was investigated by the digging of
.
.
trenches and sinking of shafts Little information concerning these is available The claims were later bought by Windsor
Ferro Alloys of Kwekwe, but went forfeit in 1965 following mining.Similar bodies of calcite pegged in the vicinity, about
..
which little is known, were covered by the Boli, B.M I , C.B., Chipinda, Denise, Hombill and Mpakati Claims .
Geology The calcite occurs in NNE trending fractures in Karoo basalts These zones can be traced for several kilometres.
. - .
The fractures were shown to be predominantly intermittent in nature, but a consistent vein of calcite 200 m in length with
an average width of over 2.5 m, dipping at 60° to the SE, was revealed by trenching. True breccias, consisting of basalt
fragments cemented by calcite,occur along the margins of the fractures. Random samples of calcite, which is predominantly
opaque and white in colour, gave the following results:
Composition CaO MgO R,0, Insol* LOI CaCO,
Source % % % % % %
Wont (1965b) Ml 563 Tr 0.2 03 433 983

M3 563 Tr 03 03 42.9 973
M4 55.7 TV 03 0.8 42.7 973
Analyses of the impurities contained in eight samples, reported by Stratford (1958), indicated that the calcite contains
- -
from 0,12 0.78% SiOa, 0.04 0.07% FeaO, and 0,03 0.16% MnO - .
Resources.The analytical data indicate the calcite to be of high quality. It is difficult to estimate the reserves as the number
,
.
dimensions and underground extensions of the calcite veins are unknown Additionally, it is not known why production
ceased in 1966.
Production. Some 107.0 tonnes of calcite were mined in 1963, whilst 322.9 tonnes were produced in 1966 .
44
CHIREDZI DISTRICT
68 SIMUCALCITE (22°19fS 31°22'E)
.
Location Theseclaimsaresituated 2 km from Crooks Greek,which lies on the common border between Mozambique,South
Africa and Zimbabwe.
.
History. The claims lie in a geologically unmapped area They were first visited by Duke (1984) who recommended that a
systematic trenching exercise be carried out .
-
Geology.Two NE trending calcite veins, which both hade steeply to the south, strike for over a kilometre as infillings along
- -
jointing in porphyritic basalt The fine to coarse grained, white to light brown veins of calcite do not exceed one metre in
width. The results of the investigations advised, including the analytical data given below, were reported by Milian (1984):
Composition CsO MgO SiOt CaCOj MgCOj
% % % % % %
SIMU 1 A 53.95 0.27 2.11 1.64 96.30 0.60

B 54.85 0.21 0.55 0.20 97.90 0.40
C 55.07 0.04 0.13 0.68 98.30 0.10
D 56.00 0.12 0.14 0.20 99.90 0.20
SIMU 2 1 54.00 0.25 0.79 0.80 96.40 0.50

2 51.93 0.17 2.04 3.72 92.70 0.40
3 52.15 0.19 2.20 2.88 93.10 0.40
4 51.71 0.18 1.59 0.80 92.30 0.40
5 52.60 0.19 2.56 1.60 93.90 0.40
6 51.82 0.23 2.06 2.40 92.50 0.50
7 5238 0.06 0.21 1.80 93.50 0.10
8 52.92 0.54 1.81 0.10 94,50 1.10
9 51.24 0.15 2.00 3.80 91.50 0.30
10 53.76 0.48 1.61 0.40 96.00 1.00
11 54.04 0.17 1.00 0.10 96.50 0.40
12 53.20 0.17 1.38 1.30 95.00 0.40
13 5544 0.08 0.82 0.40 99.00 0.20
14 5432 0.27 1.38 0.70 97.00 0.60
15 54.60 0.17 0.93 1.60 97.50 0.40
Average 53.47 0.21 133 132 95.50 0.40
Resources. Both of these relatively narrow deposits of calcite contain adversely high proportions of iron and silica, which
.
detract from the potential value of the claims The tonnage of material available for mining has not been estimated .
Production. None declared.
69 TRIANGLE MARBLE (2 i °or$ 3 i °25’E)
Location. Three exposures of marble occur in the vicinity of Triangle:

L Approximately 5 km south of the homestead on Triangle Ranch;
.
ii Near the Makari River, south of the Triangle to Chidoma road; and
iii. 1.5 km NE of the confluence of the Chompimbi and Mkwasine rivers.
Beitbridge Group . -
Geology. These small outcrops of medium grained, white to pale green marbles occur within basement rocks of the
The occurrence near Triangle Ranch homestead consists of a maximum of 12 m of relatively pure marble overlying
.
siliceous marble The footwall is composed of massive, banded pyroxene granulites, whilst the hanging wall is formed by
.
diopside, plagioclase and scapolite gneiss The rocks dip at 35° (N or S?) and strike at 65° ENE. The better quality marble
from this deposit was analysed with the following results:
Composition CtO MgO Insols LOI CsCO, MgCO,
Source % % % % % % %
Golding (1942a) 48.00 0.30 105 11.40 38.00 85.67 0.62

Golding (1942b) 41.95 1.12 1.78 19.60 35.03 74.87 2.34
Resources The reserves contained in these deposits are unassessed. The above chemical determinations imply that the
.
45
DARWIN DISTRICT
deposits contain siliceous marble.
,
Production. The occurrence near the homestead on Triangle Ranch was worked with
a production of 81.6 tonnes declared
d of:
for 1947. A sample of slaked lime produced from this marble was shown to be compose
Composition CaO MgO R203 lnsols LOI

Source % % % % %
Golding (1942) 51.50 0.36 1.12 6.74 40.82
CHIRUMANZU DISTRICT
CHIVI DISTRICT
DARWIN DISTRICT
70 CHIWANDA MARBLE (16°34’S 31°39’E)
Mount Darwin.
Loction. Adjacent to Chibara West Hill in the Kandeya Communal Lands, 28 km NNE of
, which strike for a distance
Geology. The exposure consists of dolomite-rich marbles of the Rushinga Metamorphic Suite
of 3 km in a northerly direction.
Resources. The reserves contained in this deposit are unassessed.
KAROYI MARBLE (16°36’S 31°34 JH)

71
, 22.5 km north of Mount Darwin
Location.The deposit lies 4 km SE of Nyamandi Hill, to the west of the Karoyi River about
in the Kandeya Communal Land.
Rushinga Metamorphic Suite.
Geology.The exposure consists of a narrow, arcuate band of marble contained in rocks of the

(16°53’S 31°42’E)
72 MIKAU MARBLE
, some 3 km SE of the NW beacon
Location. This small occurrence of marble is exposed in a valley on Gwetera River Ranch
and 1 km SW of the homestead It lies 16 km to the SE of Mount Darwin .
.
History. The deposit was examined under the tenure of E P.0.209, which was held by
Prospecting Ventures Ltd from 17
November 1967 to 3 July 1970.
Geology. The marble, which is interbedded with felsic volcanic rocks, occurs within
.
the Darwin Greenstone Belt Leitner
with Phaup (1974) reports that the deposit is around 610 m long and 1 3 m -
wide . The marble -
is dolomite rich and siliceous
m its exposure and the analyses obtained were summarized
in places.The occurrence was sampled at intervals of 244 along
as:
46
DARWIN DISTRICT
Composition No. of CaO MgO SiO. CaC03 MgCOj
Sample Type samples % % % % %
Range Av. Range Av . Range Av . Range Av . Range Av.
Dolomite-rich marble 9 29.7- 13.6- 0.4- 53.0- 28.5-

32.4 31.1 16.9 15.2 0.9 0.6 57.8 55.5 354 31.8
Cherty dolomite-rich 1 18.6 9.0 24.3 33.2 - 18.8

marble
Cherty marble 3 32.2- 14- 10.0- 57.5- 2.9-

45,1 38.1 2.1 1 ,7 26.4 17.5 80.5 68.0 44 3.6
Marble 7 46.0- 1.0- 14- 82.1- 2.1-

52.7 49.8 1.7 1.2 7.2 4.3 94.1 88.9 3.6 2.5
dolomarble
Resources. The reserves of this deposit* which apparently range in composition from marble to calcic
classification, are limited but unassessed.
73 NANUTA METACARBONATE ( 16°24 *S 3 ld42fE)
, ,
Location. The structure lies in the foothills of the Mavuradonha Range in the Chiswiti Communal Land Darwin District
SSE of the
north-eastern Zimbabwe. The occurrence is situated 45 km north of the town of Mount Darwin and 25 km
Mukumbura border post with Mozambique.
nate
History. Geochemical stream sampling for copper and nickel was conducted in the area around the Nanuta metacarbo
by Blanket Mine Private Limited under EP O. 236. During this. prospectin g the structure, although noted, was neither
mapped nor sampled, being considered to be of no structural or petrological importance. Under E.P.O.S 324 and
327 the
Johannesburg Consolidated Investment Company Limited J.C ( .I.) investigate d Nanuta , which they interpreted as a ring
.
structure probably of carbonatitic nature Work undertaken during the tenureof these exploration grants included geological
on the Drum
mapping, geochemical soil sampling for cobalt, copper and nickel and the drilling of two diamond drillholes
Hill copper anomaly.
A team from the Bureau de Recherches Geologique et Minieres, Bache et al. (in prep.), recently geological
ly mapped
the area in reconnaissance detail on behalf of the Geologica l Survey under an aid agreement with France .
Geology. The Nanuta metacarbonate occurs within a ring structure approximately 3 km in diameter. The outer
rim of the
structure, being more resistant to weathering than the surroundin g rocks, forms a well defined -topograph ical feature The .
easterly trending country rocks consist of a series of Proterozo ic amphibolit
assigned
e gamet
to the
-metamorph
Mavurado nha
ic facies
Metamorp
paragneiss
hic Suite
es
.
containing intercalated units of marble and quartzite , and have been
These rocks generally dip steadily southwards at about 45°, but are distorted around the ring structure
.
-
J C.I. reported that the core of the structure consists of feldspar garnet rock, intermittently veined with
. diopside and
scapolite, which rapidly grades outwards
of the granulite was noted to vary
into
considerab ly
amphibole
, but in general the
-
feldspar gamet
amphibole
-
pyroxene
and
-granulite
pyroxene
The
were found
.
compositio
to be
n and texture
coarse grained-
.
and the feldspar and garnet much finer grained. As indicated in Fig 15, in addition to these two
major rock types a limited
a and traces
- -
exposure of coarse grained garnet pyroxene granulite, mineralized with abundant chalcopyri te, little pyrrhotite
of bomite and pyrite, occurs within a body of calcium carbonate rock. The metacarbonate contains xenolithic rafts of
granulite, and was interpreted as having originated as a carbonatite intruded into the granulite . Minerals observed in the
carbonate were apatite, diopside, garnet, magnetite, rutile, scapolite, sphene and tourmaline .
Slightly to the west of this
outcrop a massive body of magnetite forms the crest of a hill .
. .
In their original text Bache et al (in prep ) do not discuss the possibility of the Nanuta occunencebeinga
metamorphosed
hic Suite contains a horizon of massive,
carbonatite, and merely note that the amphibolite of the Mavuradonha Metamorp
-
yellow to white, coarse grained metacarbonate up to 20 m thick. Where observed the
metacarbonate was described as being formed by a fault breccia, but this was
, contact
postulated
between
to originally
the amphiboli
have been
te and
of a
. Hill revealed it to be composed
conformable nature Examination of a thin section of metacarbonate collected from Nanuta
.
of a granoblastic mozaic of calcite crystals up to 5 mm in size Contained within this rare rounded
grains and inclusions of
.
biotite, plagioclase and quartz were noted The feldspar was reported to have largely been altered to scapolite .
or sedimenta ry origin , and further work
As discussed, opinion is divided as to whether the metacarbonale is of carbonidc
is required to resolve this uncertainty .
.
Resources Unassessed, but probably limited .
47
DARWIN DISTRICT
Production. None known*
Seal* of mat res

5 ® 0 gQO 1000 1500 2 000
°
m
MM
uss
IIMIIluI
EXPLANATION
mmv X
Alluvium
Breccia
iPi
sali
JS
Basalt
wait
'caoua
Silica* lava* and tuffs
Sift:- :
SS
;t§
HI
a : ;'
^ ism
si 3
HH Magnatita
Carbonata
Garnat - pyroxana granulita
p .y .j Ampblbola- faldspar-garnat - pyroxana
I* i Feldspar-garnet rock
-
Quartz feldspar gneiss
Amphiboie- gsrnet gneiss
- -
-
sISfiffiS r
Feldspar garnet kaolin gneiss
£ -
Ampfilboie gsrnet - feldspar gneiss
'
-
t&fii
mWM AmpfUbote faidspar gneiss
-
Feldspar - quart! mice gneiss
mm m Mfgmatite
M &S
.
FIG. 15 Geology of the Nanuta Metacarbonatite
.
( after J. C. I , 1973),
74 NYASANGA CALC TUFA (16°35’S 31*41’E)
Location, Headwaters of the Nyasanga River in the Kandeya Communal Land, about 24 km NE of Mount Darwin.
Geology , Along the rocky sides of gullies and streams at the headwaters of the Nyasanga River there occur extensive layers
.
of porous, cellular calc tufa up to 0.6 m thick The source of the calcium carbonate is considered to be the nearby marbles
of the Rushinga Metamoiphic Suite.
Resources, Unassessed, but limited .

.
75 NYAMAZI2J MARBLE (16°36*S 31°46*E)
Location. Adjacent to Nyamazizi School, 2.5 km SEofChibara East Hill, in the Kandeya Communal Land.The occurrence
lies 28 km NE of Mount Darwin.
. -
Geology A NNW striking belt of marble contained within the Rushinga Metamoiphic Suite .
Resources. Unassessed, but significant quantity.
76 RUYA RIVER MARBLE (16*37*S 3l°54*E)
Location. The deposit lies 38 km NE of Mount Darwin, adjacent to, and east of, the Ruya River in the Ghesa Small Farm
Area.
.
Geology The geolbgy of the deposit, which occurs within the Rushinga Metamoiphic Suite, is discussed by Leitner with
. -
Phaup (1974) The dolomite rich marble is described as generally being, “ a massive homogeneous rock with a granular
texture and a creamy white to pale grey colour**, “ Frequently there are alternating pink, very pale blue, or grey bands that
-
show flow banding and give weathered surfaces a fluted appearance. More rarely there are narrower dark bands composed
48
fiOTCWE DISTRICT
of quartz, hornblende and smaller garnets, and they stain the outcrops a dark brown". The width of the marble, which is
synformally folded is variable.
McGibbon (1948) reported the average composition of 14 composite samples taken at scattered pointsalong the exposure
as:
CaCO, MgCO,
Composition
Source
CaO
%
MgO
% *%A Insols
%
LOI
% % %
46.80 3.79 8.11 83.50 7.93
Resources. The reserves of this large deposit inferred to be magnesian marble, are not known to have been assessed.
.
Production None declared.
GOKWE DISTRICT
77 GWANYIKA LIMESTONE (18*24’S 29°15*E)
Location. The occurrence occupies a ridge 5.5 km east of Gwanyika School, on the edge of the Mafimgabusi Plateau,in the
Gokwe Communal Land.
.
Geology Sutton (1979) assigns these limestones to the lower or Calcareous Member of the Gokwe Formation, which he
considered to be of Cretaceous age. An analysis indicated the following composition:

Source % % % % % % %
Sutton (1979) 5251 0.76 1.44 2.88 42.24 9833 1.67
Resources.The reserves contained in this deposit of limestone are probably limited.

78 MAFUNGABUSI CALCRETE (18°27’S 29°20’E)
Location. The exact location of these claims, which lie about 4 km NW of Mavis Mine in the Chcmagora Small Farming
Area, is unknown.
Geology. No data available .

Resources. Unassessed, but probably only limited reserves remain following mining.
Production.The deposit produced 1021.55 tonnes of material between 1972 and 1976.Theannual tonnages declared were:
1972, 181.48 tonnes: 1973, 660.07 tonnes; 1975, 100.00 tonnes; 1976, 80.00 tonnes.
79 MUDZONGWE LIMESTONE (18°03’S 29°03’E)
Location The deposit lies 5.5. km SW of the Mudzongwe River in the Gokwe Communal Land.
.
.
Geology. Informational brecctated limestone occurring within the Pebbly Arkose, Upper Karoo Analysis showed a
sample to contain;

Source % % % % % % %
Sutton (1979) 42.71 0.54 1.83 19.66 34.90 78.0 1.2
Resources.The reserves contained in this deposit, inferred to be siliceous limestone, are probably limited

49
GOROMONZI DISTRICT
80 NJELELE LIMESTONE (18°16’S 29°02*E)
Location. The deposit lies 3.1 km ESE of Njelele Trigonometrical Beacon in the Gokwe Communal Land.
Geology. The occunence is formed by Cretaceous white calcareous sandstones of the basal Calcareous Member, Gokwe
Formation. The results of a chemical analysis are given below:

Source % % % % % % %
Sutton (1979) 12.1 8.9 2.6 56.4 20.3 22.8 19.7
-
Resources. The resources contained in this deposit, inferred to be magnesium rich calcareous sandstone, are probably
limited .
81 SENGWA LIMESTONE (18°15’S 29°06 #E)
Location. The deposit lies 4.7 km NNE of Sengwa School in the Gokwe Communal Land.
. .
Geology Pink, silty limestone, Pebbly Arkose, Upper Karoo Analysis showed a sample to contain:

Source % % % % % % %
Sutton ( 1979) 28.9 7.4 2.2 29.8 31.8 53.3 16.0
Resources. Limited reserves probably occur in this body of siliceous, calcareous dolostone.
.
82 ZHOMBE LIMESTONE (18°21’S 29°08’E)
Location. The occurrence is situated 3.7 km SE of Zhombe School in Gokwe District.
Geology. A sample from this calcareous conglomerate of the Calcareous Member, Gokwe Formation, was found to contain:

Source % % % % % % %
Sutton (1979) 28.8 10.3 3.2 23.3 34.8 52.9 22.2
Resources. Although unassessed, the reserves contained in this deposit of siliceous calcareous dolostone are probably
limited
.
GOROMONZI DISTRICT
83 CHISHAWASHA MARBLE (17°46’S 31°14*E)
Location.Two marble occurrences, the positions of which are indicated in Fig. 18 (p.63 ), are situated on Chishawasha Farm
approximately 20 km ENE of Harare. The eastern deposit lies one kilometre to the west of Saint Ignatius College.
History.The potential of the marble was recognised by Father Richartz of Chishawasha Mission, who had two samples from
the occurrence analysed in England during 1904. The Mission held the rights to about 300 m of strike towards the eastern
end of the east body, and this was worked in a small way c.1920 in two quarries. Ground coveted by claims owned by the
Rhosilica Brick and Tile Company, and extending about 1.5 km to the west of quarries, was investigated by trenching at a
later date.
50
GOROMONZI DISTRICT
Geology. Themarble occurs as two NW-trending bodiesassociated with metasediments in the Arcturns portion of the Harare
Greenstone Belt. Lamont (1949) reports that the marble dips steeply to the north, at 70-75°. He gives the geological
succession as:
Rock Type Metres
Greenstone (decomposed)
Argillaceous and ferruginous calc-schist 1.8
Schistose limestone 3.0
Massive, fine-grained banded limestone 1.8
Dark blue limestone with calcile veins 4.6
Pale coarsely crystalline limestone 4.6
lion-formation 1 ,0
Fine decomposed greenstone
The marble was also reported to contain minor lenses of schist. The regional geology of the deposits is described by
Baldock (in prep.), who recently mapped the area.
The following analytical results have been reported:
MgO R2 , Insols
Composition
Source
CaO
% % %° %
LOI
%
CaCO} MgCOj
% %
Bone (1904)
Pure 55.05 0.10 0.50 0.90 43.40 98.60 0.21
Ferruginous 28.11 0.40 34.65 10.00 26.84 50.20 0,80
Blackshaw (1922) 50.81 0.60 0.92 5.75 41.92 90.73 1.26
40.67 0.71 - 8.25 - 72.62 1 ,48
Brewer ( 1951 a) 48.60 1.10 2.20 10.90 37.60 96.70 2.30
45.40 2.60 8.20 8.40 35.60 81.00 5.40
Brewer ( 1952a) 41.60 2.30 10.00 15.60 31.30 74.30 4.80
50.60 0.30 5.50 3.60 40,60 90.30 0.60
Resources. The determinations available indicate that the deposit contains material ranging from siliceous marble to
magnesian marble, which is frequently rich in insoluble matter, including minerals rich in aluminium and iron. Lamont
(1949), assuming a working width of 10.7 m along a strike of approximately 300 m to a depth of about 30 m, assessed at
-
least 270 000 tonnes of marble to be available, whilst Tyndale Biscoe (1952) estimated that by mining the wider portion of
the marble, up to a width of 7,5 m along a length of 60 m to a depth ofl 5 m, 13 500 tonnes might be extracted.
Production. An unknown quantity of marble was mined by Chishawasha Mission for the production of lime around 1920.
An analysis showed the lime to contain:
Composition CaO RJOJ Insols Others

Source % % % %
Bone (1904) 96.60 0.88 1.60 0.92
84 KILMUIR MARBLE (17°45’$ 31°29*E)
Location. The deposit lies in the southern portion of Kilmuir Farm, Arcturus, 30 km ENE of Harare.
History. A chemical analysis on a sample from the deposi t was reported in 1911. The occurrence is currently covered by the
Gorm and Spurr 1, 2 and 3 Claims, which are all held by Circle Cement. The greater part of the deposit lies on the Gorm
Claim, which was originally pegged by G. Munro.
Geology. The ‘S’ shaped deposit of maible is contained within a metasedimentary sequence in the Arcturus portion of the
.
Harare Greenstone Belt The beds are usually vertically inclined. The width of the marble reaches a maximum of 150 m on
.
the Gorm Claim , but eastwards from this divides into two bands which apparently represent the limbs of an antiform These
-
limbs converge towards one another in the eastern part of the Spurr Claims, but disappear, probably by down faulting, near
.
the felsite hill which forms the highest point on Kilmuir Farm The isoclinally folded marble pitches steeply to the east at
.
this point. Bodies of dark green amphibolite are widely distributed and frequently intersect the deposit The regional geology
of the deposit is discussed by Baldock (in prep.). The grey-brown marble is reported to be dolomitic. It alsocontains lenses
.
and nodules of siliceous material There are two analyses of the marble:
51
GOROMONZI DISTRICT
Competition C«0 MgO R O, Insol* LOI CaOO, MgCO,
nee
Source « « ^
% % « -
« «
Blackshaw (1911) 3X08 1445 6.73 X70 44.04 57.86 30.24
Blackihaw (1922) 53.97 030 2.66 0.64 4X43 9637 0.62
. s dolomarble.
Resources The above results indicate that the composition of the deposit ranges from marble to calcareou
tonnescan beextracted
Assuming that the deposit is mineableover a width of 100 m along 2km of its length,about 5.4 million
per 10 m vertical mining depth .
years, probably
Production. Although no records exist the presence of an old kiln suggests that lime was produced in earlier .
prior to 1935 when declaration became necessary. Currently lime is manufactured for use by local farmers
85 LUCKY LEAP YEAR MARBLE (17°28*S 31°08fE)
of Glendale. It is over 10 km
Location.The occurrence is situated on Brecon Farm, to the west of the Pote River, 15 km SE
by road to the railhead at Garvin Siding .
History.The deposit is associated with copper mineralization and as such was offered to the Messina Transvaa
l Development
. , were pegged over
Company by G.HX Haynes in 1936.Claims for marble, possibly for use as a flux in the Alaska Smelter
the occurrence by the concern in 1958. These claims were sold to Anglo American in 1969 .
. .
Geobgy. The lenticular body of marble is exposed on the northern slope of a low hill (Fig 16 It associate quartz
) is d with
-
metasediments of the Mazowe Greenstone Belt, and the surrounding wall rocks are stated to be metaquar tzite and
schisL Thedeposit,which strikesat 203°$SW,dips from 30° to 70° WNW.The marble is afine to
coarsely crystalline folded
; up to 3.35 m thick are present The
rock, which varies in colour from white to grey to pale brown Siliceous bands
.
FIG. 16 Lucky Leap Year Marble Depoait
52
GURUVE DISTRICT
investigation of the deposit by five trenches, totalling 260 m, indicated the body to be 240 m in length and 23 m wide The .
average of 57 samples taken during the trenching exercise was reported to be:
Composition CaO MgO FeO MnO Insob P CaCO, MgCO,
% % % % % % % %
48.60 0.48 2.04 0.58 9.48 0.006 86.75 1.21
average obtained from the 29

The calcium carbonate content of the marble assessed here compares favourably with the
te is only half that determined,
traverse samples collected earlier, 48.60% compared to 48.8%, but the magnesium carbona
, % es asopposed to3*9%
1.21% to 2.30%, whilst the quantity of insoluble material present appears much greater 9.48 insolubl
silica.
. -
Resources The deposit of silica rich marble was assessed by Anglo American tocontain
over 6500 tonnes per vertical metre.
Production. None declared .

GURUVE DISTRICT
NYAKAPUPU MARBLE (16°45'S 30°38’E)

86
Beacon in the Nyakapupu Small
Location. A number of marble deposits occur to the east of Mapeta Hill Trigonometrical
Farms Area, 14 km SW of Guruve.
the aricoses and feldspathic
Geology. These bodies of generally siliceous calcium carbonate occur intercalated within , which is exposed half
psammites of the Mapeta Hill Series of the Shamvaian. A sample from the largest of these marbles
a kilometre SE of Nyakapupu Store, was analysed to contain:
Rp, , MgCO ,
Composition
Source
CaO
%
MgO
% %
Insob
%
LOI
% . CaCO
% %
Wiles (1972) 30.4 20.0 0.4 2.5 45.5 54.2 41.8*
Amended calculated composition .

-
Resources. None of these bodies of reputedly dolomite rich marble have been assessed
.
.
SIPOLILO MARBLE
(16°39’S 30°36fE)
87
Location. The occurrence is in the Guruve Communal Land, 7.7 km west of Guruve
.
and Mapeta Hill Series of the
Geology.The deposit of marble, about a kilometre long, occurs between rocks of the Eastern
Shamvaian .
GUTU DISTRICT
(18°54*S 31°27’E)
88 CHECKMATE MARBLE
nal Land, immediately west across
Location. The deposit is situated 3 km NE of Matezma Hill in the Chikwanda Commu
the Mungesi River from Glen Isla Farm, and roughly 80 km NE of Masving
o.
- of marble, exposed on the south¬
Geology. Wilson (1964) reports that the occurrence consists of two NE striking bands Upper Series of the Shamvaian
-
eastern flank of a ridge capped by banded iron formations, which lies within
rocks of the
53
GWANDA DISTRICT
in the east of the Masvingo Greenston e Belt. The deposit is cut off to (he east by a northerly trending fault. Stagman (1965)
length of over 230 m.
traced and sampled a band of grey marble, contaminated with quartz and hornblende over a strike-
,
end where two old trenches were
This was only 7 m wide at the western end of the strike, but increased to 25 m at the eastern
possesses a total carbonate content of
found. A semi-quantitative analysis of the sample collected revealed that the marble
to be negligible.
74% and contains 26% insoluble material. The proportion of magnesium carbonate present was believed
be worked to produce
Resources. Stagman (1965) considered that the eastern end of this deposit of impure marble could
agricultural lime. A small quarry , 75 m long by 15 m wide, would be able to supply some 30 000 tonnes of marble per 10
m mining depth for this purpose.
GWANDA DISTRICT
,
ANTERIOR MARBLE (21°0 rS 29°03 E)
89
Railway Siding and 10 km
Location.The deposit lies on Thom wood Farm, which is situated about 1.6 km south of Anterior
SE of Gwanda.
Geology The marble, which strikes in an easterly direction over 1.5 km, occurs as a lenticular
. exposure associated with
of marble , a blue, banded fine¬
serpentinites of the Gwanda Greenstone Belt. The deposit is composed of two main varieties
grained type and another which is a white, coarse-grained rock with some quartz . Analyses reported by Tyndale Biscoe -
(1940) are given below:
Xnsols LOI CaC03 MgC03
Composition
Source
CaO
%
MgO
%
*%A % % % %
Blue 52.24 0.18 0.62 4.36 42.22 93.25 0.38

White 43.00 030 0.72 21.44 34.50 76.76 0.63
Resources The reserves contained in this deposit of marble are unassessed.

.
Production. Lime produced was supplied for cyaniding purposes to gold mines in the vicinity. A total
of 310.2 tonnes were
mined, with 157.8 tonnes being produced in 1937, 138.8 tonnes in 1938 and 13.6 tonnes in 1939 .
COLLEEN BAWN MARBLE (21°00’S 29°13’E)
90
. , lie immediately south of

Location The deposit is situated on the Cleveland, Copthal Block and Paignton farms which
Colleen Bawn on the Bulawayo to West Nicholson railway line.
History.The original quarry, which commenced operations prior to 1910, was excavated at the western
foot of Colleen Bawn
a new quarry was started above it.
.
Kopje The grade of the marble in this working soon became untenable
) Ltd exploited
and
their holdings in the Cleveland portion of (he deposit,
The Premier Portland Cement Company (Rhodesia
of the occurrence.Rhodesia
whilst in 1946 Rhodesia CementLtd was formed to work the marble in the Copthal Block section
Cement Ltd constructed a cement factory which commence d operations in 1949 In. 1963 these two concerns merged their
forming the United Cement Company (Private ) Ltd , but in 1981 Portland Holdings
cement and lime manufacturing interests
the sole owner of United
Ltd, which was the new name of Rhodesia Cement Ltd, bought out Premier Cement and became
Portland Cement . Title, whilst the small wedge
The marble which lies on the farms Cleveland and Copthal Block is held under Victorian
claim.
of land separating these two sections on Paignton Farm is covered by a base mineral
. Sunk in the northern portion of Colleen
-
In 1943 4 the Premier Portland Cement Company drilled
-
four lines of boreholes
170 m. This was followed by another
Bawn Kopje, these investigated marble along a strike length of 400 m over a width of
exploration campaign conducted from 1952 to 1954, during which 12 holes were drilled in the
southern portion of the hill
practice and the strict
in an attempt to define the grade and structure of the deposit. Unfortunately , poor core
logging
mapped in detail,
adherence to sampling in fixed 10-foot (3,05-m) units, compounded by the deposit never
having been
a programme
inhibited determination of the limits of the various grades of mafble present. In an effort
to rectify this problem
-
of 16 boreholes, envisaged to involve some 1370 1520 m of drilling, was proposed The . 15 th hole of this campaign was
totalling a combined length
completed in March 1959. The most recent drilling campaign, which consisted of 26 boreholes
of 4782 m, was undertaken by United Portland Cement between May 1974 and May 1975 .
54
GWANDA DISTRICT
Geology. The occurrence of marble near Colleen Bawn is mentioned by Mennell (1910), who described a 30 m limestone,-
commonly coarsely crystalline and containing magnetite and silicates. Blackshaw (1910) analysed a sample which
contained 83.15% calcium carbonate and 10.90% insoluble matter.
The deposit was geologically mapped, as part of the Geological Survey's regional programme, by Tyndale Biscoe -
(1940). He desribed the body of marble as cutting, “ at right angles across almost the whole width of the schist belt, taking
a sharp bend at both ends to conform with the regional strike. At each bend the formation forms a high ridge, the southern
one being very precipitous on its east side, where the mass appears to have a westerly dip. Dolerite intrusions are found on
both sides and at both ends of this ridge, and a breccia is developed on its western flank. On its crest, moreover, there is a
conspicuous set of structure lines trending east and west and quite independent of the strike of the limestone and the axis
of the ridge. They are parallel, in fact, to the regional strike. This feature is noticeable also, though to a lesser extent, on the
Colleen Bawn kopje, especially on its southern spur, where the limestone band strikes north and south” . “ The mapping of
the rocks in the immediate vicinity, on the NW side, shows that they are affected by a flexure causing a distinct bend from
-
an easterly to a north easterly direction although at Colleen Bawn kopje thelimestone appears to be transgressive to the rocks
on its east side” . The geology of the deposit is illustrated by Fig. 17.
-
Tyndale Biscoe (1956) noted the presence of several dykes, dark green schist and a pale grey schistose rock in that
portion of the occurrence lying on Copthal Block, which was formerly held by Rhodesia Cement.Thedark schist reportedly
formed horizons varying in width from laminations to bands in excess of 3 m thick. The analyses of a number of samples
failed to confirm the hypothesis that the magnesia content of the marble increased in the vicinity of intrusive bodies.
-
Following the 1974 5 borehole campaign United Portland Cement concluded that the greater part of the deposit was
composed of massive carbonate. This was shown to be marble of good grade intercalated with zones of a dolomitic nature,
both varieties being contaminated by minor, often erratically distributed, inclusions. Dolerite dykes and sills were
frequently found to be associated with faulting, but were also shown to have been folded and faulted subsequent to intrusion.
Narrow, discontinuous quartz lenses were noted to be present on a minor scale. The northern portion of Maluta Hill was
- -
found to be composed of low carbonate material that is in partstlolomite rich, but the drilling indicated that this is underlain
by good quality marble. This portion of the deposit dips at +78° to the NE and strikes in a $W direction. Marble of good
quality was also reported to the east of the schists lying to the north.
The following analytical results have been determined on random samples from the deposit:
Composition CaO MgO RA Insols LOI CaC03 MgCOs

Source % % % % % % %
Tyndale-Biscoe ( 1940) 52.06 1.50 1.16 1.94 42.92 92.93 3.14

52.97 1.26 0.92 1.18 43.02 94.55 2.64
Tyndale-Biscoe (1956) 41.90 4.60 74.90 9.70

4430 5,90 - 79.50 12,40
53.10 0.60 - 94.90 1.20
48.90 2.20 - 87,40 430
48.90 2.20 - 87.40 4.60
52.20 1.20 - 9330 2.50
52.90 1.00
47.40 4.50
-
-
9430
84.60
2.00
930
48.40 4.10 . 86.40 830
53.50 1.10 - 9530 2.20
52.40 0.90 - 9330 1.80
53.00 0.80 . 94,60 1.70
52.50 130 - 93.70 2.70
52.50 1.70 - 93.70 330
35.80 15.20 * - 64.00 31,80
Morrison: ( 1968) 51.00 0.80 0.60 7.10 40.50 91.00 1.70

(near Colleen Bawn
Gold Mine) 52.70 130 0.70 3.80 41.40 94.10 2.50
50.50 230 0.90 430 41.50 90.10 5.20
.
Resources The chemical analyses available indicate that the deposit ranges in composition from marble to calcareous
dolomarble. In 1975 United Portland Cement assessed that by removing 29 million tonnes of waste some 61 million tonnes
of marble, with an average blended grade of 88.5% CaCO, and 3.7% MgCOs, could be quarried from the Cleveland section
of the deposit. Following mining, approximately 50 million tonnes were estimated to remain in 1987.The marblecontained
in the Copthal Block was judged uneconomic due to the presence of waste, which would necessitate the removal of 4 tonnes
of waste for every tonne of marble produced.
55
—— —— — —— — —— — —— — —— — —— — —— — —— — —— — —— — — — ———
fiWANDA DISTRICT
-X X X X X X X
x
X
x
X
x
X
x
X
x
X ~
x
X
x
X
:
x x x x x x
X X X X x X X X x x x OVW*
—
:
\
c >£
COLLEEN BAWN sr* A,

P#
/
/
LIMEWORKS kil
U
Heen Saw
Kopj*
Sf X
/
\
X
/
X S
u u v t
\
. o-
/
/ /
X
• U U u X j "
\
h x 4
/ / \
u u u u x X
/ /
ACT \
t
/ t / / / /
/
u " u u u fp
Hr > ?
U i X \ f+
v < / t
X -
*
GALATEA \ \ > i
%
/ \ x
u u u U sou & >C~
o \ X \ \ / /
1
y. s / / V
u x \ /
\ X
(
x* N. X1
X \ 1
/k
\
w X s / x
x 1 4 +
u /x
X X / 4 +
\ N +
O \ \ + 4
V \/
_ r.\ ssag- WILSON

x
1
75 4
< x \
/
X
\
/ 4 4 4
P +
+ +
+
\
\ \
\ /
\ X ftI' 4
4
4
\+ 4
20 SALLY; +
+
V . /
+ 4
P
tf *
+
II
+ 4 +
Itl
/ BUCKS REEF
I
+
+_
4
I N
75
/ PRESTWOOD
Melute Hill
—— — — — — — — — —
X
X
X x X
————————
X
X
X
X
X
x
X
X
X
X
X X X x
EXPLANATION
— Q
Doiarita m Serpentina
o:
+
+
+
Quarts
Granite ( P, porphyritic )
BASEMENT
Siliceous schists
Quartzita and banded ironstone
SCHISTS
COLLEEN BA WN Hyparsthana monzonita - | U | Amphibolite
COMPLEX .
'ZV /\\
. L ~v Monzonita [ | Epidiorita
rrr*
-
Otivina monzonita ( P, porphyritic )
76
Reef with dip
x — Gnaissic granita
CrystaiUna fimastona
Beef , vertical
Geological boundary
Geological boundaryr inferred
Boundary between textural varieties
Scale of metres
500 0 500 1 000 1 500 2 000
1 1' I I
FIG, 17. Colleen Bawn Marble Deposit (after Tyndale Biscoe, 1956 ). -
56
GWANDA DISTRICT
and 1987 a
Production.. Mennell (1910) notes that the occurrence had been worked for a number of years. Between 1936
. The annual producti on figures reported for each claim block are
total of 17 157 878 tonnes of marble were declared mined
given below:
Cleveland

1936* 62 810.9 1954 183 067.3 1972 609 251.0
1937 87 2343 1955 209 677.2 1973 722560.0
1938 92084.8 1956 248 775.2 1974 557423.0
1939 89 650.4 1957 259 200.4 1975 613 148.0
1940 93 095.4 1958 312 822.3 1976 429 643.0
1941 102790.1 1959 283 708.2 1977 387488.0
1942 102550.4 1960 188 261.1 1978 267 971.0
1943 104413.6 1961 149 379.6 1979 255 928.0
1944 98 934.8 1962 153 422.9 1980 299 262.0
1945 103 397.6 1963 20430.0 1981 361415.0
1946 98 105.8 1964 1982 324716.0
1947 100447.5 1965 57 376.5 1983 397 883.0
1948 83 419.8 1966 274580.1 1984 404753.0
1949 84 491.2 1967 255 840.8 1985 344 288.0
1950 87 777.4 1968 361 664.6 1986 470468.0
1951 1969 395 769.1 1987 530 761.0
1952 155 983JS 1970 533 159.0
1953 173 680.4 1971 563 146.0
Copthal

1948 6143.5 1956 376 565.8 1963 1692203
1949 46111.9 1957 378 083.0 1964 182 093.0
1950 124 349.7 1958 392 088.9 1965 212 645.4
1951 1959 366307.4 1966 13193
1952 200 398.3 1960 218270.5 no production
1953 204337.2 1961 150393.0
1954 314189.8 1962 141766.0 1974 48463.0
1955 344 488.8
Paignton
Xsst Tonnes Year Tonnes

1971 39 035.8 1974 31776.0
1972 25 903.0 1975 30 972.0
1973 3 850.0
*Declaration of production was required by law only from 1936.
91 COPTHAL BLOCK MARBLE (20°55*S 29C12’E)
Location. The occurrence lies some 8 km north of Colleen Bawn on Copthal Block No. 2 Farm
.
striking band
Geology. The marble, which is associated with banded iron-formation, forms a northerly dipping easterly
,
along the northern edge of the Gwanda Greenstone Belt.
Resources. Unassessed,
92 HAMPDEN MARBLE (20°54*S 28°59’E)
WSW of the railhead

Location. The exposure is situated about 5 km NNW of Gwanda on Hampden Place Farm,and lies 3 km
at Sabwina siding.
prospecting for pyrites.
Geology. The small deposit, 25 m wide by 100 m long, was discovered in flat-lying country during
NW and ditf « at 60° to the SW. It is reported
The grey, medium-grained body of marble, which contains some talc strikes
,
57
GWANDA DISTRICT
to be cut by quartz veins and heavily impregnated with pyrrhotite.
-
Resources.The unassessed reserves contained in this flat lying deposit are considered limited .
.
Production Although no production is recorded Ludlow (1905 and 1906) reported the following analyses of lime:
(l) CaO 71.25%; (2) CaO 74.70%t MgO 1.59% .
93 JOPEMBI MARBLE (21*25’$ 29°52*E)
Location.The deposit lies approximately 6.5 km SW of Mount Towla, 500 m from the point where the load from Makado
toTowla crosses the boundary between Driehoek Ranch and Jupambi Block Farm .
Geology. Isolated exposures of grey to brown, slightly banded marble occur over a small area near the northern contact of
.
an amphibolite body of the Basement Schists A partial analysis found a sample to contain:
Source % % % % % % %
Robertson (1973) 31.2 14.4 8.8 2.8 42.7 55.6 30.2
.
Resources The reserves contained in this deposit, which the analysis shpws to contain calcareous dolomarble, are
unassessed.
.
94 MAKODO CALCRETE (7) (21*30’$ 29°45*E)
Location. The occurrence is situated 57 km SE of West Nicholson, in the Siyoka Communal Land, close to the Bulawayo
to Beitbridge road.
.
Geology No data available.
.
Production. In 1957 Messrs T. and W Lottering produced 108.8 tonnes of material from the deposit
95 MASHURA MARBLE (21*10’S 29*36*E)
.
Location The deposit lies in the SE comer of Mashura Ranch, 35 km NW of Mount Towla .
- . -
-
Geology. A small body of marble occurs within the Msazi Schist Bek in a long tongue like body of amphibole and banded
iron formation The marble is in contact with banded iron formation to thesouthand a narrow bandof amphibole to thenorth .
The lenticular exposure of grey marble is at most 200 m long and less than 10 m wide. An analysis determined the marble
to contain:
LOI CaCO, MgCO,
Composition
Source
CaO MgO
% % *%A Insols
% % % %
Robertson (1973) 47.8 4.0 2.9 3A 41.7 85.4 8.4
Resources. Robertson (1973) considered that approximately 65 000 tonnes of magnesian marble could be obtained if the
deposit were quarried to a depth of 15 m.
96 MJENE MARBLE (21°03'S 29°14fE)
Location. The deposit lies on Mjeni Farm, 4.8 km SSE of Colleen Bawn.
. - -
Geology Small, easterly sinking band of marble associated with banded iron formation and psammitic rocks near the
southern boundary of the Gwanda Greenstone Belt
58
GWERU DISTRICT
Resources.Unassessed.

(21°00’S 28°58*E)
97 MOORD SPRUIT MARBLE
Location. The occurrence lies on Moord Spruit Farm, 9.6 km SSW of Gwanda
, and exposed near the south edge
-
Geology There are two easterly trending lenses, separated along strike by 700 m of schist
.
of the Gwanda Greenstone Belt.

(20°53’S 29°07’E)
98 MVANI MARBLE
Location. The deposit lies 1.5km eastof the homestead on Mvani Farm,south of the -
Mkashi River, and near the north eastern
comer of Exchange Farm, Gwanda.
.
Resources Unassessed.

(20°59’S 28°47*E)
99 TUU MARBLE
River 2 km west of its confluence with
Location.The deposit is situated 22.5 km WSW of Gwanda, to the south of Maleme
theTuli.
.
Geology The marble forms a small triangular shaped body, which is associated -
with banded iron formations of the Gwanda
Greenstone Belt The deposit contains siliceous lenses, and pyrites is present. -
Tyndale Biscoe (1940) recorded the chemical
composition of the marble as:
Composition CaO MgO Insols LOI CaCO, MgCOj

% % % % % % %
49.27 0.81 4.13 7.20 39 A 87.95 1.69
quartz, although reported to be significant, are

Resources. The reserves present in this deposit of marble with some
unassessed.
Lady Una and Magano mines. The deposit was
Production. Lime produced was supplied for the cyaniding of gold at the d:
quarried from 1936 to 1952 with the following annual production being declare
Tonnes XML Tonnes Yea Tonnes

XML 147.8
1936 332.0 1942 8163 1948
1937 218.4 1943 624.0 1949 87.1
1938 612.2 1944 335.6 1950
1951
-
40.8
1939 634.9 1945 59.9
1940 639.4 1946 1773 1952 27.2
1941 702.9 1947 653
GWERU DISTRICT
(19°31’S 29°57’E)
100 DIVIDE MARBLE (?)
Location. Divide Farm, 15 km SE of Gweru .

59
GWERU DISTRICT
.ial from the occurrence was reported by Blackshaw \1922) to contain 68,69% fcaC6,
Geology . Mater
Resources. Unassessed, but in all probability limited.

(19°11’S 29°41*E)
101 FOXTON FARM MARBLE
,
Location. The deposit lies 10 km west of the town of Hunters Road Gweru
.
Geology, Although not noted by Cheshire et al (1977), abody of marble of consid
erable strike -length, but unknown width,
.
is reported to occur on Foxton Farm Analyses showed the marble to contain
:
Insols LGI CaCO, MgCO,

Composition
Source
CaO MgO
% %
*%A % % % %
Golding (1949c) 35.64 4.93 4.56 21.24 32.84 63.61 10.31

33.46 5.02 4.48 24.62 32.83 59.71 10.50
tic marble, are unassessed.

Resources, The reserves contained in this deposit, inferred to be dolomi
Production, None known.

(19°26’S 30o06*E)
102 INDIVA MARBLE
respectively SE of Indiva Railwa y Siding, to
Location. Die deposits occur on the Albany and Hashu farms, 4 and 6.5 km as Lalapanzi.)
the west of the Great Dyke. (The marble occurrences east of the Dyke are known
, and noted that lime produced from the

History. Zeally (1917) gave an excellent description of the marble on Hashu Farm
. ed lime containing less than 42%
-
deposit in coal fired kilns was supplied to Falcon and other mines Falcon Mine penaliz
having greater calcium oxide content
CaO the sum of two pence per unit, but gave a bonus of three pence per unit for lime quarries, but no production figures are
-
Tyndale Biscoe (1939) records that lime had been produced in two kilns from small
available.
Geology The deposits are associated with a series of synformally folded metase
. diments in the Indiva Limb of the Gweru
. These were tentativ ely assigned to the Upper Greenstones
Greenstone Belt, which is broken to the NE by the Great Dyke
- .
of the Bulawayan Group by Tyndale Biscoe (1947) The ENE striking deposit - s, which dip slightly north of vertical, are
itic rocks and are bounded to the north by banded
separated from the granite contact to the south by a thin sequence of psamm
-
iron formations.
The marble occurrence on Hashu Farm extends over a distance of over 2 km and
is reported to be 30 80 m wide. The
-
randomly from the two old quarries on the
central six metres is stated to be impure. The average of 88 specimens collected
deposit by McGibbon (1948), an analysis of a sample taken over a width of 16.6 -
m by Tyndale Biscoe (1949) and one
conducted for the Japan Consulting Institute (1988) are reported below:
Composition CaO MgO Rfl , Insols LOI CaCO, MgCO,

% % % % % % %
Source
McGibbon (1948)
Av. 88. 4930 2.87 - - - 88.10
88.43
6.00
2.28
.
J.C I. (1988)
-
Tyndale Biscoe (1949) 53.14
49.85
1.09
3.00
1.44
1.23
4.12
1.82
40.07
44.10 89.01 6.27
be of similar width to that on Hashu Farm.

