My Dictionary

in Politics and
Governance

NAME: RIAN ANDREA C. RAFAEL

TEACHER: NORLYN P. CALVO
SUBJECT: POLITICS AND GOVERNANCE

A Aerial- is the relating to or occurring in the
Administrative order-is a formal and legally
binding agreement between you and your
creditors to pay back your debts over a
period of time. Its describe the violation
and actions to be taken and can be
enforced in court or memorandum circular.
A legal document issued by an
administrative agency such as the
Environmental Protection Agency(EPA)
Authority – the power or right to give
orders, make decisions and enforce
obedience. Person or organization having or
Power or control in a particular, typically
political or administrative, sphere. Power to
influence or command thought opinion or
behavior and legitimate power that a
person possesess due to his rank and other
characteristics.
Allied-relating to countries that have joined
together to fight a common enemy the
allied
Forces. This associated or related building
and allied trades. Allied is connected with
countries or groups that join together to
fight a war or work for a shared aim.
Administration- the organization,
Control or management of a geographical
area or of a specific aspect of government,
especially by a bureaucracy or group of
experts. There has been a lack of effective
administration in the
Province since the riots. The administration
of justice is in the hands of the government-
appointed justices of the peace.
air or atmosphere and the aerial acrobatics
of circus performers existing or growing in
the air rather than in the ground or in water
aerial plants. Something that is found in or
take place in the air. An electrical device
that sends or receive radio or television or
signals.
Appointing Power- Traces it’s origins back
to British or common law .It is a legal
authority to make another person the
outright owner of the property left by a
decedent. A donor gives the power of a
done so that person may choose the
beneficiaries of their trust or will. The
president is responsible to implementing
and enforcing the Laws written by Congress
and to that ends, and appoints the heads of
the federal agencies, including the cabinet.
Agency- a government office or department
which is to some extent. An independent
organization that deals with social problems
a register of voluntary agencies in the
Field of mental health.
Annulment- an official announcement that
something such as a law, agreement, or
marriage no longer exists, or the process of
making this announcement: Judges only
grant marriage annulments in exceptional
circumstances. The discovery of the election
fraud has led to the annulment of 50,000
votes.
Accretion or Natural Phenomena-outer
plate and trench (during the period of
discontinous subduction) is removed and
added the outer, this is the process of
growth and enlargement by a gradual build
up, and increase by external addition or
accumulation (as by adhesion of external
parts or particles).
Act of Parliament- sometimes referred to
as primary legislation, are texts of law
passed by the legislative body of a
jurisdiction. In most countries with a
parliamentary system of government, acts
of parliament begin as a bill, which the
legislature votes on.
B condition.
Bill of Rights- list of basic human right
guaranted in the law of a specific country.
The Philippine Constitution is the Bill of
Rights. It establishes the relationship of the
individual to the State and defines the
rights of the individual by limiting the lawful
powers of the State. It is one of the most
important political achievements of the
Filipinos.
Balance of Power- the idea of States
conciously or an unconsciously strive
towards an equal distribution of power to
avoid dominance by one, is a core concept
for the study of international politics. This
balance of power posture and policy of a
Nation of group of nation’s protecting itself
against another Nation or group.
Bureaucratic Authority- power made
legitimate by law. Bureaucratic authority is
organized hierarchically, with responsibility
taken at the top and delegated with
decreasing discretion below.
Barbarism- absence of culture and
civilization,
Extremely cruel and unpleasant behavior
they witnessed some appalling acts of
barbarism during the war. Barbarism come
from “barbaros”use among the early greeks
to all describe foreigners,including the
Romans.
Bioconservatism- a permanently of biology
and conservation is a stance of hesitancy
and steplism. Bioconservatism is a stance of
hesitancy and skepticism regarding radical
technological advances, especially those
that seek to modify or enhance the human
Barangay System- also assiated with the
Greek empire where one Greek City. This is
the basic political unit, the barangay serves
as the primary planning and implementing
unit of government programs, basic
services, projects and activities and as a
forum in which the collective views of the
people in the community may be
crystallized and considered.
Bureaucracy- a body of nonelected
government officials. An administrative
policy-making group. Bureaucracy refers to
a body of non-elected governing officials as
well as to an administrative policy-making
group. Historically, a bureaucracy was a
government administration managed by
departments staffed with non-elected
officials.
Benigno “Ninoy” Aquino Jr.- (1932-1983)
was a Filipino senator who became the
most powerful political opposition leader
against Ferdinand Marcos.
Budgetary- is a matter or policy is
concerned with the amount of money that
is available to a country or organization,
and how it is to be spent.
Balance of Power- known as one of the
oldest aspect of the Global politics. The
balance of power theory in international
relations suggests that states may secure
their survival by preventing any one state
from gaining enough military power to
dominate all others.
C and needs.
Cultural Conservatism- is a describe as the
protection not cultural. Cultural
conservatism is described as the protection
of the cultural heritage of a nation state, or
of a culture not defined by state
boundaries.
Commander in Chief- nagsilbing
commander in chief ng sandatang lakas ng
pilipinas or Armed forces of the Philippines.
