SOCIAL WORK PRACTICE

WITH COMMUNITIES
Angelito B. Meneses, RSW, DSD
Department of Social Work
College of Social Work and Community Development
University of the Philippines Diliman
 Course • This course provides the students with
beginning professional values, skills and
Description competencies to effectively assist in
organizing and mobilizing communities to
achieve development and well-being.
• It presents the various concepts, approaches
and strategies in community organization in
the context of global and local practice.
• The course promotes community
participation, empowerment and self-reliance
as value orientation and framework to social
work community practice.
 At the end of the course, students should be able to:

General
1. Appreciate the purview of community organization as a primary method
and process in social work.

Learning 2. Understand the theoretical basis of community practice social work,

including theories of social justice, empowerment and community

Outcomes participation.
3. Understand the need for culturally sensitive community organizing
strategies for effecting real social change and development.
4. Critique the helping process in community organizing vis-à-vis its
appropriateness and applicability to the context of the community
experiences, needs and aspirations.
5. Critically and creatively examine the role of the community organizer,
including professional values and ethics that are relevant to community
practice social work.
6. Engage in promoting and advancing empowering and participatory
approach in community practice social work as culturally appropriate in
the context of Philippine communities.
What are your community organizing orientation tendencies?
Please answer the following questions by encircling the number that best fits your inclination. Circle one of the three number for each
question. There are no right or wrong answers.

1. The process of community organizing should start from…

integration with the community analysis of an issue of oppression conduct community profile to analyze the needs
1 2 3
2. Strategies to effect change in the community should be to…
involve people in determining & solving mobilize people to take action against get data about problems and make decisions on
the community problems oppression most logical course of action
1 2 3
3. Community people are…
subjects of their own development victims of social injustices beneficiaries and targets of change
1 2 3
4. As a community organizer, I will focus my work on…
capacity building for collaborative building power for negotiation finding out from the people about
decision making and conflict situation the needs for service
1 2 3
5. As community organizer my perspective to guide the practice is
people centered development justice and rights perspective evidence-based perspective
1 2 3
6. My salient role as community organizer is…
enabler advocate researcher
1 2 3
THEORETICAL
FRAMEWORK OF SOCIAL
WORK PRACTICE WITH
COMMUNITIES
Social Work • Systems Theory
Theories for • Human Ecology Theory
Community • Human Behavior Theory
Practice • Theories about Power,
Politics and Change
• Strength, Empowerment
and Resiliency
Systems • Communities are open rather than

Theory closed systems.

• Both vertical and horizontal
relationship and interaction are
critical in community functioning.
• Community must establish the
boundaries that define its functions
within the surrounding
environment.
Wynne (2008) • Mechanical analogy
elaborates on the
different analogies • Organismic analogy
to better
understand • Morphogenic analogy
systems • Factional analogy
perspectives about
community. • Catastrophic analogy
 • Community as a machine, in which all
Community as parts work closely together, is well
a system is coordinated, and smoothly integrated.
mechanical • When one part of the system changes, it is
expected that other parts will adapt to re-
establish equilibrium.
• Order is emphasized over change and
conflict.
• The task of the community practitioner
using this analogy is to reduce conflict and
restore a sense of order, connectedness,
and mutual purpose.
 • Community is compared to
Community as
biological organisms.
a system is
organismic • Community is viewed much like a
human body with each organ having
different function.
• If each unit within community
performs its respective role, then the
community members will work
toward a common goal.
 • Change in the community is ongoing and
Community as structure of the systems is continually
a system is emerging.
morphogenic • Fundamental change can occur in this type of
situation because there may be no chance of
returning to a former state of homeostasis.
• Change may be just as likely to be
unpredictable as it is to be disorderly.
• It is the unpredictability that requires the
community practitioner to be open to clues
about how things are changing and to be
open to new possibilities.
 • It is defined by contentiousness and conflict
Community as taken to extremes.
a system is • Community system will be characterized by
catastrophic deep fissures and distress.
• There will be sense of chaos in which no one
can determine future directions.
• Communication may have broken down in the
process and subsystems are warring.
• Intervention in this type of community would
look different than it would from mechanical
or organismic analogies because of the
presence of violent resistance and protest.
 • Contentiousness in community is open and
Community as obvious.
a system is • Conflict may be so basic in some community
factional systems that change is likely to remain
disorderly and subject to instability.
• Conflict will be a normal part of this
community’s operations and groups will be
trying to convince one another about what
approaches should be taken.
 Systems Analogy Definition Example
Mechanical All parts of the system work closely together- An efficient, well-run city or town
well coordinated and integrated
Organismic Each part of the system has a special A rural farming community where
function; if each performs as it should, the specialized roles are assigned
parts work together for common good.
Morphogenic Change is ongoing and the structure of the A fast-growing school district with a
system is continually emerging multi-ethnic population
Factional Conflict is basic; change and instability are A small town in conflict over growth
ongoing versus no-growth where one group of
residents favor growth and another
group of residents favor no-growth
Catastrophic Conflict taken to extremes; the system is An environmental group that adopts a
chaotic civil disobedience tactic to stop the
community that desperately needs jobs;
jobs seekers retaliate with violence

Source: Pearson Custom Social Work by Wynne (2008, p.99)

Human • Examines structural patterns and relationships
Ecology within place-based communities.

Theory • An ecological approach views communities as

highly interdependent, teeming with changing
relationships among populations of people.
 • A community is a by-product of human
Human interactions. Social workers can better
Behavior understand community dynamics and become

Theories
more effective community practitioner by
analyzing patterns of interaction and the
values community members hold.
• Human behavior theories help social workers
better understand why people do what they
do, and this understanding is important to
skilled practice.
Interactions • Wynne (2008) cited Cohen who views the

and Values
community as rich with values, ideologies,
and symbols that people have in common
with one another but that also distinguish
them from those who hold different beliefs.
• It is the symbolic aspect community
boundary.
Collective • Clark proposes stepping back from the

Identity
structural approaches to community and
looking at the psychological ties that bind
people in community (Wynne,2008).
• Community may be thought of as a shared
sense of solidarity based on psychological
identification with others. This approach
lends itself to evaluating a community by
measuring the strength of its members’
perceived solidarity.
• Community rests in a sense of “we-ness”.
 Psychological Ties Characteristics
Assimilation It occurs when identity is tied to mainstream culture and the purpose of joining a
movement is to become a part of the culture to which one has previously been denied
access.
Normative It is a confrontational approach that stays within legal parameters and is used to gain
antidiscrimination access to community institutions that were previously inaccessible due to oppression.

Militant direct action It is used to catch people off guard through activism, still with the intent of gaining a
place within the community for persons involved in the movement.

Separatism It is an approach in which parallel communities are established and the identity of
participants becomes tied to the alternative community.
Introspective It is used when separatism is too difficult to maintain, thus community members focus
self-help on self-development and self-mastery.
Pluralistic It occurs when groups form communities that are confident in their own cultural
integration identifies and do not give up their distinctiveness.
Human • While community is a by-product of human

Needs interactions, human needs are the driving

forces for human interactions.

• Patterns of interaction are directed to the

fulfilment of needs.

• People join the organization to fulfil their

needs.
Higher-Level Needs
Self-Actualization Needs
§ Opportunity for lifelong education and self-
improvement
Esteem (ego) Needs
§ Opportunity to build self-respect and achieve
personal dignity
Social (belonging) Needs
§ Opportunity to interact in a positive environment
Safety and Security Needs
§ Protection from harm and violence
Survival and Physiological Needs
§ Food
§ Clothing
§ Shelter
Lower-Level Needs § Medical Care
From a community development perspective of the hierarchy of human needs, Pantoja and Perry (1998) offer a
view of the nature of human person’s needs.
Level Nature of Need
Basic biological needs To have food, shelter, clothing for survival and protection

Secondary biological needs To have love, belonging and identity as a human being

Social needs To engage in relationships, mutual aid, and support

Cultural needs To use language, norms, values, and customs
Historical needs To record the past and to use the past to explore the future

Political needs To gain power, order, and control

Creative/Spiritual needs To use words, movements, and arts to explain the unknown

Intellectual needs To explore the nature of the environment, to investigate, and to

experiment
Theories
about
Power, • To recognize political and social
dynamics within communities as
Politics, powerful forces that can be oppressive
Change as well as supportive.
Power, Politics Themes Implications for Community Organizing
and Change
Theories
Organizations and § Consumers may limit change for fear of offending resource providers.
Power § Change may be limited to boundaries established within the
communities are
dependency dependent on resources, relationship.
§ Funding sources and providers of other resources external to the
theory often from outside
community may limit change.
source.
The community is § There is competition for resources.
Conflict § “Haves” have power over “have nots”.
divided into “haves” and
theory “have nots”. § People are usually oppressed because of prejudice and discrimination.
§ Decision makers, including government, are controlled by “haves”.

