Senior High School

Understanding
Culture, Society, and
Politics
Quarter 2 – Module 3
Political and Leadership
Structures

Department of Education ● Republic of the Philippines

Understanding Culture, Society, and Politics Grade 11/12
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 2 – Module 3: Political and Leadership Structures
First Edition, 2020

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Published by the Department of Education – Division of Cagayan de Oro City

Schools Division Superintendent: Dr. Cherry Mae L. Limbaco, CESO V

Development Team of the Module

Authors/s: Honey May O. Colaljo, D.M.

Reviewer/s: Joel D. Potane, Ph.D. – LRMS Manager
Content Validator/s: Romeo B. Aclo, EPS – Araling Panlipunan and Cheryl C. Pontillas
Language Evaluator: Sylvio L. Carciller
Illustrator/s and Layout Artist/s: Paul Y. Badon and Ryan Z. Roa

Management Team
Chairperson: Cherry Mae L. Limbaco, Ph.D., CESO V
Schools Division Superintendent

Co-Chairperson: Alicia E. Anghay, Ph.D., CESE

Asst. Schools Division Superintendent
Members:
Lorebina C. Carrasco, OIC-CID Chief
Romeo B. Aclo, EPS-Araling Panlipunan
Joel D. Potane, LRMS Manager
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Gemma Pajayon, PDO II
Printed in the Philippines by
Department of Education – Division of Cagayan de Oro City
Office Address:Fr. William F. Masterson Ave., Upper Balulang, Cagayan de Oro City
Telefax: (08822) 855-0048
E-mail Address: cagayandeoro.city@deped.gov.ph

ii
 Senior High School

Understanding Culture,
Society, and Politics
Quarter 2 – Module 3
Political and
Leadership Structures

This instructional material was collaboratively developed and reviewed

by educators from public schools. We encourage teachers and other
education stakeholders to email their feedback, comments, and
recommendations to the Department of Education at
cagayandeoro.city@deped.gov.ph

We value your feedback and recommendations.

Department of Education ● Republic of the Philippines

iii
 Table of Contents
COVER PAGE……………………………………………………………………………….i
COPYRIGHT PAGE………………………………………………………………………..ii
TITLE PAGE…………………………………………………………………………………iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS……………………………………………………………………iv
WHAT THIS MODULE IS ABOUT…………………………………………………………v
WHAT I NEED TO KNOW………………………………………………………………….v
HOW TO LEARN FROM THIS MODULE………………………………………………..vi
ICONS OF THIS MODULE………………………………………………………………..vii
WHAT I KNOW…………………………………………………………………………….viii
Lesson 1: Political Organization/Authority and Legitimacy1
What’s In:……………………………………………………………………..1
What’s New: Name Them…………………………………………………..2
What is It: Political Organization/Authority and Legitimacy……………. 2
What’s More: Leadership!......................................................................4
Word Looping……………………………………………….5
What I Have Learned: Person in Authority……………………………….6
What I Can Do: The President…………………………………………….6
Summary……………………………………………………………………………………..7
Assessment…………………………………………………………………………………..8
Key to Answers…………………………………………………………………………….10
References………………………………………………………………………………….11

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What This Module is About

Human beings are considered social animals. Being such, we have tendencies
to join groups. We have different interests; therefore there is also a tendency towards
conflict. To avoid conflict and maintain social order, there is a need to establish a
defined political system and defined political power.

Thus, this module will help you understand more on the political and
leadership structures of communities.

What I Need to Know

At the end of this module, you should be able to:

 Analyze social and political structures (UCSP11/12HSO-IIj-23)

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How to Learn from this Module

The following are your guide for the proper use of this module:

To the Learner:
1. Follow all the instructions in every activity.
2. Answer the pre-test before going over the material to find out what you
already know.
3. Answer all the exercises at the end of every lesson.
4. Review the lesson that you find difficulty to understand. Be resourceful.
5. All answers should be written in the module unless otherwise specified, for
example: a sheet of paper or bond paper.
6. All output should be placed in a folder that will serve as your portfolio. The
output should be arranged in sequential order.
7. Seek assistance from your teacher and parents/guardian.
To the Teacher:
1. Communicate with parents and learners regularly for updates and feedback.
2. You have to make sure that all activities are complied with before accepting
them.
3. You may contextualize or localize your activity as long as it is still within the
boundary of the learning competency.

To the Parents/Guardian:
1. Closely monitor your child’s progress.
2. Do not answer the activities for your child. Just guide them in doing it.
3. Support your child. Talk to him/her about his/her journey with this module.

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 Icons of this Module
This part contains learning objectives that
What I Need to Know
are set for you to learn as you go along the
Learning Objectives
module.

