Light is electromagnetic radiation that can be detected by the human eye.

Electromagnetic
radiation occurs over an extremely wide range of wavelengths, from gamma rays with
wavelengths less than about 1 × 10−11 metres to radio waves measured in metres.

Dispersion is when color components separate due to the frequency dependence of diffraction
angle.
Upon passage through the prism, the white light is separated into its component colors - red,
orange, yellow, green, blue and violet. The separation of visible light into its different colors is
known as dispersion.

Absorption spectroscopy refers to spectroscopic techniques that measure the absorption of

radiation, as a function of frequency or wavelength, due to its interaction with a sample. The
sample absorbs energy, i.e., photons, from the radiating field.

Emission spectroscopy is a spectroscopic technique which examines the wavelengths of photons

emitted by atoms or molecules during their transition from an excited state to a lower energy state.

GSC is a type of GC in which the same material acts as both the stationary phase and the support.
In this method, chemicals are retained by their adsorption to the surface of the support. This
support is often an inorganic material such as silica or alumina.
injecting a gaseous or liquid sample into a mobile phase, typically called the carrier gas, and
passing the gas through a stationary phase.
Factors responsible for deviation beer
These deviations are due to: (1) chemical reasons arising when the absorbing compound,
dissociates, associates, or reacts with a solvent to produce a product having a different absorption
spectrum, (2) the presence of stray radiation, and (3) the polychromatic radiation.

Simply it can be eliminated by dilution. Yes, when deviation occurs at higher concentrations, why
should we go for such concentrations, let's dilute all the samples such that refractive index is same
and equal to 1 in all the samples.

how is radiation produced in cathode rays

The cathode ray tube

When a potential difference (voltage) is applied across the electrodes, electrons begin to emit from
the cathode towards the anode and accelerate inside the gas due to this high potential difference.
These electrons excite the gas atoms, leading to the emission of electromagnetic radiation.

What is Arrhenius acid?

An Arrhenius acid is a substance that dissociates in water to form hydrogen ions (H+).

Lewis Acids are the chemical species which have empty orbitals and are able to accept electron
pairs from Lewis bases.
The Brønsted-Lowry theory describes acid-base interactions in terms of proton transfer between
chemical species. A Brønsted-Lowry acid is any species that can donate a proton.

in gas chromatography what is retention time?

Retention time (RT) is a measure of the time taken for a solute to pass through a chromatography
column. It is calculated as the time from injection to detection. The RT for a compound is not
fixed as many factors can influence it even if the same GC and column are used.

what is the function of area of a peak in gas chromatography

The area under the peak is a function of that compound's concentration in the sample. The area of
the peak is measured by assuming the peak has a triangular shape, with the base measured by
extrapolating the sides of the peak to the baseline (shown above as WA and WB). The area is then
½ x height x width at the base.

What is pH meter used for

pH meter is an instrument used to measure acidity or alkalinity of a solution - also know as pH.
pH is the unit of measure that describes the degree of acidity or alkalinity. It is measured on a
scale of 0 to 14.

Calibration of a pH meter is done using measuring substances with known pH levels, called
buffers, and setting the pH measurements to those levels on the pH meter. The pH meter uses the
calibration measurements as a guide in the measuring of other substances.