Resource Social movements need § Groups not represented in decision making initiate social movements.
a collective identity. § Public protests bring public recognition to an issue.
mobilization § Movements need a structure.
§ Success depends on a collective identity for those involved in protest.
theory § Strength depends on the quality of the message.
§ Funding without compromising the group’s position is often a problem.
 • Strength perspective focuses on identifying the
Theories of possibilities within individuals, and communities,

Strength,
recognizing their assets rather than focusing on their
deficits.
Empowerment • Empowerment comes from within the individual or
and Resiliency community as a whole when there is an “aha”
realization that there are inherent strengths on which
to build and that using those strengths can result in
desired change.
• Resiliency is the capacity to maintain a sense of
empowerment over time, to continue to work toward
community betterment, and to resist the temptation
to give up when there are conflicts, struggle, and
setbacks- to bounce back time and again.
Perspectives Themes Characteristics
Strengths Communities are § Community intervention may emerge around a
assessed in terms of problem or need.
their strengths rather § Assessments identify community strengths (assets
than their deficits. mapping).
§ Solutions come from within the community rather
than from “services”.
Empowerment Communities can gain § People excluded from decisions gain their voice.
control over decisions § Resources go to the more powerful.
that affect them. § Leadership emerges and promotes an
understanding of how decisions can be controlled
locally.
Resiliency Communities have § Neighbor networks and trust are apparent.
great potential to § Active voluntary associations participate in
rebound and to cope. community life.
§ Stable organizational networks are maintained.
§ Adequate services are provided.
THE CONCEPT OF
COMMUNITY IN
SOCIAL WORK
PRACTICE
 • A place or geographic locale in which one’s
Definitions needs for sustenance are met
and Types of • A pattern of social interactions
Community
• A symbolic identification that gives meaning
to one’s identity
• A location which is defined by the pace of its
development
• A venue for meeting the bio-psycho-social-
political-spiritual needs of the people
 Author Definition
Cohen (1985) Community as a system of norms, values, and moral codes that provide a sense of identity for
members.
Warren (1978) Community as that combination of social units and systems that perform the major social
functions relevant to meeting people’s needs on a local level.
A community is an organization of social activities that affords people access to what is
necessary for day-to-day living, such as the school, grocery store, hospital and the house of
worship.

Fellin (2001) A community is a group of people who form a social unit based on common location (e.g., city or
neighborhood), interest and identification (e.g., ethnicity, culture, social class, occupation, or
age) or some combination of these characteristics.

Tonnies (1887) Presented the construct of Gemienschaft and Gesellschaft

Manalili (1990) A community is likened to a balangay characterized by a well-knit community having communal
means of living and close kinship among the residents.
Meneses (2013) A community is a venue for biological, psychological, social, political and spiritual activities of
residents especially geared towards common unity and collective action.
 Type of Community Definition
Geographical A community bounded by a
geographically defined perimeter
Identification and interest Non-geographical communities bound
together by common interests and
commitments
Example
Neighborhood, city, town, village
Political action groups, child welfare
advocacy groups, right to choose,
religious groups

Collective relationships of an The constellation of relationships that Professional colleagues, personal

individual gives meaning and identify to an friends, neighbors.
individual’s life

Identification through A community bounded by homogenous Persons with disability, Person living
membership to a sector characteristics to form a sectoral group with HIV and AIDS, Women,
peasants, fisherfolks, LGBT

Virtual community A community of people sharing common

interests, ideas, and feelings over the
Internet.

Development-based community A community based on the classification Rural, Rurban, Urban

of development characteristics
Functions of • Production, consumption and

Community distribution
• Socialization
There are five • Social control
functions of a
community which • Social participation
define the purpose of a • Mutual support
community according
to Warren.
 Production, • These are the community activities
Distribution designed to meet people’s materials
needs, including the most basic needs
and such as food, water, clothing, shelter
Consumption and the like.
• There are patterns of economic
activities in the community to ensure
production, distribution and
consumption so that each resident
meets his or her basic needs.
Socialization • The community serves as a venue
for cultural activities especially in
transmitting the prevailing norms,
traditions and values.
• The process of enculturation or
socialization molds the attitude
and perceptions of the residents
especially on how they make
sense and view the world.
Social Control • This function is the process of
ensuring proper conduct and
compliance by the residents with
norms and values by establishing
laws, rules and regulations.
• Community activities for social
control are enforced by institutions
representing various sectors such
the government, education,
religion, and social welfare services.
 Social • This function provides an opportunity for people to
express their social needs and interest.
Participation • There is an adage that says No Man is an Island and
that this is true because human beings are by nature
social beings.
• There are institutions in the community like churches,
civic organizations or neighborhood groups where
residents can freely join and actively participate in their
activities.
Mutual Support • It is the function that families,
friends, neighbors, volunteers,
and professionals carry out in
communities when they care for
sick, the unemployed, and the
distressed.
• In the Philippine communities, this
function is expressed through
damayan, batarisan, kawanggawa,
bayanihan, saranay, tabang etc.
Warren’s Functions of Pantoja and Perry’s Functions of
Community a Community
1.Production, distribution, and 1. Production, distribution, and
consumption consumption
2. Socialization 2. Socialization
3. Social Control 3. Social Control
4. Social Participation 4. Social Placement
5. Mutual Support 5. Mutual Support
6. Defense
7. Communication
HISTORICAL
DEVELOPMENT OF
COMMUNITY
ORGANIZATION
 § The extent that social work was identified with that
reform movements in the united states at the end of
the nineteenth and early days of the twentieth
centuries.

§ Reform efforts were directed toward achieving

change in social provisions, legislation, and methods
Western of rendering services to people.
Beginning of
Community § The early American social workers-reformers

Organization organized people on a house-to-house basis,

identified and studied the dimensions of social
Method problems, devised policies and program proposals,
formed pressure groups, and conducted various
campaigns to achieve change objectives.
 • During this period between the end of civil war and beginning of

1865 to World War 1, a number of social issues emerged in the United

States that had a strong impact upon welfare practices.

1914 • These social issues were the rapid industrialization of the country,
the urbanization of its population, problems growing out of
immigration, and changes in oppressed populations after the Civil
War.
• Industrialization brought about problems of working hours and
conditions, safety, and child labor.
• Immigration of a large number of people from different parts of the
world. These people brought with them their social and religious
institutions and cultural practices that caused a variety of social
problems.
• These problems were relevant to the emergence of community
organization practice as they were affected by ideological currents
prevalent during this period.
 Ideology Perspective

Social Darwinism Views that social welfare was due to some inherent inferiority in
the individual and that assistance to such people was
interference with natural law.
Radical Ideology The radical ideas stemmed from labor organizers which had
imbibed the Marxist ideology. Community organizing was aimed
to mobilize the oppressed.
Pragmatism It was a “revolt against formalism” and against fixed principles
or rules. It applied the evolutionary process to social thinking.
Community organizing efforts were focused on what works
rather than on the formal method of work.

Liberalism Used human rights rather than property rights as its ends and
social action as its means.
 • This period was after the World War I.

1915 to • There was heavy demand on production created by the

1929
aftermath of war.
• Urbanization increased markedly, industrial potential
escalated, and racial conflict intensified.
• This period brought major crises in civil liberties. There was
a wave of raids and deportations due to anxiety about the
Russian Revolution and the intensification of the Ku Klux
Klan who targeted the blacks, Jews, and the foreign born.
• Psychoanalysis was developed as a prominent idea during
this period. Psychoanalytic practice was oriented toward
changing the individual and not the system. Social workers
became pre-occupied with the person and forgot the
situation. Social workers departed from charity approach to
psychotherapy in helping the person.

1915 to 1929
In 1920, Joseph K. Hart wrote
a text entitled Community
Organization that gave social
workers a guidebook in using
the organizing skill. However,
community organization
practice during this period was
aimed at enhancing agencies
oriented towards personal
adjustment.
• This period saw a continued increase in the number of welfare
institutions such as the Community Chest and United Fund.
These welfare agencies function to solicit funds to support
national and local agencies’ needs for financing in the delivery of
social welfare activities and services.
• The first decade of the 20th century saw the development of
increasing professionalism among those who helped the poor
that led to the charity organization societies to found schools of
philanthropy which later became schools of social work.
• Social survey to obtain factors necessary for panning was
developed.
• The growing cadre of welfare professionals, volunteers and
supporters was interested in organizing rational and systematic
approach to the welfare of needs of communities.
• This led to the establishment of councils to function as the
planning arm of the community chest and united funds.
 • This period was characterized by social conditions such as: great
1929 to depression, government interventions, and the growth of unionism.
World War II also happened during this period.