This part of the module is an assessment

What I Know? as to your level of knowledge to the
Pre-Assessment subject matter at hand meant to gauge
prior understanding.

What’s In? This part connects the previous lesson

Review Activity with that of the current one.

An introduction to the new lesson through

What’s New?
various activities before it will be presented
Motivational Activity
to you.

These are discussions as a way to deepen

What Is It?
your discovery and understanding of the
Lesson Proper
concept.

These are follow-up activities intended for

What’s More?
you to practice further to master the
Performance Task
competencies.

What I Have Learned? These are activities designed to process

Generalization what you have learned from the lesson.

These are tasks designed to showcase

What I Can Do?
your skills and knowledge gained and
Application
applied to real-life concerns and situations.

This part evaluates your level of mastery in

Assessment
achieving the learning objectives of the
Post-Assessment
lesson.

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 What I Know

PRETEST

Multiple Choice. Encircle the letter of the correct answer.

1. It is formed by several families living together based on marriage ties,

common descendants, friendship affiliations and members usually have
common interest, or enemy.
a. chiefdom c. tribe
b. band d. nation

2. A group usually headed by a village headman.

a. nation-state c. tribe
b. chiefdom d. state

3. Formal leadership exists and, authority rests solely on the members of a

select family.
a. nation c. tribe
b. state d. chiefdom

4. This term is defined as a political unit consisting of a government that has

sovereignty presiding over a group of people and well-defined territory and
has the highest form of political organization.
a. state c. nation
b. nation-state d. state-nation

5. It does not possess political sovereignty.

a. state c. nation
b. nation-state d. state-nation

6. The power to make binding decisions and issue commands.

a. bureaucracy c. charismatic
b. legitimacy d. authority

7. Legitimized from formal rules promulgated by the state through its

fundamental and implementing laws.
a. traditional c. bureaucracy
b. legitimacy d. authority

8. Legitimated by the sanctity of tradition.

a. traditional c. dynamic
b. historical d. charismatic

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9. A value whereby something or someone is recognized and accepted as right
and proper.
a. authority c. legal-rational
b. legitimacy d. bureaucracy

10. It has a more defined political organization and has permanent leader with
real authority to make major decisions.
a. nation c. tribe
b. chiefdom d. state

11. It is more complex and larger than a band.

a. tribe c. chiefdom
b. band d. village headman

12. The type of authority Philippines has.

a. monarchial c. traditional
b. legal-rational d. charismatic

13. The leadership style currently practiced by the Philippine government.

a. historical c. bureaucratic
b. traditional d. charismatic

14. Mother Teresa is an example of a ________________ leader.

a. charismatic c. monarchial
b. historical d. traditional

15. President Duterte is an example of a _________________ leader.

a. traditional c. monarchial
b. historical d. bureaucratic

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 Lesson Political Organization/Authority and
Legitimacy
1 Learning Competency: Analyze social and political structures
(UCSP11/12HSO-IIj-23)

What’s In

How was your family bonding at home? I know that family love is always
in the air. Well, before we proceed to the next lesson, I want you to ponder on
the topics or activities in Module 2 which, caught your attention the most. List it
down and briefly discuss each answer.

1. _________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________

2. _________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
3. _________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________

1
 What’s New

Activity 1: NAME THEM

1. Identify five (5) public officials in the Philippine government.

2. Write their names and their official government positions.

Name Official government position

1
2
3
4
5

What Is It

Political Organizations

Bands and tribes are considered as the simplest political systems.

These groups are often perceived without a well-defined system of leadership.

A band is usually small,

formed by several families living
together; oftentimes moving from one
place to the other to search for food.
Bands are egalitarian, meaning, all
families are equal. There is no class
differentiation based on wealth;
however, status differences based on
gender and age is well-defined. There
is no formal leadership, instead,
those who possess exceptional skills
and knowledge can be raised to
become informal leader.

As the population of bands

increases, the tendency of conflict Image: https://bit.ly/3cJITvz
also increases. The conflict leads to
“band fissioning” or band splitting.

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Some leave the band to form their group (social velocity). The band who
survives fissioning and social velocity eventually becomes a tribe.

A tribe is more complex and bigger than a band. As the population

increases, there is a shifting from a basic form of livelihood to a multiple way of
living. Tribe is organized through pan-tribal associations in the form of councils,
tribal leaders, elders, etc. due to the presence of various communities in a
tribe. Tribes are commonly headed by a village headman who perform
leadership roles but has limited political power. Most tribes remain egalitarian.