The deposit on Albany Farm is about 1.5 km in length and believed to
samples analysed, in which the MgO value
McGibbon (1948) states that by excluding the results of nine of the random .
% CaO and 2.87% MgO
exceeded 4.25%, the average value of the marble could be reduced to 49.6
with minor silica. The reserves of the
Resources. The above analyses indicate that the deposits contain magnes marblemillion tonnes respectively
ian
Albany and Hashu bodies were calculated by McGibbon (1948) to be 1.8 and
2.8 .
following colonization of the country is unknown.
Production. The quantity of the marble quarried in the early years .
in 1974 from the Hashu deposit
However, a production of 400.8 tonnes was declared in 1973 and 567.9 tonnes
60
GWERU DISTRICT
103 KEYNSHAMBURC ESTATE CALCRETE (19°17fS 29°37’E)
Location. The occurrence lies on Keynshamburg Estate Farm, about 30.5 km NW of Gweru.
Geology. A sample from the deposit was analysed and shown to contain:
Composition CaO MgO R O, Insols LOI CaCO, MgCO,

Source % % ^
% % % % %
Golding (1941 ) 39.76 2.66 3.42 18.78 34.92 70.96 5.56
.
Resources The reserves contained in this deposit of impure magnesian calcrete are unassessed.
104 LALAPANZI MARBLE (19°23*S 30°12’E)
.
Location The deposit occurs on Killamey and Partridge farms, about 6.5 km SSE ofLalapanzi Station, to the east of the
Great Dyke. (The claims to the west of the Great Dyke are referred to as the Indiva Marble Deposit)
History. The marble was pegged as the Beacon, Easter, Killamey and Rydal claims. The Rydal were registered in January
1936, the Killamey in July 1938 and the Beacon in July 1949 by C.A.Fawcett Production began on the Rydal claims in l'936
and on the Killamey in 1938. The Beacon claims were not worked until 1957. Lime was produced and sold to gold mines,
-
notably the Globe and Phoenix, for cyaniding purposes and for the manufacture of lime silica bricks in the Capital.
Geology. The marbles, which occur in the synformal Indiva Section of the Gweru Greenstone Belt, were tentatively assigned
-
to the Upper Greenstones of the Bulawayan Grotq> by Tyndale Biscoe (1949). The claims consist of ENE striking massive
-
- - -
beds of light todark blue grey, fine tocoarse grained marble, which dip steeply to thenorth, Cherty quartz veins arc present
The marble lies 400 m north of the contact between the granite and greenstone belt and is bounded on the south by banded
-
iron formations and to the north by talc schist The better quality marble reported to occur towards the northern side of the
- .
deposit which is 250 300 m thick and 650 m long In places the exposure is concealed by up to 10 m of overburden The .
chemical analyses listed below were obtained from samples of marble taken from the claims:
Composition CaO MgO Insols LOI C«CO, MgOO,

Source % % % % % % %
Golding (1946c) 50.20 1.62 131 4.71 41.20 89.69 3.39

48.00 2.01 1.87 7.75 39.86 85.67 430
49.85 1.85 M3 5.16 41.27 88.97 3.87
50.00 2.01 130 4.53 4133 89.24 4.20
47.60 138 2.23 931 38.92 84.95 2.89
46.72 0.96 1.71 12.60 37.83 8338 301
51.60 0.85 1.10 4.42 41.56 92.10 1.78
49.86 037 135 8.40 39.80 88.99 1.19
Tyndale-Biscoe
(1949) 45.74 3.46 4.90 6.40 39.80 81.63 7.24
3735 0.87 1.70 30.12 3032 66.66 1.82
51.58 2.10 1.04 2.34 42.90 92.06 439
4930 2.79 1.78 3.74 41.89 8835 5.83
Wont (1965a) 4630 2.90 1.90 11.00 38.00 82.60 6.10
4930 3.60 130 4.30 41.40 88.40 7.50
50.00 2.10 1.40 3.90 42.10 89.30 4.40
49.80 0.60 130 7.80 40.00 88.90 1.30
Additionally, Phaup(1959) records that in 1955 the Mines Department collected 49 samples, which ranged from 33.6%
to 51.2% CaO and averaged 48.2% CaO.
-
Resources. The reserves remaining in this silica rich deposit of predominantly magnesian marble, from which 51 637,6
tonnes were quarried from 1936 to 1969,are significant, being in the region of 438 million tonnes per 10 m mining depth.
Production. The declared outputs of the claims were:
61
HARARE DISTRICT
Year Killamev Rvdal Total Year Killamey Rvdal lattl
(tonnes! (tonnes! (tonnes! (tonnes!
( tonnes! (tonnes!
1936 1306.4 13064 1953 16444 16444
1937 1408.6 1408.6 1954 1841.2 18413
1938 164.2 1 998.1 21623 1955 43673 4 3673
1939 1642.6 1642.6 1956 2945.0 1407.7 4352.7
1940 1564.6 1564.6 1957 3 755.0* 3 755,0
1941 988.6 362.8 1 3514 1958 19483* 19483
1942 10793 10793 1959 1 299.7* 1299.7
1943 879,8 879.8 1960 11753* 11753
1944 417.2 1993 616.7 1961 419.0* 419.0
1945 272.1 272,1 1962
1946 544.2 544.2 1963
1947 1904.7 272.1 2 176.8 1964
1948 1 088.4 1995.4 3 083.8 1965 1814* 1814
1949 312.9 2 648.4 2 9613 1966 5713* 5713
1950 526.1 16823 2 208.6 1967 589.7* 589.7*
1951 2 811.7 2 811.7 1968 4283* 4283*
1952 25893 1814 2 770.9 1969 2017* 202.7
* 1957 to 1969 production declared with Beacon.
* Lime produced from the deposit was reported to possess the following properties:

Source % % % % %
Golding (1934b) 68.76 238 140 2.16 25.11

Anon (1953a) 72.66 0.86 3.75 741 13.96
SAFAGO CALCRETE (19°31fS 30°CXrE)

105
Location. Safago Farm, 22 km SE of Gweru .

.
Geology Analysis showed that the occurrence contains:

Source % % % % % % %
Blackshaw (1922) 5330 0.75 046 0.90 44.69 95.00 136

48.80 1.44 - -
- 87.14
- 86.85
3,02
48.64 136 - 336
, are unassessed.
Resources. The reserves contained in this occurrence, inferred to be magnesium-rich calcrete
.
HARARE DISTRICT
(17°47*S 31°09’E)
106 ATHLONE MARBLE
boundary with Pangoula and
Location. The deposit, as indicated by Fig. 18, is situated on Gletwyn Farm, near its southern
Stemblick farms, 17 km ENE of Harare.
History. The Athlone 9 and 10 Claims are held by Circle Cement, who have sunk four borehole
s, inclined at 60°, along the
deposit .
Geology.The kilometre long arcuate body of marble is exposed along the western slope of
- an easterly trending banded iron -
formation ridge. These metasediments, as described by Baldock (in prep .), are containe d in the Arcturus branch of the Harare
Greenstone Belt The marble, which in places is covered by 15 30 m of overbur
,
den, -
is contami
analyses
nated with lenses and nodules
indicate d consist of an 83 m -
of siliceous material. The boreholes intersected marble up to 184.5 m thick which
central core of purer marble enveloped by dolomite rich material . -
Tyndale Biscoe (1952 ) -
reported the following chemical
62
HARARE DISTRICT
determination:
Composition CtO MgO
_
R 0, Insols LOI CsCO, MgCO.
% % % % % % %
50.1 U 5.6 4 J6 39.0 894 Z7

inated with aluminium, iron and
Resources. litis analysis implies that the occurrence contains magnesian marble contam from 72 84%
.
silicon compounds The central body of purer marble is stated by Circle Cement to
contain - CaCOr Assuming
4eagth the deposi t contain s some 1.6 million
that thiscan be exploited overan averagewidth of 80 m along 750 m of its strike tonnag»e of dolomite rich marble would also
-
tonnes of low dolomite content marble per 10 m mining depth An equiva
lent . -
be available.
.
Production None declared .
Saint Ignatlu*
N Coii*g*
"
CHISHAWASHA
^
ATHLONE POPE
SUCK CAST
BOB:
Chlthawaiha
**°*4 EXPLANATION
/ AMOARA
CHIKUKUB1 OUBCRVIE £2»
\ M*rbt»
Qtwry
MANDARA \
Cam ant
Work* Scat # of kilomatraa
0 1 * ? *
. , preparation)
FIG 18. Marble localities east of Harare (after Baldock in
.
(17°34’$ 30°53’E)
107 BROCK PARK MARBLE
.
Location The principal belt of marble runs in a NNE direction for a distance of over 5.5 km, across Estes Park, Manyuki,
.
Brock Park and Belford Estate No 3 farms, The southernmost paction of the
deposit lies within a kilometre of Passaford
Siding, which is less than 40 km by nil from Harare.
-
History.Tyndale Biscoe of the Geological Survey reported the analytical results
.
trenchcolksctedduringaviatin October1928 TheRhosilica Brick andTileComp,
of samples obtained from a traverse and
any pegged threeclaimsover thenorthern
portion of the occurrence; the Bellevue and Brock Park 1 and 2 blocks J Brome ..
ly farm owner, then pegged the Brock Park
.
3 and 4 claims to the aouth of the homestead An unpegged strike of over 1000
m existed between the claims of these two
concerns. name by Circle Cement, has been
The portion of the deposit lying on Brock Park Farm, held under claims in that
along the marble body by the RhosilicaBrick
investigated by an adit, lOmlong,and boreholes.Twelve drillholes were sunk
.. drilled at an angle of 45°. The position of the
and Tile Company. With the exception of B H 5, which was vertical all were , B H 2, bored to a depth of 40 m, was the
,
. ..
adit and boreholes are indicated on Fig.19 Not surprisingly, given its locatiofrom BJL3 is reported to have been of poor
n
only drillhole that fiuled to penetrate marble Howev er.
, the marble recove red
.
. ..
quality and was not analysed Excluding B H 2,die total length drilled was
approximately 705 m The results of conqxnile
analyses obtained from each drillhole were reported by Stuttard (1948) as:
63
HARARE DISTRICT
B .H. Depth CaO MgO RA Insols LOI CftCO, MgCO,
m % % % % % % %
1 67.1 38.52 1.59 5.90 22.40 31.98 68.75 3.32

4 88.7 38.00 1.55 5.18 24.52 3 L54 67.82 3.24
5 57.0 37.55 1 /00 5.88 25.08 30.57 67.03 2.09
6 70.1 33.84 2.53 5.56 28.50 29.38 60.30 5.29
A 104.5 37.98 Z02 4.30 23.60 32.03 67.78 4.22
B 89.0 35.12 1.56 4.52 28.52 29.86 62.68 3.26
C 62.2 33.95 2.28 5.60 28.40 29.63 60.59 4.77
D 59.7 35.44 1.02 4.34 29.92 28.90 63.61 2.13
F 21.3 28.60 2.05 8.68 3648 24.70 51.04 4.29
AV 36.30 1.89 5.16 26.36 30.48 64,83 3.54
Salisbury Portland Cement drilled a further six boreholes, totalling some 1050 m , but the results of this
exploration are
unknown.
The northern portion of the depositlying on Belford Estate No.3 Farm, which is held by Circle Cement as
the Bel Claims,
has never been investigated by (hilling.
Geology.Two narrow bodies of marble, which lie 250 m apart, are present. Both strike in a NNE direction.They occur
within
a metasedimentary sequence of Bulawayan age, primarily composed of phyllite, and form ridges which rise
to 30 m above
, deposit,
the surrounding country rocks. The eastern deposit is 5.5 km long and dips almost vertically whilst the
western
(in prep
a kilometre or so long, dips steeply to the west. The regional geology of the area is described Baldock whitish bands,
by .).
-
The occurrence is described as being composed of blue grey, finely crystalline, siliceous marble with
which characteristically contains small, intercalated lenses of phyllite and silica. The results of chemical
analyses obtained
on samples from the deposit are given below:
% % % % %
Source
Blackshaw (1923)
%
50.00
%
0.97 9.09
_ _ 89.28 2.03
Tyndale-Biscoe
( 1928) Av.12 47.40 1.99 3.66 7.75 39.14 84.59 4.16
Barlow (1936) 24.56 3.20 10.76 40.72 20.28 43.85 6.69
44.08 1.01 5.38 13.26 36.04 78.71 211
Stuttard ( 1948) 39,20 - 4.20 18,60 - 70.00 -
Golding ( 1949h) 45.92 0.29 2.74 15.02 36.45 81.92 0.52
34.68 0.05 6.04 32.00 27.67 61.89 0.11
from siliceous
Resources. The analytical results obtained from borehole and other samples indicate that the deposit varies
marble to magnesian marble and is rich in aluminium and iron. On the assumption that each
body can be mined to a depth
of 10 m over an average width of 75 m , it is estimated that in the western body 2 million tonnes of marble
are available and
in the eastern body 11 million tonnes.
Golding (1948c) reported the insoluble residue content, obtained from a combined composite sample from
boreholes
1 and 2 after sodium carbonate fusion, to contain:
%
Weight Insoluble Residue 24.263
After Fusion : SKDa 22.00

AJA 0.90
F«A 0.90
Alkalis 0.43
Total 24.23
In the light of this,
The high silica to alumina ratio showed the marble to be unsuitable for the production of cement
methods for reducing the proportion of silica to lime were explored. Stuttard (1948 ), using marble feed containing 39.2%
were obtained using 900 gm sodium
CaO and 18.6% Si02 ground to minus 0.212 mm size, found the best flotation results
per
silicate, 450 gm oleic acid and 450 gm cresylic acid as reagents tonne of marble . With these a concentra te containing
67.5% by weight of the original material, with a content of 45.42% CaO and 8.64 % SiOa , was produced .
From these tests it was concluded that, “ the flotation of (crystalline) limestone for the elimination of silica in cemerft
manufacture is a practical operation and is not likely to increase the local costs of manufact ure to an extent which would
64
HARARE DISTRICT
N,
$
4
I
I%
BELFORD ESTATE 0*3 Tataguru Siding
k
s
o
Sia
BHF . .
B.H. D
B.H.C
X oe
X a. V 0. H.B
s B. HA
4$k RYDAL
i
¥J r«*&
\
X BROCK
N PARK
M B. H.fl X
X
B. H . B \
B. H.4
X
X B.H.3
B. H.
B.H.1 SPAIN OVALE
n >X
*/ oA
t X
X 54
X V
«6
5 Passaford X vr
N
SPA
_N
ta
Q
A
_ oA
o
riQ
Siding
MANYUK I
xS>:3A&ft
m
£
3 .T
% SURANY
H. ESTES
PARK
PASSAFORD
FAIRVIEW
MADZUOETU
l
_
. .sJ i
SCBIB of kilomotror
? i
tor
4 S
J
EXPLANATION
Aeftwer fine
^^ Merbie
Dotertm
I "I
IS> Queny
• Borehole
—— District boundary - itf D/p, emount
, preparation)
in degree*
.
no. tt. Marble Deposits of Brock Park, Passaford and Mata (altar Baldock in
65
HARARE DISTRICT
render the whole process uneconomic** . However, further work, including large scale testing under the supervision of a
chemical engineer was recommended.
. ,
Production Theoccurrence was wotted from 1936 to 1940 and 1954 to 1958 with
a total of 29024.8 tonnes being produced.
The annual figures declared are given below:
Xfiff Tonne* X&x Tonnes

1936 1589.2 1954 40253
1937 2444.9 1955 3438.4
1938 14063 1956 7433.8
1939 1930.1 1957 1824.9
1940 1167,8 1958 3764.1
:
A sample of time produced from the deposit was shown by Golding (1949a to contain
)

Source % % % % %
80.04 139 636 10.22 1.25
(18°14*$ 30°48’E)
108 DUNKIRK CALCRETE
Location. Dunkirk Farm, Beatrice .

.
Geology The only information is the following chemical determination:
Insols LOI CaCO, MgCOj
Composition CaO MgO
%
RA
% % % % %
Source %
Golding (1946e) 33.88 0.93 230 34.22 28.03 60.49 1.94
e, are unassessed.
Resources. The reserves contained in this occurrence, inferred to be siliceous calcret
.
(17°36*S 30°52’E)
10» FAIR VIEW MARBLE
Location. The marble body is situated along the common boundary between the
.
Fairview and Estes Park farms, Harare
lated within Bulawayan metasediments

Geology.This small, lenticular deposit, which dips at 50° to the SE, occurs interca
of the Mazowe Greenstone Belt
.
(17*44*S 30*57*E)
110 GOOD HOPE CALCRETE
Location Good Hope Farm, Mount Hampden, Harare .

) contain 91.43% CaCO, and 3.10% insoluble
Geology. A sample from the deposit was reported by Blackshaw (1922 to
matter.
Resources. Unassessed, but probably limited .
(17°39’S 31*07’E)
111 JOSEPHINE MARBLE
Forest Farm, 29 km NW of Harare,
Location The occurrence ties on Rietpoort Farm, along the boundary with Glen
66
HARARE DISTRICT
History. The claims were originall y pegged for beryl -
in 1959. These were re registered, and later worked, by G and W
the mining conducted, “ The
Industrial Minerals (Pvt) Ltd during 1975. Morrison (1975) made the following comments on work has been done An .
present owners are pig rooting the deposit in a shockingly wasteful manner and no explorato
ry
- of 10 m . Overburden has not been
irregular open cut has exposed the main ore along a strike of 70 m to a maximum depth
stripped prior to ‘quarrying’ and is already causing problems. The present venture seems doomed to failure due to the
drilling and has a considerable
inefficient mining methods. However, the deposit is still considered to be worth diamond potential as an ornamental
tonnage potential as reported by Harrison (1973)” . The latter suggested that the property had
marble producer and recommended drilling three boreholes to prove the resourc es.
one Belt, and rises some
Geology The lenticular body occurs within greenstones and metasediments of the Harare Greenst
. , NW parallel to the regional trend of
30 40 m above the valley floor to the east and north of it The deposit which strikes
- »
the surrounding rocks, has an average width of 17 m over most of its 90 m length . To the north the contact rocksare greenstone
and banded iron -
formatio n are found. The
intercalated with metasediments, whilst to the south exposures of greenston e
-
marble is fine grained and exhibits fine scale banding in white and shades of grey . Small dark inclusio ns of silicate rocks
. l flow folding
are associated with the banding There are excellent examples of tight isoclina at 80 to the SW. . The banding of the marble and
exposed contact with the surrounding country rocks indicate that the body dips °
Harrison (1973) reports the average composition of 20 chip samples analysed as:

% % % % % %
53.20 U0 2.70 1.55 94.96 230
to be 3888 tonnes per metre

Resources. The reserves contained in thisdeposit of magnesian marble were assessed by Harrison
mining depth. A quarry 25 m deep could yield 100 000 tonnes of marble.
Production. During 1975 a production of 722 tonnes was declared .

LOWDALE CALCRETE (17°38*S 31°02’E)
112
Location.The deposit lies on Lowdale Farm , 25 km NNE of Harare.

.
Geology Samples from the occurrence were analysed with the following result
*

Source % % % % % %
Blackshaw (1922) 5038 235 2.62 43.43 89.96 4.91

51.60 1.45 - ,
- 92.14 3.05
, which the analyses imply is of
Resources.Unassessed, but the deposit probably contains only limited resources of calcrete
magnesian composition .
.
(17*47’$ 31°08’E)
113 MANDARA MARBLE
of Harare in the Mandara suburb.
Location. The occurrence, as indicated in Fig. 18 (p. 63), lies 12 km ENE of the centre
water borehole in 1974.
History. The deposit was discovered during the digging of a pipeline trench and drilling of a
exposed on surface, strikes NE
. - -
Geology The medium to coarse grained, white to pale grey coloured marble, which not
is
us between these deposits The .
in the general direction of the Stemblick deposit. It is not believed that the body continuo
is
marble is associated with metasediments of the Harare Greenstone Belt, and is flanked
to the north by ferruginous quartzite .
, 1975) relate to the borehole,
The regional geology of the area is outlined by Baldock (in prep.). The following data
(Stidolph
which yielded 19 000 litres of water per hour;
Depth Description
m
10.97 to 14.23 Washings effervesce.
18.56 Particles of grey ‘limestone* present
2475 Boulder of ‘limestone’ encountered.
35.57 to 4331 Crystalline limestone; bedrock, some with green diopside.
67
HARARE DISTRICT
Radclyffe (1974):
The results of the analyses of two samples from the occurrence were reported by
Insols LOI CaCO, MgCO,
CaO MgO
% %
*%A % % % %
49.7 1.2 0A 92 39 A 88.7 2.5

51.9 1.2 2.2 2.0 423 92.6 2.5
es.
Resources. As indicated, the deposit is of magnesian marble containing some impuriti
.
Production Not worked.
MATE MARBLE ( n°35' S 30°52’E)

114
.
Location. The occurrence is situated on Rydal and Spa farms, Mazowe It lies less than
2 km from railhead at Passaford
Siding on the Harare to Shamva line.
Geology. The regional geology of the deposit is discussed by Baldock (in prep.) The.position of the body is indicated on
.
Fig 19 (p. 65), Circle Cement obtained the following analytical data:

% % % % % % %
52.94 1.10 2.06 1.07 4159 9450 2.30

53.79 0.62 1.87 0.68 42.83 96.02 1.30
52.95 0.75 2.51 0.56 41.66 9452 1.57
51.24 1.44 3.11 2.10 41.00 91.46 3.01
52.66 1.10 2.73 0.69 41.87 94.00 2.30
. reserves contained within

Resources. These results indicate that the deposit varies from marble to magnesian marble The
the occurrence have not been assessed.
.
Production None recorded.
(17 9’S 30°58’E)
115 M’GUTU CALCRETE ^
Location. The occurrence is situated on M*gutu Farm, which lies approximately 25 km NE
of Harare .
Geology.Three analyses showed the composition of the calcrete to be:

Source % % % % % % %
Blackihaw (1922) 5057 1.01 353 1.44 43.45 9030 2.12

49.90 1.77 330 2.83 4220 89.11 3.70
53.40 - - - - 9535 *
Resources. Unassessed, but the reserves are probably limited.

.
(17°35’S 30°54'E)
116 PASSAFORD MARBLE
. 600 m of Passaford Siding on the

Location The deposit lies on the Estes Park and Manyuki farms, and strikes to within
Harare to Shamva railroad. The siding is 39 km by rail north of Harare .
of Manyuki Farm, some hundreds
History.The marble has been exploited in two quarries. The quarry in the NW corner
rks.TheNolan Claimsare centred
of metres NWofPassafordSiding,is believed to have been worked as the LonrhoLimewo
, west of Passaford Siding, and is
.
around this locality The second excavation lies further south along the deposit
to the
been held under the Marblime
reputedly the site of the old Passaford Limeworks. Portions of the occurrence have
also
Claims .
68
HARARE DISTRICT
. -
Geology In physical appearance the marble is a fine grained, blue rock with a well defined bedding structure
. Silicified
,
zones, consisting predominantly of thin veins of quartz cutting across the bedding are present The position of the northerly
trending marble bodies, which dip steeply to the east, are indicated in Fig. 19 .65 The
(p ) .full width of the deposit is not
exposed, but the marble has been quarried across a width of ±12 m in both workings. Intrusion s of dolerite and thin dyke ¬
. ,
like bodies of epidiorite have been noted The regional geology of the area which has recently been re -
mapped , is outlined
reported below:
by Baldock (in prep.) The results of analytical determinations conducted on samples from the deposit are
.
Composition CaO MgO RA Insols LOI CaCO, MgCO.
Source % % % % % % %
tfeymann (1927) 53.00 035 130 3.00 41.70 94.61 0.62

Ferguson
and Wilson(1937) 44.14 137 10.51 4.92 39.08 78.78 3.28
Golding (1946) 25.86 18.46 0.94 15.88 38.75 46.16 38.62
Mooney (1971a)
-Nolan 48.20 2.90 - 3.76 -
-
86.00 6.10
50.00 130 - 3.65 8930 2.70
49.10 2.20 - 3.71 - 87.60 4.60
Mooney (1971b)
-Passaford 47.00 3.20 - 6.48 - 83.90 6.70
50.40 1.3Q - 633 - 89.96 2.70
47.70 2.60 - 5.79 - 85.14 5 A0
48.40 2.40 - 6.20 - 8639 5.00
Resources. The analyses indicate that the deposit contains material rich in iron and silica
. It ranges from marble to
dolomarble, but is on average of magnesian marble composition. The reserves available
following mining, although
unassessed, are considered to be significant.
Production.During the period from 1940 to 1945 a total of 9403.8 tonnes were mined.The annual
production declared was:

1940 461.2 1943 1 619.8
1941 1 743.0 1944 1739.2
1942 2564.1 1945 1276.5
Samples of burnt lime from Passaford were analysed and shown to contain:

Source % % % % %
Ferguson
and Wilson(1937) 85.50 2.10 6,92 236 2.44
Golding (1944) 58.60 4.04 1534 7.21 14.67
POPE MARBLE (17°46*S 31°12VE)

117
of Chishawasha, Gletwyn and
Location. The occurrence, as indicated in Fig. 18 (p.63), is situated near the common beacon
Stemblick farms, Harare.
Geology. No details of the geology of the deposit are available. Analyses gave the followin results
g :

Source % % % % % % %
Brewer (1948) 53.10 0.67 1.60 2.05 42.90 94.80 1.40

Golding (1948e) 38.60 0.90 12.60 16, 12 32.25 68.69 1.90
Resources. The reserves contained in this body of marble are unassessed .

Production. In 1949 production of 0.9 tonnes was declared.
69
HARARE DISTRICT
118 SELBY CALCRETE (17°41’S 30°56’E)
Location. Selby Farm, 30 km NW of Harare.
.
Geology The only information available on the occurrence is the analytical determination recorded below:
Composition CaO MgO R2OJ + Insols LOI CaC03 MgCO,

Source % % % % % %
Blackshaw (1922) 51.66 0.54 4.20 43.60 92.25 1.13
Resources. The reserves contained in this deposit of calcrete have not been assessed.
.
119 SIGARO MARBLE (17°39’S 30°52’E)
Location. The body lies in the northern portion of Sigaro Farm, some 5.5 km NW of Selby Siding on the Harare to Shamva
railroad.
Geology. This small, northerly-striking, lenticular body reported to be of siliceous marble, is intercalated within
metasediments of Bulawayan age in the Mazowe Greenstone Belt. Along its northern and southern margins it is associated
-
with sequences of banded iron formation.
120 STERNBUCK MARBLE (17°47’S 31°12*E)
Location. The deposit, as indicated by Fig. 18 (p. 63), crosses from Chikurubi Farm on to Marmora and Stemblick farms
at their common junction, and then runs east, along the boundary between these two properties, for over a kilometre before
-
swinging north westwards on to the latter. The occurrence lies only 15 km ENE of Harare and 5 km north of the railhead
at Mabvuku Siding on the Harare to Mutare line.
History. The marble on Stemblick Farm was discovered in 1923, and a syndicate entitled the Stemblick Marble Works was
formed shortly afterwards to exploit the deposit. The occurrence, parts of which were previously owned by the Arcturns
Aggregate Company and D. Edwards, is now held under claims registered to Circle Cement Marble was first quarried from
Stemblick in 1938, and apart from 1955 and 1956, when no production was declared, the deposit has been exploited
continuously .
-
Geology. The body of marble is situated in the Arcturns Limb of the Harare Greenstone Belt. The coarse grained, pale to
dark grey marble, which is poorly exposed away from the quarries, possesses a general easterly strike and dips at 30-85°
to the north. Where exposed near the eastern boundary of Chikurubi Farm the marble is complexly folded, with both large
.
and small scale isoclinal folding causing localized inversion of the stratigraphic sequence Tight folding is also evident in
-
other localities, as in ‘B’ Quarry where it occurs on a west trending axis. This tight folding results in the thickening of the
.
marble about the fold nose of a synform plunging to the west and causes local complications in the structure
-
The deposit, as indicated by Fig. 20, is overlain by banded iron formation to the north, from which it is locally separated
-
by limited developments of decomposed phyllite, coarse grained psammite and minor metabasaltic greenstone. To the
. -
south the footwall is formed by schistose, felsic metavolcanic rocks and the Tafara Granite An off shoot and veins from
this stock intrudethe marble body.Baldock (in prep.), in addition to discussing the regional geology of the deposit, describes
the main lithologies present as:
‘‘High grade ‘limestone’ containing in excess of 80% calcium carbonate and less than 5% magnesium carbonate;
dolomitic ‘limestone* with at least 10% magnesium carbonate;
-
calc silicate rock randomly interbedded with ‘high quality limestone’;
felsic schist formed from deformed acid metavolcanics;
pelite, largely composed of feldspars, minor biotite, muscovite, amphiboles and iron oxides;
- -
granites and pegmatites which occur as two semi concordant sheets less than 5 m thick and dipping at 35 45° to the
NW.”
-
Calc silicate rocks are common in the quarry, being the product of local contact metamorphism between the originally
calcareous sediments and granite. They are best developed along marble and pelite contacts, with diopside, epidote,
70
3 I ° ir East FIG. 20.
Geological Map of the Area Around B

ATHLONE MARBLE
STERNBLICK QUARRY GLETWYN E Section E-E across the MAIN OUARRY
HARARE N
STERNBLICK QUARRY
B
'r>
r
~
/ 55 »
"STERNBLICK
EAST MARBLE
(S.P.C. claims) ( BE) Section BE-BE across the “ B" QUARRY BE)
NW SE
STERNBLICK QUARRY
B
Partgoula
lTi
S T \E R N B vf L I C K
^^ =======-^.
w
7
l£
' *j
V BE
Y STERNBLICK MARBLE
N
^^ ^ BE
QUARRY
f
CHIKURUBI
MARMORA
HARARE DISTRICT
grossular garnet, hornblende, tremolite, vesuvianite and wollastonite being amongst the minerals formed. Zoning in thecalc*
silicate bands is common, with the colour being determined by detailed mineralogy. These calc-silicate assemblages were,
investigated by Kalbskopf and Treloar (1983), who also reported the uneconomic presence of accessor schedite
y
molybdenite and other sulphides.
The marble present within the deposit was classified for cement production purposes by Circle Cement as:
High Grade : >80% CaCOr <5% MgCO,
Low Grade : <80% CaCO,, >5% MgC03
The following analytical results were determined by the Geological Survey Department between 1923 and 1944:
Composition CaO MgO
*%A Insols LOI CaCO, MgCO ,
Source % % % % % %
Harrison (1923) 51.12 2.20 148 2.97 4231 91.23 4.60

1.74 2.58 4231 92.45 1.92
<
Golding 1939d)
Golding (1943a)
51.80
48.44
0.92
037 2.64 8.24 39.22 86.45 0.77
Golding (1944a) 54.88 0.06 0.84 1.00 43.12 97.95 0.11
50.84 2.29 136 2.72 4231 90.74 4.97
33.12 1436 5.80 0.96 4431 59.11 30.03
32.08 16.74 436 1.20 44.82 57.25 35.00
32.48 17.95 232 1.16 4532 57.96 3734
Golding (1944b) 53.00 030 1.16 2.46 42.23 94.59 1.05
Golding (1944c) 29.74 1331 4.60 13.40 38.41 53.07 28.25
34.40 1434 5.24 2.04 43.67 61.39 30.40
50.40 136 2.80 3.60 41.04 89.95 2.85
48.40 3.62 2.04 2.08 42.48 86.38 737
47.84 4.06 2.92 1.92 42.26 8538 849
50.98 0.97 2.92 3.48 41.10 90.99 2.03
Golding (1944d) 31.44 14.99 4.60 6.04 42.02 56.11 3135
Golding (1944f ) 34.80 14.79 3.72 2.00 43.69 6132 30.93
40.24 1147 2.60 1.24 44.10 71.82 23.98
Golding (1944g) 54.00 T 1.40 1.64 42.88 9638 T
52.44 030 2.16 2.24 41.72 9339 1.05
38.34 11.40 2.84 2.48 4332 68.42 23.84
Golding (1944h) 54.60 T 1.08 0.92 42.86 97.45 T
53.00 T 2.24 1.88 42.14 9439 T
48.60 239 3.20 3.24 4132 86.74 5.00
Golding (19441) 52.20 0.20 2.20 3.24 41.19 93.17 042
Golding (1944j) 54.20 T 130 1.00 43.38 96.74 T
45.00 030 1.52 16.60 35.94 8031 1.05
45.96 5.24 3.20 3.06 41.79 8103 10.96
Golding (1944k) 51.48 0.82 1.24 432 4136 91.88 1.72
53.12 035 1.60 2.04 42.10 94.79 0.73
Golding (19441) 53.68 0.43 0.92 1.92 42.54 95.67 0.89
33.16 0.15 1.20 38.12 26.88 59.18 031
54.68 043 1.68 2.12 4132 97.46 0.89
47.90 0.73 1.70 9.72 40.10 85.49 133
Golding (1944m) 52.00 0.40 2.76 1.88 41.95 9181 0.84
53.64 0.23 2.04 1.64 42.60 95.74 0.48
Golding (1944n) 27.00 T 1.84 48.96 21.40 48.18 T
36.60 T 2.80 30.60 28.83 65.32 T
41.20 T 1.76 25.12 31.76 7133 T
45.34 T 1.68 1632 35.57 80.90 T
Average 45.60 3.96 239 6.96 41.19 9431 8.29
Range 27.00 T 0.84 0.92 21.40 48.18 T

54.88 -17.95 -5.80 -
48.96 -4532 -97.95 -3734
commonly rich in insoluble
Resources , The analytical data available indicate that the composition of the deposit, which is
Cement Ltd give the average grade of marble worked
and R,0, minerals, ranges from marble to calcic dolomarble Circle
.
as:
71
HARARE DISTRICT
CaO MgO RA Insols LOI CaCO, MgCO,
% % % % % % %
44.22 1.89 5.46 1535 32.88 78.93 3.95
The total reserves of marble remaining in the deposit are in the region of 14 million tonnes. Approximately 56% of this,
some 7.8 million tonnes, are stated to be suitable for the manufacture of cement
.
Production A total of 66 796 987.4 tonnes of marble has been reported quarried from Stemblick from 1938 to 1987. This
has been used as aggregate, for agricultural purposes and in the manufacture of cement. The annual production figures
declared are given below:
1938 421.8 1955 - 1972 199920.0
1939 1780.4 1956 - 1973 200323.0
1940 14204 1957 35 919.5 1974 137 591.0
1941 1 757.8 1958 154557.3 1975 210434.0
1942 2 312.9 1959 194 8553 1976 233 648.0
1943 2 316.5 1960 206 860.4 1977 271 477.0
1944 2588.6 1961 196 506.1 1978 198 856.0
1945 3 589.9 1962 96 691.6 1979 272484.0
1946 1543.7 1963 110 891.6 1980 259 525.0
1947 1 106.5 1964 103 6084 1981 424801.0
1948 761.9 1965 807874 1982 463 839.0
1949 535.1 1966 1118973 1983 375 911.0
1950 888.9 1967 158 5543 1984 426 731.0
1951 258.5 1968 177 8453 1985 429 935.0
1952 4263 1969 183 382.7 1986 361 626.0
1953 535.1 1970 165 920.2 1987 423 614.0
1954 290.2 1971 169459.9
A total of 9341.3 tonnes of marble were mined from the Chikurubi portion oftheoccurrence in the early 1960s.The annual
production tonnages reported were: 1962, 6017.8 tonnes; 1963, 939.7 tonnes; 1964, 2381.8 tonnes .
The results of complete analysis conducted on samples of burnt lime from Stemblick Lime Works are recorded below:
Composition CaO MgO Insols MnO CQ2 C HaO
Source % % % % % % % %
Golding (1938) 80.66 131 3.16 446 0.97 332 T 5.60

Golding (1939c)
Golding (1939f )
7938 1.12
7934 1.72
2.02
2.84
3.62
4.84
-
0.82
339 10.16
5.00 - 4.80
-
Golding (1939h) 69.00 1.09 2.76 4.00 0.91 15.69 T 6.60
Golding (I944p) 91.20 0.22 2.64 2.32 1.24 1.68 T 1.00
Golding (1944q) 85.66 0.60 3.72 4.60 139 1.04 T 3.28
Golding (1946j) 62.00 139 336 3.40 UO 17.89 T 10.89
.
Between July 1938 and October 1946 E Golding of the Geological Survey Department analysed the calcium oxide
.
121
—
content of 121 samples of lime, including the results given above Their average content of calcium oxide is 62.50%, and
the range 18.34 91.20%.
STERNBUCK EAST MARBLE (17°46’S 31°12*E)
Location. Ibis development of marble,as indicated on Fig.18 (p.63), runs southwards from the easternmost boundary point
on Pangoula Farm along the eastern portion of Stemblick Farm. The occurrence lies less than 17 km ENE of Harare.
History The deposit, which is held by Circle CementastheS.P.C.Claims, was investigated by that company in three drilling
.
campaigns between 1955 and 1971 during which a total of 54 boreholes were sunk. Details of these are given below:
Borehole Vertical Inclined Total Combined

Campaign Depth (m)
1955 - 1956 17 10 27
_
1959
1969 - 1971
-
19
3
5
3
24 13853
-
72
HURUNOWE DISTRICT
of overburden. Borehole findings indicate
Geology The marble is not exposed at surface, being buried beneath up to 30 m
.
-
that the deposit strikes NNE for a distance of 1.5 km and dips at 50 60° to
.
the west The drillholes intersected marble over
. -
The coarse gained, grey marble, which
115 m in thickness, but proved that the deposit thins both laterally and with depth ne
- greensto schist, is intruded by pegmatites and
contains thin, discontinuous intercalations of banded iron formation and ..
small granitic bodies. The regional geology of the deposit is discussed by Baldock (in prep ) As illustrated by Fig. 21 (p.
74), the quality of the marble varies throughout the body .
Analyses of the borehole samples indicate the average quality of the marble
to be:

% % % % % % %
48.80 0.87 4.59 9.51 36.23 87.11 1 ,82
inated by siliceous material rich in aluminium

Resources, This estimate classifies the deposit as containing marble contam
and iron. As stated the deposit decreases both laterally and with depth
. However, by quanying the occurrence to a depth
4 million tonnesof marble could be produced.
of 50 m only where it is thickest, for about 100 m along the 300 m of strike over
,
Production. Not worked.
HURUNGWE DISTRICT
(17°13’S 29°28*E)
122 GAROWA CALC TUFA
Location., The deposit is situated along the banks of the tributary that flows down
a steep sided valley into the Mtshowe River,
about 2.5 km SE of Garowa Hill.
History. The occurrence was formerly known as the Mount Fletcher deposit Garow
a Hill was called Mount Fletcher prior
Development Company Ltd for proposed use in the
to Independence. The deposit was pegged by the Messina Rhodesia .
Queen claims
reduction of the copper, lead and zinc ores of the Copper King and Copper
about 170 m, attains a thickness in excess
Geology. The calc tufa, which occurs over a length of 800 m across a width of
of 30 m. Witkin (1957) recorded the following analysis:
Composition CaO MgO R2OJ Insols LOI CaCO, MgCO,
% % % % % % %
50.4 0.4 1.5 6.7 39.6 90,0 0.9
Resources. Stagman (1962) estimated the reserves present to be in the

.
region of a million tonnes The analytical result
recorded indicates relatively siliceous calc tufa.

(16°17*S 28°57’E)
123 MARINDAGOMO CARBONATITE (?)
metrical Station, to the NE of Makuti in the
Location. This occurrence lies 6.5 km WNW of Marindagomo Trigono
Hurungwe Safari Area.
up as a radioactive mineral anomaly by both
History. The apparently truncated circular structure, which was picked
Prospecting Ventures Ltd and Saarberg Interplan Uran GmBH under
.
E,P.O ’s 582 and 587 respectively, was identified as
a carbonatite by A.K. Taylor (pers. comm., 1984).
Geology. No further information available.
.
Production None.
73
HI JRUNGWE DISTRICT
v
/
!i
!\
i mm ?
*
/
&
II A
*•
//
V/ .
if A
//
> , '/ *
/ // //
'/< /
/ / //V
/ /
'
s //
/ /
ft
w //
/
Vx\
- /*
/ n
> /
(
n
it
h
W.
\ nl l 58
ti
II
-X Xr i
.
U g §
3
i?
|
l|
Îf! a
w\
/
I zzt
u/%A. I! i
••• I
s
l- ' i i l i l| s 3
I-
\\
\N
W) \ m
Hliiil
i RS |
IS § /
//
1
'
\
4a
>f
w
\u
:i
jfc
t:
It
II
/
i
i
I
^ L
no.
2
S - \N
NS
X\\
\\
ww \
•
ll
ll
/
N> \\
sN 0 11 w
dI
£: /IrA\\\
N\ i //
\
x\ i
I
\ t \
x\
//
//
V\\
\
s\ ! ! \
\V
\V ? n. \\
S
f'i
7M nu
\
\ iaa
\ h
>
\\
w *
74
-
NX Vi * \ ::•
HURUNGWE DISTRICT ,
124 MARANGORA MARBLE (16°irS 29°10 E)
Location Road cutting in the Great North Road approximately 3 km north of Marangora.
. -
Geology. Siliceous marbles of the Makuti Group, which were shown on analysis to contain:
Composition CaO MgO RA Insols LOI CaCOj MgCGj

Source % % % % % % %
Broderick (1985) 40.23 032 1.25 2534 32.09 71.81 0.67

37.59 032 0.47 32.69 29.41 67.10 0.46
39.28 0.12 034 29.73 3039 54.25 0.25
Resources The reserves of siliceous marble present are reported to be limited.

.
Production. None.
125 MARBLES OF THE TENG WE RIVER GROUP

are centred 30 km SSE
Location.These occurrences lie in the remotely situated southern portion of Hurungwe District and
away to the ESE.
of Karoi. The nearest railway siding is at Lions Den on the Chinhoyi to Harare line over 45 km
History In late 1912 AJ.C. Molyneaux of the Geological Survey investigated the area making a
, compass traverse and
. l map of the country .
A.M McGregor
collecting specimens. In order to obtain information for a new edition of the geologica
was despatched by the Department on a reconnaissance visit in December 1945 .
He believed the Tengwe River Group,
Lomagun di age , to belong to the Umkond o. The
which was interpreted to rest unconformably on granites and rocks of
samples collected during this exercise were found to be suitable for cement manufac ture , with hundreds of millions of tonnes
investigate the area more
of resources considered mineable at shallow depths. As a result A.G. Stagman was sent to Urungwe District,in 1962 .
thoroughly. This work culminated in the publication of Bulletin 55 , The Geology of the Southern
many private concerns,
Knowledge of large reserves of cement quality calcium carbonate prompted interest from
including the predecessors of Circle and United Portland Cement. From 1 July 1955 to 30 June 1957
.
the latter held E P.G.
. the Tengwe Gate area,
32 for limestone and gypsum. This Order as outlined
, by Fig 22, occupied 12.4 knPof land covering
.
drilling Further investigations
and the exploration undertaken included 3650 m of shallow trenching and 395 mof diamond
were undertaken on behalf of United Portland Cement during 1984 and 1985. These included the
drilling of 13 boreholes
in the Tengwe Gorge area, with six holes being sunk on the Gomba Claims and seven
.
in the Gorge Unfortunately, the
geologist contracted to conduct the investigations left the country, and to date no report has been received
by the Company .
Nyaruch* Zvarayt
Hilt
School
Seals of kilomatrat
1 0 1 2 3 4 S
E.P.O. 32
(12.4 km1)
FIG. 22. E.P .O. 32. Tengwe Gate.
.
Geology Stagman (1962) assigned the rocks to the Upper Series of the ‘Lomagundi
System’ in a threefold division. He
described the carbonate bearing basal ‘Calcareous Stage’ as being chiefly compose d of metadolostone with widespread,
though subidiary, horizons of marble, metamarlstone,slate and rare beds of chert and quartzite .
These were reported to rest
-
predominantly on ancient meta arkoses and less frequently on arkoses of the Deweras or gneissic .
granite The distribution
75
HURUNGWE DISTRICT
of these deposits, which are divided into separate blocks by extensive faulting, are depicted on the geological map described
by Bulletin 55. Theoverall structure displayed, especially by the overlying quartzites which have withstood internal folding,
-
is one of gentle warping much disrupted by faulting. Stagman records that the marble is basally relatively dolomite free.
-
Initially it was considered that the purer marble belonged to a younger system than the dolomite rich rocks, as in many
-
exposures well bedded, gently folded marbles were observed torest on structureless, magnesium rich marbles, but this was
later attributed to differences in competency.
-
The generally very fine grained, often banded, white, cream, pale green, pale pink and rarely reddish marbles are
-
interbedded with micaceous pelitic and psammitic rocks. The overlying dolomite rich marbles, which rarely exhibit
-
bedding, are usually very fine grained and pale grey, white or pink in colour. Exposures frequently possess a grey to black
weathered coat which, as the rock is often silicified, typically exhibits elephant hide weathering. The reddish to purple
coloured metamarlstones, which frequently form low hilly terrain, are composed of finely banded alternating layers of
-
calcium carbonate and silica rich material. These rocks are stated to be virtually confined to the Badze, Futu and Tengwe
river valleys west of the Bashungwi Range. Significant deposits of calc tufa occur in the area.
-
Resources. The resources of the principal known marble localities, 125A 125H, in the Tengwe River Group are discussed
individually below .
125A CHIDAMOYO MARBLE (17° irS 29°09’E)
The Chidamoyo Claims were situated in hilly country 6 km SW of Chidamoyo Mission and immediately south of the road
about 2.5 km SW of the Msuki River Crossing. The marble, which ranges in colour from light grey to black, is associated
stone, but the resources were never assessed

-
with metasediments that dip in a NE at 45 80°. The marble was considered of potential as a building, facing and ornamental
.
I25B FTJLECHI MARBLE (17°12'S 29°04*E)
A specimen of dolomarble collected 0.6 km NNE of the confluence of the Fulechi and Rengwe rivers was analysed andshown
to contain:
Composition CaO MgO R203 Insols LOI CaCG3 MgC03

Source % % % % % % %
Stagman (1962) 293 21.2 0.9 2.6 453 523 443
125C KAWAYA GATE MARBLE (17°13*S 29°2 rE)
A sample of marble collected 1.6 km SE of Kawaya Gate was analysed and shown to contain:
Composition. CaO MgO RaOa Insols LOI CaCO, MgC03

Source % % % % % % %
Anon ( 1953b) 52.76 Tr 2.07 3.88 41.29 94.18 Tr
125D MDSIMC MARBLE (17°05*S 29°20*E)
The Debe and Munemo claims were located approximately 2.5 km east of Mdsimu Business Centre, immediately NW of
.
the main access road. Theclaim blocks lay close to the northern margin of the Klippe The overall structure of thecalcareous
.
rocks is one of gentle warping disrupted by later faulting Fey (1977) reported that the yellowish to reddish marble in the
- .
Debe Claims forms a horizon some hundred metres wide, which dips SE at 25 40° In thin section a specimen of yellowish
marble with prominent chloritic bedding planes was stated to consist of calcite grains, less than 0.05 mm long, elongated
in the plane of bedding. Scattered fragments of feldspar and subordinate quartz and chlorite were also noted.Stagman (1962)
reported the following chemical determination:
Composition CaO MgO R203 Insols LOI CaCO, MgC03

% % % % % % %
48.8 03 1.1 93 403 87.1 1.1
-
Fey (1977), assuminga strike length of 500 m over a width of 100 m,estimated that 135000 tonnes of marble were present
per vertical metre mined on the Debe Claims alone.
Production of 217.7 tonnes was declared from the Debe Claims in 1959, whilst during 1977 a Mr Parkes mined an
76
HURUNGWE DISTRICT
undisclosed tonnage on a limted scale for building, facing and ornamental stone. The main working was at the western
end
of the Debe Claims, and consisted of a quarry 40 m long by 15 m wide and 8 m deep.
125E MTIR1KATI MARBLE (17°10'S 29°08’E)
-
Although likely to contain large reserves the marble present in the western foothills of the NNE trending Mtirikati
Range
plain,
has never been pegged. These hills, which form an escarpment capped by psammidc rocks rising above a granitic
-
contain an easterly dipping bed of marble up to 30 m thick and extending several kilometres along the strike Basally .
the
relatively uncontam inated
marble is intercalated with thin bands of a pelitic nature, but the upper 17 m are reported to be
by such developments. However, the dip, unfavourable position on the escarpment and intimate associatio
n with dolomite -
rich marble suggest that good quality material could only be won in small quantities and with difficulty .
125F TENGWE GATE MARBLE (17°08’S 29°23’E)
ions conducted during

Due to the complex structure of the deposit and graduation of the marble into marlstone the investigat
the tenure of EP.0.32 proved only 3 4 million tonnes of reserves. These were described
. -
as good quality marble which
darkened only slightly on burning Analyses of 750 samples showed that on average the marble contains 86% CaCO, and
less than 2% MgC03. The chief impurities, silica and alumina were reported
, to occur in the ratio of 4 :1. The marble is said
to be siliceous in places, especially towards the southern and northern limits .
On the claims nearest the Flygate, two trenches were re examined by Circle Cement in 1970. The marble is often very
- exposed here
is a very fine grained pink and grey banded rock, which generally dips
- at 40 50 ° north -
or NE The .
banding
the rapid variations in the dip
contorted. The marble was reported to be hundreds of metres thick, but it was considered that
substanti al reserves , whilst interbedded units of pelitic
and strike noted would necessitate detailed investigation to establish
rock detracted from the grade of the carbonate. It was reported that the southern part of the T . .
V L. Claims contain large
-
resources of dolomite rich marble.
Analysed samples from the deposit were shown to contain:

Source % % % % % % %
Golding (1946d) 4430 1.20 5.48 16.63 35.09 7943 231

Golding (1946h) 48.48 1.81 1.48 830 40.05 8632 3.76
Stagman (1962)
0.5 km S Tengwe Gate 51.04 0.96 0.94 4.88 41.68 91.27 2.01
0.6 bn S Tengwe Gate 51.00 0.98 3.10 4.10 41.10 91.03 2.05
0.2 km S Tengwe Gate 43.76 0.49 1.72 17.84 35.87 78.10 1.02
03 km S Tengwe Gate 45.02 1.05 1.84 1436 3741 8035 2.20
1.0 km S Tengwe Gate 51.72 0.58 0.82 5.80 4130 92.31 1.21
1.9 km S Tengwe Gate 26.20 18.50 230 1036 41.27 47.86 38.69
2.91cm ENE Tengwe Dip 49.20 0.80 1.10 8.80 40.00 87.80 1.70
TENGWE GORGE MARBLE (17°10’S 29°18*E)

12SG
The Gombe, Gorge and Locke Claims are all situated in the vicinity of Tengwe Gorge. The
river section at the entrance to
- -
the gorge exposes a fine grained, grey green and pink, often contortedly banded marble
, which in general dips at 50° NE .
, now United Portland Cement,
The eight blocks comprising the Gombe Claims were pegged by Premier Portland Cement
in 1957. The marble grades into quartzite towards the west and becomes more dolomite
River. A composite sample from the main bed was analysed with the following result:
rich to the -
east near the Tengwe
Composition CaO MgO R O, Insols LOI CaCO, MgCO,

% % ^
% % % % %
45.70 1.10 3.78 1020 39.22 81.6 23
contains resources of over

United Portland Cement estimate that this deposit of siliceous magnesian to dolomitic marble
40 million tonnes with a calcium carbonate content ranging from 83% to 93%.
The four blocks that make up the Gorge Claims were pegged by Premier Portland Cement
in 1958. The marble occurs
- -
in a synfhrmal structure with a north south axis and is bounded by faults on all sides .
At the river the marble dips at 15° NW,
but along the southern contact it dips at 10 15° NE.The resources contained in this deposit -
of silica rich, magnesian marble,
wide, were assessed at over 45
-
which extends for approximately one kilometre in a north westerly direction and is 300 m
2.5% MgCOs.
million tonnes. The average of 17 analyses shows that the marble contains 83.3% CaCO, and grey
-
The three Locke Claims cover a triangular exposure of very fine to fine grained tuff and - pale marble to the west
77
HWANGE DISTRICT
of the Gombe Claims.The dip in the southern part of the exposure is stated to be 40° E and that in the northern part 25° NE.
Theresults of five composite analyses, obtained from five traverses of NE trend across the deposit, were reported by Circle
Cement, who hold the block, as:
% % % % % % %
Traverse 1 45.80 1.35 4.18 11.24 37.43 81.9 2.82

2 49.00 1.35 3.03 8.14 38.48 87.6 2.82
3 48.20 1.59 3.66 930 37.35 863 3.32
4 47.50 1.59 335 9.90 37.66 84.9 3.32
5 47.40 1.40 3.23 9.96 38.28 84.8 2.93
-
This deposit of silica rich magnesian marble is estimated to contain 14 million tonnes of resources per 15 m mining
depth .
125H UTOMBIRA FALLS MARBLE (17°06*S 29°20*E)
A sample collected 2.1 km NNE of the Utombira Falls on the Badze River was on analysis, as reported below, shown to
be composed of impure dolomarble.
Source % % % % % % %
Stagman (1962) 24.4 17.6 1.8 17.0 39.1 43.6 36.8
HWANGE DISTRICT
126 BEEHIVE CALOTE (18°31’S 26°46’E)
Location. Thiscalcite vein occurs 6.4 km south of Elbas lead mine, and 2 km SE of Fufe Hill to the north of the Mambange
River.
Geology. Good quality calcite, which reputedly develops up to 15 m wide over a considerable strike, occurs as a fault
infilling in basement granite. Analyses showed the calcite to contain:

% % % % % % %
_ 0.65 0.80
_ _
- - 0.58 1.77 - -
-
*
-- 0.36
039
236
235
-
-
-
-
- - 0.94 0.77 - -
- - 0.14 1.85 - -
Resources.The quantity of good quality calcite remaining following mining is unknown.
.
Production In 1957 the Sable Mining Company declared a production of 680.3 tonnes .
,
127 BINGWA CALCITE (HMS’S 26°14 E)
.
Location The occurrences are situated on Bingwa and Railway No. 53 farms, which lie 30 km NW of Hwange .
History. The deposits were pegged as the Clan McKenzie, M.M., Oval and Thor claims .
.
Geology Calcite veins within the Batoka Basalts of the Karoo .
Resources. Unassessed following mining .
.
Production The following tonnages were declared mined:
78
HWANGE DISTRICT
MM. Oval Thor
Year tonnes tonnes tonnes

1964 72.6 2 347.3 254.0
1965 537.9 831.7
1966 2902 662.1
1967 95.2
128 DEKA CALOTE ZONE ( imvswwE )
Location The principal deposits of calcite occur as infillings in intermittent fracture zones adjacent to the Deka River.These
. with
extend to a total length in excess of 78 km, from the confluence of the Deka River with the Tshowa in the SW to that
the Gwanda in the NE.
.
History Theoccurrenceof calcite veins in the basalts near the Deka River NW of Hwange was reported by Lightfoot
(1929).
Calcite was produced as a source of lime prior to and during the Second World War from the Calcite and Matatsi mines,
but it was not until 1953, with the commissioning of ZimAlloys ferro chrome -
plant at Gweru , that demand stimulated
increased mining in the area.
Early producers of calcite were the Luveve Stonecrushing and Development Company Ltd and Rhodesian Alloys Pvt
( )
Ltd (ZimAlloys). Later several small operators, such as G B M. ..
Limestone (Pvt ) Ltd , who mined the Deka , Mwembaa nd
Soonga claims from 1959 to 1961, NJE.Ledeboer who worked the
, Mambanje claim from 1956 to 1958 , ..
S T Ptetorius , who
production.
operated the Gobe, Mananda and Rhoda claims amongst others and E, Sithole, who ran the Store Mine started
,
ing and Developme nt Company Ltd , who had been appointed agents
However, by the early 1960s the Luveve Stonecrush
for Zimalloys, controlled the entire production .
Mining was centred on Sambawizi Railway Siding, 27 km west of Hwange. The calcite from the various mines
in the
,
area was transported there and stockpiled crushed and screened to produce material of 6.3 -
50.8 mm size . Material below
and was
6.3 mm size, about 30% of the total calcite crushed, generally contained an unacceptably high silica content siding and
discarded. The balance of the production , containing less than the stipulated 1 % silica , was then loaded at the
railed directly to Gweru for use as a flux in the ferrochrom e plant More than 80 % of the total calcite production came from
mines within an 8 km radius of Sambawizi Siding .
Geology Thecalcite occurs in ENE trending fracture zones in the amygaloidal Batoka Basalts. The fracturesare associated
. -
with the NE trending Deka Fault, which downthrows the basalts lying to its north against earlier Karoo sediments
- . The
, of calcite were found to centre around the Bumboosi e, Dende , Matetsi ,
fracture zonesare notcontinuous andconcentrations
Sambawizi and Soonga areas.
The calcite mainly consists of interlocking crystals occurring in veins having well demarcated walls. Calcite
crystals
up to 30 cm in size are jwesent in some localities, and theclear , crystalline variety of calcite known as Icelandic Spar occurs.
Goldberg (1962) reports that the calcite veins are parallel, discontinu ous bodies which vary in length from 17 m to 170 m,
- .
but on average are 65 100 m long Their width ranges from 0.7 m to 3.0 m, with the majority around one metre
.
broad The
minimum mining width was about 0.7 m The length .
and width of the fractures bears little relationshi p to continuati on at
,
depth, with many petering out at 3 m whilst the average depth is 4 5 m. As -
the calcite was won by opencast methods , which
of mining was
involved the stripping back of the basalt wall rocks to ensure safe working conditions, the maximum depth
some 17 m . , whilst
Exploration for deposits of calcite is hindered in some localities by Kalahari Sand which overlies the basalts
another marked feature is the lack of calcite float in the vicinity of virgin deposits. Vegetation is an aid
to prospectin g, as
.
mopani and white, smooth barked* trees grow close to the fractures The most favourable host rock
1
,
for the
variety
calcite
is
is said
reportedly
to be brownish coloured basalt, which weathers and decomposes readily, whilst the green hard
.
unproductive Another notable feature is the occurrence of small knolls or ridges, which often contain exposures
of calcite
on their crests, along the strike of calcite veins .
. railhead have been
Resources Mining operations ceased in 1967, and it is presumed that all the known deposits close to exist in more
mined out.The resources of calcite remaining are unknown, but relatively small, undefined deposits probably
.
remotely situated areas Permission to work the calcite extending into Hwange National Park was refused .
. record, is given in
Production A list of the known claims in the Deka Calcite Zone, together with the yearly production
alphabetic order in Appendix, Table 11. Between 1935 and 1973 , over 203 386 tonnes of calcite were mined As twenty . -
nine occurrences were exploited the average yield per individual deposit was only some 7000 tonnes.
129 LUKOSI LIMESTONE (18°23*S 26°38*E)
Location.The deposit lies some 4.8 km east of Lukosi, Hwange District
79
HWANGE DISTRICT
Geology.The limestone occursas nodular, thin beds within the Madumabisa Mudstone Formation of the Karoo Supergroup.
An analysis revealed a sample to contain:
Composition CaO MgO RA Insols LOI CaCQj MgCO,

Source % % % % % % %
Blackshaw (1922) 38.57 Tr 2,75 28,21 30,47 68.82 Tr
Resources. The resources contained within these beds of siliceous limestone are unassessed but probably limited.
130 MALINDI CALCRETE (18°45’S 27*01’E)
Location. Near Malindi Siding on the Bulawayo to Victoria Falls Railroad, Hwange.
Geology. A sample from the deposit was chemically determined to contain:
Composition CaO MgO RA Insols LOI CaCOj MgCO,

Source % % % % % % %
Blackshaw (1922) 40.87 1.78 - 19.84 - 72.97 3.72
Resources. The resources contained in this deposit of siliceous, magnesian calcrete are unassessed.
131 NOLA CALCITE (18°22*S 27°06’E)
Location. The deposit lies in State Land, 5 km south of Kalinda Mine and 37 km NE of Dete on the Bulawayo to Victoria
Falls Railroad.
.
Geology The carbonate vein, which occurs within rocks of the Precambrian Malaputese Formation, strikes about ENE for
.
a distance of 22S m and dips at 70° to the SE. Further along strike the vein develops into a siliceous breccia The footwall
contact is reportedly sharp, but the calcite near the hanging wall is contaminated by inclusions over a distance of up to 10
m. An average thickness of 8 m of uncontaminated, off -white to dark brown, very coarsely crystalline calcite succeeds this.
The silica present predominantly occurs as narrow, cross-cutting veinlets up to 3 cm thick, whilst the iron contamination
is mainly contained within the calcite. Perry (pers. comm., 1988) provided the following analytical determinations:
Composition CaO
%
MgO
%
RA
%
Insols
%
LOI
%
CaCOj MgCO
% %
Selected Calcite 51,56 0.88 1.56 1.18 43.11 92.03 1.84

Cross-Section 4839 0.93 2.18 2.03 40,98 86.38 1.95
Selected Calcite 50.50 0.43 1.31 7.56 40.20 90.14 0.90
Resources.Drilling has proved calcite to a depth of 60 m which , if mined over an average width of 8 m along the strike length
of 225 m, gives 291 000 tonnes of resources.
132 REED CALCITE (18°14 *S 26°06*E)
Location. The claims straddle the main Bulawayo to Victoria Falls road, 48 km from Hwange and 13 km SE of the Matetsi
River, on Leeufontein and Railway 55 farms.
History. The Isla and Reed claims were pegged with the intention of supplying calcite to the feirochrome plant in Gweru.
Geology. Unlike the deposits related to the Deka Fault the calcite is associated with reddish coloured sandstone as well as
with basalt. The calcite occurs as closely bound, pale brown to white interlocking crystals in lenticular veins, which contain
.
significant quantities of impurities in the form of basaltic material and sandstone A vein of calcite about 3 m wide was
exposed by trenching along the eastern slope of a prominent ridge 100 m west of the main road. A series of calcite veins
80
INSIZA DISTRICT
occurring over a width of about 5 m was also uncovered approximately 800 m to the SE. Both occurrences strike at 110°
ESE. Goldberg (1965) remarked that relatively few fragments of calcite were free of basalt or sandstone.
Resources. Unasscsscd, but probably exhausted following mining.
Production. In 1965 a production of 362.8 tonnes was declared from the Isla Claim.
HWEDZA DISTRICT
INSIZA DISTRICT
133 ANNEDALE MARBLE (20°28’S 29°16’E)
Location. This fairly inaccessible deposit is situated along the Tjulu Range of hills on Annedale and Insinga farms, 8 km
NNW of Filabusi.
-
Geology.The main lenticular body of marble, which occupies high ground between two SE-trending iron formation ridges,
occurs within metasediments of the Annedale Formation in the Filabusi Greenstone Belt. It is flanked by meta-argillites,
-.
although the contact may be transitional as a tail of carbonaterocksextends westwards from the main lens. Total strike length
is 2 km. The marble dips steeply at about 70° NE, as docs a second horizon which occurs about 200 m to the south The
maximum true width of the main body , which contains siliceous intercalations, is about 40 m. Clutten (pers. comm., 1987)
reported the following analyses:
Composition CaO MgO R203 Insols LOI CaCO, MgC03

% % % % % % %
43.40 2.30 3.30 13.50 37.50 77.50 4.80

49.08 1.34 3.29 8.09 138.29 87.60 2.80
Resources. The resources contained in this deposit, inferred to be magnesian marble, have not been assessed.
134 ARCADIA MARBLE (20°32*S 29°17’E)
Location. The beds extend across Arcadia Farm, through the town of Filabusi itself, and eastwards to Goldfields Farm .
-
Geology.These westerly striking, relatively pure , grey beds of marble occur within the Annedale Formation of the Filabusi
.
Greenstone Belt. They are steeply dipping and only a few metres wide
Resources. This deposit possesses little potential as a source of calcium carbonate.
135 BALMORAL MARBLE (20°29’S 29*14 ’E)
Location. Balmoral Farm , 6.5 km NW of Filabusi.

