Lesson 06:

MEASURES OF VARIABILITY CLARK

Learning Outcomes: Numbers Each value – Absolute
Sold Mean Deviation
 Calculate the Mean deviation, Quantile Deviation,
Standard Deviation, and Variance using group data 20 20-50 = -30 30

formula 40 40-50 = -10 10

 Described and interpreted basic descriptive 50 50 - 50 = 0 0
statistics using manual computations 60 60 – 50 = 10 10
Relative Measures of Variability (Dispersion) 80 80 – 50 = 30 30
 The measure of dispersion shows the scatterings
M= 50 Total = 80
of the data. It tells the variation of the data from
= 80/5
one another and gives a clear idea about the
=16
distribution of the data.
Numbers Each value – Absolute
 If two or more distributions of different units are Sold Mean Deviation
to be compared, it is more appropriate to use the 20 20-50 = -30 30
measures of relative variability. These measures
49 49-50 = -1 1
are the coefficient of variation and the standard
50 50 - 50 = 0 0
scores.
 In statistics, dispersion is the extent to which a 51 51 – 50 = 1 1

distribution is stretched or squeezed 80 80 – 50 = 30 30

Mean =
Total = 62
50
1. The Range (R)
=62/5
1. The range is the simplest and the easiest to
=12.4
compute among the measures of variability
because it depends only on the pair of extreme
3. Quantile Deviation
values
 Percentile and Decile Deviation – lowest and
2. It is the difference between the highest and the
highest 10% of the observations are disregarded,
lowest score in a distribution.
only the spread of the middle 80% of the
3. It is the most unstable since its value easily
observations are considered.
fluctuates with the change in either of the highest
 Interquartile Range – the spread of distributions
or lowest observations.
used are the third quartile and the first quartile
Example: If the lowest score in a distribution is 24 and the
corresponding to 75th and 25th percentile
highest is 39, what is the range? R = 39-24 = 15
respectively
 Quartile Deviation – also called semi-quartile range
2. The Average or Mean Deviation
is defined as the amount of dispersion present in
the middle of 50% of the values.

Quantile Deviation FORMULA

 Percentile and Decile Deviation – (80%)
PD = P90-P10
DD = P9-P1
 Interquartile Range – (50%)
IR = Q3 – Q1
 Quartile Deviation –
QD = (Q3 – Q1)/ 2

PERCENTILE
Percentile– (80%)
PD = P90-P10
Example: 9,18,20,21,22,24,26,27,30,31,31,31,33,34,35,35
PD = P90-P10
Pk= [K (n)]/ 100
P90 = [90 (16)]/100 = 14.4 or 15
P90 = 35
P10 = [10 (16)]/100 = 1.6 or 2
P10 = 18
PD = 35-18
PD = 17
 VARIANCE & STANDARD DEVIATION DEFINITION
DECILE  Standard deviation is a statistic that measures the
Decile– (80%) dispersion of a dataset relative to its mean and is
PD = P9-P1 calculated as the square root of the variance. The
Example: 9,18,20,21,22,24,26,27,30,31,31,31,33,34,35,35 standard deviation is calculated as the square root
DD = P9-P1 of variance by determining each data point's
Dk= [K (n)]/100 deviation relative to the mean.
D9 = [9 (16)]/100 = 14.4 or 15  Variance is the average squared deviations from
D9 = 35 the mean, while standard deviation is the square
D1 = [10 (16)]/10 = 1.6 or 2 root of this number.
D1 = 18 • Standard deviation is expressed in the same units
DD = 35-18 as the original values (e.g., minutes or meters).
DD = 17 • Variance is expressed in much larger units (e.g.,
meters squared).
INTERQUARTILE RANGE
– (50%) Standard Deviation Formula
IR = Q3-Q1
Example: 9,18,20,21,22,24,26,27,30,31,31,31,33,34,35,35
IR = Q3-Q1
Qk= [K (n)]/4
Q3 = [3 (16)]/4 = 12
Q3 = 31
Q1 = [1 (16)]/4 = 4
Q1 = 21
IR = 31-21
IR = 10
Variance Formula
QUARTILE DEVIATION
QR = (Q3-Q1)/2
Example: 9,18,20,21,22,24,26,27,30,31,31,31,33,34,35,35
IR = Q3-Q1
Qk= [K (n)]/4
Q3 = [3 (16)]/4= 12
Q3 = 31
Q1 = [1 (16)]/4 = 4 Find the SD of the following scores: 6,7,8,9, and 10
Q1 = 21 X X X -X (X-X)2
IR = 31-21
6 8 -2 4
IR = 10
QR = IR/2, 7 8 -1 1
QR = 10/2 8 8 0 0
QR= 5 9 8 1 1
10 8 2 4
VARIANCE & STANDARD DEVIATION 40/5 =    
 Using the absolute value symbol, the influence of (8 10
mean)
the negative signs is eliminated in the computation
VARIANCE = 10/5 = 2
of the mean deviation or average deviation.
SD = √2 = 1.41
 Another way to eliminate the influence of negative
signs would be to square the deviation from the
Find the SD of the following scores:
mean. Adding these squared deviations and
10,11,11,12,13,14,16,19, 20,21 23,25
dividing the sum by the number of items, yields
X X X -X (X-X)2
the variance (s2), which is a basic measure of
dispersion. 10 16 -6 36
 Extracting the square root of the variance yields
11 16 -5 25
the standard deviation (s), which has the same
11 16 -5 25
units of measurements as the data or the scores.
12 16 -4 16
The standard deviation is the most commonly used
measure of dispersion. 13 16 -3 9
14 16 -2 4
 16 16 0 0
19 16 3 9
20 16 4 16
21 16 5 25
22 16 6 36
23 16 7 49
   
192/12 = 16 253

VARIANCE = 253/12 = 21.08

SD = √21.08 = 4.59

Class
f M Fm M2 FM2
Interval

40-44 7 42 294 1,764 12,348

45-49 10 47 470 2,209 22,090

50-54 14 52 728 2,704 37,856
55-59 17 57 969 3,249 55,233
60-64 19 62 1,178 3,844 73,036

65-69 26 67 1,742 4,489 116,714

70-74 20 72 1,440 5,184 103,680

75-79 18 77 1,386 5,929 106,722
80-84 13 82 1,066 6,724 87,412

85-89 9 87 783 7,569 68,121

90-94 7 92 644 8,464 59,248

n=
    10,700   742,460
160

1. FM2 = 742,460
N= 160
= 742,460/ 160
= 4,640.375

2. N= 160
FM = 10,700
X = 10,700 / 160
= 66.875 ^2
= 4,472.26

3. = √(742,460)/160 – 4,472.26
=4,640.375 – 4,472.26
S2= 168.12 (VARIANCE)
SD= √168.12
= 12.97 (SD)