One of the most important roles for the
President of the United States is that of
Commander in Chief. Acting in this capacity,
the President finds themselves ultimately
responsible for the safety and security of
the United States and its citizens.
Charismatic Authority- leaders must be
Exceptional personal or emotional appeal to
followers. It involves a type of organization
or a type of leadership in which authority
derives from the charisma of the leader.
This stands in contrast to two other types of
authority: legal authority and traditional
authority.
Community- the central to the study of
politics because it shows different
components of human society. A
community is a social unit with
commonality such as place, norms, religion,
values, customs, or identity.
Communism- is an ideology which was
founded by Karl Marx. A political theory
derived from Karl Marx, advocating class
war and leading to a society in which all
property is publicly owned and each person
works and is paid according to their abilities
Conservatism- is a cultural social and
political philosophy that seeks to promote
and to preserve traditional social institution
and practices. Conservatism is a cultural,
social, and political philosophy that seeks to
promote and to preserve traditional social
institutions and practices.
Checks and balance- checks and balances,
principle of government under which
separate branches are empowered to
prevent actions by other branches and are
induced to share power. Checks and
balances are applied primarily in
constitutional governments.
Corazon C. Aquino- Served as commander
in chief of the Armed Forces of the
Philippines. The icon of Philippine
Democracy. Maria Corazon “Cory”
Sumulong Cojuangco-Aquino CCLH was a
Filipina politician who served as the 11th
president of the Philippines from 1986 to
1992.
Cession- the Philippines was added by sparn
to United States for the measly amount of
the 20 million.It was signed of treaty of
Paris on December 10,1898.
Constitutional law- is a body of law which
defines the role, powers, and structure of
different entities within a state, namely, the
executive, the parliament or legislature, and
the judiciary; as well as the basic rights of
citizens and, in federal countries such as the
United States and Canada, the relationship
between the central government and state,
provincial, or territorial governments.
D theory is a geopolitical theory which posits
Diplomacy- comprises spoken or written
communication by representatives of states
intended to influence events in the
international system. Diplomacy is the main
instrument of foreign policy which
represents the broader goals and strategies
that guide a state’s interactions with the
rest of the world.
Democracy- is a form of government in
which the people have the authority to
deliberate and decide legislation, or to
choose governing officials to do so.
Democratic Country- a system of
government in which people have the
power to part in decision making.
Democracies are nations where civil
liberties and fundamental political
freedoms are not only respected but also
reinforced by a political culture conducive
to the thriving of democratic principles.
Department- a division of a large
organization such as a government,
university, business, or shop, dealing with a
specific subject, commodity, or area of
activity.
Discovery and Occupation- the need for
discovery without any occupation of
unknown territories according to
international law. Authorized settlers to
acquire land on a large scale through
various forms of dispossession of
indigenous peoples and violation of their
rights and livelihoods.
Domino Theory- Domino Theory was a Cold
war policy that suggest a communist
government in one nation. The domino
that increases or decreases in democracy in
one country tend to spread to neighboring
countries in a domino effect.
Deviance- the sociology of deviance
explores the actions and/or behaviors that
violate social norms across formally enacted
rules as well as informal violations of social
norms.
Datu- Raha. Datu is a title which denotes
the rulers (variously described in historical
accounts as chiefs, sovereign princes, and
monarchs) of numerous indigenous peoples
throughout the Philippine archipelago.
Dictatorship- is a form of government
which is characterized by a leader or a
group of leaders which holds governmental
powers with few to no limitations on them.
The leader of a dictatorship is called a
dictator.
Dynasty- is a sequence of rulers from the
same family, usually in the context of a
monarchical system, but sometimes also
appearing in republics.

E against regime violence and electoral fraud.
Economy- An economy is an area of the
production, distribution and trade, as well
as consumption of goods and services. In
general, it is defined as a social domain that
emphasize the practices, discourses, and
material expressions associated with the
production, use, and management of scarce
resources’.
Estoppel- is the equality of state whether is
super power or a word state. Estoppel is a
judicial device in common law legal systems
whereby a court may prevent or “estop” a
person from making assertions or from
going back on his or her word; the person
being sanctioned is “estopped”. Estoppel
may prevent someone from bringing a
particular claim.
Executive Branch- they executes the law.
The executive branch consists of the
President, his or her advisors and various
departments and agencies. This branch is
responsible for enforcing the laws of the
land. The following are executive branch
organizations and agencies: Executive Office
of the President (White House)
Executive Order- an executive order is a
directive by the president of the United
States that manages operations of the
federal government.
Edsa Revolution- The People Power
Revolution, also known as the EDSA
Revolution or the February Revolution, was
a series of popular demonstrations in the
Philippines, mostly in Metro Manila, from
February 22 to 25, 1986. There was a
sustained campaign of civil resistance
Economic governance- refers to the system
of institutions and procedures established
to achieve Union objectives in the economic
field, namely the coordination of economic
policies to promote economic and social
progress.
Election- An election is a formal group
decision-making process by which a
population chooses an individual or
multiple individuals to hold public office.