1954 • Depression issues included the vast increase in unemployment,

failures of the bank and stock market, and mortgage foreclosures
that deprived many of their homes, farms and small businesses.
• There was a growth of government intervention. As a result of the
depression, government programs expanded. Government
expenditures, programs and controls grew. The government became
an employer, producer of goods and services and a vast resource to
restore industrial processes. The federal government became the
most significant planner and promoter of welfare programs of social
security and minimum wage.
• There was also growth of Unionism as stimulated by depression.
The passage of the National Labor Relations Act in 1935mrked the
beginning of an era in which government facilitated the
development of unions and thereby became less biased protector of
business interests. So strong unions in different workplaces were
formed.
 • World War II advanced the trend toward community planning under national
auspices, both public and private.

1929 to • Many came to regard government as the preferred means for developing society,
rather than business. However, the economy remained capitalist.
1954 • The development of the community organization as a profession was seen in the
shift from local to national emphasis and was a time of intensive efforts to
conceptualize the nature of community organization practice.
• Three concerns emerged during this period:
1. The relation between community organization and social work as some
contented that community organization was not a legitimate form of social work
practice while some established the affinity of community organization to the
basic values and concerns of social work.
2. An interest in the objectives of community organization as to conduct
community organization to strengthen community cohesion and/or to prevent or
ameliorate social problems.
3. The appropriate role of the practitioner whether to give help or to foster self-
determination.
 1955 to
• This period coincides with the end of McCarthy era.
McCarthyism is the practice of making accusations of
subversion or treason without proper regard for evidence.

1968 During the McCarthy era, hundreds of Americans were

accused of being communists or communist sympathizers
and became the subject of aggressive investigations

• A social condition during this period saw the growth of the

Civil Rights Movement marked by the 1954 Supreme
Court decision ending legal school segregation and the
rising dissatisfaction of black Americans.

• The Montgomery, Alabama, bus boycott which started on

December 5, 1955 and ended on December 20, 1956,
brought Martin Luther King Jr. and the Southern Christian
Leadership Conference forward as leaders in the civil
rights struggle. The Montgomery Bus Boycott was a
political and social protest campaign against the policy of
racial segregation on the public transit system of
The Montgomery Bus Boycott in 1955. Blacks were
asked to move back when White people got in the
Montgomery, Alabama.
bus. Source: https://www.emaze.com/@AIRLQOWT
 • The Congress of Racial Equality sponsored nonviolent resistance in
1955 to the form of sit-ins, freedom rides, and demonstrations.
• Minority groups asserted themselves, claimed their rights and
1968 developing pride in their special identity.
• Late in this period, other groups asserted themselves: the gay men
and lesbians demanded social and economic rights and fought
discrimination in jobs and housing; the elderly demanded greater
attention to their needs, especially for health care; the handicapped
or persons with disability drew attention they suffer in education,
employment, and public facilities.; the women, oppressed by the
requirements of their traditional roles, demanded liberation and
equality.
• In this period also saw the growth of Student Movements
stimulated by the civil rights movement and student activism
among whites as well as blacks.
• Training for community organization practitioners in social work
grew. There was an increase in the number of schools of social work
providing training programs for community organizers.
• In 1963, the Council on Social Work Education initiated the effort to
develop curriculum for training community organizers.
 1969 and
After
Mutual aid or self-help activities
were helping framework in
community organization. Self-help
groups such as Alcoholics
Anonymous, Gamblers Anonymous,
Parents Anonymous, Tough Love,
Compassionate Friends etc. were
established.
• Richard Nixon held office as the president of the United States of
America during this period.
• Social conditions emerged during this period include: the
emergence of an information society, the growth of world
economy, decentralization.
• There was a shift in occupational structure in the emergence of
an information society as most Americans spend their time
creating, processing, or distributing information. In almost
sphere of life technological advancement have changed the ways
Americans live.
• The economic growth of the US has stalled and its domestic
markets were dominated by foreign products in many sectors.
• Decentralization was the trend. United States no longer played
the dominant role in the world economy.
 1. The Charity Organization Period
(1870-1917)

2. The Rise of Federation (1917-1935)

Four Major
3. Expansion and Professional
Periods Development (1935-1955)

4. Community Organization and

Social Change (1955-1970)
 § The first city-wide charity organization society in the
United States was established in Buffalo in 1877.

§ The first Council of Social Agencies was organized in

The Charity
Pittsburgh in 1908.

§
Organization
The social settlement, another pioneer organization
concerned with group and recreational activities and

Period (1870-
with the welfare of the neighborhood or local
community within the large city, came into existence

1917)
during this period.

§ In Russell Sage Foundation established a Department of

Surveys and Exhibits, which became a center for
information, advice and assistance with surveys.

•
 § With the entry of the United States into World War I in

The Rise of 1917, there was a mushroom growth of 300 to 400 “war
chests”, financial federations concerned wholly or
Federations partially with appeals for funds.

(1917-1935) § By 1930, the community chest plan had become the

established pattern for financing most of the important
voluntary welfare agencies in large cities.

§ When community chests were organized in many

communities during the 1920s, a council was often set
up in connection with the chest, of an existing council
was brought into close relationship with the chest.
 § It was marked by a recognition and by an
Expansion increased concern with an analysis of the process
and the development of professional skills.
and § The stock market crash of 1929 heralded the

Professional
beginning of the great depression of 1930s
§ The beginning of modern thinking about
Development community welfare organization dates chiefly
from 1939.
(1935-1955) § Community organization was recognized as an
integral and important aspect of social work
education in the Hollis-Taylor study (1948-1951)
and in the activities of the American Association of
Schools of Social Work and its successor, the
Council on Social Work Education (1952).
 § After World War II there was a growth of
Expansion voluntary health agencies carrying on
independent fund-raising.
and
§ The publication in 1952 of Community
Professional Planning for Human Services, by Bradley
Buell and associates, is an important event
Development from the standpoint of community welfare
planning.
(1935-1955)
§ During the 1940s and even later, a
widespread of not the prevailing conception
of community organization focused on task
goals and on bringing about and maintaining
an adjustment between social welfare needs
and resources.
 Community § The Struggle for Civil Rights and Racial
Justice
Organization § Urban Decay and Efforts at Urban
and Social Development
§ The Economic Opportunity Program
Change and the War on Poverty
(1955-1970) § The Phenomenon of Mass Organization
of Consumers and Lower-income Groups
 Community § In general, such organizations are conflict-
oriented, that is, they ordinarily use conflict
Organization and confrontation as deliberate strategies.

and Social § During the depression of the 1930s, pressure

Change groups of the unemployed were organized,
and these culminated in the Workers Alliance
(1955-1970) in 1935.

§ The tactics of this organization included visits

to relief offices by large communities,
“demonstrations, hunger-marches, work-relief
strikes,” and forcible resistance to the
eviction of families for non-payment of rent.
 Community § The other example is the organization of the
Organization Back of the Yards Neighborhood Council in
Chicago in the late 1930s, under the
and Social leadership of Saul D. Alinsky.

Change (1955- § The fullest expression of Alinsky’s philosophy

1970)
and methods is found in his book Reveille for
Radicals.
 § Social welfare work is deeply embedded in
the evolution of Filipino society and
culture.

§ From those activities showing damayan

Historical and bayanihan intended to lighten up a
Development of burden faced by a Filipino family to
organized religious and philanthropic work
Community during the Spanish time to specialized kind
Organizing in the of field service during the Philippine
Philippine Revolution to government responsibility
Setting during the American period then to a social
work profession today
 • Filipinos before the coming of the Spaniards lived in
Pre-Colonial small, scattered communities located along mouths of
rivers and coastal plains

Community • Mutual protection and neighbourly helpfulness among

Life
the inhabitants of the barangay was evident. Barangay
as we learned from history is similar to the boat
“balangay’ that brought the original migrants from
Malaysia and Indonesia. Each barangay was ruled by a
datu, a headman who was a community elder
responsible for overseeing the general good and
welfare of the barangay residents. The datu serves as
the arbiter, political decision-maker, and military leader
in times of tensions and hostilities between barangays.

