DNA Synthesis

DNA must be copied for cell division

Base template model
pairing :
-

e. Conservative : _
2
daughter strands form new double strand DNA

- parental double strand DNA is intact

2. semi conservative : _
parental strands separate 2 daughter d. DNA each w/ one
parent & one
daughter strand

H H H H

H H L L H L L H

H H L L L L L L H L L H L L
L L

Mechanism :

always direction Curt

'

strand )
'
5 3
•

in → new

•
DNA
polymerase can't initiate
synthesis without ( short mRNA / DNA strands 12 nucleotides )
primer
DNA hell:( ase parent strands function templates
unwinds d. DNA
for its to
•

as

(AT rich ) replication fork

unwinding begins at replication forming produces torsional stress relieved by
• *
=)
origins
RNA attaches & then elongated by DNA
polymerase for another nucleotides topoisomerase
•

is 2 = 25

of
'
and DNA
'

made RNA at 5 end at 3

primer

'

3
" lagging strand T- n
reality :

c- connection site ( DNA ligase)

'
5- ← primer

okazaki
fragment
'

5 _

' by DNA polymerase 8

'
5
3

'

by DNA polymerase E

leading strand

Polymerases

pggµµa,, nµ,,g,g, ,÷
'

Pol 2 : adds DNA to RNA

primer
(12+25 NTP) s
'

Pole (epsilon ) :
synthesize leading strand

-
replace primer
RNTP - IDNTP
 In vitro (doubles
replication (PER) chain : ran
of replication where there is an
exponential increase in DNA each cycle )
1. double stranded DNA

2. excess
of primers

3. the
four DNTP ( A. T.G.CI

4. heat stable DNA polymerase Taq polymerase ( can withstand the high temperatures needed for denaturation for the lack
of helicase )

20
cycles starting from DNA to 7mil_ fold
*
1
up

heat = 95°C denaturation

cool ≈
50 -
60°C primers
anneal

heat ≈
70°C
elongation by Taq pal

Prokaryotic DNA Eukaryotic DNA '

circular DNA
DNA : _ single +
plasmid : _
multiple ,
linear

-
condensed in
cytoplasm _
condensed in nucleus

(nucleoid ) via
supercoiling via histones

haploid diploid

&
↓
repetitive non-coding DNA
↑
repetitive DNA

no introns introns

into operons mostly not

genome organized

one
replication origin multiple replication origins

synthesis DNA pal # DNA pal . a.

8
,
{

RNA removal DNA pal I RNase H

DNA
rNTP-sdNTPDNAp.LI pols

transcription & translation transcription in nucleus

simultaneously →
translation in
cytoplasm

tRNA: '

paired stems
3
70-80 NTP
long 4 base -

CCA
sequence
in all tRNA

loops
common

3 '

shape : 2D :
cloverleaf
3D :L -

shape

Activation :

tRNA at CCA
+ amino acid via
aminoacyl-tRNA synthase
high bond used for peptide bonds later
energy ,
energy
•

a. a are similar so
aminoacyl-tRNA synthases do mistakes anticodon

loop
but they ref :-,
them themselves → anticodon

extremely low error

rate → codon
ME ¥8k
'