Geofogy. Rarely attaining a width of even 10 m , this lenticular body of marble, which strikes in an eastward direction for
almost 1.5 km , occupies the same stratigraphical position as the Filabusi Outspan Deposit which lies to the east across the
Insiza River.
81
INSIZA DISTRICT
COMEDY AND FOLLEY’S LUCK MARBLE (20°29’S 29° 10*E)
156
Folley’s Luck farms* about 24
Location. The principal occurrence cuts across the common boundary between Comedy and
km from rail at Mbalabala.
Geology.Several westerly trending beds of crystalline limestone* which occur in the southern limb
- of a synform,are present
on the two farms, but only the largest of these is considered to be of economic significan ce. This is at outcrop along the SW
slope of a low ridge, which strikes at approximately ESE for over 4 km. The horizon is only some 17 m wide in the east of
north. Sutcliffe (1974)
the exposure but widens to the west, attaining a maximum known width of 50 m. It °
dips at 60 to the
reports that the following geological succession is exposed in the old workings:
Footwall Quartzite - Thickness unknown.

Quartz sericite schist • Soft* pale-pink . Thickness unknown.
Black marble - Dark and resistant to weathering* containing small lenses of calcite and quartz.
Thickness about 8 m.
Marble •Contains layers of calcite up to 0.6 m wide and intercalations of amphibolite chert and
sericite schist Thickness about 10 m.
Hanging wall Amphibolitic greenstone - Thickness unknown.
The following chemical analyses have been made:

Composition CaO MgO Rft , Insols LOI CaCOj MgCO.
% %
Source % % % % %
Wont (1961b) 28.10 2.90 8.10 35.70 23.90 5030 6.10
Sutcliffe (1974)
workings 1 043 2.79
2 0.22 6.66
3 0.14 136
4 036 4.14
5 0.14 2.11
6 0.07 2.95
7 039 5.07
8 132 11.77
Best Available 5340 Tr 0.60 3.70 42.10 9530 Tr
trench 1 km west
workings 1 53.80 030 1.90 130 42.70 96.00 0.60
2 5240 0.70 240 2.00 4240 9330 130
3 5530 Tr uo 0.60 4330 9830 Tr
4 5230 030 1.60 4.20 41.80 93.20 0.60
Resources.Worst (1961b) reported that the deposit contained an estimated 8 million tonnes of
impure, silica rich marble -
per 30 m mining depth.
Production. A small opencast working, which closed in 1967, produced 158.7 tonnes of marble
.A further6893 tonnes were
declared mined in 1970.
ELDORADO MARBLE (20°34’S 29°13’E)

137
.
Location The occurrences lie on Eldorado Farm, 6 km west of Filabusi .
Geology. The NW striking bodies of marble occur within sericitic quartz schists near
- -
the south margin of the Filabusi
Greenstone Belt
Resources.Uqasscssed. .
,
FILABUSI OUTSPAN MARBLE (20°30 S 29°15’E)
138
Location.The deposit lies on Filabusi Outspan, to the east of the main road bridge over the
.
Insiza River,6 km NE of Filabusi
82
INSIZA DISTRICT
-
Geology.The deposit, which strikessouth eastwards for a distance of over 1.3 km from the Insiza River, attains a maximum
width of 60 m, although the average is probably only half this. The following chemical analysis has been reported:
Composition CaO MgO Insols LOI CaCOs MgC03

Source % % % % % % %
Worst (1961b) 49.08 134 1.92 8.24 39.42 86.01 2.80
Resources. No resource calculations for this deposit of siliceous magnesian marble have been estimated.
139 MOSENTHAL’S CALCITE (20°25*S 29°15’E)
-
Location. The mine was situated about 800 m west of the north eastern beacon of Mosenthal Farm, south of a large bend
in the Insiza River, which lies approximately 26 km from Mbalabala.
History, The calcite was discovered by Mr Bonino. It consisted of several isolated, diminutive exposures, which failed to
indicate the actual size of the body. As the right to exploit all occurrences of “ limestone” on the farm are included in the
property deed, under V.A.B. title, he was unable to peg the discovery,and the deposit was quarried under an agreement with
the owner. With depth, opencast operations proved uneconomic, and a shaft was sunk at the SE end of the quarry. In 1969
- .
a second shaft was sunk to a vertical depth of 49 m, and mining levels established at that and the 34 m interval. The mine
closed in 1970 and the workings have since been covered by the slimes dam of the nearby Epoch Mine
.
Geology The occurrence lay beneath up to 5 m of overburden, with the limited original exposure swelling out below surface
to form an economic deposit.The lens of calcite, 45 m long, varied in width from 4 m to 8 m and averaged 6 m. It occurred
-
along a major fault zone which trends at 120° ESE. The body mined had a hade to the NE and plunged SE The footwall .
contact with themetabasaltic country rocks was reported to be sharp, being formed by a shear, unlike the hanging wall which
was indistinct due to brecciation and assimilation of the country rock. The white calcite, which formed 40% of the deposit,
was reportedly pure containing a maximum known silica content of 0.8% and no iron or manganese. Mineralization in the
form of chalcopyrite, pyrite and pyrrhotite was noted in small, isolated localities, whilst quartz veins ocuired within the
carbonate and along the borders of assimilated blocks of wall rock.
Resources.Trenching in the vicinity of the quarry revealed numerous small lenses of carbonate from 0.6 2 m in width, and-
further exploitable deposits could occur along the strike of the fault
Production. The declared production, which was largely supplied as a flux to Zimalloys, was:
Year Tonnes XfiSC Tonnes
1966 3 850 1968 4 655
1967 5425 1969 2970
140 WINNIFRED MARBLE (20°33’S 29°16*E)
Location.This deposit, which is cut by the Insiza River, occursalong the western slope of ahill on theArcadiaand Winnifred
farms 1.5 km SW of Filabusi.
.
History At various times the marble bodies have also been referred to as the Lotty, Marvel and Neighbour deposits.
.
Geology There are two horizons of marble, each striking in an easterly direction for 800 m, within metasediments of the
.
Annedale Formation in the Filabusi Greenstone Belt Both dip at 50 70° north. The main body, which is the southernmost
-
deposit, is associated with banded iron formation. The marble is up to 90 m thick, but becomes impure and grades upwards
-
-
into petite. Quartz rich patches are reported. The available chemical determinations are given below:
LOI CaCO. MgCO.
Source
Composition CaO MgO
% % *%A Insols
% % % %
Pingstone (1916) 47.44 0.65 3.48 9.99 38.44 84.71 136

Brewer (1950d) 33A0 1.40 4.60 32.70 28.00 5930 2.90
31.60 1.80 4.40 3530 27.20 56.40 3.80
Worst (1961b) 39.40 0.90 2.20 25.90 3130 7030 1.80
Sutcliffe (1974) 49.08 134 3.26 730 3936 86.01 2.80
83
KADOMA DISTRICT
Resources. These analyses indicate that the deposit contains siliceous, magnesian marble or better. Worst (1961b) reported
the estimated tonnage to be some 13 million tonnes per 65 m mining depth. However, it is doubtful that the occurrence could
be worked to any significant depth due to the proximity of the Insiza River.
Production. Small quantities of marble, which have been burnt for local use, have been quarried from exposures on both
banks of the river.
KADOMA DISTRICT
141 FALCON MARBLE (18°28’ S 29°47’E)
Location. The claims are situated on Bannerlands Farm, Umswcswc, 13 km SW of Kadoma,
History. During the early 1970s Rio Tinto Zimbabwe Ltd investigated the deposit as a possible flux for the Empress Nickel
Smelter. They considered that although most of the marble outcrop was heavily contaminated by agglomerates and other
volcanic rocks, a central portion was sufficiently free of impurities to warrant exploration. In 1972 accordingly, 12 wagon
holes, drilled along strike at 50° to horizontal and sampled at 3 m intervals, were sunk. During 1974 a further four boreholes
were drilled.
Geology Apoorly exposed body of marble is found on Bannerlands Farm and Gamdeur Ranch Estates. This occurs in a band
.
of sediments belonging to the Felsic Formation of the Bulawayan Group. It extends north of the Nando Mine at Umsweswe
in an arc through Railway Farm No. 5, turning north to cross the Umsweswe River on Overdale Farm and so northwards
-
towards Kadoma, Bliss(1970)states that the breccia mentioned by Macgrcgor (1930) outcrops at the south eastern extremity
-
of the body. The marble is blue grey in colour, containing brown , presumably ankeritic, bands and siliceous layers. The
analyses listed below have been obtained from samples collected at varous localities over the exposure:
Composition CaO MgO Insols LOI CaCO MgC03

Source % % % % % % %
Bliss (1970) 1 44 ,96 0.67 256 13.50 (3831 ) 80.28 1.41

2 46.60 0.89 1.43 8.31 (42.77) 83.21 1.86
3 45.49 0,91 2.48 13.92 (37.20) 81 ,24 1.90
4 40.57 133 5.94 18.28 (33.88 ) 72.45 2.78
5 46.01 055 2.04 13.40 (38.00) 82.16 1.16
6 31.50 1.22 8.60 32.20 26.08 56.22 2.55
7 35 ,60 0.85 8.72 24.80 29.86 63.53 1.78
8 49.80 0.70 2.70 6,00 40.40 89.00 1.46
9 49.80 1.00 1.80 7.60 39.80 88.50 2.10
10 48.20 1.20 2.80 8.30 39.20 86.00 2.50
Brewer (1952d) 47.60 0.60 2.90 9.00 38.10 84.90 1.20
Bocmke (1969) 1 48.26 1.10 2,25 9,90 38.39 86.14 230
2 49.08 3.06 2.21 6.29 39.12 87.61 6.40
Robertson (1970a)
1 46.40 0.90 2.00 13.40 37.20 82.80 1.90
2 48.20 1.90 1.70 8.70 39.20 86.00 4,00
Resources. The analyses reported show the deposit to be a siliceous and iron rich body of marble and magnesian marble.
-
No resource figures have been established.
Production. The following tonnages are known to have been mined:

1970 8425 1977 13 910
1971 8198 1978 17 357
1972 10001 1979 19 296
1973 11344 1980 24 746
1974 10373 1981 16 237
1975 10987 1982 2792
1976 13 969
There are three small kilns on the property, which produced an unknown quantity of lime.
84
KWEKWE DISTRICT
142 ROCKLANDS MARBLE (18°04’S 29°34*E)
Location. Rocklands Ranch, Sanyati, which lies 23 km NW of Kadoma.
. - .
Geology Dolomite rich marble, Mcheke Formation, Lomagundi Group Bliss (1968) reported a sample analysis as:

% % % % % % %
28.5 20.7 0.6 5.4 44.4 50.9 43.3
Resources. The reserves contained in this deposit of dolomarblc are unassessed, but probably large.

143 RAILWAY FARM MARBLE (18°31*S 29°52*E)
Location. The deposit lies 8 km WSW of Umswcswc Railway Siding on Railway Farm No. 5, Kadoma.
Geology. A small body of marble in the SE comer of the farm was reported by Macgregor (1930), butRobertson (1976) failed
.
to find any marbles contained within the greenstones in this area Golding (1948d) reported the following two analyses:

% % % % % % %
31.50 1.22 8.60 32.20 26,08 56.22 2,55

35.60 0.85 8.72 24.80 29.86 63.53 1.78
Resources. The resources contained within this deposit inferred to be of siliceous magnesian marble are unassessed.
KARIBA DISTRICT
KWEKWE DISTRICT
144 ALLOYS CALCRETE (lWS 29°20’E)
Location. The occurrence lies on the Impala Vale and Winding Creek farms, which are situated 55 km WSW of Kwekwe.
Geology.Thecalcrete is believed to have beenderived from the leaching of the slightly calcareous, chioriticschists and pale,
sheared meta arkoses exposed in the northern portion of Impala Vale Farm.
-
Resources. Unassessed following mining.
Production. An unknown quantity of material was mined from the deposit
145 EAST CLARE CALCRETE (19°58’S 29°59’E)
Location. The deposit is situated on East Clare Block, some 18 km east of Kwekwe.
.
Geology. The area is underlain by granitic terrain (Harrison, 1970) The following analytical determinations arc known:
85
KWRfCWF. DISTRICT
Source % % % % % % %
Golding (1949f ) 48.96 0.11 4.28 7.06 38.85 87.38 0.23

53.28 0.20 0.84 2.50 42.28 95.09 0.42
49.14 040 2.60 6.34 39.96 87.70 0.84
Resources. The resources contained in this deposit of calcrete have not been assessed.

146 LEO HURST CALCRETE (19°00’S 29°19*E)
Location. The deposit occurs in a tributary of the Gweru River on Leo Hurst Farm , 52 km WSW of Kwekwe.
.
147 RIPPLE CREEK ESTATE MARBLE (19°61’S 29°45’E)
Location.The deposit lies near the eastern boundary of Ripple Creek Estate Farm, close to the works of the Zimbabwe Iron
and Steel Company (ZISCO), about 2 km WNW of Redcliffe and 20 km SW of Kwekwe.
History. Initially the marble was burnt for agricultural use, building purposes and the cyaniding of gold.Subsequently, being
favourably situated near major resources of iron ore, the occurrence played a significant role in the development of the iron
and steel complex.
Ackermann 1921) gave an assessment of the deposit, including analyses, to the Board of Directors of the QueQue Lime
<
Works Ltd, as the concern working the deposit at the time was known. The only exploration development carried out at that
dale was a shaft sunk in the marble to a depth of 30 m. Lime from the deposit was produced in eight kilns which had a total
capacity of 500 tonnes of burnt lime per month. Between September 1920 and April 1921 over 3000 tonnes of lime, with
a calcium oxide content ranging from 52.6% to 62.0%, were sold to Falcon Gold Mine at Umvuma. Tests conducted by the
Premier Portland Cement Company, now UNICEM, on the production of cement using the marble and local clay are stated
to have yielded favourable results.
The deposit, which is held under V.A.B. title, was acquired by the Rhodesian Iron and Steel Commission who transferred
the rights to the Rhodesian Iron and Steel Company, now ZISCO, on 29 July 1958.
The first borehole campaign to delineate the resources of the deposit took place from 1 July 1951 to 14 October 1952
..
under the direction of B G Worst of the Geological Survey Department. A total of 41 diamond drillholes were sunk, but
.
only 28 of these were sited within the quarry The majority of the remainder were located to the north in an attempt to define
an extension of the body.Extensive drilling and sampling of the occurrence has since been undertaken by ZISCO. A summary
of these investigations is given below:
Xsai B.H. Type Number Total Drilled Borehole Depth

BJL& £m> £mi
Min. Max . Ay*
1951-2 Diamond 41 (28) 2442.06 71.00 121.92 87.22

1965 Percussion 13 144.78 6.10 25.90 11.14
1966 Percussion 34 908.30 9.14 33.52 26.71
1967 Percussion 11 265.18 9.14 3048 24.11
1970 Percussion 15 70348 21.34 60,96 46.94
1973 Percussion 21 823.89 10.00 62.00 39.23
1973 Diamond 8 1 470.00 160.00 260.00 183.75
1974 Percussion 7 935.00 38.00 56.00 47.86
1974-5 Diamond 3 636.39 153.06 243.33 212.13
1977-Present Diamond 291* - - - -
•Some 260 of a planned campaign of 291 boreholes totalling 12 000 m have so far been completed. These have mostly been
drilled to depths of between 40 and 50 m.
86
KWEKWE DISTRICT
Geology. The deposit consists of two bodies, which lie to the west of the ridge formed by the jaspilites of the Redcliffe
Formation. It is the larger southern occurrence that is quarried towards its generally higher grade northern end.The northern
body is stated to be more dolomite rich. -
The main, oval shaped body of marble strikes NNW for a distance of 1850 m over which it attains a maximum width of
230 m. Drilling indicates that the deposit bulges beneath surface and extends to a depth in excess of 250 m. The southern
margin of the occurrence is terminated by the Risco Fault.
,
The marble was considered by Cheshire (1979) to mark the base of the Fife Scott Formation of the Upper Bulawayan
whilst Castellin (1980) assigned the beds to the uppermost sediments of the underlying Redcliffe Formation of the Lower
Bulawayan. Unfortunately, metabasalts obliterate the contact of the marble with these felsitic sediments.
Castellin (1980) states that, ‘The uppermost contact of the crystalline limestone is a well defined boundary with a 4.5
-
m horizon of graded and current bedded clastic rocks. This latter rock is hard, green and composed almost
chloritized mafic mineral grains set in a calcareous cement Many of the grains are lapilli or shard shaped
entirely of
indicating the
volcaniclastic origin of this sediment. The grains achieve a maximum size of 0.5 mm .
This horizon marks the start of massive
outpourings of basalts which halted the chemical precipitation of limestone” . The contact between these mafic tuffaceous
, within
sediments and the overlying massive, theoleiitic basalts, which form the base of the Ingwenya Formation is exposed
mine , occasionall y exhibit vague
the quarry. The lavas, which are highly weathered wilhin the confines of the opencast
outlines of pillow structures.
The marble exhibits light and dark grey banding, which, despite having been flow folded, is considered to represent
bedding.This banding commonly dips from the vertical to angles steeply inclined towards the SW.Thecolour differentiation
- .
is attributed to grain size, with coarse grained marble appearing dark grey and finer material light grey Macgregor 1937
( )
proposed that the dark grey colour was due to minute scales of graphite .
Castellin (1980 ) suggests that these may be of
.
biogenic origin, being associated with the presence of the wavy-bedded or slightly domical stromatolitic structure observed
In thin section the marble is seen beto composed almost entirely of intergrowth s of multiple and twinned carbonate
,
crystals ranging from 0.2 mm to 3.0 mm in size. Accessory pyrite, often observed in layers conformable to bedding is
present Irregular stylolitic boundaries are common.
.
The marble is brecciafed by veins of calcite and dolomite.The contacts of these veins are commonly sharp. As illustrated
,
by Fig. 23, which depicts the known distribution of magnesium oxide in the main southern body the dolomite content
of
the marble increases from the south western- to the north -
eastern side of the deposit towards the metadoleri te intrusives .Due
to this difference in dolomitization the magnesium oxide content of the marble varies from 1% to 20%
. Additionally, the
dolomite rich material generally contains more impurities in the form of accessory minerals, which result
in the rock
- , , manganese and silica contents than the purer marble .
possessing higher alumina iron
There are four materials produced from the deposit:
(i) Marble for calcining in the limekilns to produce lime which is employed as a desulphurising and purifying agent
in the steel plant:
7% MgO
-
50 100 mm
156 000 tonnes/annum
(ii) Marble for direct feed to the blast furnace as a flux:
12% MgO
-
9 37 mm
168 000 tonnes/annum
(iii) Marble fines for mixing with iron ore fines and coke in the sinter plant, which is then introduced to the blast
furnace composing some 10% of its feed:
12% MgO
9 mm
96 000 tonnes/annum
(iv) Aggregate
Oversized material and marble containing excessive magnesium, silica, sulphur or other impurities.
Chemical analyses and production figures of the run of mine material supplied to the limekilns and blast furnace and of
the marble sold as aggregate are given in Appendix, Table 12.
,
Resources, The reserves contained in the deposit, which range in quality from marble to calcic dolomarble were
assessed
on 30 June 1986 to be:
Body Proved Reserves Probable Reserves
< 4% MgO > 4% MgO < 4% MgO > 4% MgO
Southern
Northern Portion 6 239 313 12 598 394 11722 827
Southern Extension - 9 000 000
3 966394
3 500 000
Northern
Total 6239 313 25 564 788 15 222 827
87
mWSSMSmma
amSfcv + \\v
mmMmm
Mi
» M'S .* * + +
$
Is
4 4-
KWF
.
m <} 4 4
KWF
.
( -f- ~
EXPLANATION
| Falsie, tuff caous schists
E0HB Marble. < 4% M90 1
*
4
DISTRC
.
r : 1 Marble 4 - 9% MgO „ .
a
K3 v
IIM * *»so
> »«
2£&
i
Calcareous basalt
v] Basaltic lavas
ill Prasant
quarry 50
Scale of metres
0 SO 100
I
\ v v
^
FIG. 23. Ripple Creek Estate Marble Deposit (after BIMCO Ltd., 1987).
LUPANE DISTRICT
Production The annual production figures declared from the Ripple Creek deposit are:
.
XfiK Tonnes Tonnes XfiSE Tonnes
1946-7 47 112.9 1961 140012.7 1975 362027.0
1948 38 093.7 1962 163 0855 1976 518 1844
1949 50670.0 1963 1621115 1977 478 614.0
1950 392955 1964 184469.2 1978 463422.0
1951 34 938.9 1965 183438.7 1979 396 684.0
1952 33 6024 1966 162 180.6 1980 515 612.0
1953 31 857,2 1967 192614.0 1981 479156.0
1954 31040.0 1968 1884944 1982 383 833.0
1955 35 010.7 1969 1594593 1983 416072,0
1956 50110.7 1970 2653913 1984 307 356.0
1957 54450.9 1971 246236.7 1985 490029.0
1958 64300.0 1972 255019.0 1986 497768.0
1959 58 766.7 1973 250761,0 1987 409306.0
1960 516025 1974 275 274.0
In February and March 1975 a total of 25 samples of lime produced from the two kilns operating at ZISCO were
analysed
and have the following average chemical content:
Composition CO MgO RA Insols LOI
% % % % %
n.i 3.75 0.68 131 13.11
148 SERGS MARBLE (19°06*S 29°02*E)
.
Location The deposit is situated in the Silabela Communal Land, and lies to the north of the
Vungu River approximately
1.5 km SE of Vungu Mine.
Group.
.
History Harrison (1981) places the marble in the Ntobe Formation of the Bulawayan Greenstone
.
Production A total of 17.2 tonnes were declared mmed in 1957 .
149 SHERWOOD STARR CALCRETE (18°45tS 29°47*E)
north of Kwekwe.
Location.The occurrence occurs near Sherwood Railway Siding, which lies some 27 km to the
Geology. The following chemical determination was reported by Golding (1943b):
Composition CO MgO Rp
%
, Insols
%
LOI
%
CCOs
ft
MgCO,
%
% %
45.82 636 1.16 3.76 42.83 81.78 13.09
.
Resources The resources contained in this deposit of dolomitic calcrete are unassessed
.
.
LUPANE DISTRICT
89
MAKONDE DISTRICT
MAKONDE DISTRICT
(17°21’S 30°07’E)
150 ALASKA DOLOMITE
blocks, together with Special Grant
Location. The Argosy, Argosy South, Sinoia Lime and Springbok (Gundi Park claims and the state land surrounding the
)
Farm
863, held by Alaska Dolomite (Pvt) Ltd lie 7 km west of Chinhoyi on Strathcone
Chinhoyi Caves Recreational Park.
History, Production from the Sinoia Lime claims commenced in 1938. Initially the materia
l was burnt and sold as building
screene d for sale as terrazzo chips. The
lime. Later the very pure pink or white material was crushed, trammelled and
period between 1943 and 1949 was used by ZISCO
dolomarble ipined from the Argosy and Argosy South claims during the
in the manufacture of iron and steel.
’s Den Syndicate in 1983, who plan
The interests of the Alaska Dolomite Company (Pvt) Ltd were acquired by the Lion
to construct a limekiln. No exploration of the deposits of carbonate rock held by the concern are known to have been
conducted.
. i Caves described by Molyneux (1920),

Geology Stagman (1961) assigned the marbles, which contain the scenic Chinhoy
Group. Chatora (1987) reports that these white,
to the eastern band of the Dolomite (Group) Formation of the Lomagundi
. higher
-
pale grey and pink, microcrystalline dolomarbles contain millimetre long lenses
grade
of secondary quartz, whilst in places
doloma rble, containing a silica content of
lensoid pods of black dolomitic rock up to 10 m wide occur The
less than 10%, is stated to possess a dull, broken appeara nce .
The followin g chemica l analyses are known;
Compbstticm CaO MgO Insols LOI CaCO, MgCO,

% % % % % % %
Source
Argosy
and Argosy South * 28.60 20.83 - 5.04 4433 53.96 46.04
* 28.34 20.75 - 632
4.06
43.71 53.85
45.60 52.00
46.17
43.90
+ 29.12 21.00 0.62
Sinoia Lime * 30.47 21.81 - 139 4538 54.39 45.61
Special Grant 863 * 29.45 21.57 - 232
8.10
4542 53.82
43.03 55.01
46.18
44.99
* 28.32 19.77 *
Springbok
(Gundi Park) 0 28.80 20.60 0.70 540 43.80 51.40 43.10
0 27.00 19.60 0.50 11.10 41.20 48.20 41.00
o 28.70 19.90 0.90 650 4340 51.20 41.60
o 28.20 2030 0.50 740 43.00 50.30 4250
* 30.16 21.54 * 2.79 45.27 54.45 4555
* 30.02 20.89 - 350 45.40 55.09 44.91
Sources: * Chatora (1987)

+ Stagman (1961)
o Worst (1965a)
Resources. Chatora (1987) estimated that the claims blocks contained the followi
.
ng resources of dolomarble
-
Argosy South 1.8 million tonnes per 10 m mining depth;
- -
Sinoia Lime 6.2 million tonnes pet 10 m mining depth;
Special Giant 863 4.0 million tonnes per 10 m mining depth; and
Springbok (Gundi Park) 5.6 million tonnes per 10 m mining depth.
-
is marketed in pulverized form as an
Production. A large proportion of the dolomarble produced from the deposits
agricultural liming agent possessing the following properties:
Content (% )
Ca0O3 51.0
MgCQ3 44.0 Neutralizing value: 102
R203
Znsols
_L2
1.8 Sizing: 65% passess 0.15 mm Sieve
TOTAL 99.0
The annual tonnages declared mined from the claims blocks are reported in
Appendix, Table 13.
90
MAKONDE DISTRICT
ANGELINA DOLOMARBLE ( 17*19*$ 30°10’E)
151
, NW of Chinhoyi.
Location. The deposit is situated in the western comer of Sinoia Citrus Estate 3 km
- es of the Lomagundi Group,
Geology. The occurrence consists of a 3 m band of dolomarble interbedded between quartzit
by Stagman (1961):
which dip at 45° to the NW. The following analytical determination was reported
Composition CaO MgO Insols LOI CaCOj MgCOj
% % % % % % %
21.6 29.9 0.2 1.6 46.0 38.4 61.1*
* Pure dolostone possesses a theoretical maximum MgCO, content of 45.72

%
unassessed.
Resources, The resources of dolomarble contained within this small deposit are
Production, In 1956 a production of 122.6 tonnes was declared.

(17°19’S 30°09’E)
152 ANNABEL DOLOMARBLE
ately 5 km NW of Chinhoyi.
Location.The occurrence lies in the southern pan of Hilltop Farm, approxim
Geology. Dolomarble of the Lomagundi Group .
Production, A total of 617.4 tonnes of dolomarble were quanied in 1959.

(17°25*S 30°07*E)
153 ARGYLE CALC TUFA
Location. Stream bed on Argyle Farm, Chinhoyi.
.
Geology Blackshaw (1923) analysed a sample of calc tufa from the deposit with the
followin g results:
Composition CaO MgO CaCO, MgCO,

% % % %
42.36 1.58 75.64 331
Resources. The reserves of magnesian calc tufa present in the occurrence are unasses
sed.
CHIWE ESTATE MARBLE (16*51’S 30°30'E)

154
Location The deposits occur on Chiwe Estate and Royal Bucks farms, which lie 30
. km SW of the the town of Guruve .
Basaltic Series, of Bulawayan
.
Geology The occurrences consist of three bands of marble interbedded within rocks
of the
age.
(17°18’S 30°09’E)
155 DARLINGTON DOLOMARBLE
Location. The claim was situated on Hilltop Farm, 8 km NW of Chinhoyi .

Geology. Dolomarble of the Lomagundi Group.
91
MAKONDE DISTRICT
Production. Production of 1430.1 and 829.9 tonnes of dolomarble were declare
d in 1939 and 1960 respectively .
MAMELO MARBLE (17°20*S 30°01*E)
156 GANDO
, is situated 20 km WNW of Chinhoyi,
Location, The occurrence lies near Gandomamelo Hill on Laighmains Farm which
.
Geology Analysts of these Lomagundi Group marbles gave the following results:
Composition
Source
c«o
%
MgO
% \° - Insols CaCO, MgCO,
% % %
51.13 41.91
28.63 20.03 0.13 6.88
26.53 18.69 0.92 12.60 4738 39.10
3833 5.88 242 16.84 6844 1230
. dolomitic marble to dolomarble,

Resources The resources contained in this deposit, which is inferred to range from
have not been assessed.

(17°35*S 29°55’E)
157 KASOKO MARBLE
.
Location The occurrence lies on Kasoko Farm, 2 km SE of Malasha Hill
Geology Dolomite rich marble of the Mcheka Formation, Lomagundi Group. An

d sample contains:
. - analyse
Composition CtO MgO R O,

^
Insols LOI ,
CaCO MgCO ,
% % % % % % %
Source
Bladcshaw (1922) 2344 18.08 020 20.02 3826 41.83 37.82
Resources.Large resources of dolomarble are probably present in this unassessed deposit

UMELUX AND WHTTELUX MARBLE (17°2rS 30°09*E)

158
, is situated 5 km NW of Chinhoyi.
.
Location The Limelux and Whitelux claims blocks lie on North Umzeri Farm which
.
Geology Dolomarble of the Lomagundi Group .
Production.The annual tonnages declared quarried from the deposit are listed below
:
Tama YfiflC ToBttM Xsx Tonnes

Yes
1959 2833 1973 11003 197» 5394
1961 515.7 1974 8354 1980 6574
1969 5693 1975 11513 1981 5312
1970 3993 1976 13073 1983 2542
1971 9443 1977 8453 198S 428.6
1972 653.8 1978 890.7 1986 9523
(17°49’S 29°47*E)
159 MAGONDI MARBLE
south of the Umkowi
.
Location The claims occur about 50 km NW of Chegutu, lying on either side of
the Mupfure River
History.The occurrence of marblewas recorded by Phaupand Dobell (1938 whilst,

) claims were firstpeggedby Mrs M S.M . .
.
Lamprcchtin 1956 The deposit was investigated by Lombaard during 1958
.
(pers comm Rio Tinto Zimbabwe Ltd, 1987),
-
but the claims were allowed to lapse and were re pegged by the L and L Syndica
te in 1964 and then by OJK, Morton in 1965 .
. -
Geology The deposit consists of dokxnite rich marbles belonging to the Mcheka Format
ion of the Lomagundi Group The .
.
main body possesses a maximum width of 430 m The outcrop is best exposed west
of the Mupfure River, where flat lying -
92
MAKONDE DISTRICT
beds form a continuous bench which rises abruptly to a height of some 50 m above the river. East of the Mupfure the
calcareous rocks are obscured by overburden .
-
The marbles are predominantly fine grained, white to light grey rocks, which are interstratified with irregular
.
cherty
bands up to03 m in width and cut thin
by , parallel, cross -
cutting joints
impuritie s
infilled
discussed
with quartz
above are
A few
not
discontin
evenly
uous
distribute
intercalat
d and
ed
bands
beds of a peliticand psammitic nature are also present The
concerning the
of up to 15 m thick containing little siliceous material occur within the deposit Further information
petrograp hy of the marble horizons in general is given by Tennick (1976),
distribution, field relationships, lithology and
. .
The geological disposition of the marble is shown in Fig. 24 (p 94) The known analytical determinations
are reported
below:

Source % % % % % % %
Phaop & Dobell (1938) 20.04 13.99 3340 1.30 31.40 3530 2930
29.14 19.81 5,10 0.72 44.86 52.00 4140
Pen. Comm. (Rio 1 18.04 37.75
Tinto, Lombaard 2 20.89 43.70
1958) 3 1931 4145
4 2032 4230
5 20.46 4230
6 2030 4235
7 20.08 42.00
8 19.17 40.10
9 2036 43.65
10 19.62 41.05
11 20.03 41.90
12 1936 4030
13 14,99 3135
14 20.03 41.90
15 2046 42.80
16 20.15 42.15
17 19.96 41.75
Tennick (1978) 1 29.40 21.00 0.70 430 44.80 5240 43.90
2 27.80 2040 0,70 8.00 43.00 49.60 42.60
le.
Resources. The chemical analyses available indicate that the deposit contains unassessed resources of dolomarb
Production,. None known .

160 MOHAMMED’S DOLOMARBLE
Location. Vicinity of Chinhoyi (?)

.
Geology Dolomarble of the Lomagundi Group, which was analysed by Brewer (1952c and found to
) contain :
Composition CaO MgO Rfi , Insols

%
LOI
%
CaCO, MgCO,
% %
% % %
29.7 21.2 03 34 45.7 53.0 444
Resources. Unassessed resources of dolomarble.

(17°23’S 30°00*E)
161 MUSHOWE CALC TUFA
Location.Calc Tufa occurs along the west bank of the Mushowe River, west of Chinhoyi
Geology. Kirkpatrick (1976) reports that the deposit of calc tufa is approximately 1 km
long and up to 20 m thick.
.
93
MAKONDE DISTRICT
29* »0' East
I
tfem
Hl
*
iaM
MM0:.V
sai Hia
wm
m
ai v
.
£ i/Pr *
tm
/ y-
*
im
m !.
* '
•I
Jt ^£N6
0
e. y. 7
£S8&! 8#
.K&1
MAOONDi
^ i
—
17* 10
South
* . t
Vi v%r
r« ..
H.
1/CLAIMS
V.
* — 17* l»
% .v^ ' ' \ South
• : / mmm
^.is# SK?
k SG V
* •
**v*%k
3 31
ft
n «
P> *
part
•j
\ -r.
s s'- I
W .\
-
K
S?
s It
m HSS
s >s S> <
;m
& 0i&
&
i& «1 \ <
& \
£ Mr $
X\ l X
*m
a? , *
as & \: V i/
29*
*0' East
UNE OF SECTION A-B

Murrvaz uvrrvtE MUPFVMM mvrrvnt
VANDUU HILLS
NYAMASHOMSWE
_
rS,m
HILLS
j
BMWvn ii i E i E r i i 1 .
1
H: .
Vortical ocalo exaggeration 1:6
Scale of kilomotros
t o 1 2 3 « c
| I I | i
EXPLANATION
ml Fafdspathlc grit
* ED Alluvium
MCHEKA
m Sandy argdlfta
Dotomit0 marbia
_ia
Fault
.
Dtp amount in dagraaa
FOAM AT /ON
(:• '••:1
• Undiffarantiatad quartzita •13 Known tampta locality
ni Pock-markad quartzita
FIG. 24. Magondi Marble Claimt (after Tennick, 1976).
94
MAKONHF DISTRICT
162 NYARURU HILLS DOLOMARBLE (17°23’S 30°00’E)
Location Nyaruru Hills, 4 km NW of the town of Chinhoyi.

*
Geology* Dolomarble and calcite veins, Lomagundi Group, which were analysed and shown to contain:
Composition CaO MgO Insols CaCO, MgCO

Source % % % % % %
Blackshaw (1923) 28.63 1.10 0.13 6.88 51.13 230

49.18 20.03 0.92 12.17 4738 41.91
3833 18.69 2.42 15.16 6844 39.10
Facer (1927) 21.02 1.10 3753 230
43.04 2.54 76.85 532
Production. In 1957 and 1958 a total of 1384 tonnes were declared mined
163 ..
P D DOLOMARBLE (17°23’S 30°07*E)
Location The claims were situated on Ulster Farm, which lies 7.5 km SW of Chinhoyi.
*
Geology. Dolomarble of the Lomagundi Group .

Resources. Unassessed
Production A production of 363.2 tonnes was declared in 1956

*
.
164 POTTY DOLOMARBLE (17°19*S 30°08’E)
.
Location The quarry is situated on state land, 1.5 km NE of the Chinhoyi Caves and 6 km NW of the
town .
Geology. Dolomarbles of the Lomagundi Group .
.
Resources Unassessed
ly were declared
Production.The deposit was worked in 1958 and 1959 when 227.9 and 1469.8 tonnes of marble respective
mined
SANDRA DEAN DOLOMARBLE (17®23*S 30°04*E)

165
of Chinhoyi
Location The occurrence lies on Sinoia’s Drift Estate, to the SE of Alaska Mine,approximately 13 km WSW
*
. .
History The property was held by Mrs van Straaten in 1959, who offered the deposit to MT D for utilizatio
, n in their nearby
was not taken up.
processing operations. However, investigations proved the marble to be of inferior quality and the option
-
Geology. The deposit occurs associated within a series of NNE trending metasediments of the
Lomagundi Group The .
marble is siliceous in nature and commonly grades into carbonate rich -
psammite s. Analyses conducte d by M.T.D (1959) .
on better quality samples of marble bom die deposit were reported to contain:
CaO MgO Insols CaCO, MgCO,

% % % % %
3035 20.97 2.00 54.00 43.87

29.81 20.80 2.60 5331 4351
2936 2056 340 5233 43.01
29.75 2058 240 53.10 43.05
2936 2057 2.80 5241 43.03
29.70 2058 250 53.01 43.05
95
MAKONI DISTRICT
Resources. These determinations , conducted on selected high grade material, indicate that the deposit contains dolomarble
which is stated to be siliceous. The resources were not assessed.
Production. None recorded .
166 SILVERSIDE DOLOMARBLE (16°57’S 30°17’E)
Location.The marble investigated lies on Silverside Farm, to the west of the Manyame River, 15 km or so SB of Mhangura .
.
History The deposit was examined by M T.D. for use as a possible flux for the Alaska Smelter, but was judged to be of
.
inferior quality.
.
Geology The marble occurs within metasediments of the Lomagundi Group in the northerly trending eastern limb of a
.
synformal structure The deposit is believed to be underlain to the east by psammitic units and overlain to the west by
psammitic and pelitic rocks. Two units of marble were recorded:
- - -
Unit 1: Grey white, massive dolomite rich marble, which weathers brown black, containing inclusions and
nodules of cherty material. The average of eight analyses of this rock was reported as:
Composition CaO MgO Insols CaCO, MgCO ,

% % % % %
29.90 21.20 0.97 5340 44.40
- .
Unit 2: Fink, chert free dolomite The average of 31 analyses was recorded as:
Composition CaO MgO Insols CaCO, MgCO,
% % % % %
29.78 21.04 0.68 53.07 44.02
.
Resources. Both units are composed of dolomarble The combined economic resources of marble contained in the deposit
were estimated to be 700 000 tonnes.
MAKONI DISTRICT
167 KIRKLY VALE CALCRETE (18°26’S 32°05*E)
Location. The deposit is situated on Kirkly Vale Farm, which lies 12 km NNE of Rusape.
Geology.The only data available is a partial analytical determination reported by Blackshaw (1922), which found a sample
to contain only 21.29% CaC03.
Resources. The resources contained in this deposit are probably limited.

168 TANDA CALCRETE (17°51’S 32°31*E)
Location. The occurrence is situated to the north of the confluence of the Devure and Inyamakahwa rivers in the Tahda
Communal Land, Nyanga.
.
Geology Surface nodules of calcrete overlying tonalite occur over a fairly extensive area .
.
96
MASVINGO DISTRICT
MARONDERA DISTRICT
MASVINGO DISTRICT
169 BDCA MARBLE (20°20*$ 30°46*E)
Location,The occurrence lies immediately to the east of Chigaramboni Hill in the Masvingo Communal Lands* 29 km SSE
of Masvingo .
.
History The Bika claim was later repegged as Mashaba Calcite.
Geology.A number of narrow beds of marble, 3-7 m thick,occur intercalated with phyllites near the base of the Shamvaian
Upper Series.Therocks are folded in a synformal structure. The marble contains numerous, small, irregular veins of calcite.
The basal horizon of marble reappears north of Remanguru Hill where it is truncated by a major NW-trending fault
Resources. Wilson (1964) considered the occurrence to be of tittle economic interest

.
170 CHARUMBIRA MARBLE (20°irS 30°48’E)
Location.The main exposure of the Charumbira deposit liesabout 2 km NE of Munongo School in the Masvingo Communal
Lands.
Geology.The deposit occurs towards thesouth eastern margin of the Masvingo Greenstone Belt in association with politic
-
. - .
schists and phyllites of the Shamvaian Upper Series The marble is 10 20 m thick at surface Wilson (1964) records that,
“ A cattle track from the schist belt rocks at the base of the slope to the granite at the top of the plateau cuts obliquely across
the (crystalline) limestone outcrops. On this track three bands of (crystalline) limestone can be distinguished separated by
phyllite and some very thin banded ironstone. The topmost (crystalline) limestone band is thinnest and contains numerous
stringers of banded chert and slate. All the beds dip steeply SE towards the granite. The two main bands are, in fact, the limbs
-
of a tight north easterly plunging syncline, the southern limb of which has been overturned so that it now dips south. The
length of each limb is in the order of 3000 feet (1000 m). On the summit of the hill immediately west of the claims, some
further thin (crystalline) limestone bands occur” . Brewer (1952e) determined the chemical composition of a sample of
marble from the deposit to be:
Composition CaO MgO RjO, Insols LOI CaCO, MgCQ,
Source % % % % % % %
27.1 12.8 13.0 9.0 38.2 484 26.8
Resources.The resources present in this deposit, inferred to be calcareous dolomarblc, have not been assessed .
Production, None recorded .
171 ELIZABETH MARBLE (20°16’$ 30°49*E)
-
Location. The claims lie on the lower slopes of the north western side of Chomuzanda Hill in the Masvingo Communal
Lands, and are about 1.5 km SW of Tentergate Farm homestead and 22 km south of Masvingo .
. -
History The Elizabeth Marble deposit was re pegged as the Mkata Calcite Claims .
. -
Geology The marble forms part of an overturned, NE plunging synform, comprised of metasediments of the Upper Series
-
of the Shamvaian, towards the southern margin of the Masvingo Greenstone Belt The limbs of the fold dip at 60 70° to the
SE.The NW limb, which is truncated by an easterly trending fault, isabout 900 m long and the SE limb 600 m.The thickness
-
of the marble varies from 7 m, near the north end of the shorter limb, to about 20 m, near the dislocation which terminates
-
the strike length of the longer limb. The NW limb contains a median intercalation of phyllite of limited extent.
97
MASVINGO DISTRICT
.
Production None recorded.
172 EMPIRE MARBLE (2o° i 2’ S 3o°52’E)
Location, The deposit is situated on Eldorado Farm and lies approximately 1 km west of the main road from Masvingo to
Great Zimbabwe. The town of Masvingo is 15 km away to the north.
History. The occurrence was formerly known as Hewlett’s claims. Five boreholes, all inclined at 45° to vertical, were drilled
on the property by Rhodesian Cement Ltd, now United Portland Cement Company (Pvt) Ltd, and an adit has been driven
into the base of the hill at the eastern end of the deposit As the property con tains large resources and is amenable to quarrying,
Crosby (1952a) considered it the most attractive in the Masvingo area for the production of cement
Geology.TheNE striking body of maible lies on the northern side ofa prominent hill. The summit is capped by banded iron
- -
formation, but this gives way to pelidc rocks to the east These metasediments, which are assigned to the Upper Series of
-
the Shamvaian, dip at about 60° to the SSE.The marble isexposed for a distance of over one kilometre and is 65 100 m thick.
The marble terminates abruptly at both ends of strike, apparently without much thinning, and the outcrop could be fault
controlled.The results of chemical investigations conducted on samples from the deposit including a summary of those from
the five drillholes sunk, are given below:
LOI CaCO, MgCO,
Composition
Source
CaO MgO
% %
*%A Insols
% % % %
Stuttard (1950) 4930 1.00 3.90 5.60 39.90 8840 Z10

47.00 1.00 430 9.60 38.00 83.90 Z10
Untosh (1951) 4737 134 345 4.86 40.61 8540 4.20
48.98 130 3.98 544 3934 8740 3.80
4036 139 338 432 4036 7240 3.26
Crosby (1952a) 50.10 2.00 8930 4.10
4740 ZOO 84.70 4.10
48.60 1.10 86.80 2.20
46.90 040 83.80 0.80
44.60 1.10 79.70 230
4730 1.80 8540 330
R.C. Ltd+ BH.1 4930 1.90 (2.70) (4.70) 4130 87.90 4.00
BH3 42.10 230 7530 5.90
BH3 4430 3.10 78.90 630
BH 4 . 4630 230 83.60 430
630
BH3 4640 3.00 82.90
* Avenge of analyse* conducted on borehole samples by Rhodesia Cement Ltd:

BH.1: Marble sampled 0.6 ID 149.0 (1484) m;
BH3: Marble sampled 13 to 46.3 (45.1) m;
BH3: Marble sampled 0.6 to 83.8 (833) m, but contaminated material from 45.7 to 54.9 (93) m and 70.1 to 763 (6.1 m)
excluded;
BH4: Marble sampled surface to 973 m, but pelidc rock 45.7 to 53.6 (7.9) m excluded; and
BH3: Marble sampled surface to 151.8 m, but pelitic rock 793 to 85.3 (6.1) m excluded.
Resources.The analytical determinations available indicate that the occurrence is predominantly composed of magnesian
maible. Assuming that the deposit maintains an average width of 65 m along its entire strike, over 1.75 million tonnes of
marble are available per 10 m mining depth .
Production.None known .
173 GODANI MARBLE (20°OLS 31°16*E)
.
Location This occurs on the north side of a kopje about 2.5 km north of Doomfontein Farm homestead, which is
approximately 45 km ENE of Masvingo.
. - -
Geology The easterly striking deposit, which dips steeply to the south, is cutoff at its eastern end by a NNE trending fault
The mariile is overlain by banded non formations, and is assigned to the Upper Series of the Shamvaian.
-
Resources. Wilson (1964) considered the occurrence too small to be of economic importance .
98
MASVINGO DISTRICT
174 HOUGHTON MARBLE (20°00*S 31°20’E)
- , e, Rippling Waters and

Location. The deposit forms an easterly trending ridge which runs across the Ptenhurst Rathmor to Masvingo, and is
Vredenburg farms. This is immediately to the north of the main road from Biicheno
ugh Bridge
approximately 60 km from the latter.
Geology.The marbles, which occur interbedded with phyllites and subsidiary psammites are
, assigned to the basal units of
the Upper Series of the Shamvaian. These are exposed for a distance of 7 km along an
easterly -
trending ridge which is 100
and is believed to be overturned,
m high. The metasediments are folded in a tight synformal structure which plunges SW
-
the beds generally dipping steeply to the south.The fine grained, brown to grey dolomite rich -
marble is faintly banded, but
no other structures have been noted.
the claims, about 13 km
Of the smaller bodies of marble held, two have been woiked, one towards the western end of . The former occurs
north of Bungu Hill, and another approximately 11cm north of the homestead on Rippling Waters Farm
-
on the southern side of a kopje capped by banded iron formation and dips at 85° south. The body on Rippliqg Waters Farm
is up to 100 m thick. The marble has been analysed and contains:
Composition
Source
CaO MgO
% % v Insob
%
LOI
%
CaCO, MgCO,
« %
Worn (1963c) 44.90 130 3.40 13.00 37.20 80.10 3.10
49.90 2.00 Z10 4.70 41.50 89.10 4.20
38.60 9.00 630 4.20 41.70 68.90 18.80
27.30 14.60 8.90 9.00 40.10 48.70 3030
28.70 16.80 830 3.10 43.00 33.40 35.10
24.10 10.70 3.00 31.80 30.80 43.00 22.40
3130 1030 430 17.60 36.90 33.90 21.50
28.70 17.00 730 4.80 42.00 51.20 35.60
Wilson (1964) 3032 1732 5.63 231 4431 34.12 36.23
The calcareous rocks to the north of the Houghton claims are folded in a major antiform and
strike N and NE for over
, grossularite, zotsite,
3 km The development of numerous bands of calc silicate minerals in this fold limb, such as
. diopside
etc., renders these beds unsuitable as economic calcium carbonate source rocks .
Resources. The analyses available indicate that the deposit ranges from magnesian marble to dolomar
.
ble Worst (1965a)
es of marble suitable for
considered that the deposit, although not proven by drilling, contained significant resourc
agricultural purposes.
a flux to the ironworks at
Production. Marble quarried from the claims from May 1951 to April 1955 was supplied asdeposits
Kwekwe, but afterwards RISCO, now ZISCO,replaced this with marble from their Ripple Creek .
A total of 26189.0
to be:
tonnes of marble were mined from 1951 to 1960, with the annual production declared
Xfitf Tomas Tonnes
1951 984.1 1936 67243
1952 54284 1937 1244.6
1953 49523 1958 6023
1954 3 610.0 1939 429.9
1955 20043 1960 208.6
LION MARBLE (20°12’S 30°53’E)
to the Great Zimbabwe Ruins,and

Location.The Lion Claims are situated on Dindingwe Farm and lie to the east of the road
14 km SE of Masvingo.
to be an extension of the Empire
History,Originally this occurrence, which was known as the Victrho Claims was believed
,
deposit, which lies approximately 2 km to the SW .
- - -
Geology.This small, NE striking lens of blue grey to grey, coarse grained marble occurs
.
in flat lying country The deposit
occur near the base of the Upper Series of the
- ,
is intercalated with steeply SE dipping pelitic schists and phyllites which , 1964 .
) Crosby (1952b) records the
-
Shamvaian in the south western portion of the Masvingo Greenstone Belt (Wilson
following chemical determinations:
99
MASVINGO DISTRICT
CtO MgO CaCQj MgCO,
% % % %
36.8 14.0 65.7 293

48.0 43 85.7 9.1
35.0 15.1 623 31.6
Resources. The analytical data available indicate that the deposit contains dolomidc marble and calcareous dolomarble.
Wilson (1964) dismissed the occurrence as being, “ too small to be of importance**.
176 MASVINGO MARBLE (20°08’S 30°42*E)
Location, The deposits lie SW of Masvingo, and are reached by a track turning off to Netridge Farm from the Beitbridge
road. The western body runs across Mushandike National Park and Valley Pass Farm, whilst the eastern occurrence is
exposed solely on Saint Swithen's Farm.
History The western body was pegged as the Lime, Lime Central, Lime West, Dominion West and Zimbabwe Copper
.
claims. Later the claims lying inside Mushandike National Park were abandoned,as only those lying outside the Reserve
.
on Valley Pass Farm are readily available for exploitation These are currently held by Circle Cement Ltd as the Lime and
.
Zimbabwe Copper claims The deposit has been investigated by adit, borehole, trenching and surface sampling During May .
..
and June 1963, the Dominion Syndicate, a consortium formed by Messrs W. Goddard, R O Stocldll and L Williams, put .
.
down six drillholes Worst (1964) records that, “ After drilling commenced results of (seven) previous boreholes drilled by
Rhodesian Cement Company in this particular area, came to hand, and the remaining boreholes drilled by the Exploration
Section of the Mines Department were then laid out in relation to the previous boreholes in order to elucidate the structure
-
in cross section at dose intervals’* .
The eastern body, which was covered by the Dominion, Dove, Lime East and Limelight claims, were worked in a small
way prior to the Second World War. More recently, several shallow winzes were sunk on the Limelight claims to test the
.
quality of the marble, but no record of this work is available In late 1974 and early 1975, Lonrho conducted further
investigations on these claims by trenching, with a view to utilizing the deposit as a possible source of calcium carbonate
.
or slaked lime for their group of mines Unfortunately, the results obtained indicated that the material was unsuitable for
metallurgical purposes and no further work was conducted. The claims over the deposit are currently held by the Lonrho
Group .
. -
Geology The two ENE trending bodies of grey marble lie along the northern margin of the Masvingo Greenstone Belt Both
. .
dip steeply towards the south The marble occurrences occupy low ground between two ranges of hills These become
.
progressively higher and steeper westwards The two bodies are exposed over a total distance of 11 km , but agap of nearly
.
1 km separates the western from the eastern body Both deposits are underlain to the north by serpentinites, whilst the western
- .
body isoverlain to thesouth by talc and talc carbonate schistsand the eastern one by phyHites The location of the occurrences
are depicted in Fig 25. .
The Western Body is exposed for a distance of about 7 km, and far over 5 km of this the strike attains a width greater
.
than 100 m Approximately 1 km east of Gwenya Hill the marble body is sinistrally displaced for over 100 m by a northerly -
trending fault The 13 boreholes drilled suggest that the marble body is folded in an antiformal structure whose fold axis is
almost horizontal. The concealed core of the antiform is occupied by siliceous rocks. The borehole locations and sample
results obtained during the two drilling programmes are given in Fig. 26. All the additional analytical data available is given
below:
Cbmpositioin CaO MgO RA Insols LOI CaCO, MgCO,
Source % % % % % % %
Worst (1961a)
Adit 42.78 1.13 1.10 20.46 3433 76.40 Z40
Traverses W1 4431 1.90 1.46 1530 36.93 79.00 4.00
W2 47.88 1.92 1.78 8.72 39.70 8530 4.00
W3 43.06 5.27 1.78 10.20 39.69 76.80 11.00
W4 48.94 1.09 1.98 9.28 38.71 88.00 230
W5 47.12 1.80 1.94 1132 37.82 8430 3.80
Wilson (1964) 46.80 230 1.00 10.70 3830 8330 5.20
NB: The positions of the traverses carried out by Worst (1961a) are indicated in Fig. 25.
100
Scale of kilometres
i o 2 4 VICTORIA RANCH
—
I i i
*-„1,
i i CAMBRIA MEYERS RUST
T.N.
El
E2
E4 E3
MUSHANDIKE NATIONAL PARK

<5 £
EB &
NETRIDQE
o
SI 5
39 ** W4
ka-
BOO
W3
id
I
W2
2>
WI
ST. SWITHENS MASVXNfiO
mSTMC
Wo
Qwmyi I THE VALLEY PASS

I
THE QRANQE
EXPLANATION
Traverse me ( Worst 1B$V
KORAN
• Adit
Mettle
FtO. 25. Masviago Marble Deposits.

