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    10 views48 pages

    THTT 2022 08

    Uploaded by

    Nhat Minh Ho

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    ‘Hé thire Viéte xudt hign thuémg xuyén trong céc 42 thi hoc sinh gidi cp tinh, 4é tuyén sinh vao lop 10 thurng hodc chuyén & hau hét céc tinh. Voi mite dé khé dé khée nhau. Nhimg nim gin day dang toan nay duge xay dug véi mét kiéu ding méi, la mat. Trong bai viét nay téc gia xin gidi thigu mot sé hé thie Ig va dep ve hé thite Vite nhu vay. Dang da thire, phn thire Thi dy 1. Cho phwcong trink x =(2m+ 1x44 Tim gid tri ciia m dé phuong tinh ed hai nghigm xix, sao cho: x} +3x, =7. Loi gid. Ta c6: A=(2m+1) -4(4m-2) Khi 46 phuong tinh c6 x= 2m-I;x=2. Theo gia thiét: (2m-1)' +3.2=7 2° +3(2m—1)=7 (2m-3)° hai nghi som-7f Thi dy 2. Tim m dé phieong wrinh x = 2(m—3)x + 3m —¥m+5=0 (voi m li tham 86) c6 2 nghigm x,5x, phan bic théa man diéu kién (Chuyén Todn Binh Phuéc 2021 - 2022) Loi gidi. Phuong trinh c6 hai nghigm phan biét Khi A'=(m—3)' 3m? +8m-5>0 2m? +2m+4>0e9-Leme2. Gala < papa _ KAY DUNG MOT SO HE THUG VIETE LAVA DE \ (GY THCS Mf Long Nam, H. Cu Ngang, Tr Vinh), 4 BUI MINH TRUNG | Theo h¢ thie Viéte ta c6: 4+ =2m-3) (I) fe =3m?-8m+5 (2) ‘Theo gia thiét: Af 42x - 3m =4) oe %,-2x,-1=0° (5-4 )(4- 2% ~y-0e] # THI: x —x =0 (logi vi x, # x). © TH2: x, - 2x, 0, két hyp vai (1) ta 06 hé: +x =2(m—3) x,-2x,-1=0 Thay x,;2x, tim duge vio (2) ta cé: Am=11 2m-7 = 3m? = . Fam 8m +5 m=2 219m? —22m-32=0 i. mals 19 Két hop véi digu kign ta c6 m as thi thoa man yéu cau bai toan, Thi dy 3. Cho pI 2 ) mv dé ph y (atm Sane Siw AMR ana Sifzit (Chuyén Todn Lao Cai 2021 - 2022) TOAN HOC S86 542(8-2022) * Cuditye 1 Léi gidi. Ta co: A'=[-(m-1)] -2m+5= =(m-2) +2>0, Vm. 7 —4m+6 Suy ra phuong tinh luén cé 2 nghigm phan biét voi mgi m. : x, +x, =2(m-1) Theo hé thite Viéte ta cé: ¥x,=2m-5 Vi x3. la nghiém ca phurong trinh nén ta 06: x7 —2(m=-1)x, +2m-5=0 x) -2(m=1)x, +2m-5=0 Xf — mx, +2m-1= 4-23, > 5 xy — 2mx, +2m—1=4-2x, Do dé: (xf — 2mx, + 2m—1)(x} - 2mx, +2m=1) <0 4 (4-2x,)(4-2x,) <0 9 16-8(x, +m) +4x.x, <0 <> 16-8.2(m—1)+4(2m-5) <0 = 12-8m <0 3 am>a. 2 Thi dy 4. Cho phicong trink x° +4x— (erong dé m la tham sd). Tim sit of ede gid wi etia m dé phacong trinh cb 2 nghiém x; x, théa min: =x +4q. Léi gidi. Tac: A'=2? -1(-m? +4)=m", Suy ra phuong trinh Iuén cé 2 nghiém phan bigt khi A'>0.<> m? >0.<> m0. x, tx 4 m +4 ‘Theo hé thie Viéte ta 06: { 3% Thay x, =x) +4x? vao x, +x, =—4, ta duge: 2, +(x} +4x7)=—4 (x, +4)(x2 +1) =0 fs a4 = . 