Bacterial Cell Structure

staining be unstained bacteria difficult to detect of light

is
microscope
Gram stain: most bacteria fall into of those categories Cones one
what cell wall can't be identified)
bacteria to sell wall
separates composition
-
ace -ve
gram
+ve
gran
violet saln *ok

3
crystal =>
purple stain + salvent (ak/acetone gram the keep stain removes stain from
preceeded fixation
*
·gram-we lose stain (colorless)
+ iodine for fixation for 5 seas
since it has thinner
little heating gram-ve
by -
+
saframin
(counterstain)
=>

staining pink
colors lighter
or

than
red
violet so
-
peptidoglycan whereas grow the

has thicker peptidoglycan

are
*since

slight color change/ graw color

gram
the -ve
gains

importance: -
differ antibiotic susceptibility
the and -
we in it so can be a
first line
of treatment (family specific but not to the specific bacterial
be diagnostic (nature,
morphology
·
can
variety, relative number)
limitations: needs large volume (TO "organisms(nL)
-

centrifugation to get desired concentration

Acid fast stain: reserved

from pet factstop rathereberestart

for bacterial infection
suspicion of my

identify organisms
w/
waxy
materials (mysolic acids) in
their cell walls

carb fuchsin stains + acidic alcohol >

fast keep stain
acid

-normally lose stain

Prokaryotic cell:
1. cytoplasmic membrane: phospholipid bilayer selectively permeable (polar and nonpolar in
2.
Peptidoglycan: cross linked polymer mesh determines cell shape
lycan linear N-acetylglucosamine backbone
polymer
*
is
9 a

N.acetyl muramic acid

short as
string that crosslinks
adjacent polysacc strands at NAM subunits

Diff
*

by gram are and

graw-we
cell walls.
2
gram
are: thick, multilayeredpeptidoglycan cell walls (outside plasma membrane) noendotoin our enter
peptidoglycan is
covalently linked to techoic acid (polymer of substituted glyceral
linked
by phosphodiester bonds)
cell surface antigens
ecture major
Sintegrated into peptidogly not plasmedemma I can

lipoteicboic acid
=>

integrated into outer leaflet of cytoplasmic

are
membrane

9.
gram-ve:
outer layer lembedded lipopolysaccharide) cytoplasm membrane
separated by periplasmic space thinner
peptidoglycan wall succeptibility to physical damage ****

degradative enzymes transport proteins

I
2
2. external capsule and
glycocalyx: sticky, viscous material (usually polysaccharidal extracellular coating
pathogenic
*

capsule
Bacillus anthracic
of poly D.glutamic is made ·
acid
· excep
- .
tion

fightly sell, organized

bound to structure capsule ->

loosely bound, amorphous glycocalyx (slime layer)->

Functions: salfor cell to adhere to surfaces ->

aids multiplication and colonization (+* pathogenicity)
9.
protect from antibodies and
phagocytosis (by WBC or
protozoal
(a
3.
diffusion barriers
against some antibiotics pathogenicity)
↑

protect against dessication (can be reserve for nutrients)

 Appendagedin
4.

one or
many long, semingid, helicd, hollor, tubular structures from several thousand molecules of Stagetting protein
anchored cell membranes basal body that rotates it like of propeller ship
in
by a scrow

enable movement in directed fashion

highly antigenic
don't but its still COLONY
form compact colonies just it
*

swarm a
agar,
on over

6. Pili/imbrae: shorter and thinner attachment structures (specific cell-cell contact) made from pillin protein
(
function bacteria-entaryofhalfadhere a re

it
*

receptor specific determining where it

is adhere (GF/urinary tract/respiratory tract...)
can

=
Antigenic variation: expression of alternative outgen forms cell surface
various on

LPS, capsules, lipoteichoic acid, pilli, flagella are

subject to antigenic variation
imp for immune evasion

detected by serology

Sporulation: majorly Bacillus clostridium

environment hostility - structural/metabolic changes ->
endospore (inside of
cell)
can be released as
free spares
spores are the most resistant life forms known (survive boiling, dessication, UV...)

A sporulation: bacterial to
form little water
repackaging of DNA slower than germination
*

copy
a new

no metabolic activity
doesn't divide

restructured, highly impermeable, multilayered envelope

process: invagination of cell membrane => double membrane of isolated
copy of bacterial DNA (future core
-new
spore specific enzymes
are
synthesized at the core

high
C spore retains
calcium
machinery for protein synthesis
cell
many enzymes of vegetive are
degraded dipicolinate
topenvironment
**
protection
parent cell
lysis releasing the
ready endospore

P-serviceptionrates rotterasecond
process:
destruction
of
its
cortex by lytic enzymes
the

·
uptake of water

release of calcim dipicalinate

C. medical
significance.
remain viable for many years
autoclaring (T>100° +pressure ( death =>

1st bood/normal conditions induce less viable

germination +Ind boil death than
autoclary

Chromosome & plasmid:

stranded essential non-essential (2x-4K)
chromosome: long piece of circular double DNA w/ and
genes

plasmids small DNA circle (10 size

of chromosome

·replicate independant of chromosome (can exist in 1+

copies)
for growth/replication
stormus
no
encoding
· *
carries
genes genes
to other calls
promoting plasmid transfer
·transposons mobile DNA antibiotic resistance
plasmid plasmid plasmid chromosome repository for many
*
that
sequences
more or

they responsible for

are some
plasmids being able to
integrate into chromosome
genes