Executive agreement- An executive
agreement is an agreement between the
heads of government of two or more
nations that has not been ratified by the
legislature as treaties are ratified
Empire- An empire is a “political unit” made
up of several territories and peoples,
“usually created by conquest, and divided
between a dominant center and
subordinate peripheries”. The center of the
empire exercises political control over the
peripheries.
Employment- is a relationship between two
parties regulating the provision of paid
labour services. Usually based on a
contract, one party, the employer, which
might be a corporation, a not-for-profit
organization, a co-operative, or any other
entity, pays the other, the employee, in
return for carrying out assigned work.
F
Foreign Policy- general objectives that
guide the activities and relationship of one
state in its interactions with other state.
Fiscal Conservation- is a political and
economics philosophy regarding
responsibility with an ideological basis in
capatalism. Fiscal conservatism is a political
and economic philosophy regarding fiscal
policy and fiscal responsibility with an
ideological basis in capitalism,
individualism, limited government, and
laissez-faire economics.
Freedom of speech- is a principle that
supports the freedom of an individual or a
community to articulate their opinions and
ideas without fear of retaliation, censorship,
or legal sanction.
Foreign Affairs- is an American magazine of
international relations and U.S. foreign
policy published by the Council on Foreign
Relations, a nonprofit, nonpartisan,
membership organization and think tank
specializing in U.S. foreign policy and
international affairs.
Ferdinand Romualdez Marcos Jr.- President
of the Republic of the Philippines. President
Ferdinand Romualdez Marcos Jr. was voted
as the 17th President of the Republic of the
Philippines on 09 May 2022 and vows to be
a leader for every Filipino and stands
steadfast behind his vision of uniting the
nation and delivering a brighter future for
the people.
Fidel V. Ramos- Fidel Ramos was President
of the Philippines from 1992 to 1998. Under
his leadership the Philippines experienced a
period of political stability and rapid
economic growth and expansion.
Federalism- is a mixed or compound mode
of government that combines a general
government with regional governments in a
single political system, dividing the powers
between the two. Federalism in the modern
era was first adopted in the unions of states
during the Old Swiss Confederacy.
First Republic- First Philippine Republic,
also referred to by historians as the Malolos
Republic, was established in Malolos,
Bulacan during the Philippine Revolution
against the Spanish Empire (1896–1897)
Fourth Republic- On 1986, A provisional
revolutionary government was set up in the
Philippines following the People Power
Revolution which ended on February 25.
The revolution removed President
Ferdinand Marcos, who ruled as a dictator,
from office and installed Corazon Aquino as
the new president of the country.
Fifth Republic- A transitional, Freedom
Constitution was put into effect in the same
year. When the 1987 Constitution was put
into full force and effect, the Fourth
Republic was ended and the Fifth Republic
inaugurated. Thus, President Aquino
became the first President of the Fifth
Republic.
G
Government- groups of people with
authority to govern a country or state. A
government is the system or group of
people governing an organized community,
generally a state.
Global Actors- is pertain to the state which
was already discussed in the chapters.
Global actors are those groups, institutions,
or both exercising public authority beyond
the state and that with the aim of
influencing broader socio-political
transnational spaces.
Global Politics- it is one of the aspect in the
Study of international politics which affects
the politics and economics of certain global
actors. Global politics, also known as world
politics,[1] names both the discipline that
studies the political and economic patterns
of the world and the field that is being
studied.
Governance- is the exercise of power
Authority by political leader for the well
being at their citizens or subject.
Governance is the process of interactions
through the laws, norms, power or
language of an organized society over a
social system. It is done by the government
of a state, by a market, or by a network.
Globalism- refers to various patterns of
meaning beyond the merely international. It
is used by political scientists, such as Joseph
Nye, to describe “attempts to understand
all the interconnections of the modern
world—and to highlight patterns that
underlie them.”
Geopolitics- is the study of the effects of
Earth’s geography on politics and
international relations.
Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo- served as
president
Of the Republic of the Philippines from
2001 to 2009, the country’s second female
president.
G8- the Group of 8 is made up of Canada,
France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Russia, the
USA and the UK. The European Union is
represented by the President of the
European Commission, and the President of
the European Council.
General Assembly- is a pioneer in education
and career transformation, specializing in
today’s most in-demand skills.
General election- A general election is a
political voting election where generally all
or most members of a given political body
are chosen. These are usually held for a
nation, state, or territory’s primary
legislative body, and are different from by-
elections.
H
Human Rights- Human rights are moral
principles or norms for certain standards of
human behaviour and are regularly
protected in municipal and international
law.
History- is the study and the documentation
of the past. Events before the invention of
writing systems are considered prehistory.
“History” is an umbrella term comprising
past events as well as the memory,
discovery, collection, organization,
presentation, and interpretation of these
events.
House of Representative-The House of
Representatives of the Philippines is the
lower house of Congress, the bicameral
legislature of the Philippines, with the
Senate of the Philippines as the upper
house. The lower house is usually called
Congress, although the term collectively
refers to both houses.
Hierarchy- a system or organization in
which people or groups are ranked one
above the other according to status or
authority.
Human Rights Act- The Human Rights Act
1998 is an Act of Parliament of the United
Kingdom which received royal assent on 9
November 1998, and came into force on 2
October 2000. Its aim was to incorporate
into UK law the rights contained in the
European Convention on Human Rights.