MASVINGO DISTRICT
The Eastern Body is a ‘Y’ shaped exposure whose foot points in an ENE direction. This suggests a tilted antiformal
structure plunging to the east which has been overturned slightly causing the marble to dip to the south. The overall strike
length, including both limbs, is approximately 4 km. The body is narrowest at its eastern extremity, but widens gradually
westwards reaching its maximum width immediately prior to the split of the two antiformal limbs.Greenstonesand phyllites
occupy the ground between the two limbs. The marble itself contains numerous pelitic intercalations.
Ibe southern limb of the antiform narrows westwards, but the northern limb maintains a significant width over a
considerable distance. The following analytical results have been reported:
Composition CaO MgO Insols LOI CaCOj MgC03

Source % % % % % % %
Blackshaw (1922) 53.01 030 0.67 2.40 43.62 94.66 0.62

50.62 1.00 0.83 5.72 41.83 90.40 2.09
5538 031 041 0.08 43.82 98.89 0.65
Brewer (19500 49.60 0.60 0.90 9.00 3930 8840 1.30
49.90 1.70 130 6.20 4040 89.00 3.60
Brewer( 1951b) 54.40 0.40 1.40 2.00 42.00 97,10 0.80
41.40 150 8.80 21.70 26.20 73.90 3.10
3850 0.80 11.80 19.10 29.60 68.70 1.70
54.00 0.70 1.60 2.40 41.70 9640 1.50
46.10 3.90 4.10 9.00 37.00 8230 8.20
44.00 240 630 13.60 3320 7850 5.00
4150 2.20 5.60 17.60 32.60 74.10 4.60
5120 2.00 2.70 3.60 40.70 9140 4.20
49.70 220 150 640 3940 88.70 4.60
Brewer (1951c)
Composite 51.20 0.90 1.70 6.90 39.70 9140 1.90
Worst (1961s)
Traverse El 4620 2.90 2.96 8.66 3928 82.40 6.10
E2 48.89 1.43 2.68 6.84 40.16 87.60 3.00
E3 4724 1.86 1.96 9.94 39.00 84.60 3.90
E4 north 46.09 152 250 11.98 37.91 82.00 3.20
E4 south 39.40 9.68 2.12 754 4126 7030 20.30
E5 4357 3.10 2.18 14.08 37.07 78.00 6.50
Wilson (1964) 46.40 220 140 1130 38.00 82.80 4.60
NB: The positions of die traverses reported by Worst (1961 ) are indicated in Fig. 25.
Lonrho record that reasonable quality marble, free of pelitic material, was encountered in the trench dug from south to
north across the exposure on the Limelight claims. The data for these three sections, which exclude all the intercalated beds
of pelitic marble, were reported as:
SAMPLE Width
Distance (m) Marble CaO MgO CaCO, MgCO.
StoN m % % % %
0 to 6.0 6.0 44.8 0.6 80.0 1.3

16.6 lo 28.9 10.7 435 2.0 77,6 4.2
72.0 to 823 82 425 45 75.9 94
Resources,The drilling conducted in the Western Body revealed that the marble, which is intercalated with lenticular zones
.
of impurities, pinches out downwards and seldom exceeds 100 m in depth The analytical data available indicate that the
body consists predominantly of magnesian marble or better, but that it contains significant quantities, often more than 10%,
of insoluble matter. Worst (1963d) states that, “ Selective mining and limited tonnage makes this deposit unattractive as a
.
source of metallurgical (marble). A greater proportion of the deposit is suitable for cement making, i e. those portions in
which the MgO is less than 1.5%. The insoluble residue which is mainly Si02, is often too high, in excess of 12%, to be
.
suitable as an agricultural (marble)** The total resources of marble contained in the western body outside Mushandike
National Park, calculating that the mineable body averages 100 m in width over the strike distance of two km, is
approximately 5.4 million tonnes per 10 m mining depth.
The analyses available for the Eastern Body reveal the quality of the deposit to be similar to that of the Western Body,
largely magnesian marble containing a significant proportion of impurities. Worst (1961a) calculated that the northern limb
of this occurrence, if mineable over a width of 130 m for a length of 1.3 km to a depth of 100 m, contained over 40 million
tonnes of marble.
102
O
H 8CM* a* IMANC
»...9 y y gjp .
B.H L7
(46* >
MUSHANDIKE B.H.LI
NATIONAL PAR
r 14*1
AH
/
0
' 7/ / / / /"
i .
LH U
<*in
E VALLEY PAS ..
B H BO
EXPLANATION
.
* 5 Borohoto with
.H.8 LH 1 .« «.
B H LI
4 *)
direction drilled
.
AH L4
.riunO
\ B.H.L2
H.LBJL 1.H.2 ^
O
I MirMi
Country Rock
*<4 1
CcO + JHfO >4«
7i endSKh <9% C/3
CoO + MgO <49%
mod S /0i >10%
..
BHl
DISTRC
©
OJ
.H.B AH f ..
B H LI
<F
f .
BH N
/>
M.
.
•taration
UMi E.O.H 6M
7I,M
tljn *
4
.H.L1 .
BH HA
.H.L7
-
BJLLB
.
B HX1
vTiii r N
/
E.O.M.
7 4« im
•
Ztro tavafion
W ,T
* *
/
-.-
i O M,
7 a«
* CJOJi.
1 1,4«
*
Body .
MATOBO DISTRICT
limelight
Production. No production is recorded for the Western Body, whilst 9.1 tonnes were declared mined from the
claims in the Eastern Body during 1937.
177 SUNBEAM MARBLE (20°OrS 31°18fE)
Location. The occurrence lies on Lemoenfontein B Farm, 48 km ENE of Masvingo.

.
Geology These claims covered two separate exposures of marble that occur in the eastern portion of the Masvingo
Greenstone Belt The smaller, northernmost body, which contains siliceous bands, only possesses a short strike length
-
- ,
-
whilst the southern deposit, which occurs to the south of a banded iron formation ridge, has a poorly exposed strike over
to
several hundred metres. It is a continuation of the Upper Series of the Shamvaian which contains the Houghton Claims
the east, but the deposits are apparently not contiguous.
178 THORN CALCRETE (20°12’S 30°43*E)
Location. Near Constance Spruit on Upcott Farm, 19 km SW of Masvingo .

.
Geology Vlei limestone .
Production. 150 bags of lime were produced from the occurrence in 1894 and 1200 bags in 1899 .
MATOBO DISTRICT
179 LEGION CALCRETE (21°27’S 28°32*E)
Location Near the Legion Mine, Matobo .

Geology. White to grey impure calcrete underlying sticky, black, clayey soil .
Production Calcrete was burnt to supply lime to Legion Mine for gold cyaniding purposes, but the tonnage
. produced is
unknown .
180 SEMOKWE CALCRETE (21°06’S 28°29’E)
Location The deposit lies 6.5 km SE of Antelope Mine in the Semokwe Communal Land, Matobo.
--
. -
Geology The occurrence of concretionary,greyish white calcrete, 0.6 1.2 m thick, is overlain by a thin coating of
granite. Phaup (1932) reports the
dark grey
following
soil, whilst it is underlain by a thin band of quartz feldspar nibble and rotten
chemical determinations:
Composition CaO MgO R O, Insols LOI CeCO, MgCO,
Source % % ^
% % % % %
40.04 1.71 1.88 20.44 3524 71.46 3.58
,
Resources. The reserves contained in this deposit, inferred to be siliceous magnesian calcrete are unassessed
.
Production The occurrence was woriced and lime manufactured from the calcrete was supplied to the Antelope
Gold Mine.
104
MAZOWE DISTRICT
MAZOWE DISTRICT
181 ASCOTTMARBLE (17°32’S 30°54’E)
.
Location The deposits occur on Ascott Vale Farm, Mazowe, approximately 1.5 km NW of Tatagura Siding on the Harare
to Shamva railroad The distance by rail from here to the Capital is over 45 km.
History. The deposit is held as the Windmill Claims.
-
Geology.The occurrence consists of two small, northerly striking, lenticular bodies of marble, which are intercalated within
Bulawayan metasediments.
Resources. Unassessed, but limited quantity.
182 AUCHENDINNY CALCRETE (17°20*S 30°59*E)
Location. The deposit is situated on Auchendinny Farm, to the south of the Marudzi River, approximately 5 km NE of
Concession.
.
Geology Stagman (1953) reported the presence of nodules of calcrete liberally scattered in black soil.
Resources. Unassessed, but probably limited quantity.
.
183 BELFORD ESTATE MARBLE (17°29'S 30°55’E)
Location.The deposit is situated on Belford Estate Farm, Mazowe, approximately 3 km SW of Jumbo Siding on the Shamva
Railway .
-
Geology.The deposit is depicted by Ferguson and Wilson (1937) as a narrow, ENE trending body, which occurs to the east
-
of a banded iron formation ridge. The marble occurs within a sequence of Bulawayan age rocks in the Mazowe Greenstone
Belt and lies immediately to the west of the Jumbo Granodiorite Stock. Analytical determinations known are:
Composition CaO MgO R20, Insols LOI CaCOs MgCO,
Source % % % % % % %
Flack (1923a) 30.84 15.99 - - - 55.07 33.45

25.47 5.74 - - - 45.48 1Z00
Flack (1923b) 31.03 12.74 11 ,17 6.49 38.57 55.41 26.65
30.43 7.21 13.15 10.43 38.78 54.34 15.09
.
Resources The mineable reserves present in the deposit, which as indicated has a composition ranging from dolomitic
marble to calcic dolomarble, are unassessed and probably limited.
.
184 BLOOMFIELD MARBLE (17°24*S 31°05*E)
Location. The occurrence lies on Bloomfield Farm, to the east of the Nyandarama River, 14 km NE of Mazowe.
- - -
Geology. This fault bisected, NE ttending development of marble is associated with banded iron formation in the Mazowe
Greenstone Belt. The deposit reportedly contains numerous siliceous developments and is additionally cut by two intrusive
dykes .
.
Resources The resources contained in this deposit, inferred to be siliceous marble, are unassessed.
105
MAZOWE DISTRICT
185 DANDAMERA MARBLE (17°22fS 30°57’E)
Location. The deposits are exposed on Dandamera and Highwood farms, which lie less than 2 km to the NW of Concession.
Geology.Ferguson and Wilson (1937) indicate that the arcuate occurrence, whichis sinistrally displaced by an ENE trending
fault, is associated with metasediments of the Bulawayan. The eastern boundary of the marble is shown to be formed by a
-
-
sequence of banded iron formations.
Resources. Unassessed, but probably impure and limited in quantity as the deposit is not known to have been exploited.
186 EARLY WORM MARBLE (17°15’S 30°55'E)
Location. The deposit is situated 16 km due north of Concession , at the common boundary between Msindi, Ndiri and
Nyachura farms. See Fig. 27.
.
History The property consists of five adjoining blocks, all of which are registered for ‘limestone’ The first four were pegged .
by a local farmer, H.R.E. Chamney, between May 1957 and February 1959.These were subsequently transferred to the Early
Worm Mining Company, which registered the fifth block in 1962.The company was acquired from the estate of Mr Chamney
. . ..
by E W Contrell and D P Hogan in July 1974 .
Various major concerns have shown interest in the deposit In 1976, Rhodesian Alloys, now ZimAlloys, requested the
Government Regional Geologist to establish a wagon drilling programme to assess the mine's potential, but would not
commit themselves to a contract, regardless of whether or not sufficient reserves could be established, and the owners
.
decided againstcanrying out the exploration However, during mid*1976,seven haphazardly sited wagon drillholes, totalling
some 1500 m, were sunk. Unfortunately, marble was only intersected in one hole, B H G , from 4.57 10.67 m. This hole was ... -
drilled near the waste dump south of the quarry.
3 0* M'EMt 3 1*0 0'
^67
3 Seals of kilomatras
V i o
Li l Ml . 12
I L
3
1
4
1
$
1
% EXPLANATION
EAIRLY
WO Qvmrtz
NYACHURA
& + + + + Of
- .v Dotorito
M
Soutn
+ + ANDI
+ +
Yovngmr §rtoif
MSINDI
i [ |G /tiiitlc grtnitv
-
P
l 771
—
0rit
*, . I conglomvrmtv
‘
mm
m ._
Itu/r/e gr nttonv
S'
/ i
THORN
CREEK
3
mm WOR WOOD
. * * *
^
.0 5
GREENSTONE
| f |IMM irofiMton*
5 FORMA TtOH | jj j
Uttromoffc i vm
*
m
Kg
. . *
*
*
SI
25
I
Umttto /to
Qutrti - friCito teflitt

V
*
\ V.
FELSiC fl
FORMATIONS ~
ifttnfc
I Fottic volt 4
mvfamdimiontM
rocki,
mm
k
m.
--
IZ ao T*ao;
8
I
ii
ORTLOC ISil
&m >7.
FIG. 27. Geological Environs of the Early Worm Marble Deposit (after J G Stagman , 1948 and P Fey, 1979) .. . .
106
MAZOWE DISTRICT
of marble per day for the
In 1978, Salisbury Portland Cement, now Circle Cement, with a view to mining 400 tonnes
production of lime, considered the property. In order to establish the required reserves of 1.5 million tonnes, giving the quarry
a ten year life, the Government regional geologistlaid down a 12 hole wagon drillingpro gramme . The boreholes were drilled
, to intersect the bedding at right angles, to a depth of
at an inclination of 45° from vertical in a southerly direction in order
investigati ons was logged and sampled by the Regional Geologist, but
30 m. All of the 242.5 m of rock drilled during these defined. The
due to contamination , resulting from the type of drilling undertake n , no resource grades were accurately
to a depth of over 20 m below existing surface level , but also
boreholes did prove that where present, the marble extended
289 . m of diamond drilling , carried out to a maximum depth of 40 m ,
suggested that the deposit pinches out to the SE Later
floor level and indicated additiona l bodies of marble to the north and
established marble to 30 m below the contemporareous
NE.
During 1985, Lonrho took out an option on the property , during which four boreholes totalling 451.54
m were sunk to
The whole deposit was investigate d with a view to producing lime
establish an eastern extension to the deposit
e industry . The option was not taken up , and the mine was purchased
predominantly for supplying the low carbon ferrochrom
by G and W Industrial Minerals (Pvt) Ltd in September 1986.
occurring within mafic and
Geology The Early Worm marble deposit lies near the NW apex of a suite of metasediments
. n Group, Fig. 27. The marble
ultramafic greenstones, which Stagman (1953) assigned to the upper portion of the Bulawaya
- association.
occurs on the NE limb of an antiform , which is defined by an ultramafic lava and banded iron formation . These are
quarry
- -
Northerly dipping banded iron formations overlain by marble occupy the ridge immediate south of the
an andesitic and dacitic
ly
compositio n form the hanging wall
cut by a number of thin mafic dykes . Agglomer itic greenstone of
of the deposit, and this, together with metasediments, occurs as infolds and inclusions within the marble
. The greenstone
lenses are stated to pinch out with depth .
-
The metasediments, within which the marble occurs, form a north to NW trending antiformwiih
- ^ northerly pitch, south¬
antiformal axis. Northerly -
east of the quarry. This structure was affected at a later date by warping on an easterly striking
-
trending fractures traverse the area, and the north to NE striking sheared mafic dyke present in the
opencast workings, which
sinistral fracture zone. West
truncates the south westward continuation of the marble, is shown on the geological map as a
- the antiformal crest
of the dyke the strike of the strata changes to WNW, and it is postulated that downfaulting has exposed
which is overfolded to the south .
There are two phases of deformation discemable;
-
An initial isoclinal phase that imparted the 55 70° northerly dipping foliation, which was later
gently warped about a
-
steeply plunging NNE trending axis; and
a later period of deformation, which imparted the prominent lineation that plunges ENE at 3540°.
angles.Fey (1979)
Structually the deposit consists of a series of flattened pods of marble, which plunge ENE at moderate
.
states that the marble occupies three separate horizons These, as indicated in Fig .
28 , are :
(i) Main Body This is exposed in the quarry over a strike of over 150 m, a width in excess of 110
m and an average
- proven continue for at least 40 m
.
depth of 30 m Although the northern limits of the body are unknown it has been to
along strike.
.
beyond the quarry face The marble is reported to extend for significant distances to both the
sedimenta
east and
ry,
west
agglomera te, lava
The occurrences of waste rock present within the marble are considered to represent
flow and luff material deposited penecontemporaneously with, or subsequently infolded into , the marble . These are
believed to decrease with depth . the SW of the opencast
(ii) South western Body - A body of reportedly good quality marble, 15 m wide occurs to
- -
workings. It has been exposed intermittently over a strike length of some 400 m .
width from one to two
-
(iii) Western Body Exposed in a cutting 80 m west of the quarry the marble increases in
and truncated by felsitic g r e e n -
metres on surface to over 10 m at the floor of the excavation, where it is intruded
stone . depth becoming part of the Main
Both the South-western and Western bodies may represent fold peaks, with the marble at
Body . from white to dark grey.
- -
The marble is usually massive, generally medium to coarse grained and ranges in colour
lenses of black carbonate occur. Marcasite
Streaky, colour banded zones and areas of white limestone containing irregular
considera ble variation between
is present throughout the deposit. In thin section , Fey (1979 ) reports that , “ the marble shows
samples; textures range from granoblastic, with uniform grain size, -
to seriate , with crystals up to
.
5 mm across displaying
” “ The magnesian marble
sutured boundaries. Accessories present include phlogopite, muscovite, talc and tremolite very much larger carbonate
-
contains nests of 0.1 0.3 mm rounded quartz and feldspar grains occurring interstidal ly between
crystals” .
Webb (1982) indentified the iron-bearing minerals present in the marble as:
Major Minor
Magnetite Gocthite
Pyrite Greenalite
Pyrrhotite Hematite
107
C3
HOMESTEAD
Vv v V Y
v
OFFICE
>
yV
^ > i Y
>T
WASTE DUMP r
I 1 I
* v
PLANT
-4x
a
4;4L?
iti-
T
IEE— 11
i
~
1
T \
J
S-
•4. — -- -*
7
- \ RAMP Jh
MAZOWE
T:
H' WASTEDUMP
A
%y s
" V
*_.
:
> y 0 6 4
•A *i
O
o
00
% >y y \
r v. -NA
RAMP
»SzJ
T
DISTRC
« /t
1
I I
i x.
V •9 4 » > V
V
Iv
t:
{£
§1
W!
isK
:
-
**
V-
:Jk iit
^*
«
4
i
JF
IOT ADtT
I
fXPI ANATION
p
i«
096
^taBP® S
A
A WASTEV
A DUMP
A
A
<
'
y m Undiffanntlatad groonato***
Olt
AGm* 0,79
n so
I
o
Seal of mitret
* SQ 100
/1
MO
Atefife dyk
*
Diamond dtiUHoto
Contour ot fOmotro intanrai
*
Dip of contact
*
II LJ - Strtko and dtp of foliation
« no. 3ft. E rly Worn Mubte Owiyfafor F»y 1918).

* .
MAZOWE DISTRICT
Resources. , but Turner
Quality: Analyses were conducted on all the samples obtained by both diamond and wagon drilling during 1978
(1978), because of contamination , only used the results obtained from the former for grade calculation s A .
total of 130
.
samples of core were analysed These were usually logged and tested in five -
foot (1.52 m) lengths, which transgresse d
.
geological boundaries causing dilution of the average grade of the marble Fey (1979) reappraised the analytical data
using
.
119 results from the * uncontaminated* samples of marble The average grades calculated by both, which classify the material
as being marble or magnesian marble, are given below:
Fev ( 197W Turner (1978)
CaCO, 96.40% 9533%
MgCO, 232% 232%
SiOa 1.71% 2.34%
1.00% 1.10%
A1A 035% 0.64%
MnOj 0.25% 0.24%
Commenting on these quality assessments both Fey (1979) and Turner (1978) stated that
the alumina and silica contents could be significantly reduced by hand sorting; -
content to below 1.0 %
-
the relatively high magnesia content calculated is attributable to magnesium rich material encountered in
; and
one
borehole, which if excluded would reduce the magnesia
the quantity of manganese dioxide present, which occurs throughout the deposit but not in close association
with the iron present, could be lowered to 0.14% by excluding data from two drillholes .
If correct these comments imply that a large tonnage of higher grade marble is available.
- -
Quantity; The deposit has been investigated by diamond and wagon drilling, exploratory adits and surface
trenching, but
insufficient exploration has been carried out to accurately delineate the resources of the mine.
-
'turner (1978), basing his calculations on the marble established in the recently completed diamond drilling programm
unknown,
e,
estimated the reserves present to be 1.54 million tonnes. Fey (1979) points out that the width of the deposit still(
is
"
and states, “ present indications are that the quoted reserves could be augmented considerably Kalbskopf .
,
1985) re -
,
estimated the total probable reserves available for quarrying to be approximately 2.5 million tonnes but, commented
e
“ However, a detailed geological mapping exercise followed by a systematic diamond drilling programm
is needed to
accurately define ore blocks ."
. ry.
Mining is solely by opencast methods Due to the competency of the host rock benching has so far been unnecessa
The main quarry walls are generally very steep and locally vertical. This is attributable to the marble
body having been
'chased downwards as a result
* of scant knowledge concerning lateral extensions This.could adversely affect future mining
investigatio ns,
operations. Accordingly, it is recommended that following the completion of comprehensive geological
culminating in drilling, a mining engineer should be consulted to advise on the working of the deposit
tonnages
Production. Small scale production commenced shortly after the claims were pegged in 1957, with significant
being mined from 1959 until the present Yearly production is listed below:
Year Tonnes Year Tonnes Yfiff Tonnes
1957 45 A 1968 142413 1979 23429.0
1958 360.1 1969 177743 1980 23 980.0
1959 61223 1970 23 977.0 1981 26572.0
1960 8015.6 1971 27407.0 1982 23 295.0
1961 139983 1972 19929.0 1983 18 825.0
1962 16986.0 1973 242723 1984 922.1
1963 14 3623 1974 284513 1985 44979.0
1964 17 0913 1975 35732.0 1986 19921.0
1965 19 383.0 1976 35 763,0 1987 28 309.0
1966 16 656.8 1977 29 667.0
1967 14938.9 1978 22218,0
nun size
The marble mined is crushed and then ground in aball mill to 0.075 mm size for normal sales, whilst the 0.045
intended for chemical purposes is produced by cycloning . Both products are then sold bagged or in bulk .
Lime is produced in a vertical kiln, with alternating layers of coal and marble being calcined for
.
24 hours The lime
produced is then slaked,crushed and bagged ready for sale. Sales of slaked lime are stated to be in the region of 1200 tonnes
produced , but Tancka (1985 ) reported the
per annum. No average specifications are currently quoted for the slaked lime
following values for quicklime:
109
MAZOWE DISTRICT
CaO 90.70%
MgO 0.56%
Si02 1.90%
AljOj 0.22%
Fea03+FeO 1.96%
MnO 1.03%
Additionally, it was stated that:

- the marble disintegrates during calcination, with 21.0% by mass of fines less than 1 mm being generated. This was
predominantly attributed to di-calcium sulphate, which expands by 12% on conversion from beta to gamma crystalline
modification at 675°C.
• the calcined lime possesses a high friability index of 84.3%, with fines being generated during calcination
, handling
-
and transportation. The formation of di calcium ferrite giving
, rise to areas of weakness , was suggested as a possible cause.
.
- the quicklime possesses a reactivity index of 6.3 The content of iron oxide (1.96 % ) , together with oxides of aluminium
and manganese, is important with respect to sinterability, and was thought to reduce the reactivity of the lime.
The principal markets for crushed rock from Early Worm are the agricultural and stockfeed sectors. The deposit is one
of the most favourably situated, better quality sources of calcium carbonate in the country, and the use of this quality of
material in these sectors is wasteful. Efforts should be made to maiket purer products, which could be sold at a greater
premium to customers with more stringent quality requirements.
187 ESPERANZA MARBLE (17°21*S 30°57’E)
Location. The occurrence is situated on the Esperanza and Portlock farms, 3.5 km north of Concession.
Geology. The deposit occurs within Bulawayan rocks in the MazoweGreenstone Belt.To the south it is bounded bya narrow,
- - . - -
northerly trending sequence of banded iron formations The medium grained, blue to buff grey marble is siliceous, with
nodular masses of quartz, 2.5 30.0 cm in diameter, being found locally along bedding planes. The following chemical
-
determination was reported by Ferguson and Wilson (1937):
Composition CaO MgO R203 bisols LOI CaCO, MgCO,

% % % % % % %
3.00 1.81 5.04 31.90 2638 55.52 3.78
Resources.The above result implies that the deposit contains siliceous magnesian marble. The resources,although they have
not been assessed, are probably limited.
188 MBEBI CALC TUFA (17°34*S 30°56’E)
Location. These claims are located on Mbebi Jersey Farm, Mazowe, on the east bank of the Tatagura River, 32 km north
of Harare.
History. This occurrence, formerly known as the Masowe Limeworks, was the source of burnt lime used during the early
1890s in the construction of the Erst buildings in Harare (then Salisbury). The lime was transported by ox wagon. Following
the discovery and exploitation of the Stemblick deposit, which is situated much closer to the Capital, production from Mbebi
ceased. The claims were re opened in 1971 and production resumed in 1972. Since then production of lime at what is now
-
known as the Pioneer Limeworks, owned by SJ. Viljoen, has continued, mainly on a seasonal basis, for local agricultural
purposes.
Geology The calc tufa possesses an open, porous, cellular structure and retainsa considerable quantity of water. It possesses
.
a defined bedding, and is situated on a narrow sub horizontal terrace on the eastern side of the Tatagura River. The deposit
-
is over 1500 m long, 100 m wide and up to 4 m thick adjacent to the river away from which it thins. The vlei limestone was
formed by the accumulation of calcium carbonate leached by circulating ground waters from carbonate zones in the
surrounding greenstone schists. The deposit, which is covered only by a thin layer of soil, consists of material that in parts
contains more than 95% calcium carbonate.
Resources.The resources of this occurrence, which contains relatively pure material, have not been sufficiently investigated.
The remaining material is stated to exceed 200 000 tonnes.
110
- MAZOWE DISTRICT
Production. The quantity of calc tufa won from the occurrence prior to 1972 is not recorded. The production
figures from
then until the present are listed below:

1972 964.0 1978 10417.0 1984 6466.0
1973 2550.0 1979 15 163.0 1985 6466.0
1974 2 869.0 1980 13 945.0 1986 4991.0
1975 9910.0 1981 8 807.0 1987 5 433.0
1976 12 640.0 1982 -
1977 12 044.0 1983 10 202.0
,
189 NDIRICOT MARBLE (17026*S 30°54 E)
Location.The deposit lies in theNdiricot section of Riversdale Estate, 4 km west of Marodzi Siding on the Harare to
Shamva
railroad and approximately 11 km SW of Concession.
,
Geology. The small northerly trending lenticular body of siliceous marble dips at 47° to the west The deposit which
is
-
-
enveloped by banded iron formation, is of Bulawayan age. Two analyses conducted on the marble showed it to contain:
Insols LOI CaCO, MgCO.

Composition
Source
CaO MgO
% %
*%A % % % %
Flack (1923b) 46.90 1.10 630 6.80 38.90 83, 80 2.30

Ferguson and
Wilson (1937) 47.00 0.61 3.28 11.50 37.58 83.88 1.27
Resources.These analytical results imply that the deposit varies from marble to magnesian marble. The mineable resources
have not been calculated but, due to the small size of the occurrence, will be limited
Production. None known or declared
190 PEARSON CALCRETE (17°35*S 30°57 fE)
Location. The calcrete occurs on Pearson Settlement Farm, which lies 9 km to the SW of Mazowe.
Geology. The following analyses are the only data available.
Composition CaO MgO RA Insols LOI Cam, MgCO,

Source % % % % % % %
Blackshaw (1922) 52.70 1.22 0.58 0.06 45.44 94.11 2.55

55.31 - 0.79 - - 98.76 -
49.48 0.23 2.18 7.29 40.82 88.36 0.48
51.96 - - - 92.78 *
Resources.The resources contained in this deposit of calcrete are unassessed.

(17°2TS 30°55’E)
191 RIVERSDALE ESTATE SOUTH MARBLE
Mine. The deposit
Location. The occurrence lies in Riversdale Estate South, approximately 0.5 km NW of the Glen View
is 3 km WNW of Jumbo Siding on the Harare to Shamva railway.
-- .
Geology. This small, lenticular deposit of marble strikes in a north westerly direction It is truncated
to the north by a
westerly trending fault, whilst to the south it is bounded by banded iron formations. To the west the
marble is bordered by
- age .
a metasedimentary sequence and to the east metavolcanics are present All these rocks are of
Bulawayan
.
Ill
MAZOWE DISTRICT
192 SOUTHMOUR CALCRETE (17°23’S 30°53*E)
Location. The deposit is situated on Southmour Farm, which lies approximately 9 km lo the west of Concession.
Geology. The only data available on the calcrete is the following analysis:
Composition CaO MgO Insols LOI CaCO, MgCOj

Source % % % % % %
Blackshaw (1922) 48.68 1.88 6.27 86.93 3.94
Resources, The quantity of magnesian calcrete contained in the occurrence is unasse$sedt but is probably limited.
193 SPITZKOP CALCRETE (17*26$ 31°00’E)
Location. The occurrence lies on Spitzkop Farm , 8 km $E of Concession .

Geology. There are four chemical determinations which showed the calcrete to have the following composition:
Composition CaO MgO R,0, Insols LOI CaCO, MgCO,

Source % % % % % % %
Blackshaw (1922) 42.73 1.06 - - 89.96 2.23

Ferguson and
Wilson (1937) - - - - 91.20
87.45
-
2.15
Golding (1939b) 49.00 1.03 1.66 4.38 4424
Golding (1939e) 52.68 1.48 0.44 1.12 44.64 94.02 3.09
Resources. The resources of magnesian calcrete contained within the deposit are unassessed .
194 TEIGN CALCRETE (17*29’S 30°59’E)
Location. The deposit lies near the confluence of a tributary with the Marodzi River on Teign Farm, 9 km to the NE of
Concession .
195 WELBECK MARBLE (17°29’S 30°58*E)
Location.The occurrence lies on Welbeck Farm, 3 km NW of Mazowe .

-
Geology. This small, lenticular, NE striking body of siliceous marble is associated along both its northern and southern
- .
margins with banded iron formation These beds are intercalated within a sequence of metavolcanic rocks of Bulawayan
age.
Resources. Unassessed, but probably of inferior quality and restricted quantity.
112
MRERF.NGWA DISTRICT
MBERENGWA DISTRICT
(20°28’S 29°59*E)
196 BEUNGWE * SHABANI MARBLE
, sides of the Ngezi River, 7 km east of
Location. The deposit is situated on the Cheshire and Koodoovale Estates on both
Belingwe .
by FJ. Smit, in April 1947, and was pegged
History. The occurrence of marble to the south of the Ngezi River was found
of such a large deposit of marble, especially
by him and his partner L, Granger, later that year.The relatively recent discove
ry
one so close to a settlement of the age and size of Belingwe, is attribut able to inaccessible, mountainous nature of the
the
only occur on steeper slopes. The owners considered
location and to the unusual nature of the exposures which generally
given to J.H. Breese who, contemplating the
the occurrence too large for them to develop themselves and an option was
ant geologists, La Grange and Associates of
erection of a cement plant, etc., had the deposit examined by a firm of consult
claims were transferred to the Premier
Johannesburg. The results of these investigations were obviously positive as the
t Compa ny (Pvt) Ltd, in 1949. This concern
Portland Cement Company (Rhodesia) Ltd, now United Portland Cemen Hill deposit, including drilling. The
commissioned extensive exploration of the occurrence, then known as the Cave
the north of the Ngezi River, was pegged by WJ. Smit
northward extension of the marble, which lies on Cheshire Estate to
in 1949.
rumu Range for a distance of over 5 km. The
Geology. The Southern Deposit is discontinuous exposed along the Mumpu
-
marble is intercalated with NE striking peUtes and minor ^metafer ruginou s rocks
-
of the basal unit of the Cheshire Formation,
grey in colour, and often contains laminations
Upper Greenstones. In exposure the carbonate is dark grey, brown or blue
although the thickest beds are massive. Martin (1978 ) reports that, “ the stromat olitic carbonates are confined to the small
subsidiary basin appended to the main depository on its western margin , whereas the massive deposit lies within the main
basin.”
possibly synformal in nature. The southern
Phaup (1947) considered the highly folded southernmost deposit to be
, with the genetically similar Northern
-
occurrence ends abrupdy at the NE trending fault line which the Ngezi River follows is known as Belingwe Lime and Trig, is 50 -
-
Deposit being found 2 3 km to the east The Northern Deposit of marble which
,
70 m thick and is exposed for a distance of around 2.5 km. (1956), relating to the consultancy work
Below are the results reported on samples from the Southern Deposit by Worst
), to the exploration carried out on behalf of
conducted by La Grange and Associates, and by McGibbon (1948 relating
Portland Cement:
Insols LOI CaCO, MgCOj
Composition CaO MgO RA
% % % % %
Source % %
Wont (1956) 54.20 0.10 1.26 1.66 42.66 96,74 0.21

47.14 1.15 438 7.51 39.82 84.14 2.41
52.30 0.54 1.81 2.76 42.59 9336 1.13
51.58 0.68 2.13 1.66 43.95 92.07 1,42
51.51 0.68 1.71 4.79 4131 91.95 1.42
49.73 0.70 3.94 435 41.28 88.77 1.46
52.00 0.50 233 2.08 43.09 92.82 1.05
McGibbon (1948)
Av32 Composite
49.10 0.55 87.60 1.15
Trench Samples ' "
Av. 10 Core
Samples 49.20 1.00 - - - 87.90 2.09
inantly of relatively good quality marble,

Resources. The Southern Deposit, which the above analyses indicate to be predom (
was assessed by Worst (1956) to contain 30 40 million tonnes of material. McGibbonquarry floor level of 1036 m above sea
- 1948), with the advantage of drilling
to a
results, estimates the deposit to contain some 7.3 million tonnes if mined down -
. are availab le, was estimat ed by Worst (1956) to have from 8
level The Northern Deposit, for which no analytic al results
ent of the marble deposits within the area
10 million tonnes of reserves. Martin (1978) did not provide an economic assessm
mapped.
the southern body, whilst in 1950 some 20
Production. Before 1963 a small, unknown quantity of marble was mined from
tonnes were quarried from the northern deposit.
113
MimZT DISTRICT
MUDZI DISTRICT
197 JACO AND ROGO MARBLE (16°55' S 32646*E)
- -
Location, The deposit occurs in the Rogo Nyamhara-Umutungurgwc Nhadzundzu range of hills in the Mkoba Communal
Land. The occurrence lies 11 km NW of the town of Nyamapanda near ihe Mozambique border.
.
History The Rogo 1 claim block was registered by Belingwe Mining Investments (Pvt) Ltd in 1961 This concern .
.
subsequently pegged the Rogo 2 block in 1970 and the Rogo 3 block in 1971 The latter two claims were allowed to lapse,
but were re pegged together with three additional blocks by the Z and FF Syndicate in 1973. R J Dulana pegged the Rogo
- .
.
7 claim for quartz. In 1983, the Rogo 8 block was reserved by C.A. Smit and the Rogo 9 by G and W Industrial Minerals. .
The Rogo 10 claims block was added by the Ruenga Mining Company in 1984 .
The first three blocks of the Jaco Claims, which lie immediately to the east of the Rogo Claims, were pegged for calcite
. .
by PJ. Oosthuizen in 1974 These were woiked but allowed to fall forfeit the following year The Ruenga Mining Company
- . - .
re pegged the No 2 claims in 1982 and, in 1985, re pegged the No 3 claims and added a fourth claim block. Also in 1985,
Rogo Marble (Pvt) Ltd pegged the Rogo 5 claim block.
Geology.Barton ei aL (in prep.) give the following description of the deposit: ‘The marbles of the Rogo Claims and adjacent
-
Jaco Claims occur as a single large unit interstratified within metaquartzites. The unit strikes E W over a distance of at least
16 km from the vicinity of Rogo Hilt eastwards into Mozambique. It dips vertically or steeply northwards and has an
.
estimated thickness of about 200 m The ‘limestones’ of the claims consist of coarsely re crystallised marbles with -
.
interstratified bands of coarsely crystalline calcite up to 3 m in thickness (Morrison 1970) Analyses reported by Morrison
indicate that the marble is dolomitic and that the calcite bands are relatively pure’*.

Source % % % % % % %
Calcite 54.7 1.2 0.3 03 43.7 97.6 2.5

Marble 423 9.6 0.7 43 43.2 75.5 20.1
“ During the course of the present study the marbles in the vicinity of the main quarry at the Rogo Claims were sampled.
-
Bulk samples were collected at 2 m intervals along 10 N S traverse lines spaced 100 m apart. A total of 1316 samples were
collected and analysed for CaO and MgO, and the insoluble content was estimated semi-quantitatively. The average CaO
content of the body was found to be 39.08% and the MgO content 8.06%, which in terms of carbonate content is equivalent
to 69.75% CaCO, and 16.35% MgCO,, respectively. The remaining constituents were not determined, but consist mainly
of insoluble minerals including quartz, muscovite, biotite, vermiculite, epidote, diopside, magnetite and pyrite These .
insoluble minerals occur in accessory to trace amounts disseminated throughout the marbles, and as discrete calc silicate
bands ranging in thickness from a millimetre up toabout a metre.The low average total carbonate and high average insoluble
-
-
mineral content of the marbles is largely due to the presence of these discrete calc silicate bands ** .
“ Thick bands of almost pure carbonate occur at Rogo, but these are dolomitic; none of the samples from these relatively
pure bands contained more than 93% CaCO,, and most contained less than 90%.**
Resources. The average reported results relating to carbonate content suggest that the deposit contains dolomitic marble
which is principally contaminated by silica. The reserves contained in the occurrence are immense, and if the body is only
mineable across half its width along half its strike over 21 million tonnes of marble could be extracted per 10 m vertical
mining depth.
Production. Due to the remote situation of the occurrence the only production has been in the form of large marble blocks
for use in the manufacture of building, ornamental and facing stone. The following annual production tonnages have been
declared:
Year Claim Tonnes
1975 JACO 1923 S .
1983 JACO AND ROGO 190.0
1984 JACO AND ROGO 250.2
198 MAKAHA CALCRETE (17°17’S 32°41*E)
.
Location The deposit is situated on Lawley’s Concession, at the confluence of the Manyuchi and Nyanzizi rivers, 21 km
SEofMakaha.
114
MUDZI DISTRICT
History, The occurrence is additionally known as the Atricht Lawley’s and Ledo deposit
Geology. A surface, nodular calcrete which was analysed was found to contain:
Composition CaO MgO Imols LOI CaCO, MgCO,

Source % % % % % % %
Phftup
(1973, No.596) 50.80 0.50 3.12 5.40 40.62 90.67 1,05
Production. Stocklmayer (1980) reports that between 1946 and 1947, 35 tonnes of calcrete were mined.
199 NYAKADESHA MARBLE (16048*S 32°55 *E)
Location. The Nyakadesha deposit is located in the Mkota Communal Land, about 4.5 km east of Nyahuku School and
immediately north of Nyadzunzu Hill on the Mozambique border.
History. Originally 13 blocks of claims were pegged by the Nyakadesha Syndicate at the beginning of 1968, but were
forfeited at the end of that year. In 1970, the deposit was re pegged by R.H. Dubbin, but again nothing was produced and
-
. -
the claims were allowed to lapse later in the same year. Dandette Enterprizes re pegged the occurrence in 1972 and worked
the deposit on a small scale during 1973 and 1974 In 1984, these 15 blocks of claims were forfeited but were almost
completely re pegged as the Shingirai Claims.
-
Geology. The generally coarsely crystalline, dolomite rich marbles occur within the Rushinga Metamorphic Suite. The
- -
regional geology of the deposit is described by Barton et al, (in prep.). Anglo American obtained the following analytical
results:
CaCO, MgCO,
Composition CaO MgO
% % *%A Insols
%
LOI
% % %
Coarse 54.15 2.50 0.06 0.81 42.40 96.70 5.30

Fine 52.75 4.90 0.15 0.91 42.30 94.20 10.30
Resources.The deposit reportedly contains over 20 million tonnes of marble, which, as the above analyses indicate, varies
from magnesian to dolomitic marble and is relatively free of impurities .
Production. During 1973 and 1974 marble production of 213.0 and 1097.0 tonnes respectively was declared mined. This
was supplied to Cerama Industries, whose factory in Norton produced ceramic tiles.
200 RONMAU MARBLE (17°01’S 32616’E)
Location. The marble is situated in the Ngarwe Communal Land, approximately 1.5 km east of the Benson Mine and 2 km
NW of Matahi Hill.
Geology. The marble occurs within the Makaha Greenstone Belt, but no information concerning the deposit apart from the
following analysis is available:
Composition '
CaO MgO ,
CaCO MgCO ,
% % % %
48.8 0A 872 0.8
115
MUREHWA DISTRICT
MUREHWA DISTRICT
201 MBUBU MARBLE (17°0rS 31°59 *E)
Location. The deposit is situated 12S km NE of Harare in the Maramba Communal Land near the Borera River, a minor
tributary of the Mazowe.
History. There are eight claims over the occurrence held by United Portland Cement .
Geology. The marble occurs within a series of psammites, psephites and schists of Bulawayan age, which generally dip
steeply from 6080° to the north. Underlying the marble are thinly bedded sericitic and siliceous schists, which are resistant
to weathering and frequently form the highest ground, whilst weathered beds of schist and psephitic rocks overlie the deposit*
-
NE trending dolerite dykes, frequently up to 35 m wide, invade the marble. Off-shoots from these intrusiVes penetrate the
.
marble along bedding planes, especially where these are closely spaced The geology of the marble exposed in the claims
is indicated in Fig. 29.
The disconnected exposures of marble are usually composed of white to light grey and pink, coarsely crystalline rock.
Weathered surfaces are characteristically dirty brown in colour and often have a soft, granular texture due to leaching.
- . vj Ns ;
-
^ .
±1* L
I &
It / . V
i Mbubu
Pool . <£>
L
.d.
n%
BOO 0
Seal * of matra*
BOO 000
L
v L
%
s L
Do/ar/ ta «F
[P. / Ay l] Sarictta tch/tt and quartiit*

'
'
| L | Limatton*
±w Direction and ang / a of dtp
FIG. 29. Mbubu Marble Deposit (after R.C. Curtin, 1983) .
116
MUTARE DISTRICT
Resources. The claims held by United Portland Cement were assessed by Curtin (1958) to contain:
Number . Average Analyses ( % ) Tonnage
Claim
Samples CaO MgO CaCO, MgCO, (million tonnes)
Mbubu 1 10 51.4 0.3 91.7 0.6 6.4

Mbubu 2 11 40.1 1.6 71.6 3,3 3,6
Mbubu 3 5 43.6 0.2 77.9 0.5 9.1
Mbubu 4 1 51.5 0.1 92.0 0.2 2.7
Mbubu 5 5 47.7 0.1 85.1 0.3 11.8
Mbubu 6 3 36.7 0.4 65.5 0.9 8 ,2
Mbubu 7 3 51.2 1.0 91.4 2.1 0.9
Mbubu 8 7 44.9 0.6 80.2 1.2 3.6
magnesian
The estimated quantity of material contained in these claims, which ranges in composition from marble to
marble, is accordingly 46.3 million tonnes .
Production. No production has been recorded.
MUTARE DISTRICT
202 DAIRY FARM CALCRETE (18°55*S 32°34’E)
Location, The deposit lies 14 km NW of Mutare in the Mutari River along the northern boundary of The Dairy Farm.
Geology. Small concretions and nodules of calcrete,
Resources. Unasscssed, but probably small.
Production, None known,
203 DEVON CALCRETE (18°5S*S 32°36*E)
Location. The deposit lies on Devonshire Farm, which is situated approximately 6 km to the NW of Mutare
.
-
Geology Pale cream to grey, roughly banded, fine grained calcrete occurs along the banks of a stream
. overlying granitic
terrain. The following analyses are available:
Composition CaO MgO Ii§ CACO, MgC03

Source % % % % % %
Radford (1959 ) 38.20 1.70 22.40 37.70 68.20 3 ,60

51.00 1.90 2.20 44.90 91.00 4.00
40.60 1.90 18.40 39.10 72.50 4.00
50.30 1.80 3.40 44.50 89,70 3.80
40.20 1.80 19.70 38.30 71.70 3.80
Watson ( 1959) 40.69 1.78 4.24 53.29 75.04 3.72
38.85 1.58 16.40 43.17 71.64 3, 31
reported to cover an area of 150

Resources. Prior to mining the deposit of siliceous, magnesian calcrete, 1.5 m thick, was
square m, which would indicate resources of approxima tely 90 000 tonnes.
Production.A total production of 563 tonnes was mined between 1957 and 1960.The annual tonnages
declared were: 1957,
-
114,3 tonnes; 1958 9, 432,3 tonnes; 1960, 16.4 tonnes.
204 DUKES HILL CALCRETE (19°00’S 32°20*E)
Location.The deposit is situated on Lorn Farm, Odzi.
.
117
MUTARE DISTRICT
. ,
Resources Unassessed but probably limited quantity.
Production. A total of 19.5 tonnes were reported mined in 1927.
LIMEKILN CALCRETE (18055’S 32°37'E)

205
Location. The deposit is situated along the banks of Limekiln spruit on Barrydale Farm
, which lies 9 km NW of Mutate .
Resources. Unasscssed, but probably small.
Production. Calcrete from the occurrence was burnt for lime prior to 1937.
MARANKA CALCRETE ( I9°20*S 32°17’E)
206
Location. The occurrence lies in the Maranka Communal Land to the SW of Mutare.
History The Gandauti, Magure, Maranka, Rombce and Roz claims have been held in this area
.
.
);
Production. The following tonnages were declared mined: 1974, 260 tonnes (Magure 1975
, 766 tonnes (Roz) .
MEIKLES JUNGLE CALC TUFA (18°54’S 32°35’E)
207
kopje.
Location. The deposit occurs in the bed of a stream on the western side of Marakwa
Geology. Buff coloured calc tufa deposited along the stream bed .
. negligible.
Resources Unassessed, but following exploitation the resources remaining are probably
Production. An unknown quantity was removed for agricultural purposes prior to 1937
.
ODZI MARBLE BELT (19°04*S 32°06’E)
208
, of the railway line linking
Location.The marble occurs towards the western end of the Odzi Greenstone Belt 40 km WSW Tsungwesi River to a point 10
Harare to Mutare. The deposit extends along strike for a distance of nearly 18 km from the
,
km west of the Save River.
History.The Odzi deposit, due to its location and size, was considered the only occurrence
within the country suitable for
exploitation in conjunction with iron ore from the Mwenezi Range. Worst (19630 estimate
d that 12 088 million tonnes of
pig iron, which would require 3626 million tonnes of calcium carbonate flux, could be -
produced from the high grade banded
-
iron formation Mwenezi deposit . , following flooding, would have
The intended construction of the Condo Dam threatened the reserves of marble which
of both took place during 1960s and
been reduced to only some 20 million tonnes, and much debate concerning the merits Survey Department during 1965.
1970$. To initially assess the deposit four boreholes were drilled by the Geological
to be exceedingly variable, and in
Analyses of the core samples determined the insolubles and silica content of the marble
some cases sufficiently high to render it of no commercial value The proposal. s for construc ting the Condo Dam were
as the Alberton, Susan
eventually shelved due toanticipated siltation problems.The occurrence has alternativ
ely been known
and Tsungwesi Park deposits.
. -
Geology The marble appears along the western end of the NE irending Odzi Greenst
one Bell The beds form part of the
regional inclination of the schist belt The
southern limb of a tightly folded synform and dip steeply north parallel with the
northern margin of the marble is formed almost exclusively of banded iron formations, whilst along the southern contact
e schists, are found.
- ,
metasediments, such as banded iron formation, phyllites and psammites serpentin
ites and talc -
tremolit
165 m wide , but further west in the
In the eastern portion of its outcrop, in the Mtanda Range of hills, the marble is about
vicinity of the Save River, it averages only 65 m. Lauderdale (in prep.) states that the beds of marble west of the Save River
, m , is intruded into
in the Bepe hills never exceed 15 min width. East of the Save River an undulatin
g dolerite sill 100 thick
the steeply dipping beds of marble. The geology of the deposit is depicted in Fig . 30.
-
The marble is predominantly medium grained and from pale to medium grey in colour
, with rare tremoliteand other calc -
118
• . . .f -
O u u u u u
•
u u
— + + + +0 + + + + + + + + + +
fl fpWiStog
ij
H,2
^^^^ ^ ljji Trfr iruiTiv •
I
S
z &
500 1 000 1500 2 000
E3
ju ^1 S#/p**>fftwrt
6f ‘
^
Ev . vl Qu*rtz/rt
'
'
Ez cnj
no. 30. Odd Marble

- Belt Bed of the Save River
‘
l.G.Worat, 1963).
MUTOKO DISTRICT
silicates. At surface it is frequently heavily stained by iron and manganese oxides. Small lenticular bodies of phyllite and
psammite occur interbedded within the marble. The following analytical results are known from surface sampling. Those
obtained by Worst (1963h) represent traverse samples collected across the width of the marble between theTsungwesi River
and a point 800 m west of the Save River,

Source % % % % % % %
Golding (19461) 48.20 0.50 1.36 . 38.40 86.02 1.05

Swift (1956) 31.84 18.20 2.44 2.52 44.86 56.80 38.10
Worst (1963h) 2 33.70 14.00 4.70 5.90 41.70 60.20 29.30
3 41.50 6.20 3.70 9.60 39.10 74.10 13.00
4 31.50 19.20 2.50 2.70 44.20 56.20 40.20
5 30.80 20.00 2.70 2.80 44,10 55.00 41.80
6 32.10 17.10 2.70 5.40 42.70 57.30 35.80
7 32.60 18.60 2.40 2.40 44.10 58.20 38.90
8 37.60 14.10 2.30 3.00 43,70 67.10 29.50
9 40.70 6.40 4.10 11.20 37.80 72.60 13.40
The results of the four exploratory boreholes drilled by the Geological Survey, Worst (1965c), indicated the insolubles
and silica content of the marble to be extremely variable. However, all the holes were drilled below the dolerite sill, and their
relevance to the overlying ridge, 60-100 m thick, of reputedly better quality marble is difficult to assess .
Resources. The analytical results indicate the deposit to vary in composition between dolomitic marble and calcic
dolomarble. The marble is generally siliceous, and Worst (1965c) considered only that portion in the vicinity of the Save
River to be of good grade.
Worst (1963h) estimated that, by mining to the 850 m contour level using opencast methods, 347 million tonnes of marble
could be produced east of the Save River and 33.5 million tonnes west of the Save River.
No allowance was made for impurities intercalated in the deposit, and it was suggested that up to 15% of the reserves
calculated could be deducted as waste material. It was further assessed that to entirely supply the needs of the Mwanezi iron
deposit, assuming that 158 million tonnes of marble per 30.5 m mining depth could be produced by working the entire length
.
of the body, mining would have to be conducted down to the 630 m contour level The feasibility of mining to such depths
was not considered.
Considerable reserves of undetermined quality exist along the deposit, but it is doubtful, even ignoring economic factors,
that such reserves approach the quantity estimated.
209 RAHEEN CALCRETE (19°00*S 32°36*E)
Location. The deposit lies on Raheen Farm, about 8 km SW of Mutare.
Geology. The only information available is the partial analysis of a sample of calcrete:
Composition CaO MgO CaC03 MgCO?