• If there was a welfare worker or community organizer

during the pre-colonial time, it was the Babaylan.
Pre-Colonial • In the pre-Spanish conquest, the focus of
Community general well-being was on economic
productivity for consumption, mutual help
Life and protection.

• Thus, the term bayanihan emerged as word

for helping together to lighten up a burden.

• The bayanihan approach to organizing

towards well-being is a collective action to
help the member of the community who are
in need. This reflects the community spirit and
the core essence of Filipino culture.
 Spanish
• During the Spanish era, the sword and the cross were
highlighted. The sword and the cross became the
symbol of colonization that resulted to oppression
Period were also the reason for our ancestors to stage revolts
and protest.

(1521-1898) • During this period separate communities were grouped

together into pueblos.
• Spanish colonizers succeeded in introducing
Christianity to the islands.
• The imposition of the colonizers’ faith system affected
the social fabric and cultural practices of the local
people.
• Religious conversion necessitated the whole scheme of
pueblo life, to be within the immediate fold of the
church, requiring a shift from a “slash-and-dibble”
agriculture to an appropriate sedentary system of land
cultivation and an alternative technology of food
production.
 Spanish • The concentration of population groups in pueblos
resulted in the rise of health and welfare problems

Period caused by the lack of sanitation, economic

dislocation, family conflicts and personal
(1521-1898) maladjustments.
• Due to the rise in destitution, some pious
encomenderos organized and provided assistance to
needy Spaniards and neglected natives, which in
turn, brought about a growing institutionalized
concern for the general welfare of the community.
• This saw the rise of almshouses, hospitals, asylums
and reformatories to aid the poor, the sick, the
aged, the mentally ill and defective, the orphans,
and youthful delinquents from 1565 until the turn of
the 19th century.
The American • The American rule ushered in the benefits of universal

Period (1899-
education, the introduction of public health measures,
and the incorporation of increase governmental

1946)
responsibility and initiatives in welfare activities,
together with the promotion of social justice.

• Protestant missionaries introduced more modern

approaches in family and child welfare, youth
development, and women’s work, apart from the
founding of hospitals, charity clinics and academic
institutions.

• The period also saw Catholic-sponsored institutions

and secular, fraternal, professional, business and civic
organizations engaged in the promotion of community
concern for general well-being.
 The • In 1915, a more systematic and formal implementation

American
of social welfare services ushered in by the passage of
Legislative Act No. 2510 which created the Public
Welfare Board.
Period • The period also saw Catholic-sponsored institutions
and secular, fraternal, professional, business and civic

(1899-1946) organizations engaged in the promotion of community

concern for general well-being.
• In preparation to the founding of the Republic of the
Philippines, important developments took shape in the
form of mandate in the 1935 Philippine Constitution,
which broadly advanced its belief in social justice to
insure the well-being and economic security of all
people and specifically cited that the State shall afford
protection to labor, especially to working women and
minors, and shall regulate the relations between land-
owners and tenants, and between labor and capital in
industry and agriculture.
 • In 1918 with the enactment of Legislative Act No. 1745, the Board
Public 1.
assumed more definitive coordinating functions such as:
to study, coordinate and regulate as much as possible efforts of
Welfare all government agencies interested in public welfare of social
service, and of private entities receiving government support for

Board
similar end.
2. to insure the wise expenditure of all funds for public welfare
purposes
3. to promote, inspect, and regulate the organization of private
institutions for charitable purposes.
4. to investigate social conditions in the country in a view to
extending relief or other forms of assistance when necessary.
5. To receive or appropriate such sum or property as might be
provided for by law.
6. To act as an advisory committee to the Secretary of Interior.
7. To appoint and organize committees to carry out its functions and
to coordinate private and public efforts for public welfare and
social services
 World War • This period focused on the provision of aid and comfort
to released prisoners of war and the establishment of

II and Post- convalescent homes for them by the Bureau of Public

Welfare.

War Years • The Bureau was placed under the Office of the
President. To effect more cohesive and integrated

(1941-1945 welfare program the Social Welfare Commission (SWC)

was established.
• There was an upsurge of both economic and political
problems arising out of the agrarian unrest in Central
Luzon.
• President’s Action Committee on Social Amelioration
(PACSA) was tasked to provide relief for victims of
dissidence and natural calamities.
PACSA § In August 1948, President Elpidio Quirino as a
partial solution to the underdevelopment of
the rural areas which was one of the major
causes of social unrest established the
President’s Action Committee on Social
Amelioration (PACSA), the Philippine
forerunner of community development.
 § Council of Welfare Agencies of the

CWAPI Philippines was organized in 1949.

Council of § Its main objective is to coordinate the

Welfare welfare services of its members agencies
Agencies of for sound community planning and
the concerted action.

Philippines
§ It is now known as Council of Welfare
Agencies Foundation of the Philippines.
 § This was formally organized on December 20, 1949.
Community § The need for a unified approach to raise funds for the
Chest support of private voluntary welfare organizations
was felt in the Philippines as early as 1947.
§ The organization was converted into a foundation on
March 25, 1974 in order to enable the Community
Chest of Greater Manila to be relevant to the
expanding social welfare needs of the communities
within the sphere of solicitation.
§ Main functions: planning, budgeting and fundraising
§ As a foundation, it pursues scientific studies and
research in health, social welfare and the humanities,
as well as the establishment of a permanent
foundation fund for the accomplishment of its
objectives.
 § The Presidential Assistant on Community Development (PACD) was
established with US-AID and in the summer of that year an
PACD examination was given to select participants for training as community
development workers.
Presidential § Functions of PACD:

Assistant on
1. Plan and implement the President’s community development program
in barrios, municipalities, and chartered cities, and coordinate and

Community integrate the activities of all and each of the departments and offices of
the Government engaged in community development in order to

Development increase their effectiveness, achieve maximum benefits, and avoid

duplication and overlapping of activities:
2. Promote the organization of Community Development Councils at the
provincial and municipal levels, and Barrio Councils according to law;
3. Develop a grants-in-aid program to stimulate participation of barrio
citizens in community development;
4. Recommend to the President legislation contributing to the economic
and social betterment of the rural areas, and the strengthening of local
government.
 Urban § The Community Welfare Services Program of
the UNICEF-Assisted Social Services Project
Community of the Special Welfare Administration was still
Programs on the drawing boards when an opportune
time for its implementation suddenly came in
1964.
§ Thousands upon thousands of Manila slum
dwellers were relocated to Sapang Palay,
Bulacan with very little planning and
preparation.
 Housing, § Its goal is consistent with the social welfare
goal – “the well being of man.” Aware of this,
Squatter social workers help the families to enjoy the

Relocation
maximum benefits from the program of
housing, relocation and resettlement.
and § In the mid-sixties, church groups have
Resettlement initiated community development programs
in rural areas. In 1971, an inter-church,
ecumenical group known as the Philippine
Ecumenical Council on Community
Organization, introduced Saul Alinsky’s
version of community organization in two
urban slum areas in Tondo.
Community • Marcos' declaration of martial rule in 1972
altered the terrain for social movements.
Organizing • All progressive groups were subjected to
during repression while some individuals were either

Martial Law eliminated or arrested by the military.

• During the early stages of martial rule, all
attempts at organizing ground to a halt,
except for the Zone One Tondo Organization
(ZOTO).
Community • Church-based programs which functioned as
non-government organizations (NGOs) were
Organizing the first to engage in organizing despite
during martial law.

Martial Law • These include the Urban and Rural

Missionaries of the Philippines, Task Force
Detainees of the Philippines, Episcopal
Commission on Tribal Filipinos, Share and
Care Apostolate for Poor Settlers, and PEACE,
among others.
Community • The Philippine Ecumenical Council for
Community Organization (PECCO) continued
Organizing with the refinement and implementation of
during the community organizing (CO) approach all
over the country, in combination with the
Martial Law Marxist structural analysis and the thinking of
Saul Alinsky and Paolo Freire.
• Politicized NGOs used the structural analysis
approach in conscientizing and mobilizing,
while the Basic Christian Community
framework was developed by the progressive
church as a response to the needs of the time.
 The Case of • In the 1970’s, in a place called Zone One Tondo, 30, 000

Zone One
families were left to be homeless by the construction of an
IMF-World Bank supported project- an International Port.
Tondo • Realizing that there is no way to struggle and win but

Organization together, the 30,000 families organized themselves and

formed the Zone One Tondo Organization.
• Braving the times, together with different churches, groups
and institutions, ZOTO led the movement for the urban
poor‘s right to housing. Thousand of urban poor filled the
streets to claim their rights.
• With the organization growing strength, it was able to
successfully negotiate with the Marcos government the in-
city relocation of the 30,000 families.
• In 1976, ZOTO claimed victory. The government decided to
reclaim the Navotas shoreline as an in-city relocation site
with provision for industrial and commercial lands to create
jobs for the resettled people.
COMMUNITY
ORGANIZATION AS
A SOCIAL WORK
METHOD
 • Arthur Dunham defined community organization as the process
Definition of of bringing about and maintaining a progressively more effective
Community adjustment between social welfare resources and social welfare needs

Organization
within a geographic area or functional field.