House of Chiefs- is a post-colonial
assembly, either legislative or advisory, that
is recognised by either a national or
regional government as consisting of and
providing a collective, public voice for an
ethnic group’s pre-colonial authorities.
House of Councillors- is the upper house of
the National Diet of Japan. The House of
Representatives is the lower house. The
House of Councillors is the successor to the
pre-war House of Peers.
House of Assembly- is a name given to the
legislature or lower house of a bicameral
parliament. In some countries this may be
at a subnational level.
Highway Department- this is a part of local
council that looks after the main roads.
Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974- is
an Act of the Parliament of the United
Kingdom that as of 2011 defines the
fundamental structure and authority for the
encouragement, regulation and
enforcement of workplace health, safety
and welfare within the United Kingdom.
I associated with other political movements
Institutions- are humanly devised
structures of rules and norms that shape
and constrain individual behavior. All
definitions of institutions generally entail
that there is a level of persistence and
continuity. Laws, rules, social conventions
and norms are all examples of institutions.
Inflation- refers to a general increase in the
prices of goods and services in an economy.
When the general price level rises, each
unit of currency buys fewer goods and
services; consequently, inflation
corresponds to a reduction in the
purchasing power of money.
Industry- an industry is a branch of an
economy that produces a closely-related set
of raw materials, goods, or services. For
example, one might refer to the wood
industry or to the insurance industry.
Imperialism- is the state policy, practice, or
advocacy of extending power and
dominion, especially by direct territorial
acquisition or by gaining political and
economic control of other areas, often
through employing hard power, but also
soft power.
Inauguration- is the process of swearing a
person into office and thus making that
person the incumbent. Such an
inauguration commonly occurs through a
formal ceremony or special event, which
may also include an inaugural address by
the new official.
Internationalism- is a political principle that
advocates greater political or economic
cooperation among states and nations. It is
and ideologies, but can also reflect a
doctrine, belief system, or movement in
itself.
Insurance- is a means of protection from
financial loss in which, in exchange for a
fee, a party agrees to compensate another
party in the event of a certain loss, damage,
or injury. It is a form of risk management,
primarily used to hedge against the risk of a
contingent or uncertain loss.
Invasion- An invasion is a military offensive
in which large numbers of combatants of
one geopolitical entity aggressively enter
territory owned by another such entity,
generally with the objective of either.
Idiotes- people who are unware or are only
party unware and uninformed of what is
going on.
Income Tax- is a tax on a person’s income,
emoluments, profits arising from property,
practice of profession, conduct of trade or
business or on the pertinent items of gross
income specified in the Tax Code of 1997
(Tax Code), as amended, less the
deductions if any, authorized for such types
of income, by the Tax Code.
J interest journal of political science and the
Judiciary – is the system of courts that
adjudicates legal disputes/disagreements
and interprets, defends, and applies the law
in legal cases.
Juan Miguel Zubiri – is a veteran legislator,
having served in both houses of Congress
and posting perfect attendance in a
combined 15-year service—a real
Trabahador ng Senado.
Jurisdiction – the power, right, or authority
to interpret and apply the law.
Justice - is one of the most important
moral and political concepts in the spheres
of law and politics.
Judge – public official vested with the
authority to hear, determine, and preside
over legal matters brought in a court of law.
Judicial – of or relating to a judgment, the
function of judging, the administration of
justice, or the judiciary.
Judgement – is a court decision, spelled out
in a court order, that adjudicates a dispute
between two parties by determining the
rights and obligations of each party.
Justice Department – serves to prevent
terrorism and promote the Nation’s security
consistent with the rule of law.
Justice system - is more than a loosely
connected set of independent institutions.
These institutions constitute a network of
interdependent actors.
Journal Politics – is a leading general-
oldest regional political science journal in
the United States.
K
Keynesianism- Keynesian economics are
the various macroeconomic theories and
models of how aggregate demand strongly
influences economic output and inflation. In
the Keynesian view, aggregate demand
does not necessarily equal the productive
capacity of the economy.
King- head of all colonies under the
minesterio de ultimatar. King is the title
given to a male monarch in a variety of
contexts. The female equivalent is queen,
which title is also given to the consort of a
king. In the context of prehistory, antiquity
and contemporary indigenous peoples, the
title may refer to tribal kingship.
Kingship- The dignity, rank or office of a
king; the state of being a king. A monarchy.
The territory or dominion of a king; a
kingdom.
Kingdom – a country that ruled by queen or
a king. A politically organized community or
major territorial unit having a monarchical
form of government headed by a king or
queen. Often capitalized. : the eternal
kingship of God.
King- to stop discussion of a proposal. To
cause the death of (a person, animal, or
plant) : to end the life of (someone or
something).
Kingmaker- a person who has great power
and influence in the choice of a ruler,
candidate for public office, business leader,
or the like.
Knighthood- A knighthood is a title that is
given to a man by a British king or queen for
his achievements or his service to his
country. A man who has been given a
knighthood can put ‘ Sir’ in front of his
name instead of ‘ Mr’.
Kangaroo Court- an unofficial court held by
a group of people in order to try someone
regarded, especially without good evidence,
as guilty of a crime or misdemeanor.