Source % % % %
Blackshaw ( 1922) 16.60 8.35 29.64 17.47
Resources. The resources contained in this deposit of calcareous material, although unassessed, are probably small.
MUTASA DISTRICT
MUTOKO DISTRICT
120
NYAMANDHLOVU DISTRICT
MUZARABANI DISTRICT
MWENEZI DISTRICT
210 CALCA, TAIPAN AND TAITAICALCITE (21°3l’S 31°10’E)
Location , The calcitc occurs on Jabula and Nandice ranches* Mwenezi.
.
.
NDANG A DISTRICT
NKAYI DISTRICT
211 ZENKA LIMESTONE (19°05’S 28°51*E)
River scarp NW of Zenka

Location.The limestone is exposed along the Whiskey Berman road section on the Upper Tokwe
Ridge* Nkayi.
Geology Muirhead (1977) describes the occurrence as large slabby exposures of coarsely bedded
. -
, buff coloured pelletic
limestone of Cretaceous age. Thin section examination is reported to show that the rock consists
of rounded* often pear
- e
shaped* pellets of fine grained, iron stained calcite cemented by a matrix of coarser crystallin calcite
- . No organic matter
was observed. A sample of the limestone on partial analysis was shown to contain:
I Q, Ihsols LOI CaCO, MgCO,
Source
Composition CaO MgO
% % ^% % % % %
Muirhead (1977) 47.5 1.6 2.6 9.1 39.3 «4.8 33
d. Muirhead (1977)
Resources. The resources contained in this deposit, inferred to be magnesian limestone are unassesse reason tosuppose
,
, but there is no
states,“ Itis difficult to determine the amountof this limestone as outcrop is never consistent
that it should not be extensive, even though this is the only locality where rock of this purity was positively identified.
- were found in
However* a small boulder of limestone-grit containing cobbles of limestone similar to the pellet limestonestrike length of
-
a stream near the road west of Magageni School, which may indicate the presence of this limestone over a
about 10 kilometres” .

NYAMANDHLOVU DISTRICT
(19°43’S 28°04’E)
212 SEAFIELD VALLEY CALCRETE
south of the Insezi River* and 11
Location. The deposit of calcrete occurs in the western portion of Seafteld Valley Farm*
km SE of Igusi Railway Siding* Nyamandhlovu.
History. The occurrence was investigated by United Portland Cement Initially 69 auger holes,
were sunk. Nodular calcrete
-
was penetrated in 36 of these* whilst the remaining thirty three holes encountered barren soil basaltic lava or uneconomic
and a further 79
-
occurrences of calcium carbonate. A 200 m angular grid was then laid out in relation testing, it was concluded that the
to the claims beacons
auger holes and 37 jack hammer holes were completed. However*
- following extensive
and the claims were eventually forfeited
calcrete could notbebeneficiated economically for use in the production of cement
121
RUSHINGA DISTRICT
towards the end of 1985.
Geology. The deposit of calcrete admixed with black soil, is present alongside the Insezi River. It is covered by a thin layer
of soil The calcrete, probably originating from the leaching of the Karoo Basalts which it overlies, consists of concretionary
-
and pisolitic material of 0.4 1.25 cm size.
Resources. From the results of the exploration conducted, McGibbon (1974) assumed that the hard calcrete present
contained more than 65% calcium carbonate and less than 2% magnesium carbonate which, after crushing, screening and
beneficiation would, at a recovery rate of 75%, yield 3 million tonnes of material with an average calcium carbonate content
of 75.5% and a magnesium carbonate content of 1.6%.
Production. The occurrence was worked during 1952 and 1958 when 181.4 and 54.4 tonnes of material respectively were
produced.
NYANGA DISTRICT
213 CHITANGAZUWA MARBLE (17°47 *S 32°35’E)
Location. The deposit lies 5 km east of Chitangazuwa Hill in Saint Swithen’s Communal Land, Nyanga.
Geology. The marble, which occurs as a small , narrow band included in the Chikore granodiorite, was shown by analysis
to contain:
Composition CaO MgO R203 Insols LOI CaCO, MgCOj

Source % % % % % % %
Stocklmaycr ( 1978 ) 29.9 13.8 8.6 12.0 35.0 52.3 28.9
Resources. The resources contained in this deposit, inferred to be calcareous dolomarble, are unassessed.
214 LUCAN MARBLE (17°5<TS 32°53*E)
Location. The occurrence lies on Lucan Farm, along the roadside approximately 1.5 km north of the Nyaruwaka River
'
Crossing.
Geology. A sample of the white, schistose Umkondo Marble was analysed with the following result:

Source % % % % % % %
Tyndale-Biscoe
( 1954) 44.02 3.67 5.17 14.70 31.80 77.04 7.68
Resources. The resources contained in this deposit, inferred to be siliceous magnesian marble, are unassessed.
RUSHINGA DISTRICT
215 GUNGWA METACARBONATITE (16°28 *S 32°19*E)
Location. The metacarbonatite occurs to the east of the Kapfrugwa River, about 4 km south of Gunganyanwa Hill and 1.5
km WSW of Naymasoto Hill in the Mafigu area of the Masoso Communal Land. The locality is remotely situated, and lies
approximately 70 km NE of Mount Darwin and only 4 km south of the international border with Mozambique.
History. MJ, and T.D. Papenfras pegged eight blocks of claims for iron (magnetite) in 1962, but no detailed investigation
of the metacarbonatite has been conducted
122
RUSHINGA DISTRICT
Geology.The occurrence was first described by Arnett (1969), who recorded the presence of four irregular bodies of
- - .
carbonatite contained in biotite gamet homblende paragneiss These were found to
occupy the axial area of a tightly
, rock was stated to
plunging antiform. Apatite was reported to be commonly visible as an accessory constituent and the
typically contain 1.64% P20,.
Regional geological mapping by Barton et al. (in prep.), as indicated on Fig. 31 shows
, that the tightly folded
s were recorded:
metacarbonatite occurs along a northerly trending ridge. At two exposures the following
sequence
Northern exposure Southern exposure

Nyamasoto biotite gneiss Nyamasoto biotite gneiss
Magnetite-apatite rock with Magnetite-apatite rock with
magnetite-carbonate screen (10 m) magnetite-carbonate screen
Homblende-diopside (6 m) Carbonate (700 m)
Carbonate-magnetite rock ( 170 m) Scapolite-clinopyroxene granulite (2 m )
Nyamasoto biotite gneiss Gamet-clinopyroxene granulite
natite tectonically
The northern exposure in the Kapfrugwa River was considered to be a lensoid body of metacarbo
intercalated within the Nyamasoto biotite gneiss. It is inclined to the west at an angle of 50 60° Late -
. sheets of quartz-feldspar
d. Being contained in the rocks
pegmatites traversing the metacarbonatite were observed to be boudinaged but not fragmente
with any alkaline intrusives,
of the Mavuradhona Metamoiphic Suite the Gungwa Metacarbonatite, which is not associated
is inferred to be of Proterozoic age.
of which was noted to
The foliated, coarsely crystalline metacarbonatite contains abundant magnetite, the proportion
increase towards the margins. This buff lo pale brown-weathering, metamorphosed magnetite-carbonate s layer black
rock also contains
-
rounded xenoliths of magnetile-apatite and homblende diopside derived from the surroundin
g sequence A of .
- -
to brown weathering, fractured, massive to crudely foliated apatite magnetite forms a thin
outer carapace
steeply westward
around
s.
the
Besides
carbonatite. In the southern exposure the carbonatite forms the apex of a tight fold that plunges
apatite and magnetite, porphyrob lasts of a pale green clinopyrox ene were noted.
Sea lla< of kilomeiires
-V
mm . i
EXPLAN A TiQN
N % m MA ' I Apatite-magnetite rock
\
mm ME1
1
1
Magnetite -carbonate rock
Mafic my /onitic rock
aA \
4
\
\ \
mm MASOSO
METAMORPHiC
SU / TE
%
f
U
Monzatfiorite
Leucomigmetite
gnaitr
Granutitle ttripad mafic gneiss
\
%\ — - Geological boundary
Fault
Direction and angle of dip
A\
*
i
32*O « EM1
V t
)
FIG . 31. Geological sketch map of the Gungwa Metacarbonatite (after Barton et al , in preparation .
PFUNGWE MARBLE ( 17°02*S 32°08 * E)

216
Nyandiri River, in the Pfungwe
Location. The occurrence lies to the north of Bombodza Hill, approximately 1.5 km from the
Communal Land.
History. The deposit was pegged by Circle Cement Ltd as the Chirwa, Guyu and Gift Claims
.
Geology. The occurrence consists of two bands of marble contained in the western portion
of the Makaha Greenstone Belt.
The northern exposure attains a thickness of some 7 m and the southern exposure 17 m. Circle
Cement reports the following
quality data:
123
RUSHINGA DISTRICT
Composition CaO MgO R,0 , Insols LOI CaCO, MgCO,

Source % % % % % % %
Av 40.
Traverse Samples 49.91 2.90 * - - 89.13 6.07
Av.7 Samples 46.63 6.01 2.22 3.68 41.18 83.23 12.57
N.B.The relatively high magnesium content is reportedly attributable to localized zones where radiating tremolite crystals are abundant
Resources.The resources contained in this deposit of magnesian to doiomitic marble are estimated by Circle Cement (pers .
comm.) to be 948 250 tonnes .
.
217 RUSHINGA MARBLE (16°39’S 32°00'E)
Location.The claims are situated 1.5 km to the west of Rushinga Hill in the Masoso Communal Lands* and lie 56 km NE
of Mount Darwin. The road to Mount Darwin is in fairly poor condition, whilst the town itself is 701cm from railhead at
Bindunt
History.The deposit was originally pegged in 1969 by the Tribal Trust Development Corporation Ltd, and was transferred
to G and W Industrial Minerals Ltd in 1977.
.
Geology The geology of this steeply dipping deposit of marble, which occurs within the Rushinga Metamoiphic Suite, is
. . -
depicted in Fig 32 The body strikes ESE for over 4 km, and is 100 500 m wide. At its eastern end the deposit forms a hill
.
about 30 m above the surrounding countryside, but further west exposure is poor The nature of the generally white, coarsely
.
crystalline deposit varies across strike On the northern edge, it is coarse and massive, whilst along the southern margin the
marble is more finely crystalline and is contaminated with brownish stains and impurities suchasdiopside and garnet Quartz
.
veins are reported to be fairly abundant especially approaching the centre of the body Towards the west the deposit is
- - .
interbanded with attractivecoarse grained pink, yellow and pink brown varieties of marble The rock gives off an unusually
.
strong smell of free sulphur when freshly broken The following analyses have been reported:

Source % % % % % % %
Swift (1968) While 32.5 20.1 0.2 0.7 46.1 58.0 42.0
Rink 51.2 Z7 0.6 25 42.6 91.4 5.6
Leitner (1974)
composite sample
-
26.9 22.8 0.5 6.2 44.1 48.0 47.7*
* Result too high for pure dolomite, which theoretically contains only 45.72% MgCO, .
Resources. Die average grade of the dolomarble quarried from Rushinga is quoted by G and W Industrial Minerals (Pvt)
Ltd, who process the rock prior to sale, as:
CaO MgO Aipt Fe203 Insols LOI CaCO, MgCO,
% % % % % % % %
28.8 23.4 0.10 0.11 2.8 44.9 51.4 49.0*
* Result too high for pure dolomite, which theoretically contains only 45.72% MgCO, .
Again, the quantity of magnesium carbonate present is in excess of the theoretical composition of a rock containing only
calcite and dolomite. Other magnesium rich compounds, possibly magnesite, may be present. The resources of dolomite
-
present to ground level were estimated by Anderson (1970) to be 226.8 million tonnes.
.
Production The tonnages listed below have been declared mined since 1970:
124
+
/
+ + R'.
\
\ V ’O'
V VI :\ + + \ \ X J
£ + + \ 7 / A
txv + \ + \ \\ K
\Vv\
m: +
9
+
/ -< +
\
x
(
)
\
/ / \
X
nhiv
//
,
iO\
?V
*5
+
+ J& +
QSNJ +;
/
/
+c
/
r+ \\
\
+ /
/+
/ IX+
V
<$
+ & =1 +
+
\ 'N vt + RAY BAN + J
c sc:&iBgtE&Sz
RUSHING
T. N
\+ CLAIMS
+
k+ +
+ ± \ X
+
M + ecetsTTI
+ + \
+ <S + + \+ r + +
$ v ( C + + H + A
— DISTRC
B + J* i
\ \
L
/ " “ Store
Scale of kilometres
EXPLANATION
Dotorit
*
CD Gnnitic gnmto
. .
FIG 32 Rushings Marble Deposit (alter B.G. Worst, 1966)*
SHAMVA DISTRICT
1970 1 872.0 1979 3 551.9
1971 4 825.1 1980 4 951.6
1972 3 990.8 1981 8 195.5
1973 5 721.1 1982 3 406,0
1974 3119.2 1983 2 0983
1975 5 245.2 1984 3 799.2
1976 4 0723 1985 4 253.0
1977 4 639.7 1986 3 636.0
1978 1987 5 179.0
218 SOUTHERN CROSS CALCRETE ( 16°5 rS 32°0<rE)
Location. The deposit lies adjacent to the Ball and Southern Cross mines, close to the confluence of the Gwetera and Mazowe
rivers.
Geology. A sample from the locality was analysed with the following results:

% % % % % % %
51.60 030 2.40 4.84 40.70 92.11 1.05
Resources. The resources present in this deposit of calcrete, which contains some impurities, are unassessed.
Production, None known .
SHAMVA DISTRICT
219 CALCIA AND DUDLEY MARBLE (17°26fS 31°31’E)
-
Location. The marble occurs as a NE trending belt which traverses Woodlands, Palm grove Annex, Ceres Lot 1 and Murgwi
Estate farms along the Mahewu and Chontsi ranges of hills. The main Harare to Shamva road crosses the deposit 19 km
driving distance south of the railhead at Shamva.
.
History. The presence of marble was first reported by Tyndale Biscoe (1931) The western portion of the deposit, lying on
-
Woodlands and Palmgove Annex farms, was investigated as the two contiguous Calcia claims on behalf of United Portland
Cement in August and September 1973. The Dudley claims lay on the Ceres Lot 1 and Murgwi Estate farms to the east of
these. Previously the occurrence has also been known as the Aspen, Bellevista, Ceres and Florence deposits .
Geology . The marble occurs as a folded ridge within the Grahamsdale Formation of the Bulawayan Group in the Shamva
-
Greenstone Belt. The deposit, which dips steeply to the NW, strikes north eastwards for a distance of 7 km Regional .
-
geological mapping indicates that the marble adjoins banded iron formations to the north. To the south it is bounded by
psammitic rocks, except at its eastern and western ends where it is in contact with greenstone. The metasediments are
disrupted by faulting and shearing, and a major, northerly-trending fault offsets the Calcia from the Dudley portion of the
- - -
deposit by some 400 m. The massive, medium grained marble is banded grey white, bluish grey and pink* and contains
cherty, diopsidic, ferruginous and tremolitic layers.
Begg (1973b) reported that two narrow bands of marble, varying in width from 5 m to 15 m, occur towards the eastern
,
end of the Calcia Claims. The strike extension of these horizons to the west is totally disrupted by faulting associated
with
.
dolerite intrusions, for a distanceof over 500 m The lower deposit then reappears on the southern slope of the Mahewu range
by amphibole
of hills This exposure of marble, which attains a maximum width of 80 m, is in general highly contaminated
.
and chert lenses. Faulting once again disrupts the westwards continuation of this body , and there is only fragmentary
evidence of its persistence .
Stidolph (1977), working principally in the eastern, Dudley, portion of the occurrence, considered that some marble of
good quality, although siliceous, was present Its composition was reported as:
CaO - 30 to 50%. dependent on quantity of silica;

MgO - normally less than 2%;
RJOJ - 2 to 4%;
SiOj - 2 to 50%; and
MnO - average about 03%.
126
SHAMVA DISTRICT
The analytical results determined by Golding (1949j) are given below:
Composition CaO MgO Insols LOI C«CO, MgCO

Source % % % % % % %
Believed to be 43.60 1.50 3.40 15.58 35.89 77.81 3.14

all from Dudley 51.44 1.67 1.92 3.29 42.20 91.8 3.50
portion of deposit 28.6S T 2.80 46.34 22.50 51.18 T
45.40 1.00 3.10 13.66 36.88 81.03 2.09
30.50 1.05 2.88 39,99 25.10 54.43 2.20
is of an impure nature,
Resources. The deposit contains significant quantities of predominantly magnesian marble which
the Calcia Claims did
being extensively contaminated by ferruginous and siliceous material. Begg (1973b) considered that
-
not appear, “ to hold quality material of sufficient substance to merit large scale exploitat
ion” . Selective mining is probably
the only method of obtaining good grade marble from either portion of the occurrence.
.
(17°13’S 31C31’E)
220 CALEDON CALC TUFA
. Farm, 12 km NW of Shamva.
Location Thedeposit occurs in theNyamwansa Stream, near the northern boundary of Caledon
greenstone rocks to the
Geology. The calcium carbonate is believed to be deposited from groundwaters generated in the
north .
Resources. Unassessed, but probably small.
DODGE MINE (17°27*S 31°30’E)

221
to Shamva road, and 17
Location. The claims are situated on the Palm Grove Farm, immediately west of the main Harare
km SSW of Shamva.
been barytes. The
History Although marble has been produced the major economic mineral extracted from the deposit has
. without any work
first claims for barytes were registered in 1937 by C.H. Webb, but these were allowed a
to lapse year later
a period of six months the claims
being undertaken. The site of the current mine was pegged by Welbe in 1941 but , after
-
were again forfeited. In 1942, the property was re pegged by CJ Beatty P. , .E . Billinghu rst and R.J. Naim , and worked by
the Dodge Mineral Production Company (Pvt.) Ltd.
Geology. The deposit is intercalated within metasediments of the Grahamsdale Formation These
. Bulawayan age rocks
flanked to the east, south and
outcrop near the southern edge of the Shamva Greenstone Belt, which forms a narrow
pedicle
in Fig. 33.
west by the Chindamoro and Mtoko granite batholiths. The regional geology of the deposit is depicted
The easterly trending body of marble, which strikes for a distance of 330
- m along the crest of Chirosw -
a Hill, is 35 75
m wide.The deposit dips steeply towards the north. The marble is a massive
, and
, fine
veinlets
to
of
-medium
calcite,
-grained
iron oxide
, pale
and
to dark grey rock
silica also occur.
in which banding is locally present Bedding is discernible in places of interstitia l biotite,
Microscopically the marble is composed of interlocking carbonate grains with minor amounts
(1970b). The analytical data
magnetite and quartz.The relationship of the barytes with the marble is discussed by Morrison
given below was reported by Worst (1962):
Composition CaO MgO Insols LOI CaC05 MgCO,

% % % % % % %
Source
Av. 10 samples 51.0 1.1 7.8 40.1 90.9 2.3

Traverse, Gibbons 10,
47.4 4.0 3A 3.9 414 84,6 8A
west end body
45.8 5.6 3.7 2.4 41.9 81.7 11 ,7
Traverse cresthill
Traverse, Gibbons 5,
east slope 49.1 1.1 3.6 6.6 39.3 87.6 2.3
Traverse Gibbons 3 48.7 3.1 2.1 4.6 41.1 86.9 6.5
Traverse marble quarry
east end body 36.2 4.9 5.0 19.8 33.8 64.6 10.2
127
SHAMVA DISTRICT
/
»
/ //
vy
7 EXPLANATION
Wm
Fvl Dotarita
4 == Quartz vain*
:- Forphyrltlc granita
s%mkaK \v
y
I + f Matt / va tnnftm ft* part g*aimaic )
Sarpaatlalta
.
&
i\ / I
CZ--3
L
;
I
Qraanaxona , amphibalita
tiarnblaapa aelt /at
A MUIAWA YA >
r.
Fbylllta
Umaatana
’ QttQUP
A\ OfC »am a4 Iraaatama

*
—— ——— Fault
hinamor
&
7
#
2 wQ
Muttoko +
Batholith
*
—— •
Fat* ax**
Tran ttaaa
*
Qaalagftal baxnFary
Mina marking
Batholith l
y
i Z? - 5* "
‘ ——
***** Main mart
Otftar tax
*
c* j LOCALITY PLAN
31* 00' E«0t
i 03 K>
17* 10’
NX s
^7 cm /U ; y
South
J * towj*
Mi . L *
1
Sea la of kilomatraa
0 1 2 3 4 a
FIG 33. Geological Environs of Dodge Mine (after EH. Morrison, 1970).
.
Resources. The chemical determinations indicate that the occurrence contains magnesian and dolomitic marble.Significant
.
quantities of R2Oi and Si02 detract from the value of the deposit Morrison (1978) considered over a million tonnes of
agricultural marble to be present, but commented that the removal of large tonnages of overburden would be necessary in
the vicinity of the hill.
Production, Marble was mined from the deposit in 1950, from 1963 to 1975 and during 1977 and 1978.The annual tonnages
declared were:
Year Tonnes Yes Tonnes
1950 261.7 1971 10935.7
1963 1960.9 1972 6 545A
1964 1708.8 1973 4 075.0
1965 3453.9 1974 3 396.0
1966 5 0393 1975 1641.0
1967 5 324.4 1976 -
1968 1307.0 1977 2 227.0
1969 8 6673 1978 600.0
1970 29082.7
DRAGON CALC TUFA (17°19’S 31°39*E)
Location. Hie deposit occurs 2 km ENE of the Red Dragon Gold Mine, in the NE corner of Grahamsdale Ranch,
approximately 9 km east of Shamva.
Geology. A report by Stagman (1948) states that light brown, soft, porous calc tufa occurs in a gully along the banks of a
perennial stream. The deposit was assessed to be at least 1.6 m thick, and to cover an area of more than 60 m long and 30
m wide. Barlow (1948) analysed a sample from the occurrence as follows:
128
SHAMVA DISTRICT
CaO MgO Insols LOI CaCO, MgCO,
% % % % % % %
49.92 0.88 1.74 3.72 42.08 89.09 1.84
Resources. The occurrence, prior to exploitation, was estimated to contain over 7000 tonnes of calc tufa.
.
Production The deposit was worked by de Oliviera in 1949 and 1950, when approximately 85.5 and 446.2 tonnes
respectively were mined The lime produced was probably used by local gold mines for cyaniding.
.
223 DUNGRIEG CALC TUFA (17°19fS 31°39’E)
.
Location. The deposit is situated immediately north of the Dragon occurrence, near the SE boundary of ME D Reserve
, ,
and 9 km east of Shamva.
Geology. No details concerning the composition, formation or size of the deposit are known .
Production. In 1949 an output of 14 tonnes was declared.
224 GRAHAMSDALE CALC TUFA (18°22' S 31°39’E)
Location. Streams on Grahamsdale Ranch, which lies 8 km SE of Shamva .

Geology. A sample of soft, porous, light brown calc tufa from the deposits was analysed as follows:
, LOI CaCO, MgCO,
Source
Composition CsO MgO
% % ^
I O
%
Insols
% % % %
....
S R G S (1952) 45.28 1.67 430 1132 37.76 80.82 3.49
Resources.Unassessed, but probably limited .

225 1NYAGUI CALC TUFA (17°15*S 31°46*E)
River,
Location.The deposit is situated along the banks of a stream, draining westwards from Inyagui Mine into the Nyagui
in the Uzumba Communal Land, 22 km ENE of Shamva .
.
Geology Little is known about the deposit, except that it is reported to be up to 18 m thick .
.
226 LILY CALC TUFA (17°I8fS 31°40*E)
of Shamva
Location.The occurrence lies on New Brixton Farm, to the east of the Bob Gold Mine,approximately 12 km cast
Geology. No details known.
Production. In 1951, a production of 130.6 tonnes was declared from the deposit .
227 LION’S HEAD MARBLE (17°2TS 31°30’E)
of ThePoortFann
Location.The deposit lies 15 km south of Shamva, to the south of the intersection of the eastern boundary
. The claims of the Dodge Barytes Mines border that of Lkm*s Head to
and the main road connecting Harare and Shamva
the east, whilst the Calcia Claims occur about 1 km to the north on a parallel range .
g results
. ,
History The occurrence was investigated on behalf of United Portland Cement in 1973 but following
discouragin
the claim was forfeited.
. .
Geology Thebedsof marble are flanked by quartzites and narrow, interlayeredphyllites This metasedim
emary suite is itself
129
SHAMVA DISTRICT
contained within a metavolcanic sequence of Bulawayan age. Subsequent folding has tilted the rocks into a near vertical
attitude, whilst shearing and faulting has disrupted the strike continuity of the various horizons.
.
There are two discrete bodies of marble As illustrated by Fig. 34, one lies near the eastern boundary of the claim, whilst
the other, further south lies outside the block. The latter is exposed along a length of 250 m over which it attains a maximum
thickness of 50 m. Begg (1973a) states that this, “ appears to be fair quality, medium grained marble, with only minor
contamination" and concludes that, “ Apart from this occurrence the rest of the crystalline limestone on the claims is of poor
quality, being particularly contaminated towards the west by bands of quartzite and amphibole (greenstone?) interfingering
into the crystalline limestone itself ” .
Resources, Although no resource figures are available the marble present is considered to be of inferior quality and limited
tonnage .
PALMGROVE
WOODLANDS
THE POORT
tu
*
EXPLANATION
t'/ zj Do/ srits
E - K3 Gritty qusrtzits
- .
(i tky Gottsnsou* brtccfstsd,
m&
tiicS ferruginous qutrtiit*
Î ^ Msrbis
v |Amphibolitic grotations
Seal * of metres
100 0 100 200 300 400 BOO
FIG. 34. Lion 's Head Marble Deposit (after Begg, 1973).
228 MACHIDISE MARBLE (16°56’S 31°39’E)
Location.These eight claims are situated 3.5 km SW of the confluence of the Gwetera and Makwari rivers on Lion’s Lodge
Farm, which lies approximately 20 km SE of Mount Darwin The nearest railhead is at Shamva over 43 km to the south.
.
History The deposit was originally pegged by C. Wilson in 1956. During the tenure of Exclusive Prospecting Order 209
.
by Prospecting Ventures Ltd, the exploration branch of Anglo American in Zimbabwe, the marble body, being forfeit, was
-
re pegged. Following this the claims were investigated by over 730 m of drilling in 19 boreholes, by nine trenches totalling
130
SHAMVA DISTRICT
nearly 1150 m and by the testing of a bulk sample of 440.7 tonnes.
Geology.The deposit occurs in association with metasediments and altered basic intrusives of the Mount
Darwin Greenstone
- , contains veins of serpeminite,
Belt. The marble, which varies from fine- to coarse grained and pale yellow to greyish white
intercalations of quartz and aggregates of magnetite, pyrites and pyrrhotite These .
contamina nts are predominantly
with the three lenticular
gradational, being restricted to the marginal areas of the occurrence and narrow zones associated
bands of calc metaquaitzite, each up to 13 m wide, which divide the deposit The SE trending -
boat shaped -
occurrenc e, which
is 180 m long, over 50 m wide and extends for 55 m in depth, dips at 30 70° to the - NE . As the deposit is enveloped
be a
by 17
synformal
m of metaquartzite, which in turn is succeeded by quartz-diorite and greenstone , the body is believed to
structure overturned to the SW. The geology of the deposit is depicted in Fig 35 . .
tonnes of marble with
Resources , Anglo American, following their investigations,estimate that the deposit contains 205 000
the following overall specifications:
Composition CaO MgO FeO Si03 MnO P CaCO, MgCO,
% % % % % % % %
54.70 0.20 052 0.77 0.04 0.003 97.64 0.42
The bulk sample taken contained 0.5% Si02, 053% FeO and 0.07% MnO.
229 RUTHERDALE MARBLE (17°23’S 31°34 *E)
, which lies 5 km south

Location.The occurrence lies on the western flank of a ridge at the northern edge of Rutherdale Farm
of Shamva.
Geology. Tyndale Biscoe (1931) records a small, lenticular body of amphibole rich marble
- -
associated with greenstone
.
.
rocks, which strikes in a NE direction for over half a kilometre Stidolph (1977) does not mention
the deposit
230 SHAMVA MARBLE BELT (17°20’S 31°40’E)
of marble, which trends

Location. This occurrence, western end of which lies 7.5 km SE of Shamva,forms an intermittent belt
NE for over 21 km across the Grahamsdale and Mondesir farms and into the Uzumba Communa l Land.
Agricola, Dillon, Forbes,

History. The exposure, or parts of it, have been referred to, or held, over the years as the
Grahamsdale, Look and Weep, Mandimo, Mondesir, Rhocem, and Tubby deposits. Currently occurrence is covered by
, the
the Forbes, Rhocem and Tubby Claims, which are owned by United Portland Cement
Geology.The marble is associated with Bulawayan age rocks of the Grahamsdale Formation. These
- form the southern flank
trend, is offset by a number of sinistral
of the Shamva Greenstone Belt The belt, which strikes NE, parallel to the regional , forms a sequence
faults The beds dip steeply to the NW. The outcrop of the deposit which with
. , its associated sediments
.
of prominent ridges, is depicted in Fig. 36 Stidolph (1977) described the following cross section -
across the marble exposed
in the Forbes 4 Quarry on Mondesir Farm:
Metres Description
Footwall 0.0 - 11.9 Fractured greenstone.

11.9 - 183 Crystalline limestone with chert lenses (Slide 21 335 at 13.4 m).
18.3 - 28.7 No outcrop.
28.7 - 30.0 Friable, finely bedded, crystalline limestone with chert lenses.
30.0 - 37.8 No outcrop.
37.8 - 393 Friable, finely bedded, crystalline limestone with chert lenses.
393 - 485 Fine-grained dolerite.
485 - 50.0 Friable, finely bedded, crystalline limestone.
50.0 - 56.1 No outcrop.
56.1 - 57.6 Fine grained dolerite.
131
SHAMVA DISTRICT
57*6 60.7 Finely bedded, crystalline limestone (Slide 21336 at 59 m).
60*7 67.1 Ferruginous quartz with carbonaceous material and sulphides.
67.1 74.7 Finely bedded, crystalline limestone.
74.7 77.4 Iron stained greenstone.
77,4 86.8 Well banded ferruginous quartzite.
86.8 87*5 Crystalline limestone.
873 94*2 Ferruginous amphibole passing into gamet-andalusite-conlierite rock.
94.2 - 114.3 Crystalline limestone with ferruginous mottling and staining (Slide 21606
at 101.8 m)*
1143 146.3 Tremolite schist
Hanging wall 1463 - 152.4 Greenstone.
Slide 21606, from the main horizon in the quarry, was reported as “ an almost pure carbonate rock composed of a saturated
mozaic of closely interlocking calcite crystals, with a few grains of quartz, pyrite and garnet, a little white mica and a few
patches of green almost isotropic chlorite**. Slides 21335/6, from siliceous carbonate bands, were recorded to contain,
, of tiny tremolite crystals and a little mica **.
“ numerous small lenses of recrystaUised chert several laminae
Begg (1973a) reports that the sedimentary sequence contains two main developments of marble The footwall horizon,
*
-
60 150 m wide, is usually contaminated with amphibole and bands of chert The hanging wall development of marble is
narrower, seldom exceeding 40 m in thickness, and relatively free of amphibole or chert Except in the quarry section this
band is poorly exposed.Both horizons are invadedby conformable, thin intrusions of dolerite.The beltof marble was divided
,
into six geographical areas these being from SW to NE , the Maenzi , Pimpernel , Chitaki , Quarry , Mont £> *Or and Nyagui
. .
sections (Fig 36)
-
The Pimpernel section was the furthest south west to be investigated, no information being available for the Maenzi
Section where the marble is believed to be poorly developed A mining strike in excess of 1000 m is reported for the
.
*
- .
Pimpernel section This is terminated both to the SW and NE by northerly trending shears The footwall marble ison average
-
70 m thick and the hanging wall 20 40 m wide* Haematite gossans, apparently devoid of mineralization, occur near the
-
faulted ends of the horizons .
Displaced about 400 m to the north of Pimpernel, the Chitaki section, with a reasonably uninterrupted strike of over 3
, .
km contains the greatest development of marble The footwall horizon, which is up to 150 m thick,appeals to be separated
.
from the poorly exposed hanging wall marble by about 100 m or so of politic and psammiric metasediments Easterly -
trending shearing, slightly oblique to the general strike, is suggested to have displaced the body westwards.
The Quarry section is a continuation of the beds observed in the Chitaki section, which has been displaced hundreds of
metres to the north by a fault now occupied by the Chitokwe River Throughout the 1100 m of strike, the footwall horizon
*
is extensively contaminated with amphibole, chert bands and dolerite intmsives However, the hanging wall marble is well
*
exposed, and it is this limb that the Forbes 4 Quarry exploited. This development maintains a width of about 400 m over an
appreciable distance, but then deteriorates into narrow bands sandwiched between brecciated quartzite and tremolite schist
-
The entire sedimentary sequence is terminated at its north eastern end by a major dolerite intrusion*
The continuation of the belt on the eastern side of the dolerite intrusion towards the Leviathan Mine, the Mont D Or
*
.
section, contains a paucity of marble in a reduced, sheared, metasedimentary sequence In addition the beds are intruded
,
by bodies of dolerite and quartz porphyry
The Nyagui section runs from near the Leviathan Quartz Porphyry stock to the Nyagui River, along which it is sinistially
displaced some 800 m to the north by the Muda Fault.The marble, which is exposed intermittently over a distance of nearly
4 km, possesses a mineable strike length of 1 5 km. The horizons, which are up to 150 m thick, are separated by erratically
*
developed deposits of psammitic material The exposure of the beds is often obscured by faulting and overburden The .
footwall marble is contaminated with amphibole, whilst the hanging wall deposit contains quartz veinlets. In the SW end
of the section the rocks have been intruded by pegmatitic invasions associated with the Leviathan Quartz Porphyry .
Hie marbles are pale grey to white in colour with dark grey and bluish grey bands. Commonly amphibole^rich, siliceous
and intruded by dolerite veinlets along the bedding, the marble is also contaminated by a few small garnets and stringers of
pyrites The outcrop is usually smooth and rounded, whilst soil developed from it supports a dense thorny flora.Only three
.
individual chemical analyses are known from the belt:
Source % % % % % % %
Golding (1928b) 48.02 2.78 236 337 40.71 85.70 5.82

35.66 6835 11.08
<
Golding I939g)
Golding (1949d)
38.30
45.28
530
1.67
730
430
13.12
11.84 37.46 80*81 3.49
However, Sddolph (1977) states that, “ Eight analyses are available, showing that the lime content varies between 30 -
-
50% and magnesia is usually 0.5 2%, though one assay gave 13% magnesia.Silica varies front 3 30% and alumina and iron
-
oxide from 1 10%. The CaCO, content varies from 60% to 85%” .
-
132
•ML 4
•ML IS
•ML 4 •ML 10 " ML n
•MLS •ML 12 •ML 7

M
*- N
•MMLi1 l5 •MLS
MLS
•
>T : .^
'
r '
•/ l l V- .
w 4a
ML •
T *^ T l l l l T V : -S~ ~ I I l v .* ML 14 «
>
. ’ T^ I
' 1 -
v; 1 i v. .
A- -1
x; IPri 1
; 11
i ij ' i l l i i i
l
i
X '. • . 49
V.
—
i i *
i T i i l l i i 1 I ! i 1 i
~ y ,
* . > i i i I I I I i i i i i i ^~
ry’ ,
5 30? 1 \ 1i , Ji 1i ,I i- 5 *i 1, l ! i I i i i l i T
1
P r-
SHAMV
•V V L
I I I 1 i ~ ~ T7 *
^
"
<r ' • •' i ~ I . |' ~ i i i I ~ I 7 ' -:

A A ••
t £ • • • • •. •. • -y j i i i i i -
jj y • .
U)
s \ V
"s s t
u>
•
— DISTRC
ML
R ‘
1
i
I
l
TT / [
l /
n± x. '
v .;* *
y
. * •
- - ; \- ; ; .
.
*
•* * * , . *;
* / 0^* -.
"V v
v
v
M PS
V
--
V
w< I ’. . / .
' * *
* t jr v v v
r1
..
*
* V“ v
* ^ EXPLANATION
h 1
|!\\ m
W»oywrtiftt
Seal* of rnitni bmnd* dV*«*

100 o 100 200 300 400 BOO
l iL
i i i
I v 1'
Qnotoffcnf bo**4rf
_ j£f
floatoffeo/ bmm4* y, Mmd
04», MtWMl in ctaynN
.
FIG. 38 Machidiae Marble D«po4t (adapted Prospecting Vutsm Ltd. Drawing 4839) .
SHAMVA DISTRICT
Resources.Large reserves are presentalong the deposit, which according to thequality data available range from
, magnesian
of dolerite veinlets and siliceous lenses,
to dolomitic marble. Significant proportions of contaminants, principally in the form
on would be necessary if large quantities
are contained within the deposit. It is believed that selective mining and beneficiati
of higher grade source iock were to be produced.
Production. Between 1960 and 1963 a total of 30 828 tonnes of marble were quarried from the Forbes 4 Claim
on Mondesir
13 914.3 tonnes; 1962, 5090.1 tonnes and
Farm. The annual production figures declared were 1960, 6956.7 tonnes 1961
; ; ,
1963, 4867.0 tonnes.
231 SNOW WHITE CALC TUFA CLAIMS (17°1TS 31°42’E)
Location. These claims for calc tufa were situated in the northern comer of Dillon Farm, 15 km NE of Shamva.
History. This occurrence was originally worked as the Chipoli Limeworks,
.
Geology The soft, porous, light brown calc tufa was deposited on a dolerite bar in the Mazimbenini River .
n are unknown.
Resources.The resources remaining in this deposit of reputedly good quality calc tufa following exploitatio
Production. The deposit, which produced 30 608.1 tonnes of lime during three periods of manufacture between
1939 and
1960, was the largest calc tufa working in the Shamva area. The annual were
production figures declared ;

1939 425.8 1949 222.2
1940 705.2 1950 181.4
1941 375.0 1957 2485.2
1942 50.8 1958 9 537.1
1943 45.4 1959 11056.3
1944 217.7 1960 5 306.0
Stidolph (1977) reports the composition of one sample of lime as:

% % % % %
87.96 1.60 1.56 2.00 6.62
232 THREE BAOBABS MARBLE (16°58’S 31°55’E)
Location.The claims occur in theUmfurudzi Wildlife Area, immediately north of the Mazowe River. They are situated
about
43 km SE of Mount Darwin and 55 km NE of Shamva. It is 75 km roadby to the nearest railhead at Shamva, which lies
approximately 120 km by rail from Harare.
.
History.The deposit was initially pegged by W B. Daniel in August 1954, but the claims were allowed to lapse
in September
1957
1957. The occurrence was investigated by Prospecting Ventures Ltd during the tenure of EJ \0.209 from November
of the occurrenc e were registered by the May Syndicate , which
to July 1970. In 1972, about 5 km of claims along the strike
.
later formed the Shamva Marble Lime Company Later that year the then Salisbury Portland Cement Company
commenced
a study of the western portion of the exposure which
, included extensive trenching , but concluded that the deposit was too
.
remotely situated to be economic The potential of the occurrenc e as a source of facing and ornamenta l stone
,
was recognised
closely spaced
.
by Owen (1980) Unfortunately, investigations revealed the maible to be discoloured below surface with
jointing causing additional concern . These problems induced J. Sisk and Son (Pvt.) Ltd, who by September 1982 had opened
. -
up a small box cut on the western slope of “ Sevic Hiir, to halt development Three small diameter boreholes have
recently
been sunk in the eastern section of the deposit to depths of around 75 m.
Swiswamoyo
Geology. Leitner with Phaup (1974) reports that the marble occurs close to the southern boundary of the
Greenstone Belt in a sequence of metavolcanics of probable Bulawayan age. Unlike many such bodies found
within
greenstone assemblages it is not associated with either banded iron formation or psammitic material. The silica
- content of
the marble is accordingly relatively low, although the quality of the marble varies both along strike and across the
body. The
-
surrounding country rocks consist of a variety of andesitic metavolcanics that have undergone amphibole facies metamor
¬
phism. The purer marble exhibits litde effect of metamorphism apart from recrystallization, although in the more
.
contaminated dolomite-rich rocks, actinolite, diopside and tremolite have been formed The deposit is intercalated with an
assortment of metavolcanic rocks, including agglomerates, lavas, tuffs and volcanic breccias. Arnett (1972 considered that
)
134
SHAMVA DISTRICT
A
* v v V
EXPLANATION *
« INYAQUI
WMc*,
IdYAftH v
ctvf ALCAIC TV
* rm
Quart
* © V
AT* v V
Dolerlte V
/7
-+ ^+4|~ Porphyry »nd pegmatite
[~* V V O' v
V V
V
v
Marble V v
Tramoine schist
V V V V V
$*
W-
V V V V V
V V V Q
\
« "l Serpantinites, etc. V
V V V V
V
Bended irons tona* , ate . V V

V
a
V
V V
V +
a
|* ;; I f|Quartzite V V
V V V
V BMOMT DOR
[v y | Graanstona SHOW
me me -
Wft Iff
V V
—
D
Fault
Mina or claim
V
V
yV
V
V
V
V
V
A
V
V
V V
V
V A
V v f V
vl -A A:
*9*
o
fv / V
¥
V & V V
V TV V fi
v « V V
V
t
K V# * :T V
sfTIMuffvV
V
vO
9 v
V
» V» I %
vx
V
V
>* V X
'A v
V
•r.y* Sa?
»
V V
l* v
1
&
\
jP
^v vV
v
vV
v
v
vAVV
2$
V V v
$
V
V
V
I -!Jv V
V
V
V
V
V
v
*
xjy
W
A dv v V/ 7 V Ajr
rouses 4 r
V,
VV
QUARRY
tr V
V
§9 r v
V
V
V
fv
V
JUfA #
r
V
V
V
v
V ^
V
V
V
V
BDRAQON v v VA V V
A
\
V V
*
0 V
V V
V
V
V
V
V
\ f
V
fa
/
V
fi V V V V
v S
§
V V v\V V V V V
ED£ QAR v
V V
6 VBTRIO K
V
/K
^ v
v v V
V V V cr V
§
W>
»
V V V
V
V
V V
W V
*v
jgjv Vv\
V V V
V V V V V v fif v ff VO
<$^ vV v
' v v VVv<f,Aylv -A/ V
v
V
*
v > d§EF v
^^ V
m
V V V V V v V
9
V V V V V V
v\Waf v
y # v x rf?
V V V
Sc#l * of kilomotrs*
*
V1'
sPtr
v
j v v
*
1 . . . . 9 _ ! _ J
v
^
V gj&v
*
V
* V
v
v
V
v
V?
mw ?*/ /
/
V M&Bfst V V V /
xaK\V
XjW
,
v
V
w
^? v
>
V
v
/
/
/
v
^^ y
v
V
V \V
V
V
V
V
V
V
^ ^ /
FIG. 36. Shamva Marble Belt (after Stidolph, 1977) .
135
SHAMVA DISTRICT
the original limestone was deposited during a period of explosive, subaqueous volcanic activity. This is supported by the
presence of angular fragments of volcanic breccia up to 0.5 m in size in otherwise uncontaminated marble.
The marble strikes ENE over 6 km and then swings to the north following the northern bank of the Mazowe River The
.
main body, which is up to 200 m wide, dips steeply north at about 80°. Smaller, parallel bands of marble also occur
. Hie
purer marbles are in many cases poorly exposed, being partly hidden by soil. The more dolomite rich rocks frequently form -
the ridges. In the vicinity of faults the marble has been significantly fractured and silicified. The deposit has been separated
into three main areas which, as depicted in Fig. 37, are subdivided by faults. The Western Section which is predominantly
-
composed of high quality, friable, coarse grained marble,contains some large bodies of greenstoneand zones with numerous
, ,
metavolcanic fragments. The Central Section of the deposit,located around “ Carrara Hill” ,consists of banded massive dark
grey marble some of which, due to diopside segregation, is attractively striped with green. White, dolomite rich marble -
occurs towards the base of the hill. No marble is exposed in the vicinity of the Mahomba River where a dolerite sheet has
grey the surface The central rib of the
,
been intruded. The Eastern Section around “ Sevic Hill” is generally composed of fresh, fine grained, white dolomite rich
. hill is formed by a
- -
marble, which frequently possesses a deleterious tinge beneath
large foliated greenstone inclusion or infold, whilst at the eastern end the marble becomes well laminated and contaminated.
Tremolite,chlorite and ferruginous layering, upon weathering, discolour this impure marble The potential of the marble as .
-
facing or ornamental stone is further impaired by the presence of closely set joints, the most prominent of which trend 176°
and dip 60 80° E. Kalbskopf (1987a) reported that, “ Major joints are spaced at 20 90 cm intervals with irregular zones of
- -
-
minor parallel fractures which display a closer spacing, namely 5 20 cm.While the major joints are coated with sericite mica
. -
and often influence the shape of the blocks, the minor joints are not so injurious This north south pattern is almost certainly
.
related to a major fault which defines the western endof Sevic Hill” “ A second less prominent set runs parallel to the regional
foliation of 80° and dips 55-60° south. These joints are more widely spaced where they occur at the end of a block, exert
an influence on the shape of the block” ."A third set of minor, discontinuous cracks dips south and south-eastwards at 35 -
45° but may only be superficial and will not seriously affect the quality of the marble” .
The results of investigations conducted by Unicetn were unobtainable. However, Owen (1980) re sampled the trenches
and the results of the analyses conducted on these specimens, together with all the additional analytical data available on
-
the deposit, are reported in Appendix, Table 14 .
31* 68 E « »t
7
-0 ! / / 3> i
.27:
—
C; -—
VA z:
<:
mGi ) L
nsr
v.
L 'A
. /
f
\
v/
IliSl v
ii mS'
mm
.
H!
— 10° sr South
a
* v' o 10* » r
A MA zov!
? South
^ * 3K T. N.
// - yt
i\ /•
cr\ r\
u
U
) U' —
A
tp
west**®* t=4 L/J -AVA
-D r P/ y <T
J
\ *
Seal * of kilotn *tr« «
i 0 1
EXPLANATION
Dolerite
. Fault or fracture
Geological boundary
Amphibolite
-*2° Strike and dip of foliation
^
trjl rl Marble
Undiffar
*nbated greenstone
^ Box cut
Formlines
FIG. 37. Three Baobabs Marble Deposit (after Broderick, 1982).
136
SHAMVA DISTRICT
Resources. Arnett (1972) assessed that the Three Baobabs deposit could be measured in hundreds of millions of tonnes
which, although predominantly dolomite-rich, contained a considerable tonnage of purer marble.
Western Section: This portion of the deposit reportedly contains the higher grade marble, although it iscontaminated by
inclusions and lenses of metavolcanic material. Assuming a length of 1 km with an average width of 70 m , Owen (1980)
estimated that over 15 million tonnes of marble, possessing a calcium carbonate content averaging 80%, could be produced
from this section of the deposit by mining to a depth of 100 m. The additional analytical data available indicates that the
marble contains 0.4-10.0% magnesium carbonate, implying that the quality in this section ranges from marble to dolomitic
marble. The insoluble matter content ranges from 0.9% to 16.5% and the R205 content from 0.4% to 2.9%. It is presumed
that the better quality marble can be won by selective mining, but decrepitation tests indicate that it is unsuitable for some
metallurgical purposes as it breaks down into too fine a powder on heating. This section of the occurrence is not known to
contain any marble of interest as facing or ornamental stone.
Central Section: The portion of the occurrence centred around “ Carrara Hill” was assessed by Owen (1980) to contain
some 10 million tonnes of reserves, averaging 54% CaC03 and 40% MgCOs, over an exploitable length of 500 m and width
of 100 m. This quality data matches well with two of the analytical results reported by Arnett (1972) and indicates that the
sector contains resources of calcic dolomaible. Insoluble matter contents of 1.8% and 7.9% and R203 contents of 3.3% and
3.5% were recorded for these two determinations.
Eastern Section: Alternatively known as Sevic Hill, this locality was reported by Owen (1980) to contain in the order
-
of 5 million tonnes of marble with a MgCO, content of 20 25%. The remaining chemical analyses available, excluding those
reported by the Department of Metallurgy in 1987 which appear unreliable, reveal that the marble contains 0.4 34.75% -
- -
MgCOa, 0.5 4.75% R303 and 0.9 4.4% insoluble matter. This indicates that the deposit contains material of composition
ranging from marble to calcareous dolomaible.
The reserves of marble of potential value as facing or ornamental stone, present in both the central and eastern sections
of the occurrence, were calculated by Owen (1980) to exceed 2 million cubic metres. However, thisestimate was made prior
to the problems encountered with colour and jointing. Nevertheless, core recovered from the three recently drilled boreholes
is reportedly promising.
233 TIPPERARY MARBLE (17°17’S 31°35’E)
Location.The occurrence lies on Tipperary Hill, which runs across.the boundary between the Panmure and Tipperary Estate
farms, 4.5 km NE of Shamva.
Geology. The small NE-trending deposit is formed by highly carbonated lenses of marble, which are found within, and
contaminated by, Bulawayan greenstones. Stidolph (1977) reports that they “ have a low magnesia content but contain
considerable amounts of silica, alumina and iron oxide.” Brewer (1952b) determined the analytical result given below:
Composition CaO MgO R203 Insols MnO LOI CaC03 MgCO,
% % % % % % % %
40.2 2.4 9.1 17.4 0.6 30.8 71.8 5.0
Resources. This analysis implies that the deposit contains impure, ferruginous and siliceous magnesian marble. The
resources are in all probability limited.
234 WOLLEY MARBLE (17°15'S 31°3(TE)
Location. The deposits are centred on Wolley Estate Farm’, 9 km NE of Shamva.
Geology. The occurrence comprises of four NE-trending, highly carbonated lenses, which occur within, and are contami¬
nated by, greenstones of Bulawayan age. The marbles are reported to possess low magnesia contents, but contain significant
quantities of alumina, iron oxide and silica.
Resources. Unassessed, but probably of inferior quality and limited quantity.
137
SHURUGWI DISTRICT
SHURUGWI DISTRICT
235 FOTHERINGHAM ’ S LIME ( 19°30’ S 30°02’ E)
Location. Calc tufa is found in many of the stream beds and gorges on Depoto, Magakooshla and Tibilikwe farms, which
lie 13 km or so NNE of Shurugwi .
Geology. The predominantly spongy textured, pale brown to buff calc tufa is considered to have been deposited from waters
saturated in calcium carbonate derived from the surrounding greenstone schists. The deposit worked by Fotheringham ’ s
Limeworks on Tibilikwe Farm was up to 5 m thick .
Resources. The quality and quantity of the calc tufa remaining following exploitation is unknown.
Production . Two deposits of calc tufa in streams flowing across Tibilikwe on to Depoto Farm were mined. One of these,
probably the occurrence supplying Fotheringham 's Limeworks, was worked for over ten years, with the lime produced
being used for the cyaniding of gold and other purposes. The quantity of calc tufa mined or lime produced is unknown.
236 HOME FARM CALCRETE ( 19°35 ’ S 29°58’ E)
Location . The deposit occurs on Home Farm , near Surprise Railway Siding , which lies 9 km NNW of Shurugwi .
Geology The only data available on the occurrence is the following analytical determination:
,
Composition CaO MgO RA Insols LOI CaCOj MgC03

Source % % % % % % %
Golding ( 1949c ) 48.0 2.33 3.28 5.00 41.20 85.67 4.87
Resources . The tonnage of material contained in this deposit , which is of magnesian calc tufa with some impurities, is
unasscsscd , but is likely to be limited .
Production . None known ,

,
237 SANTOY MARBLE ( 19°35 S 29°59’ E)
Location . The deposit , which occupies a ridge above the Santoy Mine on Home Farm , lies 9 km north of Shurugwi.
Geology . Maufc, Lightfoot and Zcally ( 1919) record the presence of two lenticular beds of impure marble in greenstone
schists near the SE corner of Home Farm . Tyndalc- Biscoc ( 1949), who assigned the marble to the Shamvaian , considered
it to be , “ a highly magnesian type and therefore of no commercial value”
Resources. Unasscsscd , but reputedly magncsian-rich and of limited tonnage.
Production . None known .
238 TARATI CALCRETE ( 19°42'S 30°06’ E)
Location . The calcrete occurs 9 km SE of Shurugwi on the Helvetia and Shikupa farms.
Geology . A sample from the deposit , which was known as the Tarati Lime Claims, was shown by analysis to contain:
Composition CaO MgO RA Insols LOI CaCOj MgCOJ

Source % % % % % % %
Golding ( 1946 a ) 7.88 1.30 4.00 75.68 11.08 14.06 2.72
Resources . The determination reported above indicates that the deposit has a low carbonate content . The resources
remaining following exploitation arc unasscsscd .
Production . A total of 72.56 tonnes were mined from the occurrence, with 18.14 tonnes produced in 1944 and 54 ,42 tonnes
in 1946.
138
UMZINGWANE DISTRICT
UMZINGWANE DISTRICT
239 CLAREMONT MARBLE (20°16’S 28°44’E)
Location. Four bodies of marble occur on Claremont Farm and Reserve No. 1 Tuli Road, which lie 21 km SE of Bulawayo.
History. The Premier Portland Cement Company (Rhodesia) Ltd acquired a Special Grant, valid for a period of 21 years,
covering a marble deposit on Reserve No. 1 Tuli Road, with the intention of exploiting the occurrence for the production
.
of cement. Following the successfulevaluation of the occurrences on Claremont and Reserve No 1, a two foot gauge railway
line was constructed from the deposits to the factory at Cement Siding.
Two separate horizons were exploited, one on Claremont Farm and the other on Reserve No. 1 Tuli Road. The two
quarries on Reserve No. 1 both occur on the same line of strike, although no marble was observed between the workings.
The horizon was known as the Rholime deposit.
Geology.The marble horizons on Reserve No. 1 Tuli Road formed two bold outcrops running WNW with a SW dip of about
70°. Amm (1940) records that, “ In No. 1 quarry at the NW end of the strike, the (crystalline) limestone is definitely lenticular
in form, the widest portion being about seventy feet (23 m). The rock is a fine bluish-grey (crystalline) limestone lying
-
between banded iron formation on the SW side and resting on a pale yellowish grit (psammite), which is succeeded by a
.
further horizon of banded ironstone The latter, however, does not extend in a south-easterly direction as far as quarry No.
2, which is essentially similar to No. 1. In the faces of the quarries the rock appears to be quite homogeneous throughout
the entire width. Irregular veins and bodies of soft ferruginous material traverse the rock in places and are particularly
abundant near the banded ironstone. These are due to oxidation of pyritic seams which have been formed as replacements
.
along joint planes in the (crystalline) limestone The concentration of these replacement deposits near the banded ironstones
suggests that the latter has been more highly brecciated and served to localise the passage of the mineralizing solutions/’
“ On Claremont Farm a much greater width of (crystalline) limestone has been quarried, the total thickness of which is not
fully exposed. As outcrops in the vicinity are rare, it was not possible to get an idea of the length of strike” .
Garson (in prep.) states that the carbonates occur within rocks of the Umzingwane Formation, Bulawayan Group, but
questions whether they are of a primary or secondary depositional nature .
The following analytical determinations are known:

Source % % % % % % %
Claremont
Pingstone
(undated) 50.00 0.37 2.15 7.53 39.95 89,28 0, 78
Pingstone (1910) 48.49 0.80 1.89 8.49 40.33 86.59 1.68
45.38 0.44 1.02 13.11 40.05 81.04 0.92
Ludlow ( 1912) 48.99 1.39 4.44 3.68 41.50 87.49 2.90
44.18 3.61 6.56 6.52 39.13 78.90 7.56
Reserve No. l
Amm ( 1940) 49.69 0.86 3.40 5.60 40.45 88.74 1.80
52.10 0.10 2.40 3.70 40.70 93.00 0.20
Resources. The chemical data available indicate that both the Claremont and Reserve No. 1 Tuli Road deposits
.
predominantly contain calcium carbonate source rocks with a relatively low magnesium carbonate content Neither horizon
is now exploited and it is presumed that the resources amenable to opencast mining present in both were exhausted.
Production. No information concerning the quantities of calcium carbonate produced from the occurrence is available.
240 GLEN MONTAGU MARBLE (20°17’S 28°43’E)
Location. The deposit lies on Howard’s, formerly Glen Montagu , Farm in the vicinity of the Bonsorand Goede Hoop mines.
Bulawayo city centre is approximately 20 km to the NW.
.
Geology. Garson (in prep ) assigns the marble to the Umzingwane Formation of the Bulawayan Group. A small shaft was
sunk on a body of marble, 7.5 m thick and 350 m long, to the north of the Bonsor Mine. The horizon was found to be bordered
- -
by banded iron formation to the northand meta andesites to thesouth. Towards the centre of the marble a thin layer of phyllite
was encountered. The analytical results determined on a bulk sample, collected by sampling at 30 m intervals along strike,
and on an additional four specimens obtained across strike arc reported below:
139
UMZINGWANE DISTRICT
Composition CaO MgO R2Os Insols LOI CaC03 MgCO,

% % % % % % %
29.20 5.00 5.80 30.00 29.50 52.18 10.15

35.50 6.20 11.00 10.10 3630 63.44 12.96
47.30 2.90 2.60 6.50 40.30 84.53 6.00
30.00 10.50 8.70 13.40 36.40 53.61 21.95
49.40 2.40 1.80 5.00 41.10 88.28 5.01
Resources. The analyses available indicate that the rock ranges from impure magnesian marble to calcareous dolomarble.
The quantities remaining following mining are unassessed.
Production.Between 1971 and 1977 a total of 4204.8 tonnes were reported mined, with the annual outputs declared as: 1971,
1042.1 tonnes; 1972, 722.0 tonnes; 1974, 348.3 tonnes; 1977, 2092.4 tonnes.
241 IMBETSHU MARBLE (20°04’S 28°58*E)
Location.The deposit occurs along the western flank of Ivnbetshu Hill on Zimbile Farm, which lies 40 km NE of Bulawayo.
.
Geology No data is available on this occurrence of Bulawayan marble .
242 JACK AND JACKET MARBLE (20°17’S 28°46’E)
Location.The deposit occurs immediately SW of Inbomba Hill, at the junctions of the Claremont, Hilton and Womngham
farms, 21 km SW of Bulawayo in the Tuli Outspan Communal Land.
-
History. The claims were originally held by Unicem, but were forfeited and re pegged by J J. David in 1957. These were
.
later transferred to Gelcon Investments (Pvt.) Ltd during 1969 and to Abadan Slate (Pvt) Ltd in 1972
-
Geology. A band of massive, black marble, 10 m thick, occurs in association with banded iron formation in dacitic volcanics
of the Bulawayo Greenstone Belt The marble strikes at 115° ESE for over 1.6 km and dips steeply to the SW. Garson (in
prep.) assigns the marble to the Umzingwane Formation of the Bulawayan Group.
Resources. No information concerning the quality or quantity of any remaining resources is available.
Production. Marble was produced from a small quarry and extensive underground workings. From 1966 to 1980, a total of
14 046.8 tonnes of marble was mined, with the annual productions declared as:

1966 72.6 1971 3463 1976 2453.9
1967 181.4 1972 796.0 1977 2 306.9
1968 145.1 1973 291.0 1978 2 615.9
1969 9.1 1974 384.0 1979 2 077.0
1970 300.9 1975 1599.8 1980 339.8
,
243 KODHWAYO MARBLE (20°0TS 29°00 E)
Location. The deposit lies at the base of Kondoli Hill on Kodhwayo and Zimbile farms, which are situated 42 km ENE of
Bulawayo.
.
Geology Amm (1940) reports that the marble exhibits faint banding, consisting of white layers of carbonate rhombs up to
2 mm in length alternating with finer grained pale green bands. Golding (1934a) reported the following analytical
determination:
140
ZVISHAVANE DISTRICT
CaO MgO RJ°J Insols LOI CaCOj MgCOj
% % % % % % %
48.74 1.59 1.00 10.40 38.66 83.31 3.32
Resources. The resources contained in this deposit, inferred to be magnesian marble with
some impurities, are unassessed
but are probably limited.