A chiefdom has a more defined political organization. Chiefdoms have

more or less permanent, full time leader with real authority to make key
decisions. These leaders are referred to as the “chief”. Formal leadership exists
and power rests solely on the members of a select family. It is composed of a
number of communities that is ruled by a permanent paramount chief coming
from this elite family. Power is inherited. Chiefdom can either be simple
chiefdom or complex chiefdom. Simple chiefdom is characterized by a single
village or community rules by a single-family. A complex chiefdom is composed
of several simple chiefdoms ruled by a paramount chief residing in a single
paramount center.

State and Nations

The advent of modernity has made the process of consolidating different

individuals into one political community more difficult and complicated. Out of
the breakdown of political organizations, what emerged was the presence of
groups of people that shared a common history, language, traditions, customs,
habits, and ethnicity. These groups are collectively referred to as nations.

On the other hand, a state is a political unit consisting of a government

that has sovereignty presiding over a group of people and a well-defined
territory and has the highest form of political organization.

Political Legitimacy and Authority

The task of organizing a political community requires the existence of

leaders. In order to be effective, leaders need to possess authority that is
considered legitimate by the community.

Authority and Legitimacy

Authority is the right to command. Authority is observed when an individual

has a command to make a person do things. Such act is a response to that
person’s perceived power. This person can be your boss, your superiors, or
those who hold high positions in the society. For example, public officials are
elected by the people and granted with the rights to regulate and exercise
administrative functions based on the existing laws of the land.

Authority is more than power. Authority is guaranteed by legitimacy in a

formal manner. What makes authority binding and worthy of obedience is its

3
legitimacy. Legitimacy gives form to authority. Legitimacy is a “value whereby
something or someone is recognized and accepted as right and proper. For
authority to be binding and stable, it must be legitimate.

WEBER’S THREE (3) TYPES OF AUTHORITY

According to the sociologist Max Weber, there is a category as to how

authority is legitimated as a belief system. These are traditional, charismatic,
and legal-rational.

Traditional Charismatic Legal-rational

(bureaucratic)
Source of Power Legitimized from Legitimized from the It is legitimized from
well-established charisma of the formal rules
customs, habits, and individual promulgated by the
social structures state through its
fundamental and
implementing laws.
Leadership Style Historic personality Dynamic personality Bureaucratic
Monarchical rule or Religious leaders or Government officials
Example the rule of elites in a popular icons such in modern states
chiefdom as movie actors

What’s More

Activity 2: LEADERSHIP!

1. Conduct a research on how our current president exercises his

leadership and authority in this COVID-19 pandemic.
2. Interview people (parents, guardians, relatives, etc.) on their
evaluation/stand on the President’s leadership and authority on this time
of pandemic.
3. You can also get information from the television, radio, and other modes
of communication. Have an enjoyable research time
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________.

4
 Rubric for the Task

Criteria Rating
The answer relates entirely to the assigned topic. 5 4 3 2 1
The answer conveys a genuine view regarding the topic. 5 4 3 2 1
The work is original and does not contain plagiarized content. 5 4 3 2 1
Total points (15)

Activity 3: WORD LOOPING

Encircle the words related to political leadership and structures. Write

each term in the box below.

B U R E A U C R A C Y C
Z L O T M C R O I G U Q
C Y C A M I T I G E L W
D K D R M A I L N T C E
O H N E O S C E T H O R
I G A W R D T K I A P T
X F B Q E F R E B W A E
V D I Q F E F N B P S T
M S U A O D B M X U D A
H A Y A O R E A C H F T
S P Y M R T S F C A G S
A Y T I R O H T U A H S

1. 4.
2. 5.
3. 6.

5
 What I Have Learned

Activity 2: PERSON IN AUTHORITY

In a community, there are people who become influential. Investigate or

conduct a research in your own community and identify one (1) person whom
you think possess authority. Explain your answer below.
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________

Rubric for the Task

Criteria Rating
The answer relates entirely to the assigned topic. 5 4 3 2 1
The answer conveys a genuine view regarding the topic. 5 4 3 2 1
The work is original and does not contain plagiarized content. 5 4 3 2 1
Total points (15)

What I Can Do

Activity 5: THE PRESIDENT

If given the chance to become the Philippine president for 365 days, list
down your top five (5) programs and projects that you want to implement right
after you assume office.

1. ______________________________________________________
2. ______________________________________________________
3. ______________________________________________________
4. ______________________________________________________
5. ______________________________________________________

6
 SUMMARY
 Band is usually small, formed by several families living together;
oftentimes moving from one place to the other to search for food.

 A tribe is more complex and bigger than a band. Tribe is organized
through pan-tribal associations in the form of councils, tribal leaders,
elders, etc. due to the presence of various communities in a tribe.

 A chiefdom has a more defined political organization. Chiefdoms have

more or less permanent, full time leader with real authority to make key
decisions. These leaders are referred to as the “chief”.