King’s Messenger- They were termed
‘Nuncii’ or ‘Cursores’, depending on
whether they travelled by horse or foot,
and were well paid. Their role was
sufficiently important that individuals with
this role can be identified in records from
the reigns of Kings John, Henry III, and the
first three Edwards.
Knesset- the Israeli house of
representatives – is the legislative authority
and the sole governmental body with the
power of legislation. It also has a
constituent role in the creation of a
constitution for the State of Israel.
L
Law- is a set of rules that are created and
are enforceable by social or governmental
institutions to regulate behavior, with its
precise definition a matter of longstanding
debate. It has been variously described as a
science and as the art of justice.
Legitimacy- is the right and acceptance of
an
Authority, usually a governing law or a
regime. Whereas authority denotes a
specific position in an established
government, the term legitimacy denotes a
system of government—wherein
government denotes “sphere of influence”.
Legislative Branch- is responsible for
making enabling laws to make sure the
spirit of the constitution is upheld in the
country and, at times, amend or change the
constitution itself. In order to craft laws, the
legislative body comes out with two main
documents: bills and resolutions.
Legation- as used in International law refers
to the act or practice of sending a diplomat
to another country. It is a diplomatic
mission in a foreign country ranking below
an embassy. It could also refer to a body of
diplomats sent to a foreign country and
headed by an envoy extraordinary or a
minister plenipotentiary.
Labour Force- The labour force, or currently
active population, comprises all persons
who fulfil the requirements for inclusion
among the employed.
Local government- is a generic term for the
lowest tiers of public administration within
a particular sovereign state. This particular
usage of the word government refers
specifically to a level of administration that
is both geographically-localised and has
limited powers.
Labor-is any productive activity, usually in
exchange for money or other value.
Leadership- both as a research area and as
a practical skill, encompasses the ability of
an individual, group or organization to
“lead”, influence or guide other individuals,
teams, or entire organizations. The word
“leadership” often gets viewed as a
contested term.
League of Nation- The League of Nations
was the first worldwide intergovernmental
organisation whose principal mission was to
maintain world peace. It was founded on 10
January 1920 by the Paris Peace Conference
that ended the First World War.
Leftism- Left-wing politics describes the
range of political ideologies that support
and seek to achieve social equality and
egalitarianism, often in opposition to social
hierarchy.
M municipality.
Memorandum- A memorandum is a written
message that is typically used in a
professional setting. Commonly abbreviated
“memo,” these messages are usually brief
and are designed to be easily and quickly
understood. Memos can thus communicate
important information efficiently in order to
make dynamic and effective changes.
Martial law- Martial law is the imposition of
direct military control of normal civil
functions or suspension of civil law by a
government, especially in response to an
emergency where civil forces are
overwhelmed, or in an occupied territory.
Monarchy- A monarchy is a form of
government in which a person, the
monarch, is head of state for life or until
abdication. The political legitimacy and
authority of the monarch may vary from
restricted and largely symbolic, to fully
autocratic, and can expand across the
domains of the executive, legislative, and
judicial.
Marxism- is a left-wing to far-left method of
socioeconomic analysis that uses a
materialist interpretation of historical
development, better known as historical
materialism, to understand class relations
and social conflict and a dialectical
perspective to view social transformation.
Municipality- A municipality is usually a
single administrative division having
corporate status and powers of self-
government or jurisdiction as granted by
national and regional laws to which it is
subordinate. The term municipality may
also mean the governing body of a given
Ministry of defense- A ministry of defence
or defense, also known as a department of
defence or defense, is an often-used name
for the part of a government responsible for
matters of defence, found in states where
the government is divided into ministries or
departments.
Ministry- Ministry or department are
designations used by first-level executive
bodies in the machinery of governments
that manage a specific sector of public
administration.
Ministry of Foreign Affairs- is in charge of
the country’s foreign relations, as well as
handling matters related to overseas
Korean nationals. It was established on 17
July 1948.
Majority leader- The Majority Leader is
elected in a party caucus of the majority
ruling party. His primary function, aside
from being the spokesman of the majority
party, is to direct the deliberations on the
floor. In the present set-up of the House,
the Majority Leader is concurrently the
Chairman of the Committee on Rules.
Minority leader- The Minority Leader is the
acknowledged spokesman of the minority
party in the House. But it does not
necessarily follow that he is also the leader
of the party because the minority party in
the House may be composed of one or
more political groupings.
N interest. The agreement can be beneficial
Neocolonialism- is the continuation or
reimposition of imperialist rule by a state
over another nominally independent state.
Nation- A nation is a community of people
formed on the basis of a combination of
shared features such as language, history,
ethnicity, culture and/or society. A nation is
thus the collective identity of a group of
people understood as defined by those
features.
National Socialism- The term “National
Socialism” arose out of attempts to create a
nationalist redefinition of socialism, as an
alternative to both Marxist international
socialism and free-market capitalism.
NAZI- The Nazi Party, officially the National
Socialist German Workers’ Party, was a far-
right political party in Germany active
between 1920 and 1945 that created and
supported the ideology of Nazism.