• Ross Murray defined community organization as a process by which

a community identifies its needs or objectives, develops the confidence and
will to work at these needs or objectives, finds the resources (internal and
external) to deal with these needs or objectives, takes action in respect to
them, and in so doing extends and develops cooperative and collaborative
attitudes and practices in the community.

• Angelito Manalili articulated that community organizing should

be concerned with the welfare of the whole community, most especially the
majority who are poor, deprived and oppressed. Community organizing is
an instrument to change the unjust condition prevailing in the Filipino
communities that make a people poor.
 Goals of • Task goals- which are concerned with
Community concrete tasks, undertaken in order to meet
Organization specific needs or to solve particular problem.
• Process goals which are concerned with
Arthur Dunham defined the process of helping people in a community or
community organization neighborhood or a particular constituency
as a conscious process of group to strengthen their qualities of
social intervention and participation, self-direction, and cooperation.
method of social work Process goals are concerned with the process of
concerned with three helping people grow in certain ways.
types of objectives:
• Relationship goals focus on changing
certain types of social relationships, especially
decision-making patterns in a community.
 Community
Organization
Strategies • Locality Development
Jack Rothman • Social Planning
proposed modes of
community • Social Action.
interventions:
 • This approach presupposes that community
change should be pursued through broad
Locality participation by a wide spectrum of people at

Development the local community level in determining goals

and taking civic action.
or Community • It is a soft strategy for achieving change.
Development Preoccupation with process can lead to
endless meetings that are frustrating to
participants and conducive to a slow pace of
progress.
§ “Community development is the process by which the efforts of the people
themselves are united with those government authorities to improve the
economic, social and cultural conditions of the communities.” (UN)

§ Community development means defining development together with the

people; starting from where the people are and on what they already know;
and helping people in their continuing capability-building, empowerment
and self-reliance (Manalili, 1998).
 § The community is approached as a whole.
§ Activities undertaken correspond to the basic needs
of the community. (physical, economic, social,
psychological)
Basic § The educational-organizational process moves
Elements of from an awareness of problems to a definition of
problems followed by study.
Locality § Community development activities are thought of
Development §
in long-range terms.
Widespread participation and involvement is
sought with decision making taking place at the
lowest level, consistent with the nature of the
problem.
 § The resources of both governmental
and non-governmental organizations
are utilized.
Basic § Both professional and lay participation
Elements of are sought in community development
Locality programs.
Development § The identification, encouragement
and training of local leaders is a central
feature of community development
programs.
• Theme emphasized are:
• Democratic procedures
• A consensus approach
• Voluntary cooperation
• Development of indigenous-leadership
• Self-help
• Planning
• Community education

Roles of community practitioner:

• Enabler
• Catalyst
• Coordinator
• Teacher of problem-solving skill and ethical values
Tactics § Community forum
§ Support group of concerned citizens
§ Organizing a coop or alternative
institutions
§ Project development
The basic theme of this approach
is…

“Together we can figure out what

to do and then do it.”
 • This emphasizes a technical process of problem
solving regarding substantive social problems, such
as delinquency, housing, and mental health.
• The approach presupposes that change in a
complex modern environment requires expert
Social planners who, through the exercise of technical
competencies are needed to improve social
Planning conditions.
• It is a data-driven approach and expert centered
strategy to achieve change. It does not encourage
active participation among the community
members and that they remain passive objects of
development.
Basic Elements § A rational, deliberately planned, technical

of Social
process of problem-solving with regard to
substantive social problems
Planning § Uses the political and other systems to create
Model policies that work toward improving the quality
of life for all citizens
§ Typical agency-centered (expert) approach
§ Prime example is city and regional planning
authorities
§ Planning about the problem, not about people
§ Empirical-rational in philosophy
 § Research (fact-finding, projection and
inventory taking)
Value analysis and facilitation of
Basic
§
expression of various positions.
Elements of § Policy formulation
Social § Programming
Planning § Measurement and feedback
 § New policies
§ Program and policy coordination
§ Service integration
Outcomes of § Innovations in programs
social planning § Allocation of services
§ Administrative decisions
 § Societal goals – selecting goals and
setting targets for their achievement.
§ Testing consequences – application of
Levels of social values and action criteria to the
Action in assessment of programs undertaken in
Social pursuit of economic and political goals.

Planning § Social programming – planning the

more traditional welfare activities of
public and private agencies, and
coordination by many groups.
Theme emphasized:
• Process of problem solving
Planner’s role:
• Gathering facts
• Analyzing data
• Serving as a program designer
• Implementer
• Facilitator
• Concerned with establishing, arranging, and
delivering goods and services
Tactics
§ Community survey
§ Needs assessment
§ Resource inventory
§ Program Evaluation
§ Demonstration project
The philosophy
is…

“Let’s get the facts and take the

next rational steps.”
 • This approach presupposes the existence
of an aggrieved or disadvantage segment
of the population that needs to be
organized to make demands on the larger
community for increased resources or

Social Action
equal treatment.
• Social action approach has been used
widely by activists, feminist organizations,
LGBT, environmental protection
organization etc.
• Jane Addams and Saul Alinsky have
typified the orientation of the social action
mode.
Social Action • Assumes that there is a disadvantaged

Model (often oppressed) segment of the

population that needs to be organized,
perhaps in alliance with others, to
pressure the power structure for
increased resources or for social justice
• Redresses imbalances of power,
resource allocation within a community
Social Action • Seek basic changes in major

Model institutions or in basic policies of

formal organizations
• The objective is redistribution of power
and resources
• Engage citizens in understanding and
building power, and using advocate
and negotiate interests of the
community
• A power-coercive approach
Theme emphasized
§ Social justice
§ Democracy
§ Redistribution of power, resources, and
decision-making

Roles of community practitioner:

§ Advocate
§ Agitator
§ Activist
§ Partisan
§ Broker
§ Negotiator
§ Helps community identify pressure points
Tactics § Protests
§ Boycotts
§ Strikes
§ Rallies
§ Confrontation
§ Negotiation
• Saul Alinsky advised:
“Pick the target, freeze it, personalize
it, and polarize it.”

• The change strategy is one of

“Let’s organize to overpower our
oppressor.”
§ Locality Development (Bottom-up)
§ Self-help, participatory model
– Emphasizes self-determination and democratic process
– Process is as important as the outcome
§ Social Planning (Top-down)
– Technical problem solving process
– Sophisticated data collection and analysis
– Manipulation of large-scale systems (bureaucracies)
§ Social Action (Inside-out)
– Focus on injustice, oppression, and discrimination
– Challenging existing power distribution and social
institutions
– Tendency toward disruptive strategies, confrontation, and
conflict.
 Mode Description

Locality § This approach presupposes that community change should be pursued through broad participation by a wide

Development or spectrum of people at the local community level in determining goals and taking civic action.
§ It is a soft strategy for achieving change. Preoccupation with process can lead to endless meetings that are frustrating
Community
to participants and conducive to a slow pace of progress.
Development
Social Planning or § This emphasizes a technical process of problem solving regarding substantive social problems, such as delinquency,

Policy housing, and mental health.

