Name: Jatin Garg

Enrollment No.: 40711502818

Branch: ECE-2

Wireless Network for Agricultural Applications

 Introduction

Agriculture is one of the last, largest systems in the world that is not yet entirely
digitalized. It is a biological production system with many factors affecting its
complexity, for instance, human behavior, machines, nature, chemicals, biology,
weather, and climate.

In such a complex system, it is necessary to gather and analyze different types of

data in decision-making. There are many factors that affect data gatherings in
agriculture monitoring, such as specific characteristics of the geographic location
from where data is gathered, weather and climate, the proximity of markets and
infrastructure for transportation and storage, agricultural methods, and activities
individualized as the people performing them.

Nowadays, sensors are used for rapid real-time data gathering in agriculture using
wireless sensor networks (WSNs). Data gathered in this way show immediate change
enabling the system to monitor agri-parameters in real-time. Access to a large
amount of data generated from different sources in a short time creates difficulties
in making the best decision. Numerous data are processed by advanced analytical
abilities.

The recent developments in agriculture do not depend only on the amount of

different data gathered in different ways, but also on the security of data gathered.
This is because security attacks, such as eavesdropping, disruption, physical, and
others, can alter information and network structure. Thus, to ensure that data
gathered by the sensor remain authenticated, unchanged, and protected, it is
necessary to establish a security model from the source node (origin) to the receiver
(destination) in the communication network and application for data processing and
storing.

Nowadays, wireless sensor networks (WSN) are widely used in agriculture monitoring
to improve the quality and productivity of farming. In this application, sensors gather
different types of data (i.e., humidity, carbon dioxide level, and temperature) in real-
time scenarios. Thus, data gathering, transmission, and rapid response to new
circumstances require a secured data mechanism to avoid malicious adversaries.
Therefore, this paper focuses on data security from the data origin source to the
end-user, and proposes a general data security model that is independent of the
network topology and structure, and can be widely used in the agriculture
monitoring application. The developed model considers practical aspects, the
architecture of the sensor node, as well as the necessity to save energy while
ensuring data security, and optimize the model through the application of
organizational and technical measures

Advantages of WSN in Agriculture

1. Ag real-time data

Applying sensors on the field or in greenhouses provides constant monitoring of the

chosen parameters. Wireless monitoring solutions offer centralized critical real-time
data gathering and the ability to use software for data viewing, analysis and
comparison at any time from any device.

The real-time data from the sensors unlock the great potential for analysis and
information-driven solutions and process optimization

2. Decreases operational costs

Operating costs associated with monitoring are going down thanks to wireless
sensors technologies that help make the installation process easy, quick and cost-
effective with no extensive planning or preparation needed.

In addition, wireless sensors can send alerts when certain parameter thresholds have
been crossed. Thus informing to take preventive action and avoid damage related to
unforeseen circumstance.

3. Increase crop yield

Monitoring parameters such as temperature, humidity, and CO2 levels is crucially

important to ensure the productivity of crops while decreasing operational costs.

The Internet of Things technologies offer wireless sensors that can function up to 10
years without battery replacement and can provide a multiple kilometer receiving
range that allows sensors to be deployed within large areas.

The IoT in agriculture is a reality today- it’s an affordable, easy and time-saving way
to monitor field and greenhouse environment. It has never been easier and more
cost-effective to implement industrial IoT solutions!

Applications
Detecting the water leakage in irrigation pipes is a challenging task. As per the
statistical report, 10,500 L of water is lost every second in UK. So the solution to
identify the leakage by using the sensors network makes it easy; by placing acoustic
sensor intimates the leakage by giving some sound or vibration.

WSN plays a vital role in irrigation management to monitor the crop growth and its
harvesting time, and to calculate fertilizer requirement accurately. As per the part of
sensing, they used four types of sensors- soil mote, environmental mote, water mote
and gateway mode. In the experimental scenario, soil sensor, that is, Stevens Hydra
Probe II buried to 20–40 centimetres depth is used to measure the soil
characteristics like temperature and moisture. The second network contains 10
environmental mote (SHT71 type) which are used to measure the temperature and
humidity. Water mote (Stevens EC 250) is used to measure the salinity and water
temperature to determine the quality of water for it suitability for irrigation. All
these sensors are used to measure their parameters and send them to the gateway
and base station which is away from the network.
Monitoring the various parameters of crop is quite interesting and most useful for
the farmers along with the sensor network which is used to monitor the intruders
like animals.
Here they used video surveillance to monitor the animal or humans by using cost
effective technology for local communication. This technology collects the data and
transmits it to the end user. The collected data first will go to farmers’ cooperative
and then it is transmitted to the farmer’s home. The individual farmer receives the
data and interacts with the system by modifying and monitor surveillance.

Precision Irrigation is the accurate method of distributing water to the crops and
completely maintaining its water content to ensure proper growth of the crops. It
identifies soil moisture and constantly intimates it to deliver the required quantity of
water at regular
The Impact of Wireless Sensor Network in the Field

The WSN technology is used to monitor the water quality by solar powered panel.
Monitoring the water quality in various fields is quite challenging. This prototype
model is powered by solar cell and data is collected from various centres

The precision agriculture application for data transfer is also executed with
heterogeneous and homogeneous network with solar battery resource for energy
consumption. In that, some applications execute the data aggregation to minimise
the energy consumption and some are not used in aggregation techniques.