Nomination- is part of the process of
selecting a candidate for either election to a
public office, or the bestowing of an honor
or award. A collection of nominees
narrowed from the full list of candidates is a
short list.
NATO- The North Atlantic Treaty
Organization, also called the North Atlantic
Alliance, is an intergovernmental military
alliance between 30 member states – 28
European and two North American.
Negotiation -is a dialogue between two or
more people or parties to reach the desired
outcome regarding one or more issues of
conflict. It is an interaction between entities
who aspire to agree on matters of mutual
for all or some of the parties involved.
Non-state actors- include organizations and
individuals that are not affiliated with,
directed by, or funded through the
government. These include corporations,
private financial institutions, and NGOs, as
well as paramilitary and armed resistance
groups.
Notice of Motion- A notice of motion is a
written application to the Court. This
document requests the Court to issue a
ruling or order on a legal matter. These
motions are the first step a party must take
before the Court can weigh in on a legal
matter. Their purpose is usually to resolve
procedural issues, provide mediation or
seek judicial direction in a case.
Nationalism- Nationalism is an idea and
movement that holds that the nation
should be congruent with the state. As a
movement, nationalism tends to promote
the interests of a particular nation,
especially with the aim of gaining and
maintaining the nation's sovereignty over
its homeland to create a nation-state.
O other targeted objectives.
Order – the central to the study of politics
because it shows different components of
human being.
Ordinance Power – is a law that is
promulgated by the President of India only
when the Indian parliament is not in
session.
Ordinance – an authoritative decree or
direction.
Occupation – a person’s usual or principal
work or business, especially as a means of
earning a living.
Office – is a right to exercise a public
function or employment, and to take the
fees and emoluments belonging to it.
Official – is someone who holds an office in
an organization or government and
participates in the exercise of authority.
Opposition – comprises one or more
political parties or other organized groups
that are opposed, primarily ideologically, to
the government.
Open society – allows the individual to
change his role and to benefit from
corresponding changes in status.
Outer House – mostly hears civil cases
when they first come to court. Normally a
single judge, called a Lord Ordinary,
presides over the case.
Organizational Politics – are informal,
unofficial, and sometimes behind-the-
scenes efforts to sell ideas, influence an
organization, increase power, or achieve
P
Politics -The branch of social science that
studies politics and government is referred
to as political science. The activities
associated with the governance of a country
or other area, especially the debate or
conflict among individuals or parties having
or hoping to achieve power.
Political power- ability to do something or
act in a particular way, especially as a
faculty or quality.”the power of speech”. Is
the ability of politicians, leaders, and others
to influence policy in a government,
thereby controlling what decisions people
and countries make.
Political science- is the scientific study of
politics. It is a social science dealing with
systems of governance and power, and the
analysis of political activities, political
thought, political behavior, and associated
constitutions and laws.
Politikos- politicians or government
Polites- citizens
Polis- city state
Property and domain- the right of the state
to manage its people and territories under
the jurisdiction of the state.
Propaganda- Propaganda is communication
that is primarily used to influence or
persuade an audience to further an agenda,
which may not be objective and may be
selectively presenting facts to encourage a
particular synthesis or perception, or using
loaded language to produce an emotional
rather than a rational response to the
information that is being presented.
Prescription- presoibing a state such as the
prescription of the united nation.
People- people who stay in states.People
means “the entire body of persons who
constitute a community or other group by
virtue of a common culture, history, etc
Q number or percentage of minority group
Qualified Majority Vote- A qualified
majority is reached if two conditions are
simultaneously met: 55% of member states
vote in favour – in practice this means 15
out of 27. The proposal is supported by
member states representing at least 65% of
the total EU population.
Queen Mother- The title “queen mother”
evolved to distinguish a queen dowager
from all other queens when she is also the
mother of the reigning sovereign. Thus,
upon the death of her husband, King
George V, Queen Mary became queen
mother, retaining the status throughout the
reigns of her sons,
Edward VIII and George VI.
Queen- a female sovereign or monarch. The
wife or consort of a king. A woman, or
something personified as a woman, that is
foremost or preeminent in any respect: a
movie queen; a beauty queen; Athens, the
queen of the Aegean. Slang: Usually
Disparaging and Offensive.
Queen’s Mother-The title “queen
mother” evolved to distinguish a queen
dowager from all other queens when she is
also the mother of the reigning sovereign.
Thus, upon the death of her husband, King
George V, Queen Mary became queen
mother, retaining the status throughout the
reigns of her sons, Edward VIII and George
VI.
Quota System- a policy of limiting the
number of minority group members in a
business firm, school, etc. any hiring or
admissions policy requiring that a specified
members be hired or admitted.
Query- query is a question or a request for
information expressed in a formal manner.
In computer science, a query is essentially
the same thing, the only difference is the
answer or retrieved information comes
from a database.
Quell- to keep under control. Put an end to
(a rebellion or other disorder), typically by
the use of force.
Quorate-having a sufficient number of
officers or members present to transact
business : having a quorum. A quorate
meeting. Not enough members to form a
quorate group.
Qualify- a quality or accomplishment that
makes someone suitable for a particular job
or activity.