§ The approach presupposes that change in a complex modern environment requires expert planners who, through the
exercise of technical competencies are needed to improve social conditions.
§ It is a data-driven approach and expert centered strategy to achieve change. It does not encourage active participation
among the community members and that they remain passive objects of development.
Social Action § This approach presupposes the existence of an aggrieved or disadvantage segment of the population that needs to be
organizedtomakedemandsonthelargercommunityforincreasedresourcesorequaltreatment.
§ Social action approach has been used widely by activists, feminist organizations, LGBT, environmental protection
organizationetc.
§ JaneAddamsandSaulAlinskyhavetypifiedtheorientationofthesocialactionmode.
Integrated Approach of Community Organization
MODELS AND
APPROACHES
OF COMMUNITY
ORGANIZING
 1. People-Centered Development
Models of • Mula sa Tao, Para sa Tao of Angelito G. Manalili

Community • Participatory Development of Robert Chambers

Organizing 2. Oganizing for Power

• Saul Alinski’s Rules for Radicals
• Paulo Freire's Critical Education
• Karina David's Typology of Community Oganizing

3. Other Models and Strategies

• Basic Ecclesial Community and Faith-based Organizing
• Baranganic Approach
• Grassroots organizing
• Consensus Organizing
 Mula sa • The concept of Mula sa Tao, Para sa Tao
community organizing should revolve around
Tao, Para the lives, experiences and aspirations of the

sa Tao
people.
• In his book, Community Organizing for
People’s Empowerment, Manalili states that
generally community organizing looks like a
hodgepodge of confusing activities because
with so many agencies engaged in organizing
work the people are disorganized.
 Community • Community organizing is a means to
participatory development.
Development • Development to be meaningful must start

Framework from where the people are and must be built

on what they have and what they already
as Guide to know.

Community • It must also be geared towards their

continuing capability building, empowerment
Organizing and self-reliance.
 Common Problems of Communities
§ Low level of living
§ Low level of productivity
§ Poor marketing system § Unemployment and Underemployment
§ Oppressive tenurial § Mal-distribution of income and wealth
arrangement and practices
Economic

§ Personalized politics § Lack and limited support

§ Community facilities for socio economic
Disorganization Social Physical development
§ Poor health condition § Ecological imbalance

§ Low level of education

§ Culture of silence and
poverty
§ Powerlessness of the
majority
 Overall Development Goals
Productivity Employment
Productivity must be increased in a More and more employment opportunities must
manner that is in keeping with the be generated to cope with the increasing
conditions and needs of the problem of unemployment and
community. underemployment
Community
Development
Equity Popular Control
The fruits of development must The Building of The people’s capabilities to be the principal
reach all the segments of the Self-Reliant actors in the development process must be
community especially the poor. communities enhanced. The building of self-reliant
communities entails the development of people’s
Access confidence in their collective strength and
capabilities to control their destiny and govern
The democratization of basic social
themselves
and economic facilities and services
should be enhanced to increase the
opportunities of the people to
develop themselves.
The Program
Mission
The mission of community
development is the empowerment of
the powerless, the promotion of
genuine people's power.

.
 Development Thrust
The people’s capability to manage their own affairs and their socio-economic
Management development should be enhanced. Management principles and policies should be
simplified/adopted for the community use.
The people’s prerogative to organize themselves should be recognized .Government
Organizing assistance in organizing should be geared towards the development of genuine
people’s organizations.
Collective and popular leadership pattern should be developed in the community to
Leadership
widen the base of decision making and enhance the participation of the people in the
development process.
Development planning should be institutionalized and be made more participatory with
Development Planning
the process simplified in keeping with the conditions and needs of the community.

An evaluation system should be developed not only to measure performances and

Evaluation determine program effectiveness but also for the people to participate and learn in the
evaluation process. Evaluation methods should be simplified to suit people’s needs.
A continuing documentation of the above concerns will be made for the development of
Research innovative models and prototypes of community development practices
 The Outcome
Through this community
development thrusts, the people
can transform themselves from
passive objects of development
into MOLDERS of their own
development.
 • Given the current understanding of the social work
Participation helping process, the social worker as professional serves
many functions such as advocate and empower roles
as Means which require heavy responsibility on the professional.

and End of
• But these roles may not be “heavy” if the social worker
consciously enlists participation throughout the helping

Communtity
process.
• Participation could transform the heavy responsibility into

Organizing a light and fun helping process.

• In the words of Chambers (1997), participation will result
to “handing over the stick.”
• Participation also will lead to self-advocacy and self-
empowerment where the person as being self-mobilized
takes the initiative to direct his or her life and bring forth
his or her own issues and concerns to influence policy
strategies. A social worker in a community practice setting
can use a multiple of community participation methods.
 Participation must be enlisted for various reasons: (as enumerated by Oakley

Why et al. (1991)

community
1. Efficiency: Participation can ensure effective utilization of available resources.
The local people take responsibility for various activities. All these improve

participation?
efficiency and make the project more cost-effective.
2. Effectiveness: Lack of people’s involvement has been seen as one major causes
of the failure of most projects to be effective. People’s participation can make
the projects more effective by granting them a say in deciding the objectives
and strategies, and by participating in implementation, thereby ensuring
effective utilization of resources.
3. Self-reliance: Many development interventions have been seen to create a kind
of dependence syndrome. People had been fallen into the pitfalls of
dependency in the past due to outsider-centered development interventions.
4. Coverage: Development interventions are directed towards the improvement
of the marginalized section of the society.
5. Sustainability: People’s participation is regarded as an essential pre-requisite
for the continuity of the activities.
 1. Passive Participation: people participate by being told what is going to

Typology of 2.
happen or has already happened.
Participation in Information Giving: people participate by answering
Participation questions posted by extractive researchers using questionnaire surveys
or similar approaches.
3. Participation by Consultation: people participate by being consulted,
and external people listen to views.
4. Participation for Material Incentives: people participate by providing
resources, for example labor in return for food, cash, or other material
incentives.
5. Functional Participation: people participate by forming groups to meet
predetermined objectives related to the project, which can involve the
development or promotion of externally initiated social organizations.
6. Interactive Participation: people participate in joint analysis,
development of action plans, and formation or strengthening of local
institutions. Participation is a right, not just the means to achieve
project goals.
7. Self-mobilization: people participate by taking initiatives independent
of external institutions to change systems.
 Saul • Saul Alinski’s Rules for Radicals provides good
guidelines on confrontational tactic or grassroots

Alinsky's
organizing. For Alinsky, organizing is the process of
highlighting what is wrong and convincing people they

Organizing
can actually do something about it.
• So, what should an organizer do? Alinsky proposed a

for Power
remedy:
1. The organizer must first overcome suspicion and
establish credibility.
2. The organizer must begin the task of agitating:
rubbing resentments, fanning hostilities, and
searching out controversy.
3. The organizer has to attack apathy and disturb the
prevailing patterns of complacent community life
where people have simply come to accept a bad
situation.
 • Rule 1: Power is not only what you have, but what the enemy thinks

Alinsky's 12 you have.

Rules
• Rule 2: Never go outside the expertise of your people.
• Rule 3: Whenever possible, go outside the experience of an
opponent. Here you want to cause confusion, fear, and retreat.
• Rule 4: Make opponents live up to their own book of rules.
• Rule 5: Ridicule is man’s most potent weapon.
• Rule 6: A good tactic is one your people enjoy.
• Rule 7: A tactic that drags on for too long becomes a drag.
• Rule 8: Keep the pressure on.
• Rule 9: The threat is more terrifying than the thing itself.
• Rule 10: The price of a successful attack is a constructive alternative.
• Rule 11: If you push a negative hard enough, it will push through and
become a positive.
• Rule 12: Pick the target, freeze it, personalize it, and polarize it.
Paulo • Critcal education or conscientization refers to
the process in which human beings, not as
Freire's recipients, but as knowing subjects achieve a

Critical
deepening awareness both socio-cultural
reality that shapes their lives and of their

Education capacity to transform that reality.

• The whole process of education ought to be a
journey by putting into action a “pasch”. The
word “pasch” is understood to be the process
by which we pass from a negative situation
(oppression and exploitation) to a positive
situation (emancipation).
 Key • No education is neutral.
Principles of • Relevance
Paulo Freire • Problem posing
• Dialogue
• Reflection and action
• Radical transformation
No education
• Education is either designed to maintain the existing
situation, imposing on the people the values and culture

is never
of the dominant class (i.e. domesticating people, as one
tames an animal to obey its master’s will) or education is
designed to liberate people, helping them to become
neutral critical, creative, free, active and responsible members of
society.

• People will act on the issues on which they have strong

Relevance feelings.
• There is a close link between emotion and motivation to
act.
• All education and development projects should start by
identifying the issues which the local people speak about
with excitement, hope, fear, anxiety or anger.
Problem • From the beginning all participants are recognized as
thinking, creative people with the capacity for action.
Posing • The aim of the animator is to help them identify the
aspects of their lives which they wish to change, to
identify the problems, find the root causes of these
problems and work out practical ways in which they
can set about changing the situation.
• The whole of education and development is seen as a
common search for solutions to problems.
 Banking Approach Problem Posing Approach
Community organizer seen as Community organizer provides a framework
possessing all essential for thinking, creative, active participants to
information consider a common problem and find
solutions.
Local people seen as ‘empty Community organizer and local people raise
vessels’ needing to be filled questions: why, how, who, what?
with knowledge
Community organizer talks Community organizer listens
Local people absorb passively Local people are active, describing, analyzing,
by memorizing information suggesting, deciding, planning etc.
 Dialogue • Each person has different perceptions based on their own
experiences.
• The so called ‘educated’ have a lot to learn from the people
since we have been trained mainly through the institutions
of the dominant class. To discover valid solutions everyone
needs to be both a learner and a teacher. Education must be
a mutual learning process.