2 bees 86 542(8-2022) Thay x, =—4;x; =0 vao x, =—m? +4 suy ra: -m? +4=0=> m=42. Vay m=+2 la cdc gid tri cin tim. Thi du 5. Cho phwong trinh Ax’ +(m? +2m-15)x+(m+1)° -20=0 (m la tham $6). Tim tat ca cdc gid irj cia m dé phucong trinh cb hai nghigm x) +x, +2019=0. c, théa man: Lai gidi. Phuong trinh da cho tuong duong vi 4x? +(m? +2m—15)x+m? +2m-19=0. Vi a—b+c=0 nén phuong trinh o6 hai nghigm =m? =gee 2 mam 2019-0 <> m? +2m 8099 = 0 + TH2: x, Khi 6: x? +x, +2019=0 (Bat) -rr2019=0 nme (ee) =-2018 (v6), Vay me {89;-9]} la cdc gia tri can tim, Thi dy 6. Cho pharong rrink x +5x+m—2=0 (m (a tham s6), Tim tat cé cée gié wri cia m dé phucong trinh c6 hai nghiém x,: x. théa man: (281-1) Léi gidi. Tac: A=5S? -4.(m—2)=33-4m. Suy ra phuong tinh ludn c6 2 nghigm khi 33 Az0cms Theo hé thite Viete ta 6: - Do dé: x, (32xf -1) +, (x e232xs x43 -x, <2 32x) 69 32x} = mx} 2 xy = 24. af +(x,+4)4+5 Khi do: x, +, =x, -2x, = 59.4, =5,x, =-10, Ma x,x, =m—2=>m-2=-0<> m=~48 (thoa man). Vay m=~48 1a gid tri cin tim. Thi dy 7. Cho phicong trinh x =mx—m-1=0 (m la tham 86), Tim tdt ca cde gid wt ctia m dé phwong tinh cd hai nghigm théa man: 2x, -3x, =5. Loi gidt. Ta c6: A=(-m)? -4.1.(-m-1) = (m +2). Suy ra phuong trinh c6 2 nghiém phan bigt khi A>Ocome2. Phin bigt 33x, ‘Theo hé thite Giai bé phuong trinh x +xom 2x, -3x, =5 Thay %,,%, Vio %,%, 3m+5 2m-5 5S <= 6m? +20m=0 =-m-1 = 2 Ja céc gia trj can tim. Dang biéu thire chira cin aé Thi dy 8. Tim tat cd cde gid trj cia tham sd plucong trinh x° -5x+2m-2=0cé hai nghi¢m duong phan biét x,;x, théa min 2 = 4x, +2m—2 + Je, =3. (Chuyén Todn Quang Ngai 2021 - 2022) Loi gidi. Phuong trinh c6 2 nghigm duong phan bigt xx, ‘A =25-4(2m~2)>0 4 S=x,+x,=5>0 P=x,x,=2m-2>0 33 eleme=. 8 Tacé: Ix? 4x, +2m—2 + fx, =3 > xp — 5x, +2m-24x, + fx, = 9 fz, + Je =3 (vi xP -5x, +2m-2=0) ox, tx, +2fym =9 2 <2 2m-2=4<>m=3 (thda man). Thi dy 9. Cho phwong trinh —(m~2)x-2=0 (irong dé m la tham 36), Tim tat cd cée gid tri cia m dé phicong trinh cé 2 nghiém phan biét thea man diéu kign: vii +2022 ~ 2x, = Léi gidi. Ta cé: A=(m-2) -4.(-2)=(m-2)' +8>0 =>phuong trinh 43 cho luén cé hai nghiém phan bigt x; x, véi moi m. Theo gia thi ve +2022 ~ 2x, = ax? +2022 + 2x, eo fe? +2022 - x2 +2022 -2(x, +) =0 Sé 542(8-2022) TO eusigs 3 ? + 2022 - _xi +2022 ~(x3 +2022) +2022) 14 2022 (09 42022) a = ee2m+ ferro **) ats es +2022 + xi +2022 eTHI: x +x) =! =0e-2=m-2=0m=2 a © TH2: Aa % os * ox +2022 + fr? +2022 2 =2( fe? + 2022 + fxj+-2022), ja ft +2022 + fa +2022 > fn + fe +|x,[2 3 <2( Yat +2022 + y f+ 2022) hay phuong trinh (*) v6 nghiém. =x =a Vay m=2 la gid tri can tim. Vi dy 10. Cho phueong wrinh o-Se+m-1=0 (irong ad m la than 86). Tim tat ed cde gid: ri cia m dé phieung wink c6 2 nghiém phan biét x3, sav cho: 2x, = Vx. Loi gidi. Ta c6: A=(-SY -4.1.(m—1) = 29-4. Phuong trinh cé hai nghiém phan bigt khi A>desme 2. Theo h@ thire Viete ta ¢6: Xa, =F, Hy SM ‘Theo gid thiét: Thay 4x3 =x, vao x, +x, =5 suy ra: (nan) 4x} +x, S200 (loai) © 4 ORLARE séssa0-0 Véi 14=m—1e>m=5 (nhdn). Vay m=5 1a gid tr) can tim. Thi ody WL. 4 thay vaox,x,=m—1 suy ra: xcloxy= Cho phiong rink x ~(m+Dxtm® +m=0 (trong dé m li tham sd). Tim tit ca ede gid wri cia m dé phucng trink 6.2 nghiém phan bigt x3 x, thoa man diéu ign: Px xt v Léi gidi. Ta co: A= (2m+1)? —4.