(20°12’S 29°02*E)
244 MULUNGWANE RANGE MARBLE
, ately 10 km totheeastofEsigodini.
Location.The marble occupies the western slope oftheMulungwane Range approxim
Geology.The deposit occurs along the boundary of the sheets recently geologically mapped on
a regional scale by Baglow
. .
(in prep ) andGarson (in prep.) The marble isexposed along the western slope of the
Mulungw Range within northerly
ane -
the west The occurrence
striking metasediments and volcanics of the Bulawayan, which dip almost verticall towards
y
.
consists of a number of bands up to 35 m thick These are reported to be siliceous in nature
.
, owing to the scattered nature and
Resources. The resources of the horizons constituting the deposit are unassessed but
poor quality of the marble McGibbon (1948) considered it to be uneconomic for the production of
cement .
, but the records fail to indicate
Production. The body of marble adjacent to the Aardvark Gold Mine has been quarried
whether this was for calcium carbonate or gold.
(20°10*S 29°00*E)
245 SPITZKOP MARBLE
Location. The occurrence lies on the western side of Spitzkop Hill, Spitzkop Farm
, adjacent to the Aardvark Mine .
<
Geology.Amm (1940) records that, The ore body
4
in the Aardvark Mine isa soft ferruginous gossan lying against a narrow
Umzingwane Formation of
band of bluish magnesian (crystalline) marble' Garson (in prep.) assigns the marble the
.
1 to
the Bulawayan Group .
.
Production.None known .
(20°22’S 28°54’E)
246 UMZINGWANE MARBLE
north of the Umzing wane River,
Location. There are two horizons of marble, which lie mainly on Essexvale Estate to the
37 km $E of Bulawayo.
-
Geology, No detailed information is availabe concerning the SE striking horizons
.
of marble, which occur within the
Umzingwane Formation of the Bulawayan Group

ZVISHAVANE DISTRICT
(20°25fS 30°09’E)
247 SOUTH DEVON CALCRETE
Location. The deposit lies 2 km east of Hagard Mine on South Devon Farm .
, occupies a narrow depression, 300 m
Geology. Keep (1929) reports that dense calcrete with occasional tubular cavities
by 200 m in size, in granite terrain. A specimen from the deposit, which rarely exceeds
0.3 m in thickness, was analysed
with the following results:
141
UTILIZATION IN ZIMBABWE
Source % % % % % % %
Keep ( 1929 ) 49.80 4.30 0.45 2.00 43.75 88.88 9.00
Resources. The deposit contained 48 500 tonnes of magnesian calcrete prior to mining.
Production. In the 1920s the deposit was exploited for local use by the farm owner.
248 VUGWE MARBLE (20°29*S 30°07 *E)
Location. The deposit is situated on the eastern slope of the Rupemba Range in the Ungove Communal Land. It lies 5 km
SW of Vukwe Trigonometrical Station and approximately 6 km NW of Vugwe Siding on the railway line to Rukanga.
.
History. The ground was pegged by L. Granger and C Raft during 1951 as the Pemba Claims.
Geology. The marble, which is intercalated with rocks of the eastern portion of the Manjeri Formation of the Upper
Greenstones, is exposed along the Rupemba Range. The NE striking deposit attains a maximum thickness of 40 m along
-
the north-eastern edge of these hills. The marble, which is generally overlain by banded iron-formation, is pale to dark grey
and is commonly coarsely crystalline. Local banding and stromatolites are present The rocks have been subjected to
deformation and NE of Rupemba the marbles are highly sheared and brecciated. Worst (1956) reports the analysis obtained
from grab samples taken along the northern margin of the exposure as:
Composition CaO MgO RA Insols LOI CaCO, MgC03

% % % % % % %
49.90 2.10 1.00 8.03 38.90 89.10 4.40

50.80 1.30 - 6.37 41.50 90.70 2.70
39.00 1.20 - 26.58 33.20 69.60 2.50
51.10 0.70 - 4.44 43.80 91.20 1.50
51.50 1.20 - 6.63 40.70 91.90 2.50
Resources. The chemical results obtained indicate that the deposit is predominantly composed of magnesian marble The .
quantity of marble present was conservatively estimated by Worst (1956) to be 5 million tonnes. Disappointingly, Martin
(1978) did not give an economic assessment of the claims .
Production . No production is recorded.
AGGREGATE
Limestone and marble generally make inferior concrete or loadstone aggregate as they are insufficiently resistant to abrasion
and fracture. However, despite their poor resistance to wear, sedimentary limestones possess good cementing values,
especially in bitumen mixes, and are commonly used in road construction. Such aggregates are suitable for roads where the
.
traffic is not excessively heavy. These roads, however, can become dusty when dry and greasy when wet On busy routes
a thin protective layer of hard wearing crushed stone is often applied. Marble is rarely used as, although some varieties are
quite resistant to wear, the good cleavage possessed by the component calcite crystals generally renders the material prone
to crushing and fracture.
Rocks rich in calcium carbonate are commonly used as aggregate in the manufacture of concrete sewer pipes. This
permits the acidic sewage to be neutralized to an extent by the carbonate in the aggregate rather than directly by the cement
-
binder, thus avoiding rapid deterioration of the pipes. Dolerite rich rocks are preferred, however, as the acids tend to react
-
too rapidly with calcite rich material.
Aggregate is sold according to size and angularity. The definitions and specifications for crushed stone differ according
to its intended construction use. The quality of marble used as aggregate nationwide is unknown, although the Central
-
Statistical Office records the annual tonnages of crushed stone, dust, sand and clinker, ex cement woiks, sold from 1978
to 1983 as: 1978, 79 000 tonnes; 1979, 130 000 tonnes; 1980, 134 000 tonnes; 1981, 184 000 tonnes; 1982, 210 000 tonnes;
1983, 226 000 tonnes .
142
AGRICULTURE
together with the agricultural uses of lime on p. .
The use of powdered calcium carbonate as a liming agent is discussed
n 600 and 1500 tonnes of calcium carbonate per
Depending on demand, Zimbabwe Phosphate Industries Ltd use betwee
raw material, which is supplied locally, are
annum in the production of monocalcium phosphate. The specifications for thetypically less than 1.4% and Fluorine, none.
given as: CaC03, greater than 96%; Fe203, typically less than 0.8% MgCOr
;
BUILDING , FACING AND ORNAMENTAL STONE

Limestone and marble are used as building, facing and ornamental stones
throughout the world. Compact, medium to -
most suitable for dressing and polishing, whilst
-
coarse grained, relatively pure dolomilic marbles are considered to be they to and split, are generally unsuitable. Acid
coarse-grained, impure, highly calcareous marbles, which have a tendenc crack , these calcium carbonate rocks being
rain has had a deleterious effect on buildings, etc. faced with limestone
or marble
attacked and dissolved. Demand world-wide has therefo re fallen.
country. The remotely situated Three Baobab
No calcareous rocks are currently worked for these purposes within the
of carrara and sevic types, have periodically
claims in the Shamva area, which reputedly contain large tonnages of marble beneath the surface, whilst jointing at right
ured
been investigated. Unfortunately, the marble has been found to be discolo
angles to bedding is reported to present dressin g problem s. More suitabl e areas, however, may exist within the deposit.
Calcrete, if found in a body of sufficient quality and quantity, could
be worked to produce facing and ornamental stone.
from Zimbabwe would not only depend on
The decorative stone business is largely traditional, and successful export
be advisable for any prospective exporter to seek
economics but also on ability to penetrate the market. As such it would
,
, reputable member of the international ornamental
advice and possible assistance on production and sale from an established
stone trade.
be quarried , sawn and dressed as stone for
In areas where brick clays arc scarce or difficult to obtain calc tufa could
ed surface on exposure to the environment.
building purposes, especially as it possesses the advantage of acquiring a harden
CALCIUM
nt clement, it is highly reactive, and as a result
Although calcium forms 3% of the earth’s crust and is the fifth most abunda
in Canada, France, the USA and the USSR by
is never found free in nature. The metal is manufactured from lime
n of high purity calcium oxide with powdered
aluminothermic reduction using the Pidgcon Process. This involves the reactio
- °C. In these conditions the aluminium reduces the
aluminium in vertical chromium nickel retorts under vacuum at 1200
at 700°C.
calcium oxide, and vaporized calcium is crystallized out in a condenser
CEMENT
possess the ability to harden under water, and is
The term cement is generally used to describe hydraulic cements which
,
of raw material are required to manufacture
especially applied to the variety known as portland cement About 1.8 tonnes
or crushed stone, which when mixed with
one tonne of cement Concrete is a blend of hydraulic cement sand, and gravel
blends of cement water and fine aggregate. Impurities
water hardens due to chemical reaction. Mortars are produced from
ing hydraulic cements. However, portland
are commonly desirable in the calcium carbonate source rocks used for produc
thereby excludes magnesian limestones or marbles with
cement is not permitted to contain more than 5% magnesia* which
a dolomite content greater than 6.3%.
Historical Background
The ancient Egyptians calcined a cementing material from impure

gypsum containing calcium carbonate during the building
. ly the first to calcine lime for mortar in around 185
of the Great Pyramid about 2600 B.C , whilst the Greeks were probab
mortars from pulverised volcanic tuffs which they
B.C. Both the Greeks and the Romans produced stronger, more resistant Santorini and the Romans from Pozzuoli near
of
mixed with lime and sand. The Greeks obtained this tuff from the island
. hydrau lic cement made from this powdered rock, time
Mount Vesuvius The Romans called this material pozzolana, and cture which were written in about 50 B.C.
of Archite
and rubble is described in Marcus Vilriuvius Pollio’s Ten Books
Roman Empire, and it was only in 1756, when John
The art of cement making was lost following the decline of the use off the Cornish Coast, that it was
Eddysto ne Lightho
Smeaton was searching fora material with which to rebuild the none possess ed uniform strengths or setting
ng this , but
rediscovered. A variety of natural cements were developed followi
and other materials used in their manufacture. This
times due to the differences in composition of the individual rock types
d by Joseph Aspdin of Leeds, England in 1824 .
problem was solved with the advent of portland cement, which was patente
ground limestone and argillaceous material to
It is manufactured by heating fixed quantities of intimately mixed finely
,
is allowe d to cool before, following the addition of
temperatures between 1300°C and 1500°C. The clinker produc ed then
given because of resemblance of the set
gypsum, it is ground into a fine powder ready for use. The name ‘ portlan d ’ was
n coast of England.
cement to a building stone quarried on the Isle of Portland on the
, souther
e became an important material in construction
The use of portland cement grew slowly until the 1850s when concret
143
CEMENT
Significant advances in the machinery for manufacturing portland cement accompanied this growth in demand, initially,
both natural and portland cements were produced by burning alternate layers of raw material and coal in vertical kilns. Ibis
intermittent process was superceded by the invention of the continuous kiln. The introduction of the first successful rotary
kiln in 1889, by both increasing production and reducing labour costs, revolutionized the industry.
Classifications and Specifications
Hydraulic cements, such as portland, masonry and natural cements, possess the ability to set under water, which nan -
.
hydraulic cements do not Hydraulic cements include all those materials which contain sufficient lime silicate to permit
hardening following calcination, but which still retain enough free lime to allow the clinker to slake and powder The .
.
suitability of a rock for producing hydraulic cements or limes can be determined from its cementation index, C I., which is
obtained using the following formula:
C.I. - (2.8 x % Silica) + ( 1.1 x % Alumina) + ffl.7 x % Iron Oxide)

(% Lime) + (1.4 x % Magnesia)
The majority of natural cements possess a cementation index of between 1.15 and 1.60. Hydraulic cements contain free
.
lime and/or magnesia, and should have an index below 1.0 Any material with a cementation index of greater than 1.60
contains very little lime or magnesia and has a very high day content
The definitions, classifications, specifications and methods of testing the majority of cements are delineated by the
.
Standards of a number of institutions The publications of these bodies, whose standards commonly differ slightly,are readily
available. The Standards Association of Central Africa, British Standards and American Society of Testing Materials
(ASTM) are the ones most commonly used in Zimbabwe. Cembureau, the European Cement Association, compiles and
periodically updates its publication on “ Cement Standards of the World” .
General descriptions are given below:
Aluminous Cement
Aluminous cement, which is also known as high alumina and calcium aluminate cement, is a hydraulic cement containing
monocalcium aluminate (CaO.A O, or CA) as the principal cementitious compound. The cement sets at approximately the
^
same rate as portland cement but attains a high strength rapidly. It is predominantly produced from relatively pure bauxite
and limestone of very low silica and magnesia content These are calcined at temperatures ranging from 1480°C to 1590°C.
The special applications of aluminous cement are based on its rapid hardening qualities, resistance to sulphates and refractory
properties.
Clinker
Calcining a specific blend of finely ground raw materials, which contain calcium carbonate, silica, alumina and often iron
oxide, to a temperature at which partial fusion occurs, produces clinker. Clinker occurs in four main compositional phases
which are dependent on the proportions of tricalcium silicate (3Ca.SiOa or C3Si) present. These are tricalcium silicate itself,
dicalcium silicate (2Ca.SiOa or C2Si), tricalcium aluminate (2Ga0.A Or or C,A) and tetracalcium aluminoferrite
. ^
(4Ca0.Al203.Fe205. or C4AF ). Minor amounts of calcium sulphate (CaSOJ and usually, but not necessarily, lime (CaO),
magnesia (MgO) and various alkalis are also present.
Expansive Cement
This is a hydraulic cement which increases in volume during the early hardening period following setting. Expansive cement
-
commonly depends on the formation of calcium sulpho aluminate hydrate to cause expansion equal to, or greater than,
.
shrinkage during the hardening process. The cement can be made using a number of different compounds Three recognised
blends are:
-
Calcium silicates, anhydrous calcium alumino sulphate, calcium sulphate and free lime;
Portland cement, calcium aluminate cement and calcium sulphate; and
Portland cement containing a large calculated tricalcium aluminate content and calcium sulphate in excess of the
normal optimum content
Masonry Cement
Masonry cement is a hydraulic cement used in mortars for masonry construction, which is produced from portland cement
-
portland pozzolan cement, slag cement hydraulic lime or mixtures of these blended with hydrated lime, limestone, chalk,
calcareous shale, talc, slag or clay for plasticity.
144
Oil Well Cement
This was developed to seal oil and gas wells under temperatures and pressures of up to 330°C and 1250 kg force per cm .
3
Oil well cements are required to remain fluid for up to about four hours before hardening rapidly. Setting time is controlled
-
by reducing the tricalcium alum mate content, or by adding retarders, such as starches, cellulose products, sugars, acids, or
sails of acids containing one or more hydroxyl groups, to portland cement.
Portland Cement
Clinker, consisting essentially of hydraulic calcium silicates, is ground with a small amount of calcium sulphate (usually
-
2 5% of gypsum or anhydrite) to produce portland cement. Portland cement contains 60-65% CaO, 20 25% Si02 and 5 12%
- -
ftp, and Alp,.
-
Portland Blast Furnace Slag Cement
-
This is an interground mixture of portland cement, clinker and blast furnace slag. The slag constitutes 25 65% of the total
weight of the blended cement The cement is used in general concrete construction .
Portland - Fozzolan Cement
-
This is a blend of portland cement or portland-blast furnace slag cement in which pozzolan forms 15 40% of the cement by
weight. It is commonly used in general concrete construction, although certain types are not used when the concrete is
required to possess high early strength.
Pozzolan
- -
Pozzolan is a siliceous or silica and alumina rich material possessing little or no natural cementitious properties which, at
normal temperatures in the presence of moisture reacts with calcium hydroxide in a finely ground state to form compounds
.
possessing such properties Natural pozzolans commonly occur as diatomaceous earths, pumicites, opaline cherts and shales,
.
tuffs and volcanic ash Fly ash, the finely divided residue collected from flue gases produced by the combustion of ground
or powdered coal, is frequently used as a pozzolan. Calcined pozzolans are produced by calcining natural siliceous or
- .
alumino siliceous earths to activate their pozzolanic properties Cements containing up to 35% pozzolan are used
extensively .
-
Pozzolan Modified Portland Cement
A mixture of pozzolan and portland or portland-blast furnace slag cement, in which the pozzolana consumes less than 15%
-
of the total weight of the blended cement Pozzolan modified portland cement is used for general concrete construction.
-
Regulated set Cement
- .
Regulated set cement is a hydraulic cement which has a controllable setting time A patent issued to the Portland Cement
Association in the United States of America indicates that the cement contains 1-30% 1 lCa0.7AiprCaF, by weight
Promising applications include the resurfacing and patching of roads and other surfaces, the manufacture of concrete pipes,
-
blocks and prestressed precast forms and use in slip form structures .
White Cement
This is usually made from calcium carbonate, china clay or kaoline and silica of exceptionally high purity. These raw
materials are burnt with a reducing flame in a kiln and the resulting clinker rapidly quenched using a spray, which ensures
that any iron present remains in the ferrous state thereby avoiding discolouration from ferric ions.The clinker is then ground
- -
with high purity white gypsum using ceramic balls and liners, although recently high chromium alloys have been used as
-
both grinding tools and liners in some mills.
Processing
As cement is a bulk product, manufacturing facilities are usually located close to the source of the calcium carbonate rock.
The raw material is initially crushed, frequently close to site, in gyratory or jaw crushers, screened and then further reduced
to the desired millfeed size in cone crushers or hammer mills. The crushed rock is then ground, either wet or dry, until the
- - .
optimum fineness, commonly with 75 90% passing a 75 micron sieve, is achieved In dry milling the raw materials are
reduced in size by impact and attrition. Until recently this was commonly accomplished in ball or rod mills following the
drying of the crushed rock, but in many new plants roller mills, in which waste heat from the kilns is used for drying, have
been installed In wet process milling water is added to producea slurry containing about 65% solids. Beneficiation facilities,
. -
using froth flotation to enable the removal of excess silica, are occasionally utilized.
145
CEMENT
materials, especially as the
Fuel is the major expense incurred during cement manufacture, and the burning of the raw
, is a vital part of the operatio n. Two types of kilns
strength and other properties of the cement depend on the clinker produced
per year , and kilns, with annual
are employed; vertical ones, which have low output capacities averaging 60000 tonnes rotaiy
, -
capacities exceeding a million tonnes. A rotary kiln is a refractory lined steel cylinder that rotates
s
slowly around an axis
vertical kilns
-
inclined at 3.0 4.2 cm per metre. These kilns are amenable to both dry and wet grinding
are limited solely to the former. Blended dry mix or slurry enters the upper end of the
processe
rotary kiln
,
from
whereas
where it is conveyed
down to the firing end by the slant and rotation of the chamber. The clinker produced is allowed .
to cool and then mixed with
- The fineness to which the
34% calcium sulphate, in the form of anhydrite or gypsum , before being ground into powder
clinker is ground is controlled. Cement particles average 10 microns in size.
Production
accordingly demand is closely linked
The majority of hydraulic cement production is used for the making of concrete, and
to the state of the construction industry. Worldwide in 1978 over one billion tonnes of clinker were produced in around 1700
, ately 851 million tonnes, took place in
plants operating in over 120 countries, although 71% of this production approxim
-
only 15 countries. In the USA, cement was the third ranked non fuel material consume
value . World
d in 1979
cement
, with only the aluminium
production in 1983 was
and iron and steel industries exceeding it in both energy requirements and
n together with the global clinker production
calculated to be over 800 million tonnes. A breakdown of this productio
capacities for 1983 and 1984, and that anticipated in 1990, are given in Appendi x , Table 15 .
World cement production rose by around 50% in the period from 1970 to 1979 and with the
, -
increased use of pre stressed
design utilizatio n concepts , demand is anticipated to continue
concrete, improvements in cement technology and advances in
will exceed 1450 million tonnes per annum, although the
growing by 5% annually until the year 2000 when consumption
greater as concrete replaces wood and other traditional
cement requirements of developing countries are predicted to be
large problems over increases in the costs of the energy
building materials. However, the cement industry globally faces
s economi c transport distances from the market of
consumed during calcination, the availability of resource within
lised nations,
approximately 300 km by road and rail or 1500 km by water , and last , but by no means least in industria
environmental legislation regulating surface mining and controlling pollution. The most
serious of these problems is the
escalating cost of energy which forms over 40% of direct productio n costs . Howeve r, the conversio n of plants from liquid
fuels to coal, together with energy conservation measures, has restricted increased costs.
The installation of dry process kilns
equipped with suspension pre heaters has achieved fuel savings of up to 50%.
-
In Zimbabwe, cement is manufactured by two companies in three factories. Circle Cement
Ltd operates the Manresa
on the outskirts of Harare . The United Portland Cement Company (Pvt.)
Works, which is situated near the Stemblick deposit
Ltd has plants at Cement, outside Bulawayo, and at Colleen Bawn. Circle Cement
previously produced approximately 300
, but this capacity has recently
000 tonnes of finished cement annually in a planetary-cooled rotary kiln commissioned in 1976
been increased by some 150000 tonnes per annum with the reconditioning of the old semi
, -dry Lepol kiln which was closed
) average manufactures a total of 500
down when the new kiln commenced operations. United Portland Cement (Unicem on
-
with grate pre heaters at
000 tonnes of finished cement yearly, with 300 000 tonnes being produced in three rotary kilns, if demand warrants it, a
Colleen Bawn and 200 000 tonnes at Cement in two similar straight rotary kilns. Occasion
ally
. The total cement productio n declared annually by both concerns from 1969
straight rotary kiln of 1928 vintage is also used
to 1985 is given as follows.
Year Manufacturers’ Declared Production Total
(tonnes) Production
Circle Cement Unicem
1969 137 997 292 678 430 675
1970 155 337 381 628 536 965
1971 148 542 437 381 585 923
1972 159 856 466 315 626 171
1973 121 176 421 179 542 355
1974 130479 478 701 609180
1975 229 372 401 117 630 489
1976 193 811 320629 514440
1977 187 307 258 942 446 249
1978 162 860 232 745 395 605
1979 173 055 235 116 408171
1980 205 884 280 894 486 778
1981 269 743 301 493 571 236
1982 287 715 304 215 591 930
1983 295 933 340 860 636 793
1984 305 103 303 511 608 614
1985 294 653 365 446 660 099
146
The Central Statistical Office Government of Zimbabwe, reports that in 1987 a total of 313 000 tonnes of cement and
,
related products valued at Z$152 163 were imported.
COPPER SMELTING
Calcium carbonate and calcium oxide are both used to control the pH levels in flotation plants to suppress pyrites prior to
the smelting of copper ore. In Zimbabwe, copper is now refined only at the Alaska Smelter of Lomagundi Smelting and
Mining (Pvt) Ltd, although until recently it was also smelted at Inyati Mine.The Alaska smelter is supplied locally and yearly
-
consumption is about 129 600 tonnes of magnesium rich marble from Alaska Dolomite and 282 tonnes of slaked lime from
Early Worm, Inyati Mine consumed a yearly average of 2880 tonnes of crushed marble and 384 tonnes of slaked lime from
Early Worm.
GLASS
This is the solidified product formed by melting a mix of approximately 66% quartz sand, 23% soda or potash and 11%
calcium carbonate - not lime. Each material performs a specific function in theglass-making process, with calcium carbonate
acting as the stabilizing agent giving the glass hardness, lustre and insolubility in water.
Calcium carbonate used in the production of glass should contain an 80% minimum combined content of calcium and
.
magnesium oxides and the lime content should have a maximum daily variance of less than 2% The ferric oxide content
should not normally exceed 0.20% to avoid tinting, whilst for the manufacture of fine flint glass the limit is about 0.03% .
Specifications for cheap bottle glass are less strict, and up to 0.50% Fep^ and 15% SiOa and A1203 may be tolerated. For
all types of glass the organic matter content of the source rock should not exceed 0.30%, the moisture content ‘as delivered
*
should be less than 2.0% and the combined sulphur and phosphorus content never greater than 1.0%. The fineness and quality
specifications for calcium carbonate used in the manufacturing process depend on the quality of glass being produced. In
-
general high calcium source rocks are used for making bottle and window glass, whilst magnesium rich carbonates are used
for the production of specific glasses and in some types of automatic processes.
Zimbabwe Glass Industries Ltd in Gweru are currently the only manufacturers of glass in the country. The plant has a
production capacity of around 25 000 tonnes of soda lime glass per year, which is used in the manufacture of bottles, etc.
The average composition of the glass is 72% SiOa, 13% CaO, 13% Nap and 2% Aipr No sheet glass is produced in the
.
country. Depending on production some 18 000 to 20 000 tonnes of calcium carbonate are used annually The specifications
for this are: CaO, 30 40%; Fe203, less than 0.15%; Si02, less than 4% and Size, 80% 20 to 100 US Mesh.
-
Previously, ground marble was obtained locally from Alaska Dolomite (Pvt) Ltd, Chinhoyi, but on account of bagging
problems it is now imported from the Republic of South Africa more cheaply .
LIME
Lime is the general name given to the various chemical and physical forms of calcium oxide (CaO) calcined from calcium-
rich materials. Lime slowly absorbs carbon dioxide and water from theatmosphere,gradually reverting to calcium carbonate
and as a result it is never found in the natural state. It is this characteristic, which is amply demonstrated by the hardening
of plaster, that makes lime so important to the building and other industries.
As lime contains nearly double the proportion of impurities present in the calcium carbonate source rock it is invariably
impure. These impurities, such as aluminium oxide, iron oxide and silicon dioxide, have acidic characteristics and during
calcining, react with the lime to form inactive, fused compounds that further reduce its alkalinity. The most common impurity
in lime is magnesium, which occurs in the form of dolomite in many limestones and marbles. Accordingly, limes are defined
commercially on their calcium and magnesium oxide contents, and can be categorized as follows:
High Calcium Lime - greater than 90% CaO

Low Magnesium Lime - 5 to 25% MgO
High Magnesium Lime - 25 to 45% MgO
The heat required to dissociate the carbon dioxide from dolomite is significantly lower than that required for limestone,
but magnesium rich limes are slower to slake under normal conditions, as the magnesia remains unhydrated. The theoretical
-
dissociation temperature at atmospheric pressure is 900°C for limestone and 725°C for dolostone. Impurities such as silica
(Si02) and dicalcium silicate (2CaO.SiOa) can influence the dissociation temperature. The weight loss during calcination
-
of high calcium limestone is 44% and for dolostone 48%.
Classification
There are no specific standards laid down for the quality of calcium carbonate source rocks used to produce lime, but the
different types of lime manufactured have to conform to rigorous international specifications depending on their intended
use. Crushed stone used in agriculture is locally known as ‘lime . 1
147
LIME
Quicklime or Unslaked Lime
Quicklime or unslaked time, calcium oxide (CaO), is manufactured by calcining limestone, marble or other materials with
high calcium contents at 1100°C.Some1,75 tonnes of pure calcium carbonate is required to produce one tonne of quicklime.
Slaked or Hydrated Lime

Slaked or hydrated lime, calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)J, possesses approximately 24% by weight of combined water. It is
produced commercially in hydrators by the controlled, rapid addition of water until optimum hydration of the calcium oxide
is achieved. The addition of further water permits it to be used as a paste, putty, slurry or milk of lime.
-
Refractory or Dead Burned Lime
Refractory or dead burned lime is made by calcining dolomite or magnesite at 1650°C. This produces a dense, highly
-
refractory calcium oxide which does not react with water.
Hydraulic Lime
Hydraulic lime is obtained by calcining calcium carbonate with small amounts of alumina and silica.The material produced
possesses many of the properties of ordinary lime but additionally sets under water.
Processing
Although the theoretical dissociation temperatures of calcium carbonate and calcium magnesium carbonate are 900°C and
725°C respectively, the heat transfer rate and reaction time at these temperatures are too low for economic operation. In
-
practice, therefore, considerably higher temperatures are employed. It is commonly accepted that soft burned lime is
produced if the temperature of the material in the calcining zone does not exceed 1170°C. Temperature control in kilns is
frequently difficult,as thedust content of thekiln, flame temperature, gas temperature and refractory brick radiation all affect
the operation.
-
The most primitive method of producing lime is to fire heaps of carbonate rich material intermixed with wood or some
other suitable fuel. Pot kilns, open roofed round kilns in which the feedstone and fuel are piled in alternate layers prior to
burning, were the next structures developed for making lime. Today calcining is carried out commercially in shaft, rotary,
travelling grate, calcimetric and fluosolid kilns.
Shaft kilns are short, wide, vertical, cone shaped, refractory lined structures. The stone is fed into the upper part of the
-
kiln where it is slowly pre heated by rising kiln gases. The feed gradually works its way down to the middle, burning zone
-
of the kiln where it is calcined. It then proceeds to the lower portion of the kiln where itcools prior to being periodically drawn
off. Hie top of the kiln must be open unless the gases are extracted, as at temperatures in excess of 500°C the lime may
recarbonise by combining with the carbon dioxide produced during calcination. The efficiency of shaft kilns is dependent
on the nature of the carbonate calcined, the feed size of the rock and the experience of the operator. The optimum size of
stone feed is normally 7.5 15.0 cm. Size uniformity results in better packing, more uniform burning and greater fuel
-
efficiency.
Rotary kilns are long, refractory lined cylinders, inclined at a slight angle, which rotate slowly around their axes. The
kilns are firedat the lower end,with the calcareous feed being calcined as it gradually travels downwards. The carbon dioxide
-
evolved during lime production is driven off, although in some plants it is recovered as a by product Rotary kilns, being
continuous, possess higher production capacities and are less labour intensive than shaft kilns, but are both costly to build
and in general less fuel efficient However, an advantage of rotary kilns is that a more uniform lime is produced directly in
a granulated or powdered form. This is the form in which the majority of lime is consumed commercially. The demand for
-
lump lime is normally met from shaft kilns .
Calcimetric kilns are those in which the stonefeed is heated slowly on a revolving hearth, whilst fluosolid kilns are ones
in which finely sized calcium carbonate material is either dropped into, or suspended in, a vertical heater.
As the process of calcination is energy intensive, requiring some 7400 MJ per tonne of quicklime produced, coal has
largely replaced oil and gas as the major fuel used in recent years.
Consumption
Lime is a versatile chemical used widely in many manufacturing processes. Due to its relative abundance and low cost it
,
is unlikely to besubstituted.The world production tonnages for lime sold in 1983, together with the manufacturin g capacities
for 1983, 1984 and those forecast for 1990, are given as follows:
148
World Region Production Production Capacity

(000 tonnes) (000 tonnes)
1983 1983 1984 1990

Africa 3 167.2 3 990.8 40813 49883
Asia 10516:7 12335.2 12698.0 15419.0
Europe 66234.6 77 9113 802693 98 863.0
Oceania 1463.0 1 814.0 1904.7 22673
NAmerica 19 632.9 24 670 A 25 577.4 31 6543
S.America 7 051.9 8 6163 8 888.6 10884.0
World Total 108 0663 129 3383 133 419.7 154 280.7
(Adapted Pressler and Pelham, 1985)
The Central Statistical Office, Government of Zimbabwe, records that from 1977 to 1983, the following tonnages of lime
were sold:
Lime Sold Agricultural Lime 1 Total
(toimesi Lime Plaster Lime
1977 - 10000 -
1978 25 000 11000 36 000
1979 32000 10000 42000
1980 33 000 14000 47 000
1981 42000 14000 56000
1982 47 000
30000
-
13 000
-
43 000
1983
As with cement, transport costs greatly influence the siting of limekilns and the distribution of lime to market* However,
-
because of its current unavailability within the country, high grade lime, used principally in low carbon fenochrome
production,sugar refining and water treatment, is imported. The Central Statistical Office report that in 1987,a total of 45 565
tonnes of lime valued at Z$3 177 833 was imported.
Agriculture
Agricultural liming materials,such as lime, limestone, marl and blast furnaceslag, are commonly applied as improving agents
.
to soils These alkaline materials neutralise the natural acidity of soils, which progressively increases as a result of land
cultivation and leaching by groundwaters. In addition liming:
Supplies calcium (and magnesium) as plant nutrients;
-
Stimulates the growth of micro organisms, which promotes the fixing of atmospheric nitrogen and the breakdown
of (Hganic vegetable matter into humus;
Liberates potash from clays, and phosphates and silicates from fertilizers;
Improves the texture and condition of both heavy clay and light sandy soils; and
Cleanses the soil and assists in preventing the accumulation of toxic elements such as manganese and aluminium.
It is not possible to accurately predict the response or calculate the financial return produced by these indirect benefits,
but the loss suffered by the fanner from decreasing fertility, resulting from failure to maintain the soil, far outstrip the costs
of dressing with lime.
The pH values of soils may be assessed as:
Above 7.5 Strongly alkaline - unsatisfactory and requiring investigation.
6.5 to 7.5 Slightly to moderately alkaline - satisfactory for most crops but higher than preferred.
6.0 to 6.5 Neutral - highly satisfactory for most crops.
5.5 to 6.0 Slightly acid - highly satisfactory for most crops including tobacco. Liming is generally not required.
5.0 to 5.5 Moderately acid - satisfactory for most crops, but under regular cultivation liming required.
Below 5.0 Strongly acid soil fertility is markedly reduced and liming is required.
-
149
LIME
The application of fertilizers, such as ammonia sulphate, can result in acidification of the soil and unmonitored use
without liming may produce adverse effects. This is a malpractice commonly attributable to peasant fanning which results
either from ignorance or lack of capital. The local unavailability of liming agents in parts of the country contributes
significantly to this problem in Zimbabwe. Soil maintenance is infinitely better than correction as it is unfortunately not
always possible to immediately restore fertility by the application of liming agents. This is due to the difficulties
encountered in uniformly incorporating the lime into the root zone of the soil. In addition nutrients, such as potassium and
other minor elements which are rapidly lost from acid soils, may require replacing.
Previously, hydrated or slaked lime, and occasionally quicklime, were the materials most commonly used for
agricultural liming, but in recent years unbumed, pulverised calcium carbonate-rich rock, which is generally known as
agricultural limestone, has increasingly been employed. Slaked lime possesses similar properties to quicklime, although
weight for weight it is less effective, but its advantage over both unbumed calcium carbonate and quicklime lies in the fact
that its finely divided condition makes it much easier to apply. The attraction of cmshed limestone or marble, which does
not require calcining , is that it is accordingly cheaper and requires neither special handling nor storage. Additionally,
Agricultural limestone* has a less rapid but more prolonged effect than lime, with the coarser, more durable particles
remaining as centres of alkalinity for considerable periods of time. Incomplete grinding is therefore beneficial to the fanner,
and provided that the correct quantities of powdered rock are applied, which can only be determined by means of a soil
test, the land may require less frequent, periodic dressings. This milder reaction is also more beneficial as it creates less
biological disturbance or damage to both crops and soil and causes no loss of ammonia from the soil.
Low grade limestones and marbles, which are not suitable for producing limes as the contained impurities restrict the
alkalinity, can readily be used for soil dressing. Unfortunately for Zimbabwe, fresh, soft, friable limestones are considered
to be more efficient liming agents than the more readily available marbles which, unless finely pulverised, are relatively
insoluble in water. Owing to the caustic properties of magnesia, limestones and marbles containing greater than 12.6%
dolomite should not be calcined, but should be applied to the land as powdered rock. Most of the rocks rich in calcium
carbonate within the country are also both dolomite-rich and crystalline, and their optimum agricultural use must be
carefully determined. Magnesium, for example, is particularly important for the healthy growth of tobacco, and its addition
to tobacco lands is normally considered beneficial, yet application to magnesium-rich soils, such as those derived from the
Great Dyke and similar bodies, would be unnecessary for tobacco and detrimental to many other crops.
It is generally accepted that the soil type, the reserves of weatherable minerals present in the soil and the climatic
.
conditions controlling leaching are the major factors regulating acidity Little data is available on the maintenance
-
requirements of the various soils within the country. However, it was suggested (Saunders 1965) that 220 440 kg of liming
agent per hectare is required for soil maintenance in Natural Regions I and II and 110-220 kg per hectare in Natural Region
-
III. The extent of these areas is defined by the Agricultural Survey of Southern Rhodesia, Part I (Agio Ecological Survey).
The report of the Working Party on the Requirements of Agricultural Lime (Saunders 1965) found that most of the
reserves of limestone and marble in Zimbabwe were unsuitable for development, being either too small or remotely
.
situated The Chipinge and Chimanimani districts were listed as having the most pressing need for agricultural liming, with
many of the lands in these areas having soil pH levels below or approaching the critical level.Similarly, the Bikita, Nyanga,
Mutare and Masvingo areas were shown to have adversely acidic soils. The report recommended, amongst other things,
that:
Mining be established at the Condo (Odzi) Marble Deposit near Odzi and that the Moosgwe Calc Tufa Quany be
-
re opened to make agricultural liming agents readily available in the east of the country.
Although of a lower priority, the Houghton and Vugwe deposits, which are situated near Bikita and Masvingo
respectively, be developed.
A vigorous propaganda campaign outlining the merits of liming be conducted.
The cost of liming agents be regulated and their use encouraged by subsidising transportation costs .
The quantities of both lime and ground calcium carbonate source rocks used annually as agricultural liming agents in
Zimbabwe are difficult to determine accurately. However, although conflicting, the figures received from the Central
-
Statistical Office (1974 83) and from the Department of Research and Specialist Services, Ministry of Lands, Agriculture
and Rural Resettlement (1985-87) are reported as follows:
150
Liming Agent Agricultural Lime Ground Calcium Total Consumption

(tonnes) Carbonate Agricultural liming
Agents
Year
1977* 10000
1978* 25 000 9 000 34 000
1979* 32 000 11000 43 000
1980* 33 000 14000 47 000
1981* 42 000 13 000 55 000
1982* 47 000 - -
1983* 30000 13 000 43 000
1984* - - -
1985+ - - 2 344 850
1986+ - - 2 948 600
1987 + - - 2589 700
Sources: * Central Statistical Office

+ Dept of Research and Specialist Services.
*
Building
.
Lime has been used for building purposes since man discovered how to prepare plaster and mortar Sandlimes were used
extensively by the Egyptians, Greeks and Romans and similar products are still employed in the building industry today for
infilling work and obtaining smooth finishes. When sufficient water is added to either quicklime or slaked lime, a plastic
mass commonly called lime putty, is formed. Plaster is prepared by adding gypsum or sand, depending on its intended use,
to this mixture, whilst mortar is made by mixing lime putty, cement and sand in various quantities .
In general limestones and marbles which contain a small proportion of argillaceous impurities produce better building
limes than high purity calcium carbonate rock. These impurities improve the setting qualities of limes, but can also adversely
affect the colour of the plaster or mortar. The use of inconsistent, poor quality lime can result in the cracking, swelling and
general failure of the plaster or mortar upon drying, Standards for the different types of building limes have been established
.
in many countries These not only stipulate the compositional limits of the limes but also define strength, soundness and
workability specifications. However, the majority of building limes used are never tested. The British Standard for hydrated
lime for use in building, B.S. 890 : 1940, is given below;
Class A ClassB
CaO + MgO Min 70% No minimum
Insolubles Max 1 % Max 1%
CO, Max 2% Max 5%
Residue 212 micron sieve Max 5% Max 5%
Residue 90 micron sieve Max 10% Max 10%
The chemical and physical requirements of the different types of limes for use in buildings stipulated by the South African
Bureau of Standards, SABS 523 1972, are listed below.
Building Lime Mortar Plaster Putty Plaster

Specifications Quicklime Hydrated Quicklime Hydrated Quicklime Hydrated
% % % % % %
CaO + MgO ( Min. ) 70.0 70.0 80.0 80.0 85.0 85.0

CaO ( Min. ) 40.0 40.0 45.0 45.0 50.0 50.0
C02 (Max . ) 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0
S02 (Max . ) 1.5 1.0 1.5 1.0 1.5 1.0
Loss Ignition (Max . ) 10.0 - 10.0 * 10.0
Size: less 0.600 mm
( Min. ) 75.0 75.0 - - - -
less 0.075 mm ( Min. ) - 70.0 70.0 85.0 85.0
Hydraulic lime, which is less expensive than portland cement, is used extensively for building purposes but it possesses
inferior setting strengths and as such cannot be substituted for porLland cement in many structural designs. The American
Standards of Testing and Materials specifications for hydraulic limes for building purposes, ASTM C141 and 142, stipulate
that the calcium and magnesium oxide content should be between 65% and 75%, the silicon dioxide content from 16 26%, -
151
LIME
content below 8%. The quantity of lime
the aluminium and ferrous oxide contents greater than % and the carbon dioxide
12
used in Zimbabwe for building purposes is unknown.
Calcium Carbide
es, the welding and cutting of metals,
Calcium carbide (CaC^) is used for the generation of acetylene gas for lighting purpos
the synthesis of vinyl chloride, the production of lime nitrogen, the reduction of
metallic oxides, the desulphurization of
e of a carbonaceous substance such as
steel and as a dehydrating agent, etc. It is made by heating quicklime in the
presenc
3C Heat CaC} + CO.
anthracite or coke. The reaction is expressed by the general chemical equatio - CaO + Republic of South
n :
Zimbabwe is dependent on imports of calcium carbide, principally from Norway and the .
Africa The
welding . In 1986 , a total of 1274 tonnes of
carbide is chiefly used in the production of acetylene gas for metal cutting and
calcium carbide, valued at US$458 000 in foreign exchange, were brought into the country . Additio nally, 7749 tonnes of
vinyl chloride, which is manufactured from calcium carbide, were importe d at a cost of US $ 6 013 224 . Deman d for both
of these products is anticipated to increase significantly in the near future .
dently produced calcium carbide
Rio Tinto at Eiffel Flats outside Kwekwe and Zimbabwe Alloys in G weru have indepen ted a feasibility study cn the
in sucessful trials in existing electric furnaces. The Japan Consult ing Institute comple
production of calcium carbide in May 1988. This report recommended that an
open type electric furnace with a hollow
annually , should be constructed, together with
electrode system, capable of producing 25 000 tonnes of calcium carbide
-
parallel facilities for the manufacture of chlor alkali and polyvin yl chlorid e in a single integrated complex, on the premises
plant would use some 23 750 tonnes of
of Zimbabwe Alloys Ltd in Gweru. It was estimated that the calcium carbide
-
imported quicklime of 1 6 mm sizing, 15 000 tonnes of coke from Wankie and 82.5 KWh of electricity annually
ion of calcium carbide using an open type electric furnace were
The desired characteristics of quicklime for the product
given as:
CaO >92.0%
MgO < 1.5%
RA < 1.5%
SiOa < 1.5%
LOI < 4.0%
Mechanical Strength >85.0%
g rotation at 110 r.p.m. for 30 minutes
Drum Teat: Weight percentage of 50 g sample retained on 2.4 mm sieve followin
in a 130 mm ceramic drum.
Tests were conducted in Japan on 5 kg samples of marble from the Early Worm
, Indiva and Three Baobab deposits .
shown to be chemically suitable for the
One of the specimens from Early Worm and5 that from the Three Baobabs were
production of calcium carbide, but the 40 cm blocks prepared from all three occurr
ences of marble were found to develop
. poor physical properties result in
numerous cracks and possess no measurable mechanical strength on calcination Suchance and frequently cause damage
, perform
the generation of excess fines which, by obstructing the escape of gases reduce
to furnace facilities.
) to conclude that, “ Although Zimbabwe has
These limited investigations caused the Japan Consulting Institute 1988
(
large deposits of limestone (marble), none of them are yet confirmed to be
of quality suitable for producing carbide The .
proposed plant will have to start production with imported burnt lime as
in the present production of ferrochrome, pending
the development of suitable domestic burnt lime production ” .
in a furnace preheated to 1200°C fora period
However, the samples were tested only on alaboratory scale by calcination
me in the production of low carbon
of twenty minutes, and as discussed on p. 154 where the utilization of
quickli
the tempera ture conditions, etc., experienced
ferrochrome is outlined, such experiments do not necessarily reproduce ble results .
during the kiln production of quicklime, and further investigations may yield more favoura
Canning
added prior to canning. Lime is also used to
To stabilize both the colour and taste of acidic fruits and vegetables, lime is
to reduce corrosion. The canning industry in
neutralize the fruit acids arising from the processing of citrus fruits in order
Zimbabwe is not known to make use of liming agents.
Metallurgy
in smelting and refining processes, in many
Large quantities of calcium carbonate and calcium oxide are used as agents
resultant slag. Lime and limestone are also
of which they promote the removal of impurities which are drawn off in the
, and the limited use of slaked lime prior to the
used for a variety of other purposes throughout the metallurgical field
smelting of copper ores is discussed on p. 147.
ds for chemical and metallurgical
The specifications stipulated for lime by the South African Bureau of Standar
-
purposes, SABS 459 1955, are listed below.
152
T TTn IZATTON TN ZIMBABWE
SLAKED LIME
Type High-Calcium Slaked Lime Magnesian Dolomitic

Group I Group II Group IH Slaked Slaked
Lime Lime
% % % % %
Specifications
- . . - 64.0
CaO + MgO (min)
Available CaO (min) 68.0 66.0 64.0 60.0 -
2.0 2.0 2.0 10.0 31.0
MgO (max)
- - - - 20.0
MgO (min)
CQ2 (max) 3.0 3.0 4.0 3.0 5,0
2.0 3.0 3.5 4.5 6.0
Insolubles (max )
Size - pass 0.150 mm
95.0 92.0 88.0 90.0 90.0
sieve (min)
QUICKLIME
Type High-Calcium Magnesian Dolomitic