• Most real learning and radical change takes place when a

community experiences dissatisfaction with some aspect
Reflection of their present life.

and Action
• An organizer can provide a situation in which they can
stop, reflect critically upon what they are doing, identify
any new information of skills that they need, get this
information and training, and then plan action.
 Radical • Radical transformation of life in local communities and the
whole society is a type of education aims to involve the
Transformation whole communities actively in transforming:
The quality of each person’s life
The environment
The community
The whole society

• It is not an individualistic academic exercise, but a

dynamic process in which education and development
are totally interwoven.
• It recognizes that each person has a contribution to
make in building the new society, and tries to help each
person and each community become more and more
capable of, and committed to, the service of the people
and national transformation.
 Karina
David's
• Apologetic
Typology of
Community • Liberal
Organizing • Liberative
 Perspective
view of society
view of the state
view of societal division
view of community organization
change agent
view of the masses
organizing emphasis
basis for organizing
major method
goal/vision
APOLOGETIC
viability of existing system based on
consensus and reciprocating
leadership is responsive and promotes the
common good
social necessity which should be united as
a result of interdependence
strengthening the system
techno-fascist
condescending, prescriptive, dictatorial
attitudes
pre-determined needs, service delivery
dole-outs, program implementation
unity between the people and the state,
servility and unquestioning obedience
LIBERAL LIBERATIVE
essential viability of existing system necessity of overhauling existing system
but necessity of altering aspects due since it is based on exploitation
to aberrations
leadership is not responsive because leadership cannot be responsive and is
people do not exert a countervailing an instrument for repression
force
differentiating but must be lessened dividing, oppressive
tinkering with the systemic restructuring the system
aberration
reformist revolutionary
romantic, tailist objective, dialectical
tactics, process-oriented consciousness raising
felt needs objective needs
localist, issue-based, evocative class-based, provocative, situating local
issues within the context of historical
forces and a vision of an alternative
social order
minimizing strains, people power awareness between local, national and
global structures, experience in limited
struggles and experimentation with
alternative structures towards full
involvement international
transformation
Baranganic • The Baranganic approach was first discussed
during the National Management Conference
Approach of the DSSD on May 10-14, 1976 in Manila.
• The baranganic approach is founded on the
philosophy that individual, group, community
and national growth and development can
only come about when there is active
participation and involvement of the people
in any development process and that the
promotion of social welfare is not the sole
responsibility and concern of the government
alone, but is shared with all sectors in the
community- public, private and religious.
Philosophy of • Development can only come about when
there is active participation and
Baranganic involvement of the people themselves in
Approach any development process.
• The promotion of social welfare is not
the sole responsibility and concern of the
government alone, but it is shared with
all sectors in the community-public,
private and religious.
• BA values active participation of all
stakeholders in the barangay
development process.
Values of BA • Democratic processes and goals
• The right of an individual, a group
and a community to self-
determination.
• Belief on the capacity of the
people to change.
• Belief on the innate worth and
dignity of the individual
• Social justice
Goal of BA • BA seeks to develop people’s capacity
in the barangays for planning, problem
solving, and decision-making by
assisting Barangay Development
Council in identifying their own
problems, needs and aspirations,
formulating plans to solve these
problems and in meeting their needs
and aspirations and implementing and
evaluating their own plans designed for
their common benefit and welfare.
 • Assist the barangay in data-gathering which would serve as baseline data

Objectives
in formulating a comprehensive and integrated barangay development
plan designed to seek solutions to the identified/expressed problems,

of BA
needs and aspirations of the people.
• Assist the Barangay Development Council to analyze their gathered data
and develop their capacity to use data in formulating a realistic,
comprehensive and integrated development plan.
• Encourage the Barangay Development Council to implement its plans for
barangay development so that it would become a viable structure in
bringing about desirable change in the community.
• Strengthen indigenous leadership through training and prepare
indigenous leadership through training and prepare them for their crucial
role in leading their people in making their barangay a self-propelling and
self-reliant community with the people participating actively in the whole
process of barangay development.
 Barangay Study
Steps of BA as • conduct study to formulate community profile of the
a Social barangay

Planning CO Action Planning

Strategy • formulate the barangay development plan

• present the plan to barangay assembly for approval

Implementation

• implementation of the plan through the committees

Evaluation

• assess the efficiency and effectiveness of the plan

through the Barangay Development Council during
meetings
 BA as a
Locality Immersion

Development Social Analysis

CO strategy
Problem Identification

Planning

Implementation

Evaluation
 Awareness Raising
BA as a
Social Action
identify and analyze a pressing issue in the
barangay

CO Strategy
Formation of Advocacy Group
the Barangay Development council can serve as the
advocacy group

Community Mobilization
staging a peaceful rally to express the Barangay
position on the issue
 Basic- • BEC is founded on theology- the articulations of
liberation of the people of God from miserable and

Ecclesial dehumanizing conditions of human life.

• BEC as a theology from below starts from the

Communities experiences of human communities in specific social,

cultural, economic, and political contexts.
• BEC takes people where they are, understand their
needs and identify their resources. BEC is grounded on
realities of life. This is part of BEC is the sociological
viewpoint or a community development principles of
defining development together with the people,
starting from where the people are and building on
what they have and on what they already know.
 The PCP II • They are small communities of Christians, usually of
families who gather around the Word of God and the
gives us a Eucharist. These communities are united to their pastors
phenomenological but are ministered to regularly by lay leaders. The
members know each other by name and share not only
description of the Word of God and the Eucharist but also their concerns
BECs both material and spiritual. They have a strong sense of
belongingness and of responsibility for one another.
• Usually emerging at the grassroots among poor farmers
and workers, Basic Ecclesial Communities consciously
strive to integrate their faith and their daily life. They are
guided and encouraged by regular catechesis. Poverty and
their faith urge their members towards solidarity with one
another, action for justice, and towards a vibrant
celebration of life in the liturgy (par 138-139.)
 • These are small communities whose members are in unity

Characteristic and solidarity with one another and with their pastors. The
members have a strong sense of belongingness and

s of BECs
responsibility for one another. (They live in communion)
• The members share the Word of God and are guided by
regular catechesis (A prophetic, witnessing, and
evangelizing community)
• The communities gather around the Eucharist and have a
vibrant celebration of life in the liturgy (a priestly,
worshipping community).
• . They share not only their spiritual concerns but also the
material. Their poverty and their faith lead them to
involvement in action for justice and social
transformation. (a kingly, servant community)
• They emerge among the poor and they empower the
poor.
 • Gender-based organizing can be traced back in the beginning

Gender-
of the Women’s Rights Movement. It started on July 13, 1848,
over a cup of tea. As Bonnie Eisenberg and Mary Ruthsdotter
based wrote,
On that sweltering summer day in upstate New York, a young
Organizing housewife and mother, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, was invited to tea
with four women friends. When the course of their conversation
turned to the situation of women, Stanton poured out her
discontent with the limitations placed on her own situation under
America’s new democracy. Hadn’t the American Revolution had
been fought just 70 years earlier to win the patriots freedom from
tyranny? But women had not gained freedom even though they’d
taken equally tremendous risk through those dangerous years.
Surely the new republic would benefit from having its women play
more active roles throughout society. Stanton’s friends agreed with
her, passionately. This was definitely not the first small group of
women to have such conversation, but it was the first to plan and
carry out a specific, large-scale program (www. nwhp.org.).
 Declaration • Then these patriotic women drafted a
Declaration of Sentiments as a nascent
of Sentiments campaign for women’s rights. Areas of life
where women are treated unjustly were
enumerated in the Declaration of
Sentiments. Stanton articulated in the
document that, “the history of mankind is
a history of repeated injuries and
usurpations on the part of man towards
woman, having in direct object the
establishment of an absolute tyranny over
her.”
 Theoretical • Women in Development
framework in
understanding • Women and Development
women, gender
• Gender and Development
and development
necessary in • Women, Environment and
gender-based
Development
organizing work.
 • The “women in development” (WID) concept refers
Women in to a systematic consideration of women and their
concerns in the development process.
Development • Imbedded in the WID concept are to assumptions
about women:
1. The first view is that women’s need as women are
rarely addressed in mainstream projects or
programs, thus, the need to support efforts
designed to involve and benefit women primarily.
2. The other assumption argues that even with
women-specific projects, development resources
will continue to be chanelled to and through the so
called neutral projects. Thus, to ensure that
women have access to these projects, women
must be involved in the process.
 Women in • This strategy emphasizes the