(m? +m) =1>0. Phuong trinh B x=m+lx=m. 6 hai nghigm phan oXet x sm+l; x =m. Khi 6, (2, +1=x, > V2) +1=m Pim +1) = m-1 m= yt im —4m m1 2 eoma24V5 fr V5 © Xét_ xj m5 xy = m+ 1. Khi do: [2x, +1 =x, => V2m +1=m +1 > V2m = m=O m=0;m=2 Vay ta duge: m=0;m=2;m=24 V5. bicu thire chia dau gid tri tuyge aéi Thi dy 12 Cho + (m=1x—m? -2 plucong tinh, 0 (x la dn. m bet tham sd), Tim gid tri ctia m dé plurong irinh 66 hai nghiém trdt déu thoa man 2\s|=|xJ=4 (ids x, 0 nén phuong trinh 6 hai nghiém phan biét voi moi m. ytx Theo hé thie Viete ta 6: { f Vi xy =o va x, x, = —x, +2022 022 ents, hay x, +x, =2m=2022 > m=1011. Vay m 011 la gia trj can tim. Thi dy 14. Cho phiong tinh: mx +2m—420 (x 1d dn, m la tham sé), Tim gid wi cua m dé phucong trink 6 hai nghigm phiin bigt x,:x, thou —m)? = 4.2m —4) = (m4). Dé phuong trinh cé hai nghigm phan bigt thi A>Oeom #4, Theo hé thite Viete ta cb: Xét (lx, =(x, +a)’ -2xx, +2[a.x,]- =m? —4m+8+4|m-2| =(m—2) +4Jm-2] +4, =3 (m=2)' +4 Jm—2]- w 18, Cho phicomg trinh: 3° m li tham 56). Tim gid tri ctia m dé phicong tink 6 hai nghiém phiin bigt x,2.x, théa +3lx, man |x, =6. Léi gidi. Ta c6: A=(-2m) nén phuong trinh c6 hai nghigm phan biét véi moi gid tricia m. Theo hé thire Vidte ta c6: x, +x) ‘Mit khac: a +3|x[ > 223i Dau dang thire xay ra khi 3(bal) = V6i x, =1=2 x, =-3, do dé: x, tx =2m=2eom= -1=> x, =3, do d6: ax) =2m=2e9m Vay m =1; m=-1 la cdc gid trj can tim. 86 542(8-2022) boca 5 Thi dy 16. Cho phicong trinh x +4(m-1)x-12=0 (*), vi m la tham 86. Tim tat ca cée gid tri ctia tham sd m dé phucong trink (*) cd hai nghigm phan biét Xa; théa man 4|x, -2] J4— mex, =(x, +4, -,x, -8)°. (Bé tuyén sinh 10 Ba Nang, 2021 - 2022) Loi gigi, Ta 06: A'=4(m-1)7+12>0 nén phuong trinh luén cé hai nghiém phan bigt voi moi m. Theo hé thie Viete ta c6: 2) $y = Am —)s xy =-12, Vi x, la nghiém cia phuong trinh (*) nén: x3 +4(m-Dx, -12=0 2|x,x, -2(x, +2.) +4] =(B—4m)? 2 2|-12-2.4(1—m) +4 |= 64 64m + 16m" <9] m2 (m—2)? => (m-2) =(m-2)" m=2 = (m-2)* -[(m-2)? -1]=0 | m=3. m=1 =(x +a) —a, -8) Vay me {152;3} 1a cdc gid tri can tim. Dang hé thife lién quan dén yéu t6 hinh hoc Thi dy 17, Cho trink: 2(m=1)x+2m-3=0 (x ld dn, m la tham phuong Tim gid tri cia m dé plurong trinh c6 hai nghiém phan biét x,,x, la dé dai hai canh cia Gt hinh chit nhat 6 during chéo bang N10. TOAN HOC 6 ¥ cTuditre $6 542(6-2022) Lai gidi. Ta cé: At=[-(m=1)] -1.2m =3) = (m- 2)". Dé phuong trinh c6 hai nghiém phan biét thi A'>0comz2. Theo hé thite Viete ta 06: H, +X, =2m—Bxx, = 2m-3. Vi x,x, 1 hai canh cia hinh chi nbat nén S>0 (raze 3 em>2. P>0™ [2m-3>0 "72 520,20 «of Do x, # x, va hinh chit nh§t co dudng chéo bing, V0 nén xf 4x3 =10e9 (x, +;) - 2.x, =10 <> (2m—2)' ~2(2m—3) =10 ‘m=0 (loai) 2 =10 ’ <2 Am?