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Problem Solving
Student’s Name
Institutional Affiliation
Date
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Problem Solving
1.
The science around the public using masks to control COVID-19 is advancing rapidly.
An analytical framework is developed to study the mask usage, synthesizing the area's relevant
literature information. The key examined areas included: population impact, transmission
characteristics, mask-wearing protections, and sociological considerations. As a fact, COVID-19
is thought to spread in the form of the virus having droplets, which are typically released when
speaking, coughing, or breathing (Jayaweera et al, 2020). When these droplets get into the other
person's mouth or nose and sometimes inhaling from the surrounding, there are high chances of
infecting that person and making them sick. Research shows that a mask offers a physical barrier
to overcome the droplets. In detail, wearing a mask can hinder about 40 -60% of the virus dews.
Other hybrid masks can give better protection, stalling 95% of the tiny particles.
a.
COV IDi = /30 + /31MaskSharei + /32Densityi + ✏i
The COVID-19 is determined by the two explanatory or independent variables, mask
share and population Density, where ✏I is other unobserved factors. Holding fixed all the
factors affecting the rate of COVID-19 infection, we are interested in the parameter /31. The
ceteris paribus Interpretation of /31 effectively takes Density out of the argument. Coefficient /31
Measures the ceteris paribus effect of mask-wearing rates on COVID-19 Infection rates. The
interpretation is handled similar to a simple regression to make assumptions about how the two
variables are related. Increased or high mask-wearing rates will result to lower COVID-19
infection rates.
2
COV IDi = /30 + /31MaskSharei + /32Densityi + TrumpV oteSharei + ✏i
The model above is a statistical approach that utilizes descriptive variables to forecast the
dependent variable's outcome. There is a linear relationship between the response and
independent variables.
a.
Both are independent variables. They are typically not strongly correlated to each other.
Thus, TrumpV oteSharei has a weak relation relationship with population density hence
negatively related.
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b.
The linear association between explanatory and response variables is highly correlated.
The distribution is continuous and directly related to each other. Thus, TrumpV oteSharei is
positively associated with each other.
c.
The co-factor will artificially reduce the observed association between a studied factor
and the resulted model. The two models have the same dependent variable, the first model has
two independent variables, and the second one has three independent variables. The newly added
variable Is significant to decrease the estimate of /3ˆ1.
d
For this case, there will be no possibility of having the same results as the regression
running will now be two different regressions. There could be probably the same coefficient's but
adjusted R squared could vary from the two regressions.
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a.
We are taking a sample of 50 population density in the city. We obtain the following.
OdV IDi = 172 - 140 · MaskSharei + 0.019 · Densityi + 57 · TrumpV oteSharei
Model before providing free masks
COdV IDi = 172 – (140 · 0.65) + (0.019 · 0.85) + 57 · TrumpV oteSharei
COdV IDi =81.01615 + 57 · TrumpV oteSharei
Model after provision of free masks
COdV IDi = 172 – (140 · 0.77) + (0.019 ) + 57 · TrumpV oteSharei
COdV IDi =64.219 + 57 · TrumpV oteSharei
The predicted change will be given by the difference of the two models
COdV IDi =[81.01615 + 57 · TrumpV oteSharei ] –[ 64.219 + 57 · TrumpV] =16.79715
The rate of change is given by:
(16.79715/81.01615)*100 =20.73%
The predicted change in infections as a result of the policy is 20.73 percent.
b.
t=(x-u )/ (s/√n)
standard deviation =√ var= √3.844=1.9606
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t = (50 – 42.5)/ (1.9606/√50) = 7.5 / 13.8635 = 0.541

The t-statistics determine the p-value and describe how the mean of a sample is expected
to behave. The t-value is 0.541, which is greater than the expected 0.05. We reject the null
hypothesis that wearing masks lowers the COVID-19 infection rate.
c.
With a population of 550,000, we obtain the following:
OdV IDi = 172 - 140 · MaskSharei + 0.019 · Densityi + 57 · TrumpV oteSharei
Model before providing free masks
COdV IDi = 172 – (140 · 0.65) + (0.019 · 467500) + 57 · TrumpV oteSharei
COdV IDi =8963.5 + 57 · TrumpV oteSharei
Model after the provision of free masks
COdV IDi = 172 – (140 · 0.77) + (0.019 .550000) + 57 · TrumpV oteSharei
COdV IDi =10514.2 + 57 · TrumpV oteSharei
The difference between the two models will give the predicted change.
COdV IDi =[10514.2 + 57 · TrumpV oteSharei ] –[ 8963.5 + 57 · TrumpV] =1550.7
The rate of change is given by:
(1550.7/8963.5)*100 =17.3%
D)
Cost of masks:
$1.25 *550000= $687500
COVID infections= COdV IDi = 172 – (140 · 0.77) + (0.019 .550000) =10512.2
Hospitalization cases:
30% * 10512.2= 3153.66
hospitalization costs= $1,500* 3153.66 = $4 730 490
The policy will affect the city budget with:
$687500 +$4 730 490 = 5,417,990. Securing mask to every person in the city costs $687500 and
the hospitalization charges amount to $4 730 490.
E)
The city policy and plan to distribute mas to every people worthwhile. Providing masks
will lower the spread of the pandemic. It spread in the form of virus droplets, and wearing masks
in public areas helps block the infectious organisms.
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Reference
Jayaweera, M., Perera, H., Gunawardana, B., & Manatunge, J. (2020). Transmission of COVID-
19 virus by droplets and aerosols: A critical review on the unresolved
dichotomy. Environmental research, 109819.