Development egalitarian access of women in

programs to minimize the
disadvantages of women in the
productive sector and ending
discrimination against them.
• The WID approach has focused on
income-generating projects for
women.
 • The “women and development” (WAD)
Women and approach sees development work as a
Development means to empower women.
• WAD seeks to involve a greater number of
women in every stage of the development
process- planning, decision-making,
implementation and evaluation.
• The WAD approach stipulates that women
have always been part of the development
processes, but were not recognized.
 Gender and • The more recent policy approach is termed as
Gender and Development (GAD).
Development • It sees society as a gender system in all its aspects
– economic, political, and social.
• It views women’s oppression in both the private
(domestic) and public (productive) spheres.
• It sees women as agents of change, instead as
mere recipients of development assistance.
• It calls for structural change as well as
reorientation of the patriarchal culture.
 WID WAD GAD

Origin Early 1970s after the publication of Ester Emerge from a critique of the As an alternative to the WID
Boserup’s book Women’s Role in modernization theory and the focus this approach developed
Economic Development. Term WID WID approach in the second in the 1980s.
articulated by American liberal feminists. half of 1970s.
Theoretical Linked with modernization theory of the Draws from dependency Influenced by socialist feminist
Base 1950s to 1970s. By the 1970s it was theory thinking
realized that benefits of modernization
had somehow not reached women, and
in some sectors undermined their
existing position.

Focus Need to integrate women into the
economic system, through necessary
legal and administrative changes.
Women have always been
part of the development
process-therefore integrating
women in development is a
myth.
Offers holistic perspective
looking at all aspects of
women’s lives.

Contribution Women’s questions became visible in the Accepts women as important Does not exclusively emphasize
arena of development theory and economic actors in their female solidarity- welcomes
practice. societies. contributions of sensitive men.
PHASES AND
PROCESS OF
COMMUNITY
ORGANIZING
 Social Work 1. Social Preparation Phase
2. Leadership Development and Capability-
Phases of building

Community 3. Organization-building, Management and

Organization
In social work, there are at
least five phases of
community organization:
Development Phase
4. Organizational Consolidation and Expansion
Phase
5. Phase Out of the Organizer/ Organizing
Agency and Self-management and Self
Reliance of Community
 Other I. Pre-Helping Phase
Process: • The essential aim of the pre-helping phase is the
conscious and continuing involvement of all sectors
concerned in the welfare of people in the community
and ultimately getting their full commitment to help in
Pre-Helping the entire process of community problem resolution.

Phase and 1. Formulation of indices for selection of areas to be

helped.
Helping Phase 2. Identification of the target areas
3. Establishment of the initial linkage between
community people and resources systems
4. Gathering initial information about the community
5. Getting people’s sanction and commitment
 Other II. Helping Phase
Process: 1.
a.
Exploration and identification of the problem
Gathering information on the situations and feelings
of the community

Pre-Helping b. Analysis/diagnosis

Phase and ü examine the causal relationship of situations/data

(cause-problem-effect)
Helping Phase ü identify the problem, need, lack or difficulty
ü identify the strengths and weakness of the community
ü identify the problem-solving patterns of the people
ü rank the needs and problems
 Other II. Helping Phase
Process: 2. Planning the solutions
a. Agree on the goals of community life
b. Identify the activities and strategies to be
Pre-Helping done; programs and services to be
developed and implemented in order to
Phase and achieve objectives
Helping Phase c. Agree with the people on roles and
responsibilities
d. Identify resources which are needed
e. Set a timetable
f. Formulate indices for success
 Other II. Helping Phase
Process: 3. Action/Implementation
a. Organization of community working groups
and assignment of tasks and responsibilities
Pre-Helping to implement action plan
Phase and b. Implementation of action plan by
Helping Phase community and social worker
c. Utilization of available resources and
strategies; generation and organization of
resources
 Other II. Helping Phase
Process: 4. Evaluation
a. examination of result of implementation
against objectives and success indicators
Pre-Helping b. statement of the findings
Phase and c. documentation
Helping Phase d. Modification, Termination or Transfer of
Action
 Community 1. Entry into the Community

Development
2. Community Integration
3. Social Analysis
Steps of 4. Spotting and Development of Potential

Community Leaders
5. Core Group Formation
Organizing 6. Recruitment of Members
7. Setting up an Organization
8. Strengthening the Organization
9. Working with other Organizations for
Development
THE ROLES AND
QUALITIES OF
COMMUNITY
PRACTITIONERS
Roles of Social
Worker as 1. Guide
Community 2. Enabler
Practitioner 3. Expert
4. Therapist
Ross Murray discusses
the roles of professional
worker as:
 The Role of • The role of guide is not only of laissez-faire. The
professional worker in community organization may
Guide not only take the initiative in approaching a community
that has not asked for help but he may take the

The primary role of the initiative.

professional worker in • The professional worker in community organization
community organization
is that of a guide who identifies with the community as a whole rather
helps the community than with any one part of it, or group in it.
establish and find means • The professional worker in the community
of achieving its own
goals.
organization must learn to accept, and be
comfortable in his or her role.

• The professional worker must learn to interpret his

role so hat it is understood in the community.
 The Role of • The professional worker helps or enables, by
awakening and focusing discontent about
Enabler community conditions.
• The professional worker in community organization
The role of the enabler is helps people feel and identify the problem for
simply to facilitate the themselves.
community organization • The professional worker in the community
process. organization seeks to increase the amount of
satisfaction in interpersonal relations and in
cooperative work. .
• The professional worker seeks to help so that in the
process consistency is maintained with the
objectives of developing btheffective planning and
community capacity.
 The Role of • The professional worker may serve as an expert in
community analysis and diagnosis.
Expert • The professional worker in community organization
should be skilled in research methods, able to carry
As an expert, the worker's on studies and formulate research policy.
role is to provide data • The professional worker in the community
and direct advice in a organization may also have knowledge of methods of
number of areas about
which he or she may organization and procedure.
speak with authority. • The professional worker should be well informed
and able to provide resource material on technical
plans.
• The professional worker must be able to provide some
evaluation or interpretation of the process of
cooperative work which is being carried on.
 The Social • The professional worker as social therapist
should have a wider field for diagnosis.
Therapy Role • The professional worker must know the origin
As social therapist, the and history of community as a whole and its
professional worker deals separate parts. The worker must understand
with a deeper level with the social roots of many of the present beliefs
the unconsious forces, and norms.
and often with subtle and
fundamental patterns of • The professional worker must have
interpersonal knowledge and skill in therapy at community
relationships. level.
Qualities of 1. SELF-AWARENESS AND SELF-UNDERSTANDING

Community 2. HUMILITY

Practitioner 3. AUTHENTICITY
4. RESPECT
5. EMPATHY
 Self- • In order to use “self” effectiely in attempting
to help others, it is vital that social workers
awareness have a well-developed understanding of self.
• Social workers must know themselves as well
as possible, in order to minimize the chance
of doing damage to clients.

• A sense of humility is the choice go down to

Humility help the poor and needy.

• Social workers who choose to serve the
people despite its risk and discomfort exhibit
sense of humility.
Authenticity • Authenticity refers to a sharing of self by
behaving in a natural, sincere, spontaneous,
real, open, and non-defensive manner.
• An authentic person relates to others
personally, so that expressions do not seem
rehearsed or contrived.

• Respect refers to the helper's attitude of

Respect noncontrolling, warm, caring acceptance of
the other.
• In a professional helping relationship, the
social worker maintains respect for and caring
acceptance of the client and his or her rights
and preferences regardless of the client's
views and actions.
Empathy • Empathy is a process of “joining in the
feelings” of another; or of “feeling with”
another person.
• Empathy is an understanding with the client
rather than a diagnostic or evaluative
understanding of the client.
• Empathy is not an expression of “feeling for”
or “feeling toward”, as pity or romantic love.
• As a result of empathy, the worker gains an
understanding of, appreciation for, and
sensitivity to the person who is the primary
focus of attention.