Quash- a motion to quash asks the judge
for an order setting aside or nullifying an
action, such as “quashing” service of a
summons when the wrong person was
served.
R law. The rule of law is the political
Rights of the State- there must be a legal
affect binding in all state and recognized by
the international community. The rights or
powers retained by the regional
governments of a federal union under the
provisions of a federal constitution.
Rational authority- is a form of leadership
in which the authority of an organization or
a ruling regime is largely tied to legal
rationality, legal legitimacy and
bureaucracy.
Revolution- a revolution is a fundamental
and relatively sudden change in political
power and political organization which
occurs when the population revolts against
the government, typically due to perceived
oppression or political incompetence.
Religious conservatism- Religious
conservatives typically oppose abortion,
LGBT behavior (or, in certain cases,
identity), drug use, and sexual activity
outside of marriage. In some cases,
conservative values are grounded in
religious beliefs, and conservatives seek to
increase the role of religion in public life.
Real Audiencia- A Real Audiencia, or simply
an Audiencia, was an appellate court in
Spain and its empire. The name of the
institution literally translates as Royal
Audience. The additional designation
chancillería was applied to the appellate
courts in early modern Spain. Each
audiencia had oidores.
Rule of Law- it demands that people and ci
il society render habitual obidience to the
philosophy that all citizens and institutions
within a country, state, or community are
accountable to the same laws, including
lawmakers and leaders.
Racial- elating to the major groupings into
which humankind is sometimes divided on
the basis of physical characteristics or
shared ancestry.
Rebellion- Rebellion, uprising, or
insurrection is a refusal of obedience or
order. It refers to the open resistance
against the orders of an established
authority.
Re-election- to elect for another term in
office
Republican- to support right-leaning
ideologies of conservatism, social
conservatism, and economic libertarianism,
among other -isms. Thus, Republicans
broadly advocate for traditional values, a
low degree of government interference,
and large support of the private sector.
S souverain, which is ultimately derived from
Secretary of State- The Secretary of State,
appointed by the President with the advice
and consent of the Senate, is the
President’s chief foreign affairs adviser. The
Secretary carries out the President’s foreign
policies through the State Department and
the Foreign Service of the United States.
Sanctions- in law and legal definition, are
penalties or other means of enforcement
used to provide incentives for obedience
with the law, or with rules and regulations.
Criminal sanctions can take the form of
serious punishment, such as corporal or
capital punishment, incarceration, or severe
fines.
Secretary of Defense- The secretary of
defense oversees the Defense Department
and acts as the principal defense
policymaker and adviser.
Senate- an assembly or council usually
possessing high deliberative and legislative
functions: such as. : the second chamber in
the bicameral legislature of a major political
unit (such as a nation, state, or province).
Session- a formal meeting or series of
meetings of an organization such as a
legislature or a court of law.
Social- organisms including human, live
collectively in interacting populations. This
interaction is considered social whether
they are aware of it or not, and whether the
exchange is voluntary or not.
Sovereign- is a title which can be applied to
the highest leader in various categories. The
word is borrowed from Old French
the Latin superānus, meaning ‘above’.
Sovereign State- A sovereign state or
sovereign country, is a political entity
represented by one central government
that has supreme legitimate authority over
territory.
State- a politically organized body of people
usually occupying a definite territory.
Especially : one that is sovereign. : the
political organization of such a body of
people. : a government or politically
organized society having a particular
character. A police state.
Socioeconomics- is the social science that
studies how economic activity affects and is
shaped by social processes. In general it
analyzes how modern societies progress,
stagnate, or regress because of their local
or regional economy, or the global
economy.
T
Territory- a geographic area belonging to or
under the jurisdiction of a governmental
authority. : an administrative subdivision of
a country.
Terrorism- Terrorism is the unlawful use of
force or violence against persons or
property to intimidate or coerce a
government or its citizens to further certain
political or social objectives.
Third Republic in the Philippines- The Third
Republic of the Philippines was inaugurated
on July 4, 1946. It marked the culmination
of the peaceful campaign for Philippine
Independence. He Third Republic also
marked the recognition by the global
community of nations, of the nationhood of
the Philippines
Totalitarianism- Totalitarianism is a form of
government and a political system that
prohibits all opposition parties, outlaws
individual and group opposition to the state
and its claims, and exercises an extremely
high if not complete degree of control and
regulation over public and private life.
Two party System- A two-party system is a
political party system in which two major
political parties consistently dominate the
political landscape.
Treaty of Paris- The Treaty of Paris ended
the Spanish-American War, and forced
Spain to cede the Philippines, Guam, and
Puerto Rico to the United States. In return,
the United States paid Spain $20 million for
the Philippines.
Transnational- The meaning of
TRANSNATIONAL is extending or going
beyond national boundaries.
Transparency- transparency is operating in
such a way that it is easy for others to see
what actions are performed. Transparency
implies openness, communication, and
accountability.
Treaty- A treaty is a formal, legally binding
written agreement between actors in
international law. It is usually made by and
between sovereign states, but can include
international organizations, individuals,
business entities, and other legal persons.
Territorial Acquisition- is usually employed
as meaning the establishment of
sovereignty over a given piece of land.
