GENETIC MATERIAL REPLICATION IN PROKARYOTE AND

EUKARYOTE

By:
Rizky Ika P 0402516005
 DNA replication is the process of duplication of the DNA double
helix chains with individual strands of DNA act as molds (templates)
to the new complementary strands.
Replication begins at specific places where both the parent DNA
strand is separated form the "bubble" replication.
Replication bubble runs laterally, while DNA replication is moving
both directions
In the end, the replication bubble will converge, and the synthesis of
DNA strands will be finished
Materials DNA Replication
Deoksiribosa nukleosida trifosfat :
dATP : deoksiadenosin trifosfat
dGTP : deoksiguanosin trifosfat
dSTP : deoksisitidin trifosfat
dTTP : deoksitimidin trifosfat
 Protein Function
Helicase Unwinds parental double helix at replication forks
Single-strand binding protein Binds to and stabilizes single-stranded DNA until it can be
used as a template
Topoisomerase Relieves overwinding strain ahead of replication forks
by breaking, swiveling, adn rejoining DNA strands

Primase Synthesizes and RNA primer at % end of leading strand

and of each Okazaki fragment of lagging strand

DNA pol III Using parental DNA as a template, synthesizes new DNA
strand by covalently adding nucleotides to the 3 end of a
pre-existing DNA strand or RNA primer
DNA pol I Removes RNA nucleotides of primer from 5 end and
replaces them with DNA nucleotides
DNA ligase Joins 3 end of DNA that replaces primer to rest of
leading strand and joins Okazaki fragments of lagging
strand
 DNA replication is
semiconservative

Each of the two new daughter

molecules will have one old strand,
derived from the parent molecule,
and one newly made strand
 Supported the semiconservative model of DNA replication
First replication Second replication

Bacteria
cultured in
Conservative
medium
model
containing
15N

RESULTS
DNA sample Semiconservative
centrifuged model
after 20 min
(after first
replication)

Dispersive
model
A summary of DNA replication
Overall direction of replication Lagging
Leading
1 Helicase unwinds the strand Origin of replication strand
parental double helix.
2Molecules of single- 3 The leading strand is
strand binding protein synthesized continuously in the
stabilize the unwound 5 3 direction by DNA pol III. Lagging Leading
template strands.
strand OVERVIEW strand
DNA pol III

Leading
strand

5 Replication fork
DNA pol I DNA ligase
3
Primase 2
Parental DNA DNA pol III Lagging 1
Primer strand 3
4Primase begins synthesis
3 5
of RNA primer for fifth 4
Okazaki fragment.

5DNA pol III is completing synthesis of
the fourth fragment, when it reaches the
RNA primer on the third fragment, it will
dissociate, move to the replication fork,
and add DNA nucleotides to the 3 end
of the fifth fragment primer.
Figure 16.16
6DNA pol I removes the primer from the 5 end 7DNA ligase bonds
of the second fragment, replacing it with DNA the 3 end of the
nucleotides that it adds one by one to the 3 end second fragment to
of the third fragment. The replacement of the the 5 end of the first
last RNA nucleotide with DNA leaves the sugar- fragment.
phosphate backbone with a free 3 end.
 To elongate the other new strand of DNA, the
lagging strand
DNA polymerase III must work in the direction away
from the replication fork
The lagging strand
Is synthesized as a series of segments called Okazaki
fragments, which are then joined together by DNA
ligase
Synthesis of leading and lagging strands
during DNA replication
1 DNA pol Ill elongates
DNA strands only in the
5 3 direction. 3 2 One new strand, the leading strand,
Parental DNA 5 can elongate continuously 5 3
as the replication fork progresses.
5
3 Okazaki
3 The other new strand, the
fragments lagging strand must grow in an overall
2 3 5 direction by addition of short
1 3 segments, Okazaki fragments, that grow
5 5 3 (numbered here in the order
DNA pol III they were made).

Template
strand

4 DNA ligase joins Okazaki

fragments by forming a bond between
Leading strand their free ends. This results in a
Lagging strand
3 continuous strand.
2 1

Template
strand DNA ligase
Figure 16.14 Overall direction of replication
 Component Prokaryotic Eukaryotic
Site Prokaryotic DNA replication occurs Eukaryotic DNA replication occurs
in the cytoplasm in the nucleus
The origin of replication There is only one replication per Many replication origin (more than
DNA molecule 1000) in any eukaryotic
chromosome
Point replication DNA replication occurs at one point DNA replication occurs at several
in every molecule of DNA of points simultaneously in each
prokaryotic chromosome
Replikon Prokaryotic chromosomes have one Eukaryotic DNA molecules have a
replikon large number of replikon (50,000 or
more), but replication does not occur
simultaneously on all replikon
Replication bubble A replication bubble formed during Many of the bubbles formed in the
DNA replication replication of one molecule of DNA
replicates
 A eukaryotic chromosome
May have hundreds or even thousands of replication
origins
Origin of replication Parental (template) strand
0.25 m
Daughter (new) strand

1 Replication begins at specific sites

where the two parental strands
separate and form replication
bubbles. Bubble Replication fork

2 The bubbles expand laterally, as

DNA replication proceeds in both
directions.

3 Eventually, the replication

bubbles fuse, and synthesis of
the daughter strands is
complete. Two daughter DNA molecules

(a) In eukaryotes, DNA replication begins at many sites along the giant (b) In this micrograph, three replication
DNA molecule of each chromosome. bubbles are visible along the DNA of
Figure 16.12 a, b a cultured Chinese hamster cell (TEM).
 Anita: pada langging strand terbentuk fragmen
okazaki?
Melta: denaturasi? Pada euk dan pro apakah ada
denaturasi?
Raras: titik fragmen okazaki?titik buble replikasi?