 Chiefdom has a more defined political organization. Chiefdoms have

more or less permanent, fulltime leader with real authority to make major
decisions. These leaders are referred to as the “chief”.

 Out of the breakdown of political organizations, what emerged was the

presence of groups of people that shared a common history, language,
traditions, customs, habits, and ethnicity. These groups are collectively
referred to as nations.

 A state is a political unit consisting of a government that has sovereignty

presiding over a group of people and a well-defined territory and has the
highest form of political organization.

 Authority is the right to command. Authority is observed when an

individual has a command to make a person do things.

 Legitimacy is a “value whereby something or someone is recognized

and accepted as right and proper. For authority to be binding and stable,
it must be legitimate.

 Max Weber’s three types of authority includes traditional, charismatic,

and legal-rational.

7
 ASSESSMENT

POST TEST

Multiple Choice. Encircle the letter of the correct answer.

1. It is formed by several families living together based on marriage ties,

common descendants, friendship affiliations and members usually have
common interest, or enemy.
a. chiefdom c. tribe
b. band d. nation

2. A group usually headed by a village headman

a. nation-state c. tribe
b. chiefdom d. state

3. Formal leadership exists and, authority rests solely on the members of a

select family.
a. nation c. tribe
b. state d. chiefdom

4. This term is defined as a political unit consisting of a government that

has sovereignty presiding over a group of people and well-defined
territory and has the highest form of political organization
a. state c. nation
b. nation-state d. state-nation

5. It does not possess political sovereignty

a. state c. nation
b. nation-state d. state-nation

6. The power to make binding decisions and issue commands

a. bureaucracy c. charismatic
b. legitimacy d. authority

7. Legitimized from formal rules promulgated by the state through its

fundamental and implementing laws
a. traditional c. bureaucracy
b. legitimacy d. authority

8. Legitimated by the sanctity of tradition

a. traditional c. dynamic
b. historical d. charismatic

8
9. A value whereby something or someone is recognized and accepted as
right and proper
a. authority c. legal-rational
b. legitimacy d. bureaucracy

10. It has a more defined political organization and has permanent leader
with real authority to make major decisions.
a. nation c. tribe
b. chiefdom d. state

11. It is more complex and larger than a band.

a. tribe c. chiefdom
b. band d. village headman

12. The type of authority Philippines has.

a. monarchial c. traditional
b. legal-rational d. charismatic

13. The leadership style currently practiced by the Philippine government.

a. historical c. bureaucratic
b. traditional d. charismatic

14. Mother Teresa is an example of a ________________ leader.

a. charismatic c. monarchial
b. historical d. traditional

15. President Duterte is an example of a _________________ leader.

a. traditional c. monarchial
b. historical d. bureaucratic

9
 10
KEY TO ANSWERS
PRETEST
1. b 6. d 11. a
2. c 7. c 12. b
3. d 8. a 13. c
4. a 9. b 14. a
5. b 10. b 15. d
POSTTEST
1. b 6. d 11. a
2. c 7. c 12. b
3. d 8. a 13. c
4. a 9. b 14. a
5. b 10. b 15. d
KEY TO ANSWERS
Activity 3. WORD LOOPING (in any order)
1. bureaucracy
2. band
3. state
4. authority
5. chiefdom
6. legitimacy
 REFERENCE
Baleña, Ederlina D., Lucero, Dolores M., Peralta, Arnel M. Understanding
Culture, Society, and Politics for Senior High School. Quezon
City: Educational Resources Corporation, 2016.

Contreras, Antonio P., Dela Cruz, Arleigh Ross D., Erasga, Dennis S.,
Fadrigon, Cecile C. Understanding Culture, Society, and Politics.
Quezon City: Phoenix Publishing House, Inc., 2016.

"14.1 Power and Authority – Sociology." Open Textbooks · University of

Minnesota Libraries. Last modified April 8, 2016.
https://open.lib.umn.edu/sociology/chapter/14-1-power-and-authority/.

"Chapter 17. Government and Politics – Introduction to Sociology – 1st

Canadian Edition." BC Open Textbooks – Open Textbooks Adapted and
Created by BC Faculty. Last modified November 6, 2014.
https://opentextbc.ca/introductiontosociology/chapter/chapter17-
government-and-politics/.

"Politics, Power, and Authority | Boundless Sociology." Lumen Learning –

Simple Book Production. Accessed June 14, 2020.
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-sociology/chapter/politics-
power-and-authority/

For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:

Department of Education – Division of Cagayan de Oro City

Fr. William F. Masterson Ave., Upper Balulang, Cagayan de Oro
Telefax: (08822) 855-0048
E-mail Address: cagayandeoro.city@deped.gov.ph

11