Quicklime Quicklime Quicklime
% % %
Specifications
- - 80.0
CaO + MgO (min)
CaO (min) 90.0 80.0 -
Available CaO (min) 88.0 78.0 -
2.5 15.0 42.0
MgO (max)
- - 30.0
MgO (min)
3.0 6,0 8.0
Insolubles (max)
1.0 1.0 1.0
SO, (max)
2.0 - 4.0
RP, (max)) 3.0 3.0 3.0
LOI (max
Aluminium
- commonly involves the use of liming agents. In
The production of aluminium from bauxite and other alumina rich rocks
the Bayer Process a mixture of lime and soda ash, which during the proces s combine to form chemically active caustic soda,
is used to digest the aluhiino hydrates. Comsumption of lime is approximately
- 0.30 tonnes per tonne of alumina produced.
in the bauxite insoluble in hot caustic soda.
All the Bayer processes produce ‘red mud*, which consists of all the constituents
This includes hydrous sodium aluminium silicate, which
,
-
in many aluminium plants is reprocessed by the lime soda sinter -
which the consumption of limestone
process This involves calcining a mixture of ‘red mud , limestone and soda during
. *
d in the removal of any organic matter contained
is in the order of 0.70 tonne per tonne alumina produced.Lime is also require
, ted to harmful carbonates.These impurities combine
in the source rock which, if present during the Bayer Process is conver
with the lime to form calcium carbonate, which is precipitated out with
the other insolubles in the ‘red mud*.
of Mozambique, and has been mined on
Bauxite occurs in the eastern highlands of Zimbabwe and in adjoining areas,since 1936. AU the known deposits within
sulphate
asmall scale in the PenhalongaDistrict,for the production of aluminium
the country are limited in size, and any plant established to process alumin ium in Zimbabwe would probably be dependent
on bauxite from Mozambique or elsewhere.
Ferrochrome
Zimbabwe Alloys Ltd (ZIMALLOYS), a subsidiary of the Anglo Americ
an Group, uses significant quantities of lime The
- .
- quickli me annually in the Perrin Process of producing
plant, which is based in Gweru, uses 50 60 000 tonnes of imported
low carbon ferrochrome. As such it is the largest single consumer of
high quality lime in the country.The Zimbabwe Mining
Kwekwe uses no lime in its process for producing
and Smelting Company (Pvt) Ltd (ZIMASCO) plant of Union Carbide at
high carbon ferrochrome. -
LLOYS are preheated to 900°C in a coal
The Perrin Process involves mixing chromite ore and lime, which at ZIMA,
er is stated to be the optimum for use in the
fired rotary kiln prior to charging. Quicklime of rice size about
, 3 mm diamet
1 mm in diameter, is deleterious to the process
smelting plant. Dust, which is classified as particles of quicklime less than
and causing insulation problems.
because of its tendency to float, blanketing the surface of the melt ed a persistent interest in marble deposits
Z1MALLOYS, with a view to substituting the imported lime, have display
153
LIME
within the country. Chemically acceptable calcium carbonate source rocks have been located in Zimbabwe, but laboratory
testing has always indicated that the fines content generated during calcination is unacceptably high.
All the deposits investigated are composed of recrystallised marble, and enquiries have indicated that the excessive
decrepitation of these crystalline rocks on calcination is largely attributable to the differential expansion of individual calcite
.
crystals, which destroys the inter-crystalline binding between the crystals Taneka (1985) on the other hand ascribed the
-
generation of fines to the formation during calcination of di calcium sulphate, a substance which expands by 12% on
.
conversion from the beta to the gamma crystalline state at 675°C However, the rapid heating of calcium carbonate during
-
laboratory scale calcination investigations may not replicate the conditions experienced during the kiln production of
-
quicklime. It is therefore considered possible that detailed re evaluation of those deposits chemically suitable could identify
an occurrence within the country capable of meeting ZIMALLOYS requirements.Such a deposit would be of especial value
if it could also meet the demands of the other users of high grade lime in Zimbabwe, who predominantly require finer sized
-
material. Re assessment would involve exhaustive studies to establish which time temperature gradient gives the optimum
-
decrepitation results, and detailed evaluation of this data to ensure correct kiln design and selection .
ZIMALLOYS stipulate the following quality specifications for quicklime:
CaO : greater than 85%
Silica and Insoluble Silicates : less than 2.5%
Mn203 : less than 1.2% and preferably as low as possible
Quicklime used by ZIMALLOYS, supplied by PP.C. in the northern Cape, has the following average specifications:
CaO 915% A1A 0.9%

1.1% p 0.01%
SiOa
FeO 0.5% s 0.01%
MgO 1.6% c 0.7%
MnO 1.0% LOI 4.0%
Gold
Lime is added during the extraction of gold by cyaniding to provide protective alkalinity, thus preventing the destruction
.
-
of cyanide by acids in the ore concentrates. Depending on the acidity of the concentrates, 1 2 kg of lime per tonne of ore
is usually added The lime employed should theoretically be consistent in grade, very reactive, with a calcium oxide content
.
of some 75%, and as free as possible of impurities In particular magnesia is not permissible except in the smallest quantities .
The tonnage of lime used annually by the numerous gold mines in Zimbabwe for the cyaniding of gold is not known .
Iron and Steel
Lime is used in the smelting of iron as a fluxing agent and because of its readiness to combine with phosphorus and other
impurities to form slag. For the smelting of very pure ores relatively impure lime can be employed, but high grade, silica -
free lime is required with impure siliceous ores. In general the calcium carbonate employed in producing a flux should be
high in calcium, low in magnesium and silica and free of phosphorus and sulphur. Lime further assists in blast furnace
production by neutralising acid liquors and by promoting the settlement of suspended matter. It also facilitates wire drawing
operations and is beneficial in a number of other processes in the manufacture of iron and steel products.
The Zimbabwe Iron and Steel Company (ZISCO) is the only integrated iron and steel plant in developing Africa. The
company uses 40000 tonnes of quicklime annually, which it produces in a shaft kiln that currently operates at less than 50%
- -
of its design capacity. The marble used is obtained from the 25 million tonne Ripple Creek deposit which is worked by the
group. The quicklime produced is used as a fluxing agent in ZISCO’s very rapid basic oxygen steelmaking process This .
.
requires a highly reactive lime with a silica content of less than 2.0% These specifications are readily met by the quicklime
produced which possesses the following characteristics:
CaO 95.0%
MgO 0.5%
SiOx 1.7%
Oft 1.7%
S 0.05%
P 0.02%
Pulp and Paper

Large quantities of lime and limestone are used in the pulp and paper manufacturing industry during bleaching in the
sulphate, sulphite and soda processes. Calcium carbonate or precipitated whiting is also used as a filler in certain types of
paper.
Quicklime or calcium carbonate, usually with a high magnesium content, are used in the Barker Sulphite Process, in
154
ium bisulphite liquor which digests and
which there is an initial reaction with sulphur dioxide to form a calcium or magnes
ations laid-down by the ASTM : C46
-
dissolves the non cellulose constituents of the wood feed. The standar d
,
specific
on a non -
volatile basis, possess the following
(Reapproved 1968) stipulate that the lime or limestone employed should
properties:
CaO : Minimum 95%

Si02 + Fe203 + A1203 : Maximum 3%
with waste sodium carbonate to produce
In the sulphate process lime is used as a causticizing agent The lime is treated
caustic soda for re-use, whilst the calcium carbonate produced during the reaction
can be re-calcined to regenerate lime for
ed above. High calcium lime containing
re entry into the process. The use of lime in the soda process is similar to that describ
- the soda and sulphate processes.
less than 2% MgO and 7% combined SiO, + Fe,0, + A120, is preferred in both ,
prepared by the reaction of lime with
In all three pulp manufacturing processes calcium hypochlorite bleach liquor
chlorine, is used to bleach the pulp to the desired degree of whiteness. Many factorie
s also use lime in the treatment of pulp
and paper mill waste as a coagulant, filtration conditioner or neutralising agent It
. may also be used in the recovery of certain
useful by-products from the wastes. tion process employed by Mutare
Approximately 15.6 tonnes of imported lime are used annually in the water purifica
Board and Paper Mills. Further details concerning this consumption are
.
given on p. 157 Water Treatment Neither Hunyani
utilization of lime by this industry will
Pulp and Paper nor Kadoma Tissue use any lime in their operations. However the
,
increase significantly following the construction of the proposed pulp and
paper plant in the Mutare region.
Refractories
Large tonnages of lime are used worldwide in the manufacture of silica bricks and
, dead-burned dolomite is employed
s sand and hydrated time containing
extensively as a furnace refractory. Sandlime bricks are made from a mixture of siliceou
s abrick consisti ng of quartz particles bonded
sufficient water to permit moulding. These are then autoclaved, which produce , although magnesian lime
by a cementitious compound of lime and silica. A high calcium lime is preferre
d for manufa cture
. product ion process is required which renders
can be used Stringent control over both the quality of the lime used and the
processing costly.
-
There is no manufacture of sand lime bricks or carbonate refractories in Zimbabwe
.
Rubber
e used as a dehydrating agent in the removal
High quality lime is used in two stages of the manufacture of rubber. Quicklim is
other organic compounds, to increase the
of excess moisture, and slaked lime as an accelerator, often in conjunction with
speed of rubber vulcanization . we Ltd, use any lime during
In this country none of the producers of rubber products, including Dunlop Zimbab
manufacturing .
Soil Stabilization
of clays. Mixing lime with the soil and gravel
Lime is used in road construction as a stabiliser to control the plastic index value
.
prevents unnecessary road deterioration Magnesian-rich lime is not considered
suitable for soil stabilization. Although more
types of soil, as cement, due to its greater
expensive, it is sometimes necessary to use cement instead of lime with certain
binding qualities, enables a greater degree of compaction to be achieved.
Normally lime is preferred to cement where the soil to be stabilised possess
es a plastic index greater than 20. When used
by itself 4 6% lime is stated to give the best results. Small additions of
- -
lime, 1 2%, used in combination with cement are
of cement required for mixing with soils to
reported to stabilise soils more economically than cement alone. The quantity
achieve stabilization varies from 2% to 10%. , depending on the condition of the soils
In Zimbabwe, the consumption of lime for soil stabilization fluctuates yearly
wereused in 1971,and theCentral Laboratory,
where roads are being constructed or renovated. Almost 15 000 tonnes of lime
mately 2000 tonnes.
Ministry of Transport, estimates that consumption in 1986 was approxi
Sugar
purification and refining. Depending on the
The production of sugar from either sugarbeet or sugarcane requires lime for Zimbabwe. Sugar is refined by Hippo
process either quicklime or slaked lime is employed, although only the latter is used in sugarcane is grown. Slaked lime is
country’s
Valley Estates Ltd and Triangle Ltd in the Chiredzi area, where most of the
of the colloida l matter, so assistin g in the precipitation of impurities, and to
used in all these refineries to coagulate part
neutralize the acidity of the raw syrup.
e reacts with the crude sugar juices to form
In the Steffen Process, the most common manufacturing method, quicklim
plant acids. Hie calcium sucrate obtained is
insoluble calcium sucrate. This is filtered to remove phosphatic minerals and
155
TJMF
then treated with carbon dioxide to produce insoluble calcium carbonate and soluble sucrose.This process may be repeated
several times to further purify the sugar solution. As most sugar manufacturing processes require both lime and carbon
dioxide many refineries calcine calcium carbonate themselves thereby acquiring both products.
Lime or calcium carbonate possessing high calcium contents and a maximum permissible magnesia content of 3% are
used in all the sugar refining processes. The following specifications are recommended by the U.S. Bureau of Statistics,
Circular 207:
Sugar Soluble Lime LQI
Quicklime Steffen Process >90% <2%
Quicklime Other Processes >85% <5%
Slaked lime >85% N/A
Silica is a deleterious impurity as it becomes colloidal in sugar juices, forming films on the sugar crystals which retard
.
growth The iron oxide content of the lime should also be as low as possible to avoid discolouration of the sugar .
All the refineries import lime, although Zimbabwe Refineries have substituted a small proportion of their supply with
local material from Early Worm Mine. Their refineries in both Bulawayo and Harare each consume some 100 tonnes of
air separated slaked lime per annum. The specifications are given below:
Available CaO >68.0%

Silica and Insolubles < 2.0%
MgO Low as possible
CO, < 3.0%
Loss on Ignition <24.0%
Residue 0.53 mm Sieve < 6.0%
Hippo Valley Estates Ltd use some 2400 tonnes of air separated slaked lime per year. This is currently supplied from
Limeacres in the northern Cape and possesses the following properties:
Available CaO : >65%

MgO : < 5%
Free Carbon : < 0.02%
Residue 0.075 mm Sieve : <15%
.
Triangle Ltd import in the region of 1000 tonnes of air hydrated unslaked lime annually This has been supplied from
Marble Hall in the Northern Transvaal and contains:
Total CaO : 95.24%

MgO : 1.52%
SiOa : 136%
Rp, : 0.83%
The specification for slaked lime suitable for Triangle's refinery are given below:
Available CaO : >85%

Total : >90%
Silica and Insolubles : < 7%
RaO, : < 3%
Sizing ; <40 mmm
Tanning
Both quicklime and slaked lime made from high calcium limestones and marbles are used in the dehairing process of leather
manufacture. The lime utilized must be white, of high purity and should contain a very low proportion of iron and other
metallic minerals as these may cause staining of the leather. In addition, the lime must be finely ground in order to avoid
abrasion of the hides during liming. High magnesia lime is used in the preparation of morocco leather.
The Bata, Eagle, Imponente and Umtali Leather tanneries all currently use Colleeno Air Separated Hydrated Lime,
which is produced by the United Portland Cement Company (Pvt) Ltd at Colleen Bawn. Jointly they consume some 516
tonnes of hydrated lime annually .
Water Treatment
Slaked lime is used in water treatment tofacilitate theprecipitationof solid particles, which can then be removed by filtration
or sedimentation.Suitable limes must be highly reactive, with an available calcium oxide content of not less than 62%. The
156
\
magnesium content should be as low as possible as magnesium retards the reaction time, preventing the lime from being
an effective coagulant. It is important that the slaked lime has not been overbumt, as this causes the lime to react with
any impurities contained in the feed during calcination and reduces its efficiency for water treatment
The municipalities within Zimbabwe are reported to import in the region of 3000 tonnes of slaked lime annually for
water treatment purposes. Additionally, approximately 15.6 tonnes are imported yearly for use in the water purification
process employed at Mutate Board and Paper Mills. The company states that various grades of lime from local sources
.
proved ineffective and more expensive than the imported lime used The properties of the imported lime are quoted as:
%
CaO 73.0
MgO 0.6 Available lime 68%
RA 0.7 Residue 75 micron sieve 1.8%
Si04 1.8
LOI 23.9
Miscellaneous
There exists a multitude of additional chemical, metallurgical and other uses of lime too extensive to cover in a report
.
of this nature These include petroleum refining and the manufacture of caustic soda, insecticides, rock wool, soda ash
and varnish to name but a few. Great potential exists for the use of lime in the control of atmospheric pollution, by the
removal of sulphur from the waste gases produced by coalfiied power stations, etc.
Some of the known small users of lime in the country are listed below:
Consumer Use Type Lime Consumption
(tonnes/annum)
Gypsum Industries (Pvt) Ltd Reduce pH gypsum Slaked Lime 5
shmy
Prodorite (Pvt) Ltd Waterproofing Slaked Lime 6
additive to concrete
Wilson Bros. (Pvt) Ltd Painting and Quicklime 6070
decorative trade (imported )
Zimbabwe Phosphate Chemical products Slaked Lime 150
Industries Ltd
STOCKFEEDS, ETC.
In the stockfeed industry rocks rich in calcium and magnesium are used in powder form as supplementary sources of
. -
dietary calcium and magnesium Low magnesium carbonate is given as a supplement in monogastnc feeds to calves
horses and poultry, whilst high magnesium material is supplied in ruminant rations to cattle and sheep.
- .
A number of concerns who use these materials in the manufacture of stockfeeds, etc , are listed below:
Use Consumption
Producer
(tormes/annum)
.
Agrifoods (Pvt ) Ltd Stockfeeds, etc. 3 040
Crest Breeders International Poultry feeds, etc . 15 000
(Pvt ) Lid
Irvines Day Old Chicks Poultry feeds, etc. 1000
Rumevite Stockfeeds, etc. 3 750
Smithkline (Pvt) Ltd Animal Health Products, etc. 360
WHITING
Finely ground calcium carbonate of a relatively high purity and good white colour is termed whiting. Specifications vary
considerably depending on the intended use of the whiting.It is occasionally produced chemically, but is more commonly
made by grinding limestone or marble to pass a 0.50 mm screen. The fines produced by pulverising limestone differ from
-
those attained from ground marble in being rounded rather than subangular. Dolomite rich rocks may often be used as
whiting.
Whiting is used in a large number of manufacturing processess, which include the production of enamels, explosives,
glazes, linoleum and floor tiles, oilcloth, paints and whitewash, putty, scouring powder and as a filler in newsprint, etc.
All known users of whiting within the country are supplied locally .
Details of the tonnages consumed yearly by these companies are given as follows:
157
REFERENCES
Consumer Use of Whitino TonnesA
Astra Paints Ltd Paints, etc. 840
Berger Valmore Paints Paints, etc. 338
.
(Pvt ) Ltd
65
Chemical Enterprises Scouring Powder
(Pvt.) Ltd
Dunlop Zimbabwe Ltd Filler Rubber Compound, Vinyl 570
Asbestos Floor Tiles 300
PigottMaskew (Pvt ) Ltd Rubber Products 25
Rubber and Allied Products Rubber Products 36
(Pvt.) Ltd
Trinidad Asphalt (Pvt ) Ltd Filler adhesives and flooring 1540
materials
REFERENCES
,
ACKERMANN, A.H. 1921, Copy of Report: The Board of Directors QueQue Lime Works Ltd Que Que
.4 June 1921. Unpublished
Report Zim, geol. Surv. Technical files .
AMM, F.L. 1940. The Geology of the Country around Bulawayo. Sth. Rhod. geol Surv . Bull. 35.
,
ANDERSON, C.B. 1970. Rushinga Dolomite Deposit. 12 May 1970. Unpublished Report Zim. geol. Surv
. Technical files.
ANON. 1953a. Report on Analysis of a Sample of Unground Freshly Received Lalapanzi Burnt Lime. 2 October
1953. Unpublished
Report Zim. geol. Surv. Technical files.
, mile S.E. of Kawanye Gate.
ANON. 1953b. Report on Partial Analysis of a Specimen of limestone : Just S. of Urungwe Reserve 1
11 November 1953. Unpublished Report Zim. geol Surv , Technical files .
-
ANON. 1954. Statements of Analysis on a Sample of limestone: Outcrop to the N E of Mt. Rudd in Mutema Reserve
. 18 June 1954.
. .
Unpublished Report Zim. geol Surv Technical files.
, Masoso Communal Land.
ARNETT, OJ. 1969. Report on the Gungwa Magnetite Occurrence, Mount Darwin District, Mafigu Area
28 August 1969. Unpublished Report Zim. geol. Surv. Technical files .
District 30 June 1972 .
ARNETT, O.J. 1972. Report on the Three Baobabs Limestone Claims, Umfunidzi Wild Life Area Shamva
,
. .
Unpublished Report Zim geol Surv. Technical files .
Farm, Hartley District 27
ARNETT, OJ. 1975. Report on Diamond Drilling at the Lamboume Limestone Occurrence Lamboume
,
October 1975. Unpublished Report Zim. geol. Surv. Technical files.
ARNETT, OJ. 1976. Report on the Nondwene Vlei Lime Occurrence, Upper Nondwene Farm Bulawayo
, District 9 July 1976 .
Unpublished Report Zim. geol. Surv. Technical files.
. February 1984. Unpublished
ATKINSON, V. 1984. Letter : Dumisayi Limestone Deposit Industrial Development Corporation 1
.
Report Zim geol, Surv. Technical files .
ATKINSON, V. 1985. Contact Claims - Bindura. Unpublished Report Zim. geol. Surv. Technical files
.
BACHE, J J., DALLAS, S., MILIAN, J F., FROST, A. (in prep.). The Geology of the Country
- . Zim geol Surv.,Short Report- between Concession and Mount
Darwin
BAGLOW, N. (in prep.). The Geology of the Filabusi granitoid-greenstone terrain. Zim. geol
. Surv. Bull, 91.
.
BALDOCK, J.W. (in prep.) The Geology of the Harare Greenstone Bek and surrounding granitic
.
terrain Zim. geol. Surv. Bull, 94 .
, Coal Locality. Annals Zim . geol
BARBER, B. 1987, The Madumabisa Mudstone Formation in the Matura Hill Borehole Wankie
—
Surv ,t XII(for 1986), 14 16.
. ed Report Zim. geol.
BARLOW, N.E. 1936. Report on Samples of Limestone for Analysis (Brock Park). 6 April 1936 Unpublish
Surv. Technical files.
158
REFERENCES
BARLOW, NX.1945. Report on Sample of Vlei Limestone for Analysis. 11 June 1945.Unpublished Zim. geol.Surv.Technical
files.
.
BARLOW, N.E. 1948. Analysis : Lime Deposit near Red Dragon Mine, Shamva.5 March 1948. Unpublished Report Zim. geol Surv
.
Technical files .
BARTON, C.M., CARNEY, J ., CROW, M.J. and SIMANGO, S. (in prep.). The Geology of the Country between Rushinga and
Nyamapanda, N-E Zimbabwe. Zim. geol Surv. Bull., 92.
BEGG, EJ.B. 1973a. Geological Report Shamva Marble Deposit, Shamva, 27 August 1973. Unpublished Report Archives United
Portland Cement .
BEGG, EJ.B. 1973b.Geological Report Calcia and Lion’s Head Limestone Claims - ShamvaDistrict.15 October 1973. Unpublished
-.
.
Report Zim geol. Surv. Technical files
BLACKSHAW, G.N. 1910. Analysis Colleen Bawn Marble. Rhod. Agrl A December 1910, 280 pp.
BLACKSHAW, G.N. 1911. Analysis of Limestone : Kilmuir Farm, Enterprise. Agric. IX, 313 pp.
.
BLACKSHAW, G.N. 1912 Report on Limestones on Victoria Falls Line. 29 February 1912. Unpublished Report Zim geol
. Surv.
Technical files.
.
BLACKSHAW, G.N. 1922. Limestones in Southern Rhodesia. February 1922. SthRhod. Dept Agriculture Bull, 414.
BLACKSHAW,G.N. 1923. Letter : Agricultural Laboratories to Director of Geological Survey. 21 August1923. Unpublished Report
. .
Zim. geol. Surv Technical files
BLISS, N.W. 1968. Letter : Dolomite Sample Rocklands Ranch. 13 January 1968. Unpublished Report Zim. geol. Surv. Technical
files.
BUSS, N.W. 1970. The Geology of the Country around Gatooma. Rhod.geo.Surv.Bull.64.
files.
BOEMKE, C. 1969. Analysis of Falcon Lame, Umsweswe. 26 June 1969. Unpublished Report Zim. geol. Surv. Technical
BOND, G. 1973. The Palaeontology of Rhodesia. Rhod. geol.Surv. Bull., 70.
BONE, W.A. 1904. Analysis of Samples of Lime from Chishawasha, Salisbury. 23 April 1904. Unpublished Report Zim. geol
. Surv.
Technical files.
BOWEN, DJ. 1986. Exploration of die Chishanya Carbonatite Complex, Zimbabwe. In: Mineral Resources of South
Africa. Ed.
,
—
Anhaeusser, C.R. and Masks, S Sp. publ geol. Soc.S . AJr., 2229 2237 .
BREWER, P.G. 1948. Report on One Sample of Limestone for Analysis : Pope Claims, Enterprise. 2 October 1948. Unpublished
Report Zim. geol Surv. Technical files.
BREWER, P.G. 1950a. Report on the Analysis of One Sample of Limestone and Four Samples of Calcareous Tufa : Moosgwe Lime
Deposit, S of UmtalL 3 April 1950. Unpublished Report Zim. geol. Surv. Technical files.
BREWER, P.G. 1950b. Report an die Analysis of Nine Samples of Limestone : Moosgwe Lime Deposit near Umtali. 18
May 1950.
Unpublished Report Zim. geoL Surv. Technical files.
BREWER,P.G. 1950c. Reporton the Analysis of Four Samples of Limestone. 26 August 1950. Unpublished Report Zim. geol
. Surv.
Technical files.
.
BREWER, P.G. 1950d. Report on the Analysis of Two Samples of Limestone: East of Marvel Mine. 31 August 1950 Unpublished
Report Zim. geol Surv.Technical files.
.
BREWER, P.G 1950c. Report on die Analysis of One Sample of Limestone Powder : Moosgwe Limestone Deposit Umtali District
, .
25 October 1950 Unpublished Report Zim. geol Surv. Technical files.
. .
BREWER, P G. 1950f. Report on the Analysis of Two Samples of Limestone : Near Old Lime Works, 7 miles S.W. Fort Victoria
. .
27 October 1950, Unpublished Report Zim geol Surv. Technical files.
. .
BREWER, P.G. 1950g. Reporton the Analysis of Two Samples of Vlei Limestone: Hot Springs, Umtali District.24 November 1950.
.
Unpublished Report Zim. geol. Surv Technical files.
159
REFERENCES
sha, near Salisbury. 26 July
BREWER, P.G. 1951a* Report on the Analysis of Three Samples of Crystalline Limestone : Chishawa
1951. Unpublished Report Zim. geol. Surv. Technical files.
. , from Fort Victoria. 11

BREWER, P.G 195lb. Report on the Analysis of Nine Samples of Limestone : Limelight Claims 7 miles
.
September 1951. Unpublished Report Zim. geol Surv Technical files. .
from Fort Victoria. 21
. ,7
BREWER, P.G 1951c. Report on the Analysis of One Sample of Limestone : Limelight Claims miles
December 1951. Unpublished Report Zim. geol. Surv. Technical files.
BREWER, P G. 1952a. Report on the Analysis of Two Samples of Limestone : Chishawasha. 15 April
. 1952. Unpublish ed Report
Zim. geol. Surv. Technical files.
BREWER, P G. 1952b.Report on the Analysis of One Sample of Limestone : Tipperary Farm, Shamva. 22
. .
April 1952 Unpublished
, . April1952.Unpublished
BREWER, P.G. 1952c. Report on the Analysis of One Sample of Dolomite: Mohammedi Claims Sinoia 22
.
Report Zim. geol Surv. Technical files .
, Umsweswe. 9 May 1952.
.
BREWER, P.G 1952d. Report on the Analysis of One Sample of Limestone : Barmerlands Farm
Fort Victoria, Charimbura
BREWER, P.G. 1952e. Report on the Analysis of One Sample of Limestone : Claims 4 miles south of
.
Reserve 26 May 1952. Unpublished Report Zim geol. Surv. Technical files.
.
Districts.
.
BRODERICK, TJ 1979. Explanation of the Geological Map of the Country South of Nuanetsi Nuanetsi
, and Beitbridge
Rhod. geol. Surv., Short Report, 46.
Area, Shamva District. 24
BRODERICK, TJ. 1982.Report on a Visit to the Three Baobabs Limestone Deposit, Umfurudzi Safari
September 1982. Unpublished Report Zim. geol. Surv. Technical files.
.
BRODERICK, TJ 1982. Analyses Performed by Consolidated Glassworks, Gwelo, on Three Baobabs
Marble. 15 October 1982 .
BRODERICK, TJ. 1985. Analysis of Limestone. 23 September 1985. Unpublished Report Zim . geol. Surv. Technical filet.
BURNETT, A.D. 1979. The Engineering Geological Description of Carbonate Suite Rocks and Soils
.Ground Engineering, March
1979 .
files.
CASTELLIN, C.A. 1980. The Redcliffe Limestone Deposit. Unpublished Report Zim. geol. Surv Technical
.
. , District 8 April 1988.

CHATORA, D. 1988 A Report on a visit to four Limestone (Marble) Claims West of Chinhoyi Makonde
Gwelo and Redcliffe. Zim. geol .
CHESHIRE, P E., LEACH, A and MILNER* S.A. 1980. The Geology of the Country between
. .
Surv. Bull.,86.
COX, K.G. JOHNSON, RX., MONKMAN, LJ., STILLMAN, CJ., VAIL, V JL and WOODS, D.N. 1965.The Geology
. . .
of the Nuanetsi Igneous Province Phil Trans, R Soc. Lon^ 357(Series A) 71
f
, .
and Shamva Districts, Southern
CROSBY, Y.H.M. 1952a. Preliminary Report on Certain Limestone Deposits in die Fort Victoria
. . .
Rhodesia. 3 January 1952 Unpublished Report Zim geoL Surv Technical files .
. files.
CROSBY, Y.H M. 1952b Fort Victoria Samples, Unpublished Report Zim. geol. Surv. Technical
.
. .
CURTIN, R.C 1958 The “ Mbudo” Limestone Claims, Maramba Reserve, Southern Rhodesia
. 27 November 1958. Unpublished
. .
Report Zim geol Surv.Technical files.
. .
DEPARTMENTOF METALLURGY 1987 ThrecBaobabs Limestone, White Marble,Sevic Hill
.17 August 1987.Unpublished
.
Report Zim geoL Surv. Technical files .
DUKE, C.W. 1984. A Report on the Simu 1 and 2 Calcite Claims, SengwaT.TX., Nuanetsi District 8 October
1984 . Unpublished
Report Zim. .
geol Surv. Technical files.
160
REFERENCES
DUNHAM RJ 1962. . According to their Texture.In:Classification of Carbonate Rocks,ed.Him,
, Classification ofCarbonate Rocks
W.R Am Assoc. Petrol. Geol., Mem.1, 108 121.
.
. —
FERGUSON, J C.and WILSON,T.H 1937.The Geology of the Country around the Jumbo Mine, Mazoe District Sth.Rhod.gtol
. ,
Surv. Bull., 33.
FEY,P. 1977.*IheDebe(UnmgweT.T.L.) andChidamoyo (RengweT.TX)LimestoneClaims,Urungwe District 22 November 1977.

.
Unpublished Report Zim. geoL Surv Technical files .
FEY, P. 1979 The Early Worm Mine and its Environs, Conoasstan. Annals Zim.geol.Surv., V(for 1979).
.
FLACK, E.V. 1923a. Analysis of Rock : Bclford Estate. Mazoe. 5 May 1923. Unpublished Report Zim. geol. Surv. Technical files.
FLACK, E.V. 1923b. Analysis of Limestone: Belford Estate. 26 September 1923. Unpublished Report Zim.geol.Surv. Technical
files.
FLACK, E V. 1924. Analysis of Limestone :Gravesend and Huntsman Farms. 24 December 1924. Unpublished Report Zim. geol.
.
Surv.Technical files.
. .
FOLK, RX 1959 Practical Petrographic Classification of Limestone. BuU. Am Assoc Petrol. GeoU 43, 1 38.
. . —
FOLK,RX.1962.Spectral Subdivision of LimestoneTypes.In:ClassificationcfCarbonate Rocks,ed.Ham,W.E.Am. Assoc.Petrol
.
GebL Mem. 1, 62 85. —
. . -
FOOKES, P G. and HIGGINBOTTOM, IE. 1975 The Classification and Description of near shore Carbonate Sediments for
Engineering Purposes. Geological Techniques,25(2), 406 411.
.
—
GARSON, M.S. (in prep.) The Geology of the Bulawayo Greenstone Belt and surrounding granitic terrain. Zim.geol
.
, Surv BuU*
93 .
GOLDBERG,1.1962.Calcite Deposits in the Wankie District.November1962. Unpublished Report Zim. geol.Surv.Technical
. files
GOLDBERG, L 1965.Notes on Calcite Deposits on Reed 1 and Reed 2 Claims, Nashome, Wankie District. Unpublished Report Zim.
.
geol Surv Technical files.
GOLDBERG, 1.1966. Notes on the Huntsman Limestone Quarries, Huntsman Farm, Bubi District 17 March 1966. Unpublished
Repast Zim geol Surv Technical files.
. .
GOLDING,E 1928a.Reporton aSample of Limestone, Dunkerry Farm, Mazoe District 2 June 1928.Unpublished Report Zim
. .geol.
Surv, Technical files .
GOLDING, E 1928b. Grahamsdale Limestone, near Shsmva, Mazoe District 13 December 1928. Unpublished Report Zim. geol
. .
GOLDING, E 1932, Report on Throe Samples for Determination ; Duntocher Farm. 23 July 1932. Unpublished Report Zim. geol
. .
.
GOLDING, E 1934a. Report on Sample of Limestone for Analysis : South-East Boundary of Zimbele Block, Umzingwane District
. . .
7 February 1934. Unpublished Report Zim geol. Surv Technical files
. .
GOLDING, E 1934b. Report on Sample of Burnt Lime for Determination (Lalapanri).14 April 1934. Unpublished Report Zim geol
.
. . . .
GOLDING, E 1935a Report onSampleofBumt Lime:Moosgwe Lime Works. 6 August 1935.Unpublished Report Zim.geol Surv
Technical files .
GOLDING,E.1935b. Report on Sample of BumtLime for Analysis:Moosgwe Lime Wades.5 December 1935.Unpublished
Report
GOLDING, E 1935c. Report on Sample of Limestone for Analysis:Moosgwe Lime Works.9 December 1935. Unpublished
. Report
GOLDING, E. 1938. Report on Sample of Burnt Lime for Analysis:Stemblick Lime.8 July 1938. Unjmblished Report Zim
. geol.
.
Surv Technical files.
161
REFERENCES
GOLDING, E 1939a. Report on Sample of Burnt Lime for Analysis : Moosgwe Lime Works. 19 April 1939. Unpublished Report
.
GOLDING, E.1939b. Report on Sample of Vlei Limestone for Analysis:Spitzkop Farm, Glendale.14 June1939. Unpublished Report
GOLDING, E. 1939c. Report on Sample of Burnt Lime for Analysis:Stemblick Lime Works. 1 July 1939. Unpublished Report Zim.
.
geol Surv. Technical Hies.
GOLDING, E. 1939d. Report on Sample of Limestone for Analysis : Stemblick Lime Works. 22 July 1939. Unpublished Report Zim.
.
GOLDING, E. 1939e. Reporton Sample of Vlei Limestone for Analysis : Spitzkop Farm, Glendale.31 July 1939.Unpublished Report
. .
Zim. geol Surv. Technical files
GOLDING, E. 1939f. Report on Sample of Burnt Lime for Analysis : Stemblick Lime Works. 22 August 1939. Unpublished Report
GOLDING, E. 1939g. Report on Sample of Crystalline Limestone for Analysis, Grahamsdale Ranch, Shamva District. October
7
1939. Unpublished Report Zim. geoL Surv.Technical files.
GOLDING, E. 1939h. Report on Two Samples of Burnt Lime for Analysis and Available Caustic Lime ; Stemblick Lime Works. 30
October 1939. Unpiblished Report Zim. geol. Surv. Technical files.
GOLDING, E 1941.Report onSampleof Surface Limestone for Analysis, LauranaMine,Gwelo.7 August 1941.Unpublished Report
.
Zim. geol. Surv Technical files.
GOLDING, E. 1942a. Report on Sample of Crystalline Limestone for Analysis: At Traverse Peg 88 on Preliminary Survey by Mr.
Jeffares, 1941. S May 1942. Unpublished Report Zim. geol. Surv. Technical files.
GOLDING, E, 1942b Report on Two Samples of White Limestone for Analysis:Triangle Ranch.14 May 1942.Unpublished Report
.
GOLDING, E. 1942c. Report on Sample of Vlei Limestone near “ Hot Springs” , Mutambara, Melsetter. 2 September 1942.
.
Unpublished Report Zim. geol Surv. Technical files.
GOLDING, E. 1943a. Report on Sample of Crushed Limestone for Analysis :Stemblick Lime Works. 5 March 1943. Unpublished
Report Zim. geoL Surv. Technical files.
GOLDING, E. 1943b. Report on Sample of Vlei Limestone for Analysis : near Sherwood Starr Siding. 19 May 1943 . Unpublished
GOLDING, E. 1944a. Report on Five Samples of Limestone for Analysis : Stemblick Lime Works.14 February 1944. Unpublished
. .
Report Zim geol Surv. Technical files .
.
GOLDING, E. 1944b Report on Sample of limestone for Analysis : Stemblick lime Works, 17 February 1944. Unpublished Report
GOLDING, E. 1944c. Report on Six Samples of Limestone for Analysis : Stemblick Lime Works. 22 February 1944. Unpublished
. .
Report Zim geol Surv. Technical files.
GOLDING, E. 1944d. Report on Sample of Limestone for Analysis : Stemblick Lime Works. IS March 1944. Unpublished Report
.
Zim. geol. Surv Technical files .
GOLDING, E.1944e. Report on Sample of Vlei Limestone for Analysis (Binga).23 March 1944.Unpublished Report Zim.geol.Surv
.
Technical files .
GOLDING, E. 1944f. Report on Two Samples of limestone for Analysis : Stemblick Lime Works. 29 March 1944. Unpublished
Report Zim geol. Surv. Technical files.
.
GOLDING, E. 1944g. Report on Three Samples of Limestone for Analysis : Stemblick Lime Works. 12 April 1944. Unpublished
Report Zim. geol Surv. Technical files.
162
REFERENCES
. ,
GOLDING, E 1944h Report on Three Semple* of Limestone for Analysis : Stemblick Ume Works Salisbury
. . 26 April 1944.
GOLDING, E, 1944i Report on Sample of Limestone for Analysis:Stemblick Ume Works. 4 May 1944
. . Unpublished Report Zim.
geoL Surv. Technical files.
. . May 1944. Unpublish

GOLDING, E 1944j. Repost on Samples of Three Limestones for Analysis : Stemblick Lime Works 13
ed
.
. May 1944. Unpublished
GOLDING, E. 1944k. Report on Three Samples of Limestone for Analysis : Stemblick Lime Works 19
Report Zim. geoL Surv. Technical files.
.
GOLDING,E 1944L Report on Four Samples of Limestone for Analysis:Stemblick Lime Works 5 June
. 1944. Unpublished Report
Zim .geol. Surv. Technical files.
. -. June1944.Unpublished
GOLDING,E 1944m.ReportonTwoSamplesof Limestonefor Analysis.Stemblick Lime Works 17
Report
Zim . geol.Surv.Technical files.
GOLDING,E. 1944n.Report on FourSamplesof Limestone for Analysis:Stemblick Lime Works
.29 June1944. Unpublished Report
.
Zim geol, Surv. Technical files.
.
GOLDING, E. 1944o Report on Sample of White Burnt Lime for Analysis and Determina
. . .
tion of Available Caustic Lime : Moosgwe
Lime Works 18 July 1944. Unpublished Report Zim. geol Surv Technical files
.
.
GOLDING, E 1944p. Report on First Sample of Burnt Lime from the Reconstructed Kilns : Stemblick
Ume Works. 24 July 1944 .
GOLDING, E. 1944q. Report on Sample of Burnt Lime for Analysis:Stemblick Lime Works.31 October
1944. Unpublished Report
ed Report Zim. geoL
GOLDING, E. 1944r. Report on Sample of Passaford Burnt Lime for Analysis. 17 November 1944. Unpublish
GOLDING,E 1945 Report on Three Samples of limestone: nesrNyanyadzi River,Sabi Valley.21 1945
. . July . Unpublished Report
Zim. geol. Surv. Technical filet.
.
GOLDING, E, 1946a Report on Sample of Vki Limestone for Analysts and Three Small Samples for Determin
. . .
ation : Tarati Ume
. .
Claims 1 May 1946 Unpublished Report Zim geoL Surv Technical files
. Report Zim. geoL Surv. Technical
GOLDING, E. 1946b Report on Sample of Limestone for Analysis 20 May 1946. Unpublished
.
files. -
ed Report Zim. geol. Surv.
GOLDING,E 1946c. Report an Eight Samples of Limestone for Analysts (Indiva).3July 1946.Unpublish
.
Technical files.
. -
GOLDING, E 1946d Limestone of Cement Quality in the Teagwe Valley, Lomagundi District
25 July 1946. Unpublished Report
1946. Unpublished Report Zim.
GOLDING, E 1946c.Report on Sample of Vlei Limestone for Analysts:DunknkFaxm.5 September
.
geol Surv. Technical files .
. ,
GOLDING, E 1946f.Report on Sample of Limestone for Analysis : Irrigation Fimow near Turbine
Site at Devuli Irrigation Project
30 September 1946. Unpublished Report Zim. geol. Surv. Technical files.
GOLDING, E. 1946g. Report on a Sample of Passaford Burnt Lime (Stone) for Analysis
. 17 October 1946. Unpublished Report Zim.
.
geoL Surv Technical files .
. : Tengwe Valley, Urungwe Reserve, Lomgundi
GOLDING, E 1946h. Report on Sample of Dark Gray Limestone For Analysisfiles
.
District 1 November 1946. Unpublished Report Zim. geol Surv. Technical .
.
GOLDING, E 1946i. Report on Sample of Crystalline Limestone for Analysis : Alberton Farm
, Sabi Valley. 2 Novembe r 1946.
. .
Unpublished Report Zim geol. Surv Technical files .
163
REFERENCES
.
GOLDING, E 1946j. Report on Sample of Burnt Lime for Analysis : Stemblick Lime Works.2 November 1946.Unpublished Report
.
GOLDING* E 1947.Report on Sampleof Limestone for Analysis:Grasslands Farm, Melsetter.30October 1947.Unpublished Report
.
Zim. geol Surv. Technical files.
GOLDING* E 1948a Report on Sample of Vlei limestone for Analysis : near Southern Cross Mine* Darwin. January 1948.
. .
Unpublished Report Zim. geol. Surv Technical files. .
.
GOLDING* E. 1948b Report on Sample of Powdered (Slaked) Lime for Analysis and Suitability for Agricultural Purposes:Moosgwe
. . .
.
Lime Works. 8 April 1948 Unpublished Report Zim geol Surv. Technical files
GOLDING* E, 1948c. Report on Analysis of the Insoluble Residue Obtained from limestone Boreholes No. 1 and 2, Brock Park
.
Limestone Claims* Mazoe. 7 May 1948. Unpublished Report Zim geol. Surv. Technical files .
.
GOLDING E. 1948d. Report on Two Samples of limestone for Analysis : 3 miles S.W. of Utnsweswe Siding. 8 July 1848.
Unpublished Report Zim. geol. Surv Technical files. .
GOLDING* E. 1948c. Report on Sample of limestone for Analysis : Pope's Deposit 8 November 1948. Unpublished Report Zim.
GOLDING, E.1949a.Report on Sampleof Brock ParkBumtlime for Analysis.3 February 1949. Unpublished Report Zim.geol Surv.
Technical files .
.
GOLDING, E 1949b. Report on Sample of Calcite for Analysis : West End Ridge* Dunkeny Farm* Mazoe District 7 April 1949.
.
Unpublished Report Zim geol Surv. Technical files.
GOLDING, E. 1949c. Report on Two Samples of Limestone for further Analysis of Insoluble Silicates : Foxton Farm Limestone,
. .
Gwelo. 30 May 1949. Unpublished Report Zim geol Surv. Technical files .
GOLDING, E 1949d Report on Sample of limestone for Analysis* Grahamsdale Farm* Mazoe. 31 May 1949. Unpublished Report
.
.
Zim. geol. Surv Technical files.
.
GOLDING,E. 1949c.Report onSpecimen of CalcareousTufa for Analysis : Home Farm.1June 1949 Unpublished Report Zim.geol.
.
GOLDING* E.1949f Report onThree Limestone Samplesfor Analysis:East Clare Farm, near EdgeofTownshipQue Que.17 August
.
.
1949. Unpublished Report Zim geoL Surv. Technical files
GOLDING, E. 1949g.Reporton Two Samples of Crystalline limestone for Analysis:Dunkeny Farm, Mazoe District 7 September
1949. Unpublished Report Zim. geoL Surv. Technical files .
GOLDING, E. 1949h. Report on Two Samples of Limestone for Analysis: Brock Park Limestone. 22 September 1949. Unpublished
.
Report Zim. geol. Surv Technical files.
GOLDING, E. 1949i. Report on Sample of Powdered Limestone for Analysis : Moosgwe Lime Deposit 1 November 1949.
.
GOLDING, E 1949j. Report on Seven Samples of limestone for Analysis ; Ceres Farm, Shamva. 10 November 1949. Unpublished
.
Report Zim. geoL Surv. Technical files .
. .
GOUGH, D I. and BROCK, A 1961. Palaeonugnetism of the Shawa Ijolite. J.Geopkys Res.,69(12)* 2489 2493.
. -
HADDON* MJF. 1959.Interim Report on Hartley limestone Deposit 8 April 1959. Unpublished Report Zim.geol. Surv.Technical
files.
HARRISON, A.C 1923.GeneralSurface Sample “ Stemblick**.27 March 1923. Unpublished Report Zim.geol. Surv.Technical files.
.
HARRISON, N.M. 1969. Report on the Ore Resources Situation* Jete Calcite Claims, Chiredzi. 7 March 1969. Unpublished Report
HARRISON* N M 1970. The Geology of the Country around Que Que. Rhod geol Surv. Bull , 67.
.
164
REFERENCES
HARRISON, N.M. 1973 Report on the Josephine Limestone Claims, Rietpoort Farm, Domboshawa, Salisbury. 25 January 1973
«
.
Unpublished Report Zim. geol. Surv Technical files . .
HARRISON, N.M 1981. Explanation of the Oeological Map of the Vungu and Gwelo River Valleys, Gwelo, Que Que and Bubi
. .
Districts. Zim geol. Surv. Short Report, 48.
HEYMANN, L 1927. Certificate of Analysis. 16 July 1927. Unpublished Report Zim. geol. Surv. Technical files.
.
JAPAN CONSULTING INSTITUTE. 1988. Feasibility Studyfiles Report on Calcium Carbide Project in the Republic of Zimbabwe ,
May 1988. Unpublished Report Zim. geol. Surv. Technical .
JOHANNESBURG CONSOLIDATED INVESTMENT COMPANY LIMITED (J.C.I.) 1973. Paddy’s Pipe, Exclusive
. .
Prospecting Orders 324 and 327. January 1973 Unpublished Report Zim geol Surv. Technical files.
.
JOHNSON, R JL 1961.The Geology of the Doiowa and ShawaCarbonatite Complexes, Southern Rhodesia.Trans. geol.Soc. S Afr.
, .
—
64, 101 145.
JOHNSON, RJL. 1966. The Shawa and Dorowa Carbonatite Complexes, Rhodesia. 205-224. In: Carbonatites, ed.Tuttle O.F. and
,
Gitttns, LJ. Interscience Pubs , London. .
—
JOHNSON, W. 1985. Cement In: Minerals, Facts and Problems, Bureau of Mines, U.S. Dept of the Interior, Bull. 675, 121 131.
.
.
KALBS KOPF, S.and TRELOAR, P 1983. The Geology and Calc-silicate Assemblages of Stemblick Quarry, Harare.Annals Zim
.
geol Surv., IX, 87 107.
—.
KALBSKOPF, S. 1985 The Limestone Reserves at the Early Worm Mine, Concession. 26 February 1985. Unjxiblished Report Zim
.
.
geol. Surv Technical files .
KALBSKOPF, S. 1987a. Three Baobabs Marble, 22 May 1987. Unpublished Report Zim. geol Surv. Technical files.
KALBSKOPF, $ 1987b. Three Baobabs Marble Analyses (LMJL). 14 July 1987. Unpublished Report Zim. geol. Surv. Technical
.
files.
KEEP, F.E. 1929. The Geology of the Shabani Mineral Belt, Belingwe District Sth. Rhod. geol.Surv. Bull., IX
KIRKPATRICK, I M. 1976. The Geology of the Country around Tengwe, Lomagundi District Rhod. geol Surv. Bull. 75.
. ,
LAMONT, G.T 1949. Geological Report on the Chishawasha Umeworks, Salisbury District 13 January 1949. Unpublished
. Report
.
Zim. geol. Surv Technical files .
LAUDERDALE, J.N. (in prep ) The Geology of the Country around Dorowa and Shawa, Buherm District Zim. geol. Surv BuU ^
.. .
95.
LEE, C.A. 1973. Petrochemistry of the Katete, Shawa and Dorowa Carbonatites, Rhodesia. Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis Univ. Lond
,
.
LEE, CA. 1974. The Geology of the Katete Carbonatite, Rhodesia. Geol Mag ., Ill, 133 142. —
.
LEE, C.A. and REID, A.B. 1977. Gravity Survey of the Shawa Carbonatite Complex, Rhodesia.Trans. geol Soc.S.Afr^
45.
80, 43
—
LEIGHTON, M.W. and PENDEXTER, C. 1962. Carbonate Rock Types. In: Classification of Carbonate Rocks ed. Ham
, , WJJ,
Am. Assoc. Petrol. Geol , Mem.1, 62-85.
. ., .
LEITNER, E.G. with PHAUP, A.E. 1974. The Geology of the Country around Mount Darwin. Rhod geol. Surv. Bull 73
LEYSHON, RJP. 1969. The Geology of the Country around the Copper Queen. Rhod. geol Surv. Bull , 66.
LIGHT, M. (in prep ). Geology of the Area East of Beitbridge. Zim. geol Surv.Bull 87.
. .
LIGHTFOOT, B. 1929. The Geology of the Central Part of the Wankie Coalfield. Sth. Rhod. geol Surv. Bull.,15
LINTOSH, JN. 1951. Report on Inspection of Empire Limestone Claims near Fort Victoria, Southern Rhodesia. 10 January 1951.
.
Unpublished Report Zim geol. Surv. Technical files.
"
165
REFERENCES
LUDLOW, L. 1905. Certicate of Analysis. 3 My 1905. Unpublished Report Zim. geoL Surv. Technical
files .
LUDLOW, L. 1906. Certificate of Analysis. 29 January 1906. Unpublished Report Zim. geol. Surv Technical
. files .
.
LUDLOW, L. 1912. Analysis : Claremont Farm, S-E of Bulawayo 17 May 1912. Unpublished Report Zim
. geol. Surv Technical .
files.
. . Company. 12 November
McGIBBON, J.L M. 1948 Notes on the Limestone Deposits of Rhodesia for Premier Portland Cement
. .
1948. Unpublished Report Zim geol. Surv Technical files .
.
McGIBBON, J L.M. 1974. Seafield Valley Project 16 January 1974. Unpublished Report Archives United Portland
Cement
—
McKIE, D. 1966. Fenitization. In: Carbonatites, Interscience, New York. 261 294
MACGREGOR, A.M. 1928. The Geology of the Country around the Lonely Mine, Bubi District. Sth. Rhod
. geol. Surv. Bull.,11.
. . Bull , 17.
MACGREGOR, A.M. 1930. The Geology of the Country between Gatooma and Battlefields. Sth Rhod. geol Surv
,
MACGREGOR, A.M., FERGUSON, J.C. and AMM, F.L. 1937. The Geology of the Country around
the Queen’s Mine,
Bulawayo District. Sth. Rhod. geol. Surv. Bull. 30
, .
MACGREGOR, A.M. 1937. The Geology of the Country around Hunter Road, Gwelo District Sth. Rhod.
.
geol Surv., Bull.31.
MACGREGOR, A.M. 1940. A Fre-cambrian Algal Limestone in Southern Rhodesia.Trans geol. Soc.S.
, Afr., XLU, 9 15.
—
MACGREGOR, A.M. 1947. An Outline of the Geological History of Southern Rhodesia. Sth.Rhod.geol Surv
.Bull.,38 .
Territories.In: Part
MACGREGOR, AM. 1950. A Comparison of the Geology of Northern and Southern Rhodesia and Adjoining
XIV , Report of the Eighteenth Session,ltd. geol.Cong. 1948,111 117.—
MACGREGOR, A.M. 1951. Some Milestones in the Precambrian of Southern Rhodesia. Anniversary Address
by the President
—
Trans, geol. Soc. S. Afr., UV, xxvii lxxiv.
—
, , 28.
MANN, A.G. 1969. Investigations on Jointing Associated with die Deka Fault Rhodesia. Detritus 4 24
MARTIN, A. 1978. The Geology of the Belingwe Shabani Schist Belt Rhod. geol Surv. Bull , 83.
-
. .. Belt Sth. Rhod.
MAUFE, H.B., LIGHTFOOT, B and the late ZEALLEY, A£ V 1919.The Geology of the Selukwe Mineral
..
geol. Surv Bull ,3
MENNELL, FP. 1910. Geological Structure of Southern Rhodesia. QJ .GS., August 1910 353 375.
,
—
MENNELL, FP. 1938. The Igneous Rocks of the Sabi Basin, South-East Mashonaland. Proc.Rhod
. Sci. Assoc.,36, 9 — 19.
MESSINA TRANSVAAL DEVELOPMENT COMPANY LIMITED. 1959. Sandra Dean