U
United Nation- The United Nations is an
intergovernmental organization whose
stated purposes are to maintain
international peace and security, develop
friendly relations among nations, achieve
international cooperation, and be a centre
for harmonizing the actions of nations.
Union- A union is an organization formed by
workers who join together and use their
strength to have a voice in their workplace.
Through their union, workers have the
ability to negotiate from a position of
strength with employers over wages,
benefits, workplace health and safety, job
training and other work-related issues.
Unconstitutional-  is not according or
consistent with the constitution of a body
politic (such as a nation). Not in accordance
with a political constitution
United Kingdom- The United Kingdom,
made up of England, Scotland, Wales and
Northern Ireland, is an island nation in
northwestern Europe. The Beatles – is
home to the capital, London, a globally
influential centre of finance and culture.
United States of America- (U.S.A. or USA),
commonly known as the United States (U.S.
or US) or informally America, is the most
populous country in North America. It
consists of 50 states, a federal district, five
major unincorporated territories, nine
Minor Outlying Islands. It is the third-largest
country by both land and total area.
Unemployment- is people above a specified
age not being in paid employment or self-
employment but currently available for
work during the reference period.
Unemployment is measured by the
unemployment rate, which is the number of
people who are unemployed as a
percentage of the labour force.
Union Territory- is a type of administrative
division in the Republic of India. Unlike the
states of India, which have their own
governments, union territories are federal
territories governed, in part or in whole, by
the Union Government of India.
Upper class- is the social class composed of
people who hold the highest social status,
usually are the wealthiest members of class
society, and wield the greatest political
power.
Unelected- Incapable or unlikely of being
elected to political office, especially due to a
lack of suitable qualities or policies.
Urban- built-up area or urban
agglomeration is a human settlement with a
high population density and infrastructure
of built environment. Urban areas are
created through urbanization and are
categorized by urban morphology as cities,
towns, conurbations or suburbs.
V
Veto- A veto is a legal power to unilaterally
stop an official action. In the most typical
case, a president or monarch vetoes a bill to
stop it from becoming law. In many
countries, veto powers are established in
the country's constitution.
Vice-President- the vice president has the
sole power to break a tie vote in the Senate
and formally presides over the receiving
and counting of electoral ballots cast in
presidential elections. An officer next in
rank to a president and usually empowered
to serve as president in that officer’s
absence or disability
Vote- Voting is a method by which a group,
such as a meeting or an electorate, can
engage for the purpose of making a
collective decision or expressing an opinion
usually following discussions, debates or
election campaigns.
Violation- to break or act against
something, especially a law, agreement,
principle, or something that should be
treated with respect: They were charged
with violating federal law. It seems that the
troops deliberately violated the ceasefire
agreement. The doctor has been accused of
violating professional ethics.
Voting Rights- is the right to vote in public,
political elections and referendums. In
some languages, and occasionally in English,
the right to vote is called active suffrage, as
distinct from passive suffrage, which is the
right to stand for election.
Voter- a person who votes or who has a
legal right to vote, especially in an election
Something changes Variation refers to the
degree of dispersion, diversity, or inequality
in a distribution: the extent to which
observations of an attribute are similar to or
different from one another.
Vest- A right or an interest in property
“vests” when it is secured. This means that
the beneficiary of the right or property
interest is certain to receive a specific
amount, either now or in the future.
Vet- to examine a person or a document
carefully to see if there has been, or could
be, a breach of security.
Voluntarism- is “any metaphysical or
psychological system that assigns to the will
a more predominant role than that
attributed to the intellect”, or equivalently
“the doctrine that will is the basic factor,
both in the universe and in human
conduct”.
W cooperation in the United Nations System,
War- a state of hostility, conflict, or
antagonism. A struggle or competition
between opposing forces or for a particular
end.
Welfare- is the state of doing well especially
in respect to good fortune, happiness, well-
being, or prosperity.
Welfare state- A welfare state is a form of
government in which the state protects and
promotes the economic and social well-
being of its citizens, based upon the
principles of equal opportunity, equitable
distribution
World War 1- World War I or the First
World War. This is called “Great War” or
the “War to End All Wars”, was a global
conflict which lasted from 1914 to 1918,
and is considered one of the deadliest
conflicts in history.
World War 2- World War II, also called
Second World War, conflict that involved
virtually every part of the world during the
years 1939–45
Waive- to refrain from pressing or enforcing
(something, such as a claim or rule)
War on terror- The war on terror, officially
the Global War on Terrorism, is an ongoing
international counterterrorism military
campaign initiated by the United States
following the September 11 attacks.
World Trade Organization- The World
Trade Organization is an intergovernmental
organization that regulates and facilitates
international trade. With effective
governments use the organization to
establish, revise, and enforce the rules that
govern international trade.
World bank- the World Bank Group is a
unique global partnership fighting poverty
worldwide through sustainable solutions
West Minister- Westminster is the bustling
government area near Buckingham Palace.
Tourists head to Trafalgar Square’s
monuments and to see the changing of the
guards at Horse Guards Parade while
politicians mingle in Whitehall’s pubs. At
the Houses of Parliament, by the River
Thames, the Big Ben bell rings out from its
iconic clock tower.