Dolomite. 30 October 1959 .
Unpublished Report Archives Mhangua Copper Mine .
.
MILIAN, J F. 1984. A Progressive Report on the Simu 1 and 2 Calcite Claims, Sengwe C.L. Nuanetsi
, District 21 December 1984
-
MOLYNEUX, AJ.C. 1919. Preliminary Report cm the Geology of the Country West of Sinoia
. Sth, Rhod. geol Surv. Bull , 6.
Mhangura Copper Mine.
MOONEY, R. 1971a Nolan Limestone, Mazoe. 8 October 1971. Unpublished Report Archives
Mine.
MOONEY, R. 1971b. Passaford Limestone, Mazoe. Unpublished Report Archives Mhangura Copper
MOONEY, R. 1972. Selwood Limestone, Bindura. Unpublished Report Archives Mhangura Copper
Mine .
MORRISON, EH, 1968. Colleen Bawn Limestone, West Nicholson District 28 May 1968. Unpublishe
d Report Zim geol Surv . . .
Technical files.
MORRISON, E.R.1970. Notes on the Rogo Calcite Claims, MkotaTribalTrustLand, Mtoko District 3
.
February 1970 Unpublished
166
REFERENCES
MORRISON, E R, 1970 . . . . .
Barium Minerals in Rhodesia Rhod. geol. Surv Mine. Resources Series, No. IS
MORRISON, E.R. 1975. Notes on the Contact Limestone Claims, Mazoe District 1 October 75, Unpublished Report Zim. geol. Surv.
Technical files.
MORRISON, E.R. 1975. Notes on the Josephine Limestone Claims, Salisbury District 2 October 1975. Unpublished Report Zim.
geol. Surv. Technical files .
MORRISON, E R. 1978. Loan Application : Bridging Finance $6 000 Morgrove Mines (Pvt ) Ltd. Dodge Barytes Mine, Shamva.
.
.
4 January 1978 Unpublished Report Zim. geol. Surv. Technical files.
MU1RHEAD, J.D G 1974. Geology of the Gwampa Valley, Bubi and Nkai Districts. 10 May 1974. Unpublished Report Zim. geol.
..
NETTERBERG, F. 1980. Geology of Southern African Calcretes : Terminology, Description, Macrofeatures and Classification.
Trans. geol, Soc. S . Afir 83, Pt 2, 255 283. —
NICOLAYSEN, L.C., BURGER, A.T. and JOHNSON, RE. 1962.The Age of the ShawaCarbonatite. Trans. geol Soc.S.Afr.,
«5, 293 — 294.
OWEN, RJ. 1980. Three Baobab Claims. October 1980. Unpublished Report Zim. geol. Surv, Technical files.
PETTUOHN, FJ. 1956. Sedimentary Rocks. Harper and Bros., New York.
PHAUP, AE. 1932. The Geology of the Antelope Gold Belt Sth. Rhod. geol. Surv. Bull., 21.
PHAUP AE. and DOBELL, MA. 1938.The Geology of the Lower Umfuli Gold Belt, Hartley and Lomagundi Districts Sth.Rhod
. .
geol Surv, Bull., 34 .
PHAUP, AE. 1947. Geological Report on Parts of the Limestone Deposits in the Belingwe District. 27 August 1947. Unpublished
.
Report Zim. geol. Surv Technical files.
PHAUP, AE. 1955. Notes on Specimens from the Dragon Limestone Claims, Game Reserve, Nuanetsi District 3 January 1955.
Unpublished Report Zim geol. Surv. Technical files.
.
PHAUP, AE. 1959. Notes on the Killamey, Rydal and Beacon Limestone Claims. Killamey and Partridge Farms, Lalapanzt Gwelo
,
.
District 22 July 1959. Unpublished Report Zim. geol. Surv Technical files.
PHAUP, AE. 1971. The Granitic Rocks of the Rhodesian Craton. Spec. Pub. geol. Soc. S. Afir ,3, 59 67.. —. .
PHAUP, AE. 1973. Chemical Analyses of the Rocks, Ores and Minerals of Rhodesia. Rhod.geol Surv Bull ,71.
PINGSTONE, G A. (undated). Claremont Lime, Report No. 1735. Unpublished Report Zim. geol. Surv. Technical files.
.
PINGSTONE, G.A. 1910. Analysis of Limestone : Claremont Limestone. 30 July 1910. Unpublished Report Zim. geol. Surv.
.
Technical files
PINGSTONE, G.A. 1912. Limestone Analysis Dingaan Farm. Match 1912. Unpublished Report Zim. geol. Surv. Technical files.
PINGSTONE, G,A. 1916. Limestone, Marvel Store, Filabusi. 12 August 1916. Unpublished Report Zim.geol.Surv.Technical files.
PRESSLER, J.W. and PELHAM, L. 1985. Lime, Calcium, and Calcium Compounds. Minerals, Facts and Problems, Bureau of
Mines, U.S. Dept of the Interior, Bull. 675, 453 460. —
RADCLYFFE, BJ. 1963 Analysis Report on Dolomite Samples from Beithridge Dolomite Complex. 9 September 1963.
.
.
Unpublished Report Zim. geol Surv Technical files..
RADCLYFFE, BJ. 1974. Analysis Report on Sample of Limestone from Salisbury Area. 10 April 1974. Unpublished Report Zim.
.
geol Surv. Technical files .
RADFORD, AJ. 195Z Report on 3 Samples of Limestone and Burnt Lime : Dunkerry Umeworics, Bindura. 15 April 1951
.
167
REFERENCES
RADFORD, AJ. 1959. Report on 5 Samples of Travertine : Devon Lime, Umtili.8 December 1959. Unpublished Report Zim. geol
RESCH, M (in prep.). Explanation of the geological map of the country around Matamve, Beitbridge District Zim, geol.Surv.Short
.
Report, 49.
RHODESIA CEMENT LTD (undated). Empire Limestone. Unpublished Report Archives Portland Cement Company.
.. .
ROBERTSON, ID M 1970a Notes on the Falcon Lime Claims, Gatooma District. 2 November 1970. Unpublished Report Zim.
.
.
geoL Surv Technical files
.
ROBERTSON, I.D.M 1970b. Notes an Two Limestone Deposits in die Lonely Mine Ares, for Limestone Files : Braemar and
. .
Pollards Farms 3 November 1970 Unpublished Report Zim. geol.Surv Technical files
. .
ROBERTSON, I.D.M. 1976. The Geology of the Country around Battlefields, Gatooma District Rhod. geol Surv. Bull 76.
,
SAUNDERS, D.H. 1965. (Chairman) Report of the Working Party on the Requirements of Agricultural Lime. Unpublished Report
SOUTHERN RHODESIAN GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 1952. Limestone. SthRhod . geol Surv. Mineral Resources Series 1
, .
STAGMAN, J.G. 1948.Lime Deposit near Red Dragon Mine,Shamva.5March1948. Unpublished Report Zim.geol.Surv.Technical
files.
STAGMAN, J G.1949. Report on the Dunkeny Lime Deposit, Mazoe District 15 July 1949. Unpublished Report Zim.
. .
geol Surv
Technical files.
STAGMAN, J.G. 1953. The Geology of the Country between Concession and Msoimeddi (Mazoe District). Stk.Rhod
. geol Surv.
BuB., 41.
STAGMAN,J.G. 1959.The Geology of theCountry aroundMangula Mine, Lomagundi and Uiungwe Districts.Sth.Rhod
.geol Surv.
Butt.,46.
.
STAGMAN, J.G. 1961. The Geology of the Country around Sinoia and Banket, Lomagundi District Sth Rhod geol.Surv. Bull 49
, .
.
STAGMAN, J G. 1962. The Geology of the Southern Urungwe District Sth. Rhod.geol Surv. Bull.,55
. .
May 1965.
STAGMAN, J.G. 1965. Report on die Checkmate Limestone Claims, Chikwanda Reserve, Gutu, Gwelo District 7
STIDOLPH, P A. 1975. limestone on Chikurubi Farm, Salisbury District. 23 June 1975. Unpublished Report Zim.
.files. .
geol Surv .
Technical
STIDOLPH, P.A. 1977 The Geology of die Country around Shamva. Rhod. geol.Surv. Bull.,78.
.
.
STOCKLMAYER, VA, 1978. The Geology of die Country around Inyanga. Rhod . geol Surv Bull , 79.
, .
STOCKLMAYER, VA. 1980. The Geology of the Inyanga Noith Makaha Area. Zim.geol.Surv. Bull 89
-
.
STRATFORD, AJ. 1958 Notes on MadbiNo.2 Cakite Claims, Nuanetsi Area.17 July 1958. UnjwblishedReport Zim
.geol Surv.
Technical files .
Surv. Technical
STUTTARD, LA. 1948. Brock Park Limestone ; Summarised Report June 1948. Unpublished Report Zim geoL
.
.
files
STUTTARD, LAN 1950 Empire limestone Claims: Fort Victoria. 29 June 1950. Unpublished Report Zim.
. . geol. Surv.Technical
files.
SUTCLIFFE, I. 1974. Limestone and Calcite Occurrences in Matabeleland and Midlands Provinces. 8 March
.
1974 Unpublished
.
SUTTON, E A 1979. The Geology of the Mafungabusi Area. Rhod. geol Surv. Bull , 81.
.
SWIFT, W H. 1952. The Geology of Chishanya, Buhera District, Southern Rhodesia. Trans. Edin. geol Soc
. .,15, 346 — 359.
168
REFERENCES
_
. of the Lower Sabi Coalfield.SfA Rhod . geol
SWIFT, W.H.* WHITE, W.C., WILES, J.W and WORST, B.G.1953.The Geology
Surv.Bull , 40.
. ., 45.
SWIFT, W.H. 1956. The Geology of the Odzi Gold Belt. Sth. Shod.geol.Sim Bull
SWIFT, W.H. 1962. The Geology of the Middle Sabi Valley. Sth. Rhod. geol. Surv
. Bull., 52 .
803, Chimande Tribal Trust Land : Rushinga.
SWIFT, W.H. 1968. Report on a Visit to a Limestone (Marble) Deposit, Reserved
.
Area
. .
26 February 1968. Unpublished Report Zim geol. Surv Technical files
. s of Early Worm Lime. Institute of Mining Research

TANEKA, S. 1985 Chemical Analyses and Evaluation of Physical Propertie
Report No. C341, October 1985.
di, Hartley and Gatooma Districts. Rhod . geol Surv .
TENNICK, F.P. 1976, The Geology of the Country around Magundi, Lomagun
Bull ,65 .
1978. Ungxibli shed Report Zim. geol. Surv.
TURNER, J 1978. The Early Worm Mine, Concession, Mazoe District. 29 August
.
Technical files.
. 27
- .
TYNDALE BISCOE, R, 1928 Report on a Limestone Deposit on Brock Park
.
Farm, near Passaford Siding, Mazoe District
October 1928. Unpublished Report Zim. geol Surv. Technica l files
-
TYNDALE BISCOE, R. 1931, The Geology of the Country around Shamva Mazoe
, District .
Sth Rhod. geol Surv , Bull , 18.
TYNDALE BISCOE, R, 1933. The Geology of the Central Part of the Mazoe
.
Valley Gold Belt Sth. Rhod , geol Surv Ruff., 22.
-
Sth.Rhod. geol Surv. Bull., 36.
TYNDALE BISCOE, R. 1940, The Geology of the Country around Gwanda.
- ,
. . geol. Surv. Bull., 39.

TYNDALE-BISCOE, R. 1949. The Geology of the Country around Gwelo. Sth Rhod
TYNDALE-BISCOE, R. 1950. In Discussion, The Alkali Ring Complex at Spitzkop
.Trans geol Soc. S. Afr.,53, 127— 128.
,
yn Farms, Salisbury District Unpublished

TYNDALE BISCOE, R. 1952. Report on Limestone Deposits on Chishawasha andGletw
-
: Roadside 1 Mile N. of Nyaruwake River Drift,
-
TYNDALE BISCOE, R. 1954. Statement of Analysis on a Crystalline Limeston
Lucan Farm, Inyanga District 22 June 1954 .
Unpublis hed Report Zim. geol.
e
TYNDALE BISCOE, R. 1956. Geological Report on the Limestone Deposit

- of Rhodesia .
Cement Ltd , at Colleen Bawn, Gwanda
l files.
District 28 July 1956. Unpublished Report Zim. geol. Surv. Technica
. . Surv. Technical files.
URIE, J.G. 1974. Lime Cliffs Deposit. 20 June 1974. Unpublished Report Zim geol
WATSON, RX. 1959. Preliminary Report The Devon Lime Chums, Umtali. Unpublis
. .
hed Report Zim geol. Surv Technical files.
WATSON, RX. 1962. Memo : Director Geological Survey, Umkondo Limestone

. December 1962. Unpublished Report Zim. geol.
Surv. Technical files .
, Essanby Watershed Extension Farm, near Nandi,
WATSON, R.L,A.1966a.Geological Reporton the JeteNo's 1 and. 2geol
Calcite Claims
. Surv. Technical files.
Chiredzi District. 29 October 1966. Unpublished Report Zim
District 23 December 1966.Unpublished Report Zim.
WATSON, RX.A. 1966b. Notes on a Visit to the Jete Calcite Claims, Chiredzi
. .
geol Surv Technical files.
Areas. Rhod. geol Surv. Bull , 60.
WATSON, RX.A. 1969. The Geology of the Cashel, Melsetter and Chipinga
. Surv. Technical files .
WEBB, D.E. 1982. Early Worm Limestone. Unpublished Report Zim. geol
.
WILES, J.W, 1957 The Geology of the Eastern Portion of the Hartley Greensto
.
ne Belt Sth. Rhod geol Surv. Bull., 44.
. . . . BuU., 63.
WILES, J W, 1972 The Geology of the Country around Sipolito. Rhod. geol Surv
WILSON, JF. 1964. The Geology of the Country around Fort Victoria. Sth
. Rhod.geol. Surv. BuU.,58.
169
REFERENCES
WITKIN B. 1957.
, Report on one Sample of Travertine for Analysis 9 January 1957. Unpublished Report Zim.geol. Surv.Technical
files.
WORST, B.G. 1956. The Geology of the Country between Belingwe and West Nicholson. Sth, Rhod. geol. Surv. Bull, 43.
.
WORST, B.G. 1961a. Fort Victoria Limestone Deposits. 20 November 1961. Unpublished Report Zim geol. Surv. Technical files.
WORST, B.G. 1961b. Filabusi Limestone Deposits. 25 November 1961. Unpublished Report Zim. geol Surv. Technical files.
WORST, B.G. 1962. Dodge limestone. September 1962. Unpublished Report Zim. geol. Surv. Technical files.
WORST, B.G. 1963a. Proposed Drilling of Lamboume Farm Limestone, Hartley. 7 February 1963. Unpublished Report Zim. geol.
.
Surv Technical files.
WORST, B.G. 1963b. Dunkerry Calcite - Bindura District. 15 March 1963. Unpublished Report Zim. geol. Surv, Technical files.
WORST, B.G. 1963c. Analyses Limestone Samples from Houghton Claims, Fart Victoria - Birchenough Bridge Road. 9 September
. .
1963. Unpublished Report Zim. geol Surv Technical files.
. - .
WORST, B.G 1963d. Lime Claims Fort Victoria. 17 September 1963. Unpublished Report Zim geol. Surv. Technical files.
WORST, B.G. 1963e. Diti-Chipise Dolomite, Beitbridge District.31 October 1963. Unpublished Report Zim. geol. Surv. Technical
files.
WORST, B.G. 1963f. Condo Dam Reservation, Sabi Irrigation Scheme. 1 November 1963. Unpublished Report Zim. geol. Surv.
Technical files.
WORST, B.G. 1963g. Lamboume Farm Limestone Hartley. 4 November 1963. Unpublished Report Zim. geol. Surv. Technical
-
files.
WORST, B.G. 1963h.The Odzi Limestone Deposit Versus the Condo Dam.10 December 1963. Unpublished Report Zim.geol.Surv.
.
Technical files
WORST, B.G. 1964. Lime Claims - Fort Victoria. 14 March 1964. Unpublished Report Zim. geol. Surv. Technical files.
.
WORST, B.G 1965a. Availability of Agricultural Lime Resources.1 March 1965. Unpublished Report Zim. geol. Surv. Technical
files.
.. -
WORST, B G 1965b. Matibi Calcite Nuanetsi District 5 August 1965. Unpublished Report Zim. geol. Surv. Technical files.
WORST, B.G. 1965c. Boreholes 1, 2, 3, 4, Odzi Schist Belt, Umtali District Unpublished Report Zim. geol. Surv. Technical files.
.
WORST, B.G. 1966 Map of the Rushinga Hills Area. Unpublished Report Zim. geol Surv. Technical files.
ZEALLEY, AX. 1917. Hashu Limestone (near Indiva). Unpublished Report Zim. geol. Surv. Technical files.
.
ZIMBABWE MINING DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION 1987. Walk Marble. UNIDO Project No. DP/ZIM/83/006 .
Preparation of a Desk Type Study for Non Melallic Minerals in Zimbabwe.Unpublished Report Zim.geol.Surv.Technical files.
- -
170
APPENDIX
TABLE 6
CHEMICAL ANALYSES OF CARBONATITE, KATETE ALKALI RING COMPLEX

.
(After Lee 1974)
Rock Type F*2 3

° MnO MgO CdO
*2°5 CO2
% ( total
)
Carbonatite agglomerate 832 0.76 15.18 23.13 0.62 30.90
Dolomitic carbonatite 13.61 0.85 12.99 19.90 0.94 23.10
Dolomitic carbonatite 8.81 0.71 1031 15.40 0,00 19.05
Manganifetous carbonatite 13.49 14.89 0.41 8.97 0.61 13.15
Sidentic carbonatite 10.95 6.47 7.45 21.40 036 2230
Sideritk carbonatite 14.57 3.05 1138 22.86 033 28.70
Silicified carbonatite* 13.95 9,72 0.96 4.96
*49.16% Si02
171
APPENDIX
TABLE 7
EXPLORATION OF THE CHISHANYA CARBONATITE COMPLEX
Mining Concern Locality Work Undertaken Comments
Meikles Area around and Two vertical shafts and several Bright green colouration of
between adits were sunk into Chishanya altered ferrite presumably
Baradanga and Hill and trenching and pitting suggested Cu mineralization .
Chishanya hills . was carried out on Baradanga Despite three years work no
Hill. mineral production.
Prospecting Area around and 1200 m of trenching to an Resources of 58000 tonnes, per
Ventures Limited: between average depth of 2 m, with 0.5 m vertical mining depth.
(Anglo American) Baradanga and 300 to 400 samples containing a P2G5 content
1956 to 1957 Chishanya hills analysed for P205 Geo¬ . ranging from 8.7 to 12.5% were
and to east of chemical investigations for estimated.
Bepe Hill. Cu, Pb and Zn.
Rhodesia Chrome Area around and Geochemical survey comprising The area immediately south of
Mines Limited: between ±1000 chip and soil samples Baradanga was found to possess
1966 Baradanga and conducted for copper and an average P205 content of
Chishanya hills. phosphate . 7.8% .
Mining Promotion Area around and Nearly 2000 samples, collected The phosphate averaged 23%
Corporation between -
on 20 E W lines 30 m apart at P205. Both drillholes intersected
(I.D.C.) assisted Baradanga and 3 m intervals, were on alternating sequence of
by Geological Chishanya hills . spectrographically analysed carbonatite and ijolite-melleigite
Survey for copper and phosphate Two. with minor remnants of altered
Department: 1968. boreholes, angled at 45° to .
ferrite and granite Two repre¬
pass beneath Baradanga and sentative samples of sOvite
Chishanya hills, were drilled . taken at 304 m and 342 m were
BH.1, collared 36S m east of determined to contain 11.73%
Chishanya, was discontinued and 2.31% P205 respectively.
at 430 m, whilst BH 2, .
located 548 m S E of-
Baradanga, was terminated
at 407 m.
South African Around and to Some 5000 soil samples, Discovered Sanja carbonatite,
Manganese the south of followed by chip sampling, which occupies a hollow in the
Limited: 1973. Bepe Hill . were collected on a 7.5 m landscape. Higher values P205
by 120 m grid . believedly correlatable with a
set of arcuate ferruginous
carbonatite dykes similar to
those on Baradanga Hill.
Messina Area around and Sampled bedrock in pits up to The prominent ridge running up
( Rhodesia ) between 4 m deep due to the presence -
the south western side of
Development Baradanga and of an extremely hard widespread Baradanga Hill was systema¬
Company Chishanya hills . capping of surface calcrete and tically channel sampled, but the
Limited: conglomerate. Initially resources were only estimated
1974 to 1975. sampled on a 50 m geochemical at 1600 tonnes/metres with an
grid, which was reduced to average grade of 8% P2Q5
25 m in the most promising (Selected samples contained up
area along the southern to 20% P205) .
slopes Baradanga HilL
172
APPENDIX
TABLE 8
CHEMICAL ANALYSES OF CARBONAUIE, CHISHANYA ALKALI RING COMPLEX

(After Bowen, 1986)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
2.26 n.d. 3.61 ltd. n.d. n.d.

SiOj n.d. 3.99 4.24 0.69 1239
0.08 0.04 0.02 0.01
•no2 0.18 0.03 0,06 0.07 0.09 1.67 033
0.50 0.11 0.08 0.11 034 0.75 0.60 0.24 0.70 030 0.60
AI203
239 2.22 4.47 6.80 48.71 7.44 5.89 12.01 15.44 24.02
FejOs 2.29
030 1.29 1.35 138 2.96 1.35 3.80 336 5.60 14.20 11.80
MgO
0.18 0.19 0.16 037 0.15 039 0.76 038 0.95 0.76 0.93
MnO
52.60 51.27 51.40 49.99 42.12 22.60 28.60 4530 33.90 21.90 27.60
CaO
0.40 0.64 0.65 0.91 1.87 1.07 030 0.27 0.60 030 030
N&2O
0.80 0.13 0.12 0.15 0.14 0.72 0.80 0.01 0.90 130 0.80
K2O
4.49 3.65 24.96 16.13 2,97 8.72 7.44 0.82 0.02 0.06
P203 0.56
COj ..
nd 3533 36.63 11.62 1631 16.04 n.d. 31.02 n.du iLd . n.d.
H2O n.d. 034 031 1.02 0.12 1.45 n d.. 1.15 n.d. .
n d. n.d
B«D 0.22 n.d. ..

nd n.d. n.d. .
n d. 1.97 n.d. 031 032 035
Total 100.40 100.87 95.94 99.82 100.18 - 99.15 - - -

n.d. not determined
1. Sftvite, Sanja.
.
2 SOvite, summit of Chishanya
3. Sfivite, halfway between Baradanga and Chishanya (Messina grid N13/00)
,
-
4. Apatite-rich fenosdvite, south western slope of Baradanga (Messina grid N 25/250W).
.
5 Apatite and aegjrine -bcaring ferrosflvite, Baradanga.
. -
6 Magnetite rich ferrosovite, summit of Baradanga.
7. Apatite and barite-bearing ferrosOvite, Baradanga.
-
8. Apatite bearing fcnosbvite, south eastern slope of Baradanga (Swift, 1952).
-
9. Beforsite, northern slope of Chishanya.
10. Silicified beforsite, Bepe.
- -
11. Siderite beforsite, south western flank of Baradanga
Analysts: .. ,
1, 7 9, 10.11 : D A Wendon, Institute of Mining Research, University of Zimbabwe Harare
f
.
2.3, 4, 5, 6 : F.G. Mountford , Geological Survey, Harare.
8 : P.I. Brewer, Geological Survey Harare .
173
APPENDIX
TABLE 9
UNDERGROUND DRILLING RESULTS, LAMBOURNE MARBLE, CHEGUTU

(Arnett, 1975)
BHNo. Total Marble High Grade Marble (50% CaO)

(metres drilled) (metres drilled) % of Average
From To Total From To Total overall % CaO
total
1 0 67.97 67.97 58.52 67,97 9.45 13.90 52.60
2 0 67.66 67.66 15.84 18.89 3.05 4.50 52.20

56.69 62.17 5.48 8.10 50.30
TOTAL 12.60 50.90
3 0 44.19 44.19 32.91 38.40 5.48 12,14 51.60
4 0 56.69 56.69 14.63 25.60 10.97 19.30 52.20

38.40 49.37 10.97 19.30 51.40
TOTAL 38.60 51.80
6 0 194 194 0 12.80 12.80 21.60 50.00

23.77 27.43 3.65 6.10 53.60
42.06 59.13 17.07 28.80 50.40
TOTAL 56.50 50.50
7 0 47.85 47.85 0 5.48 5.48 11.40 51.00

18.28 23.77 5.49 11.10 50.80
27.43 31.08 3.65 7.60 51.90
TOTAL 30.40 51.10
8 0 66.44 66,44 20.11 21.93 1.82 2.75 53.60

49.72 47.54 1.82 2.75 50.80
6035 62.17 1.82 2.75 51.20
TOTAL 8.25 51.80
9 0 66.90 66.90 21.94 23.76 1.82 2,73 51.00

29.26 31.08 1.82 2.73 52.90
? ? 1.82 2.73 51.50
TOTAL 8.19 51.80
11 0 59.43 5943 0 9.14 9.14 15.30 51.90

21.94 29.26 7.32 12.30 51.20
32.91 42.06 9.15 15.30 50.20
45.72 58.52 12.80 21.50 52.00
TOTAL 64.40 51.40
12 0 16.76 16.76 3.65 5.47 1.82 10.90 50,10
N-B BH 5 and BH 10 not drilled.
174
APPENDIX
TABLE 10
CHEMICAL ANALYSES SURFACE SAMPLES

LAMBOURNE MARBLE DEPOSIT
(After Worst, 1963a)
Insols LOI CaCOs MgC03

Analyses CaO MgO RJOJ
% % % % % % %
Samples
1 54.20 0.90 1.20 0.90 42.30 96.70 1.90

53.90 0.80 0.90 0.50 43.20 96.20 1.70
2
3 52.70 0.90 2.20 0.60 42.70 94.10 1.90
4 52.60 0.80 2.40 0.90 43.10 93.80 1.70
5 51.40 1.40 3.00 1.00 42.60 91.70 3.00
6 53.00 1.10 1.80 1.30 42.70 93.80 2.30
7 50.10 2.70 3.10 1.80 42.10 89.40 5.60
8 46.80 2.20 5.60 4.80 40.00 83.50 4.60
9 42.90 3.40 4.10 8.90 39.20 76.50 7.10
10 53.50 0.70 1.20 1.20 43.10 95.50 1.50
11 43.30 7.90 4.60 0.80 42.90 77.30 16.50
(1) Dam north end exposure

(2) North of main road
(3) Bulge south of main road
(4) North end of bulge
(5) Centre of bulge
(6) South end of bulge
(7) Main body south of main road
(8) Mill
(9) Chegutu commonage
(10) Cemetery
(11) Stream north of Seignery Mine road
175
APPENDIX
TABLE 11
KNOWN CLAIMS : DEKA CALCITE ZONE
Tonnes Claim Year Tonnes

Claim YSSL
ANNA 1964 272.4 LIMESTONE NP
1965 817.2 LIONS DEN 1964 272.4
1966 1324.8 1965 272,4
ANTENUP 1961 272.4 L0NGWALK 1965 1 180,4
1962 953 MAMBANJE 1956 1453
1963 5 050.3 1957 7543
1966 1834.2 1958 277.8
BOUNDARY + RHOD
BREAM 1965 681,0 MANDA 1963 998.8
BUFFALO 1963 1 196.7 1964 2 855.7
1962 45.4 1965 272.4
BUMBOSSIE
1964 1 189.5 MATUTSI 1935-41 625.6
1965 1843.2 MWEMBA 1959 1 369.4
NP 1960 1 106.2
BUNDU
BURN NP 1961 202.5
CALCITE 1939 358.8 1966 3 687.4
1940 109.9 1967 4 163.2
1941 169.8 1968 2006.7
1942 165.3 OSWALD 1963 2 662.3
1943 141.6 1964 1 238.5
1944 217.0 PJ.G. 1955 1007.9
CALRHO 1953 2716.7 (with Rhocal) 1959 14 696.9
1954 4526.4 1960 13 761.6
1955 4954,8 1961 17 752.3
1964 590.2 1962 17 679.7
NP 1963 4 509.1
CARP
CHAVUMA 1965 1 362.0 1964 8 390.8
DEKA 1959 1 369.3 P.G. 1965 277.8
1960 1 106.2 RHOCAL 1955 941.6
1966 236.1 1956 12452.3
1967 943.4 1957 11087.5
1968 553.9 1958 7796.1
1973 3 495.8 (with PJ.G.) 1959 (14 696.9)
DENDA NP 1963 6412.3
1966 376.8 1964 1 438.3
GEARBOX
1967 635.6 RHODA 1961 72.6
1957 590.2 1962 90.8
GOBE
1958 2683.1 1965 608.4
1959 2571.2 ROSCAL 1963 272.4
1960 3 0563 SOONGA 1960 82.2
1961 5 262.8 STORE 1962 183.4
1962 181.6 1963 122.6
1964 635.6 1964 -
1965 1 785,1
GM.B. NP
1962 817.2 (?) 1966 3 142.6
KALANGA
1963 363.2 1967 953.4
1964 1225.8 WATERBUCK 1964 272.4
1965 5 337.2 1965 590.2
1966 762.7 WESE NP
1967 1 703.4 ZAHALA 1963 1 671.6
KASASA
176
APPENDIX
TABLE 12
CHEMICAL ANALYSES AND PRODUCTION STATISTICS

RIPPLE CREEK ESTATE MARBLE DEPOSIT
QQ MyO A1203 PejOj Si02 MnO S P2O5 IX*

Analv«ei (% ) Tonne*
md Range Avene* OC03 M1CO3
Pmdncrinn
Afftefaie 82114 392006 MA n - * 0.64 " * •
-
(1974 1979) to «0.0 153
534101
40.0 11 03 1.0 0.7 0.87 0.12 0.03 42.8
MerbleFced 58 713 122956
To Lime Kibu to 87J 8.6
- -
LowMgO
(1971 1980)
191417
420 U 1.0 1.9 0.8 0.82 0.13 0.03 43.3

MvMeFeed
To Blett Furnace 75.0 19.0
- -
HighMjO
(1971 1979*)
* Caatellin (19B0)
177
APPENDIX
TABLE 13
ANNUAL PRODUCTION ALASKA DOLOMITE
Tonnes Argosy Gundi Sinoia Springbok .

S G.S. TOTAL
Year + Argot Park Lime 462 and
South 475
: 67.7
1938 67.7
1939 174.6 174.6
1940 3233 323.2
1941 481.2 481.2
1942 329.6 329.6
1943 2043 122.1 326.4
1944 1953 154.4 349.6
1945 538.4 1763 714.6
1946 4903 180.7 671.0
1947 496.7 178.9 675.6
1948 367.7 259.7 6274
1949 8453 315.1 1 160.4
1950 307.8 307.8
1951 339.6 339.6
1952 2433 2433
1953 1843 1843
1954 291.0 291.0
1955 327.8 327.8
1956 282.4 3733 655.6
1957 406.8 7 628.1 8034.9
1958 3 5503 3 5503
1959 91744 1 661.6 10836.0
1960 15 862.8 2833 5 261.9 21 408.0
1961 8 321.8 6 008.2 9 396.9 23 726.9
1962 975.2 6 174.4 1 874.1 9 023.7
1963 1 145.0 8 363.6 16211.2 25 719.8
1964 1225.8 12295.2 10384.8 23905.8
1965 12 621.2 144673 27088.4
1966 7943 10 239.5 17 106.7 28140.7
1967 10470.1 34 821.8 45 291.9
1968 8 449.8 662.8 27013.0 36 125.6
1969 8 569.7 959.8 36 637.8 46 1673
1970 6 651.7 2 052.1 34231.6 42 935.4
1971 3 178.0 10305.2 691.0 39590.0 1065.1 54 8293
1972 9 878.0 53 100.0 18653 64 843.5
1973 8 998.0 64 650.0 1954.0 75 602.0
1974 55 631.0 1 567.0 57 198.0
1975 12465.0 53 100.0 1 856.0 67 421.0
1976 IS 865.0 57300.0 1 721.0 74886.0
1977 10965.0 57 700.0 1424.0 70089.0
1978 11667.0 45 950.0 676.0 58 293.0
1979 777.0 52 080.0 714.0 53 571.0
1980 11256.0 50440.0 589.0 66285.0
1981 840.0 41 8343 414.0 42 674.2
1982 ?
1983 1607.0 1 607.0?
1984 81.0 81.0?
1985 42522.0 42522.0?
1986 655 594.0
1987 110 523.0
178
APPENDIX
TABLEU
CHEMICAL ANALYSES, THREE BAOBABS MARBLE

Trench Samples Sample Sample Marble CaC03 MgCOS Av.
CaC03/MgC03(%)
Position Width (m) *>
( <*> < >
%
Owen (1980)
TB1 -
1 19 0.00 - 28.04 28.04 41.8 90.65 1.86
20 - 34
28.04
65,84
--
65.84 37.80
89.92 24.08 35.9
Greenstone
84.69 1.91
84.20/1.94
35 - 39 89.92 - 97.54 7.62 11.4 81.10 1.24

-
39 43 97.54 - 104.85 7.31 10.9 63.65 3.05
TB2 -
1 28 0.00 -42.67 42.67 60.1 88.10 1.68
42.67 -74.68 32.01 Greenstone
29 - 30 74.68 - 78.33 3.65 5.2 80.15 0.75
-
31 35
78.33 -
-
83.52 5.19
83.52 91.44 7 ,92 11.1
Greenstone
94.78 1.92
90.26/1,71
TB3
36 - 46
1 - 27
-
91.44 108.20 16.76
0.00 - 42.98 42.98
23.6
63.0
93.74
91.1
1.69
1.37
28 - 44
-
42.98 53.95 10.97
53.95 - 79.25 25,30
Quartzite rubble
37.0 95.36 1.39
92.68/1.38
TB4 -
1 23 0.00
35.05
-
-
35.05 35.05
41.65 6.40
85.8 89.17
Greenstone
2.15
89.34/2.27
24 - 27 41.65 - 47.24 5.79 14.2 90.37 3.00
TBS 1 - 4 0.00 - 6.10 6.10 12.0 67.25 2.48 83.40/2.51
5 - 31 6.10 - 50.60 46.50 88< 0 85.60 2.51
TB6 -
1 18 0.00 - 35.05 35.05 100.0 84.16 1.92 84.16/1.92
TB7 1 - 5 0.00 - 7.62 7.62 23.3 63.68 2.82
6 - 12 7.62 - 17.98 10.36 31.8 76.01 2.67
-
59 65 17.98 - 28.86 10.98 Greenstone 78.83/1.54
-
95 127 28.96 - 38.71 9.75 Greenstone
and marble
127 - 175 38.71 - 53.34 15.63 44.9 89.06 2.09
TBS 1 0.00 - 2.13 2.13 Greenstone
2- 6 2.13
7.62
-
-
7.62
10.06
5.49
2.44
81.9 1.84
Greenstone
7 - 10 10.06 - 14.63 4.57 61.70 2.40 78.80/1.81
11 - 13 14.63 - 20.12 5.49 Greenstone
(random) 20,12 - 38.10 17.98 Greenstone
and marble
14 - 19 38.10 - 47.24 9.14 85.48 1.50
Additional analytical data available from the deposit are:
R2 3 InsoJs LOI CaC03 MgC03
Composition
Source
Location Width GO
%
MgO
% %
° % % % %
Arnett (1972)
1 Eastern 38.00 32.70 12.80 3.00 1.10 50.40 58.40 26.80
2 Eastern 34.00 46.30 3.10 4,10 6.20 40.30 82.60 6.50
3 Eastern 10.00 31.30 9.70 4.50 no 53.40 55.90 20.30
4 Eastern 30.00 49.20 0.20 0.50 9.70 40,40 87.80 0,40
5 Eastern 16.00 50.70 2.50 0.60 3.50 42.70 90.50 5.20
6 Eastern 2.00 30.50 13.80 2.80 3.30 49.60 54.40 28.90
7 Eastern 3.00 30.80 12.70 3.60 2.20 50.70 55.00 26.60
Eastern 3.00 52.80 0.20 0.50 4.40 42.10 94.20 0.40
9 Eastern 3.00 31.30 11.90 2.80 0.90 53.10 55.90 24.90
10 Central 100.00 30.60 15.80 3.30 7.90 42.40 54.60 33.10
11 Central 100.00 32.20 17,50 3.50 1.80 45.00 57.50 36.60
12 Central 3.00 31.50 9.10 4.60 0.80 54.00 56.20 19,00
13 Calc Tufa - 47.70 0,90 1.10 7.30 43.00 85.10 1.90
14 Western 5.00 50.90 0.30 1.40 6.20 41.20 90.90 0.60
15 Western 10.00 29.60 4.80 10.00 4.30 51.30 52.80 10.00
16 Western 20.00 49.40 1.30 2.80 4.80 41.70 88.20 2.70
17 Western 20.00 54.30 0.30 0.40 0.90 44.10 96.90 0.60
18 Western 20.00 42.30 100 2.90 15,70 37.10 75.50 4.20
179
APPENDIX
TABLE 14 continued
19 Western 20.00 44.50 0.20 1.20 16.50 37.60 79AO 0.40

20 Western 5.00 49.10 0.20 1.00 10.20 39.50 87.60 0.40
Broderick
(1982) a Eastern 34.59 16.61 432 0.82 44.57 61.74 34.75
b Eastern - 35.35 1632 4.73 0.76 4437 63.10 34.14
Kalbskopf
(1987b) Eastern 31.52 18.29 1.82 1.22 45.68 56.26 38.26
Dept of
Metallurgy
(1987) 1 Eastern 20.19 2238 100 182 52.61 36.04 46.82*
J.CX
2 Eastern - 21.87 24.04 1.66 116 50.27 39.04 5019*
(1988) Western . 54.57 030 0.64 0.10 44.39 97A4 0.62
Nil. * Exceeds theoretical maximum pure dolomite 45.72% MgCC>3.
ISO
APPENDIX
TABLE 15
WORLD CEMENT PRODUCTION 1983 AND CLINKER

CAPACITY 1983, 1984 AND FORECAST 1990
(adapted Johnson, 1985)
Production
MilL tomes
- 1983
%
Clinker Capacity Mill tonnes
1983 1984 1990
Area Country
Egypt 63 0.8 73 137 163

Africa 13.6 154
R3 A.. 83 1.0
3.1
103
363 393 363
Other 25.4
39.9 43 212 66.2 684
TOTAL
1073 133 1134 1134 116.1

Asia China 343
India 25.4 3.1 29.9 337
83 1.0 10.0 114 134
Indonesia 134
Iran 10.0 13 137 12.7
80.7 10.0 108.8 109.7 1134
Japan 104
9.1
Korea N. 83 1.0 9.1
237
36 214 22.7
Korea S. 20.9
104 103
Phillipines 43 04 9.1
73 0.9 73 73 9.1
Thailand 163
143 1.8 154 154
Taiwan 243
Turiccy 133 1.7 204 214
48.1 5.9 633 733 835
Other
TOTAL 3493 dll 421.0 mi mi
54 0.7 73 73 9.1
Europe Belgium 12.7
Czechoslovakia 10.9 13 10.9 103
243 3.0 273 273 29.9
137 13.6
GD R .. 113 13
1.0
12.7
10.9 103 137
Greece 83
41.7 433
.
F G.R. 30.8 3.8
4.8
40.8
493 493 536
Italy 393
163 30 18.1 18.1 20.0
Poland 73 9.1
Portugal 63 0.8 73
154 1.9 18.1 18.1 204
Romania 372
30.1 3.7 354 354
Spam
134 1.7 18.1 18.1 203
UJC.
Yugoslavia 9.1 1.1 14. 134 143
343 43 504 51.7 604
Other wo 3239 336-6
TOTAL 2224 214
6.8 0.8 73 73 9.1
Oceania Australia 14 34
Other 0.9 0.1 14
TOTAL 12 03 01 03 132
1.0 154 154 163
N. America Canada 83
263 28.1 294
Mexico 173 31
80.7 814 834
U3A. 644 8.0
154
73 0.9 134 134
Other
TOTAL SLI l&O 1210 mi mi
54 0.7 104 104 103
S. America Argentina
293 354 372
Brazil 234 39
43 04 63 63 82
Venezuela 363
263 33 31.7 336
Ocher
TOTAL 21ft 23 223 843 024
100.0 10212 10613 11412
Wnrid Total mi
181
INDEX
No. District Page No, District
Alaska Dolomite 150 Makonde 90 East Clare Calcrete 145 Kwekwe

Alloys Calcrete 144 Kwekwe 85 Eldorado Marble 137 Insiza
Angelina Dolomarble 151 Makonde 91 Elizabeth Marble 171 Masvingo
Annabel Dolomaible 152 Makonde 91 Empire Marble 172 Masvingo
Aimedale Marble 133 Insist 81 Espennza Marble 187 Mazowe
Anterior Marble 89 Gwanda 54 Fairview Marble 109 Harare
Arcadia Marble 134 Insiza 81 Falcon Marble 141 Kadoma
Argyle Calc Tufa 153 Makonde 91 Felix Calcrete 20 Bubi
Ascott Marble 181 Mazowe 105 Filabusi Outspan Marble 138 Insiza
Athlone Marble 106 Harare 62 Fotheringham’s Lime 235 Shurugwi
Auchendinny Calcrete 182 Mazowe 105 Foxton Farm Marble 101 Gweru
Avondale Calcrete 43 Chegutu 34 Fulechi Marble 125B Hurungwe
Balmoral Marble 135 Insiza 81 Gadaufe Marble 58 Chipinge
Beehive Calotte 126 Hwange 78 Gandomamelo Marble 156 Makonde
Belford Estate Marble 183 Mazowe 105 Garowa Calc Tufa 122 Hurungwe
-
Belingwe Shabani Marble
Bika Marble
196
169
Mberengwa
Masvingo
113
97
Glendenning Marble
Glen Montagu Marble
21
240
Bubi
Umzingwane
BingaCalcile 127 Hwange 78 Godani Marble 173 Masvingo
Birchenough Calcite 30 Buhera 26 Good Hope Calcrete 110 Harare
Bloomfield Marble 184 Mazowe 105 Grahamsdale Calc Tufa 224 Shamva
Braemar Marble 18 Bubi 23 Grasslands Marble 51 Chimanimani
Brock Park Marble 107 Harare 63 Gravesend Marble 22 Bubi
.
C*A L. Marble 44 Chegutu 35 Gungwa Metacaibonatite 215 Rushinga
Calca, Taipan and Tatai Calcite 210 Mwenezi 121 Gwanyika Limestone 77 Gokwe
Calcia and Dudley Marble 219 Shamva 126 Gwati Calcrete 33 Buhera
Caledon Calc Tufa 220 Shamva 127 Hampden Marble 92 Gwanda
Charumbira Marble 170 Masvingo 97 Home Farm Calcrete 236 Shurugwi
Checkmate Marble 88 Gutu 53 Hot Springs Calcrete 52 Chimanimani
Chibwatata Travertine 16 Binga 21 Houghton Marble 174 Masvingo
Chidamoyo Marble 125A Hurungwe 76 Huntsman Marble 23 Bubi
Chigwell Calcrete 45 Chegutu 35 Imbetshu Marble 241 Umzingwane
Chipangayi Calcrete 57 Chipinge 41 Imbesu Calcrete 37 Bulawayo
Chishanya Carbonatite Complex 31 Buhera 26 Ihdiva Marble 102 Gweru
Chishawasha Marble 83 Goromonzi 50 Inkwekwezi Calcrete 24 Bubi
Chitangazuwa Marble 213 Nyanga 122 Insingisi Calcrete 8 Bindura
Chiwanda Marble 70 Darwin 46 Ihyagui Calc Tufa 225 Shamva
Chiwanje Calcite 64 Chiredzi 43 Jack and Jacket Marble 242 Umzingwane
Chiwe Estate Marble 154 Makonde 91 Jaco and Rogo Marble 197 Mudzi
Chiyire Calc Tufa 50 Chimanimani 38 Jete Calcite 66 Chiredzi
Claremont Marble 239 Umzingwane 139 Jopembi Marble 93 Gwanda
Colleen Bawn Marble 90 Gwanda 54 Josephine Marble 111 Harare
Comedy and Policy's Luck Marblel36 Insiza 82 Karoyi Marble 71 Darwin
Contact Marble 6 Bindura 15 Kasoka Marble 157 Makonde
Copthal Block Marble 91 Gwanda 57 Katete Carbonatite 17 Binga
Dairy Farm Calcrete 202 Mutare 117 Kawaya Gate Marble 125C Hurungwe
Dandamera Marble 185 Mazowe 106 Kayansee Marble 2 Beitbridge
Darlington Dolomarble 155 Makonde 91 Keynshamburg Estate Calcrete 103 Gweru
Deka Calcite Zone 128 Hwange 79 Kibnuir Marble 84 Goromonzi
Devon Calcrete 203 Mutare 117 Kingstone Calcrete 9 Bindura
Devuli Marble 4 Bikita 14 Kirkly Vale Calcrete 167 Makoni
Dingaan Calcrete 19 Bubi 23 Kodhwayo Marble 243 Umzingwane
Diti Dolomarble 1 Beitbridge 12 Kujawy Calcrete 47 Chegutu
Divide Marble (?) 100 Gweni 59 Lalapanzi Marble 104 Gweru
Dodge Mine 221 Shamva 127 Lamboume Marble 48 Chegutu
Dorowa Carbonatite Complex 32 Buhera 28 Legion Calcrete 179 Malabo
Dragon Calc Tufa 65 Chiredzi 43 Leo Hurst Calcrete 146 Kwekwe
Dragon Marble 222 Shamva 128 Leopard's Vlei Calcrete 10 Bindura
Dukes Hill Calcrete 204 Mutare 117 LBbum Marble 11 Bindura
Dungreig Calc Tufa 223 Shamva 129 Lily Calc Tufa 226 Shamva
Dunkerry Calcite and Marble 7 Bindura 16 Umecliffe Calc Tufa 53 Chimanimani
Dunkirk Cakiete 108 Harare 66 Limekiln Calcrete 205 Mutare
Duntocher Calcite 46 Chegutu 35 Limelux and Whitelux Marble 158 Makonde
Early Worm Marble 186 Mazowe 106 Lion Marble 175 Masvingo
182
No . District Page No. District Page
Lion's Head Marble 227 Shamva 129 Pope Marble 117 Harare 69
Lonely Marble 25 Bubi 24 Potty Dolomarble 164 Makonde 95
Lowdale Calcrete 112 Harare 67 Raheen Calcrete 209 Mutare 120
Lower Nondwene ‘Marble’ 38 Bulawayo 33 Railway Farm Marble 143 Kadoma 85
Lucan Marble 214 Nyanga 122 Reed Calcrete 132 Hwange 80
Lucky Leap Marble 85 Garomonzi 52 Reigate Calcrete 41 Bulawayo 34
Lukosi Limestone 129 Hwange 79 Renneydene Calcrete 42 Bulawayo 34
Machidise Marble 228 Shamva 130 Ripple Creek Estate Marble 147 Kwekwe 86
Mafungabusi Calcrete 78 Gokwe 49 Riverdale Estate South Marble 191 Mazowe 111
Magondi Marble 159 Makonde 92 Rocklands Marble 142 Kadoma 85
Makaha Calcrete 198 Mudzi 114 Ronnuur Marble 200 Mudzi 115
Makodo Calcrete (?) 94 Gwanda 58 Rushinga Marble 217 Rushinga 124
Malindi Calcrete 130 Hwange 80 Rutherdale Marble 229 Shamva 131
Mandara Marble 113 Harare 67 Ruya River Marble 76 Darwin 48
Manzinzima Calcite 34 Buhera 31 Safago Calcrete 105 Gweru 62
Marangora Marble 124 Hurungwc 75 Sandra Dean Dolomarble 165 Makonde 95
Maranka Calcrete 206 Mutare 118 Santoy Marble 237 Shumgwi 138
Marindagoma Caibonatite(?) 123 Hurungwe 73 Scapolite Marble 3 Beitbridge 14
Marston Marble 12 Bindura 20 Seafield Valley Calcrete 212 Nyamandhlovu 121
Mashura Marble 95 Gwanda 58 Selby Calcrete 118 Harare 70
Masvingo Marble 176 Masvingo 100 Selwood Marble 15 Bindura 21
Mate Marble 114 Harare 68 Semokwe Calcrete 180 Matobo 104
Matibi Calcite 67 Chiredzi 44 Sebgwa Limestone 81 Gokwe 50
Matsheumhlope Calcite 26 Bubi 25 Sergs Marble 148 Kwekwe 89
Mbebi Calc T\ifa 188 Mazowe 110 Shamva Marble Belt 230 Shamva 131
Mbubu Marble 201 Murehwa 116 Shawa Carbonatite Complex 36 Buhera 31
Mdara Marble 5 Bikita 15 Sherwood Stair Calcrete 149 Kwekwe 89
Mdsimu Marble 125D Hurungwe 76 Sigaro Marble 119 Harare 70
Meildes Jungle Calc Tufa 207 Mutare 118 Silverside Dolomarble 166 Makonde 96
M'Gutu Calcrete 115 Harare 68 Simu Calcite 68 Chiredzi 45
Mikah Marble 72 Darwin 46 Sipolilo Marble 87 Guruve 53
Mjene Marble 96 Gwanda 58 Snow White Calc Tufa Claims 231 Shamva 134
M’Nondu Calcrete 37 Bulawayo 33 South Devon Calcrete 247 Zvishavane 141
Mohammed’s Dolomaible 160 Makonde 93 Southern Cross Calcrete 218 Rushinga 126
Moord Spruit Marble 97 Gwanda 59 Southmour Calcrete 192 Mazowe 112
Moosgwe Calc Tufa 54 Ghimaniinani 39 Spitzkop Calcrete 193 Mazowe 112
Mosenthal's Calcite 139 Insiza 83 Spitzkop Marble 245 Umzmgwane 141
Mount Rudd Marble 59 Chipinge 42 Stemblick East Marble 121 Harare 72
Mtirikati Marble 125E Hurungwe 77 Stemblick Marble 120 Harare 70
Mudzongwe Limestone 79 Gokwe 49 Sunbeam Marble 177 Masvingo 104
Mulungwane Range Marble 244 Umzmgwane 141 Tanda Calcrete 168 Makotii 96
Murambwi ‘Carbonatite* 35' Buhera 31 Tanganda Bridge Marble 61 Chipinge 42
Mushowe Calc Tufa 161 Makonde 93 Tanganda Halt Marble 62 Chipinge 42
Musikavanthu Calcrete 60 Chipinge 42 Tarati Calcrete 238 Shurugwi 138
Muwushu Calcite 55 Chimanimani 41 Teign Calcrete 194 Mazowe 112
Mvani Marble
Nan Terra Marble
98
13
Gwanda
Bindura
59
20 Tengwe Gate Marble
.
Tengwe River Group Marbles of 125
125F
Hurungwe
Hurungwe
75
77
Nanuta Metacarbonatite 73 Darwin 47 Tengwe Gorge Marble 125G Hurungwe 77
Naseby Calcrete 49 Chegutu 38 Thom Calcrete 178 Masvingo 104
Ndiricot Marble 189 Mazowe 111 Three Baobabs' Marble 232 Shamva 134
Njelele Limestone 80 Gokwe 50 Three Fountains Calcrete 28 Bubi 25
Nola Calcite 131 Hwange 80 Three Spans Calc Tufa 63 Chipinge 43
Nondwene Calcrete 40 Bulawayo 33 Tipperary Marble 233 Shamva 137
Nyakadesha Marble 199 Mudzi 115 Triangle Marble 69 Chiredzi 45
Nyakapupu Marble 86 Guruve 53 Tuli Marble 99 Gwanda 59
Nyamazizi Marble 75 Darwin 48 Umzmgwane Marble 246 Umzmgwane 141
Nyanyadzi Marble 56 Chimanimani 41 Utombira Falls Marble 125H Hurungwe 78
Nyarura Hills Pomomarble 162 Makonde 95 Vugwe Marble 248 Zvishavane 142
Nyasanga Calc Tufa 74 Darwin 48 Walk Marble 29 Bufat 25
Passaford Marble 116 Harare 68 Welbeck Marble 195 Mazowe 112
Pearson Calcrete 190 Mazowe 111 Wiimifred Marble 140 Insiza 83
P.D. Dojomarble 163 Makonde 95 Wolley Marble 234 Shamva 137
Pfungwe Marble 216 Rushinga 123 Zenka Limestone 211 Nkayi 121
Pimento Park Calc Tufa 14 Bindura 20 Zhombe Limestone 82 Gokwe 50
Pollards Marble 27 Bubi 25
183

MRS 21 Calcium Carbonate in Zim

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

MRS 21 Calcium Carbonate in Zim

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

ZIMBABWE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

MINERAL RESOURCES SERIES

Identification of Aragonite, Caleite and Dolomite . . . . . . 2

Tabic 6 Chemical Analyses of Carbonatite, Katete Alkali Ring Complex . . . . 171

|CaC03 Source Rocks|

Cretaceous Karoo Calc Tufa Calcrete

Fig. 1 Calcium Carbonate Source Rocks

along the rhombohedral plane . -

Liwne TVwtyimev £uak Hardness SSL Fracture CrvWl

Oiciic CaCO , Colourless* White 2,5 2.71 Conchoids!, Perfect Trigonal

(2.5mm x 5 mm Chips in 1 : 7 10 HCL.)

CALCIUM CARBONATE SOURCE ROCKS

Fig. 3 Classification of Indurate Clay • Carbonate Sediments

Scale of kilometres PJi

lllllll Tengwa Group

ITUTT^T?] Baitbridga Group 30 “ ooEast

FZG. 4. Distribution of calcium carbonate source rocks in Zimbabwe.

ary strata of related age elsewhere

EXCLUSIVE PROSPECTING ORDERS GRANTED FOR CALCIUM CARBONATE

COMPANY ICCATION AREA HELD COMMENTS

Wolf Hiller ShamvaRing 16 1.1247 Additionally issued for diorite, olivine

Tengwe Gate 124 1.0735 Additionally issued for gypsum. 3650 m

Prospecting Ventures 1293 23.02.68 Additionally for copper, nickel ft uranium .

Marbles of the Tengwe River Group

Marbles of the Rushinga Metamorphic Suite

Maximum Thickness Maximum Thickness

CHEMICAL ANALYSES OF THE UMKONDO MARBLES

Composition CaO MgO R2O3 Insols LOI C11CO3 MgCOj

Stocklmayer ( 1978) 1 44.02 3.67 5.17 14.70 32.07 78.58 7 , 68

46.50 4.12 2.92 13.01 33.41 83.00 8.62

1 39.88 7 , 82 2.10 8.64 41.20 71.17 16.42

1 26.90 0.50 8.00 53.60 11.40 48.00 1.00

Marbles of the Lomagundi Group

General Sinoia-Banket area

Mayondi ar** Tengwe area

1970; Tennick. 19731

PIRIWIRI GROUP LOMAGUNDI GROUP

CHEMICAL ANALYSES OF LOMAGUNDI GROUP MARBLES

R2 3 Insols LOI CaC03 MgCOj

20.04 13.99 1.30 33.40 31.02 35.72 29.26

Stagman (1959) 33.75 18.15 0.55 1.15 46.45 60.24 37.97

21.84 15.61 1.64 27.06 33.41 38.98 32.66

26.90 17.60 2.10 13.30 39.20 48.00 36.80

28.50 20.70 0.60 5.40 44.40 50.90 43.30

Tennick (1975) 41.60

28.10 20.60 0.60 7.10 44.10 50.20 43.10

Marbles of the Beitbridge Group

Marbles of the Greenstones Group n

1 DITIDOLOMARBLE (22°14*S 30°28*E)

FIG. S Listed Calcium Carbonate Localities in Zimbabwe.

DITI 40° COMMUNAL LAND

FIG . 6. Diti Dolomarble ( after B . G , Worst , 1963 ).

Composition CaO MgO RA Insols LOI CaCO, MgCO,

Radclyffe (1963) 30.50 21.00 1.40 5, 30 41.80 54.40 43.90

Production. None known.

Member, Diti Formation, Beitbridge Group. The

Composition CaO MgO RA Insols LOI CaCO. MgCO,

Broderick (1979) 49.80 2.75 1.89 3.73 42.69 87.15 5.75

Resources. The reserves contained in this deposit of magnesian marble

Production. None known.

- Hill, which lies 6 km to the east of the main

Geology.The marbles occur in the Shakwisa Calcareous Member of the Diti

calcic dolomarble category. No resource tonnage

Production. None known.

1 DITIDOLOMARBLE (22°14S 30°28E)

6 CONTACT MARBLE (17°22S 31°13E)

8 INSINGISI CALCRETE (17°17S 31°16E)

16 CHIBWATATA TRAVERTINE (17°35S 27°21E)

17 KATETE CARBONATITE (18°09S 26°53E)

Seal* of mtr c EXPLANATION

21 GLENDENNING MARBLE (19°35S 28°42E)