® -12m +10 [mes cone Vay m=3 Ia gid tri cin tim. Thi dy 18. Cho phuong trink: x? -(m—2)x+m—3=0 (x [a dn, m la tham sé). Tim gid tri ctia m dé phuong trinh cd hai nghiém phén biét x,,x, la dé dai hai cank ciia m6t tam gidic vuéng cén. Loi gidi. Ta 06: A=[-(n-2)f -4.1.0m-3)=(m—4)?, é phuong trinh cé hai nghiém phan biét thi A>Ocom#4, Hai nghigm 46 la: x=1 va x=m-3. Theo hé thite Viete ta co: 4% = m—23xx = m3. ‘Vi x,,%, la hai canh cia tam giée nén S>0 >0.m 20 mee fea eo im-2>0 m-3>0 <2 m>3. Do x, #.a, nén x,,x, khéng thé cling 1a 46 dai hai canh géc vudng cita tam gide vudng can. « THI: x=1 la 46 dai canh géc vuéng va x =m—3 1A d6 dai canh huyén. Theo dinh ly Pythagore ta c6: P+P =(m-3" [rk (loai) 2 +2 (han) m + TH2: x=1 lado dai canh huyén va x=m—3 1a. 49 dai canh géc vudng. Theo dinh ly Pythagore ta 06: (n—3)? + (m3 m=3- (loa) ethonbe (ota, v2 =V2 +3 ld cée gid tri cin tim. Thi dy 19. Cho phurong trink: (m-+5)x+3m+6=0 (x la Gn, m la tham 86). Tim gid tri cia m dé phucong trinh c6 hai nghiém phan biét x,.x, li dé dai hai canh géc vudng ciia mt tam gide vuéng 6 dé dai canh huyén bang 5. Léi gidi. Ta cb: A=[-(m+5)] -4.1.Gm+6)=(m-1). Phuong trinh c6 hai nghiém phin biét khi A>0emel. Theo hé thite Vidte ta c6: wbx =m 5yx, Do %,,%; lad dai hai canh ctia tam gide nén x, >0,x, >069 1714270 xx >0 m+5>0 ° 3m+6>0 m>-2. Do d6 dai canh huyén cia tam gidc vung 1a 5 nén af +32 =25 9x, +x) — 2x4 = 25 <9 (m+5) -2Gm+6)=25 eo m+ 4m—12=0 [" =-6 (loai) m=2 (nhan) Vay m=2 la gid tri cn tim. Thi dy 20. Cho phirong trinh: 3m=0 x? =2(m=1)x+m* (x la dn, m la tham sd). Tim gid tri cia m dé phuong trink cé hai nghiém phan biét x,,x, la chiéu dai va chiéu rong ciia mét hinh chit nhat co dién tich bang z Loi gidi. Ta cé: A'=(m—1)° ~(m? —3m) = m+1. Phuong trinh cé hai nghigm phan bigt khi A'>0am>-1. Theo hé thite Viéte ta co: +x, = 2m—2;x,.x, =m? — 3m. Ta cé xx, 1a chiéu dai va chiéu réng cia mét hinh chir nhat c6 dign tich bing, z (oai)’ Vay m -t Ja gia tri cdn tim. ‘ TOAN HOC Sé542(8-2022) _* Chuditye 7 HUONG DAN GIAT pi-THEVAO LOP 10: THPT CHUYEN, DHSP HA NOI NAM TLOC 2022 — 2023 VONG I sav cho — fa sd nguven dheong, Léi gid. a) (att 1 |.) (Wx =) +2) Ta" Ve+2 ___x+3Vx+2 © We =1)(Ve+2) a We +(e +2) ¢,. © We =1)(Ve+2) b) Ta eb 0<— e+ (x-1) -1) =(Ve +1). S1.Suy ra — a “Cray nguyén khi va chi khi 4=1eo-Jx+1=1<9x=0 ie toa dd Oxy, hay viet by Mot « anh ain muy saue bhi Ai mhap ve. Gi iin chide tivi dé them ‘ inlucnes bet chur kha ASU cli, Khia eves navy tha dese tien a 5 i i" ib then hi whips ve Loi gidi. a) wing thing (d) di qua diém A(2;-1) nén2a += TOAN HOC 8 Dudng thing (d) song song véi duéng thing ya-3r+] néna=-3 vab #1. Tir dé ta c6 a =—3 va b = 5. Vay (d): y=-3x +5. b) Goi x (déng) 1a gid tién chiéc tivi khi nhap vé @ > 0). Gié bin lan dau chiéc tivi do li 110 aa 10%x= 2x (aang). x+10%r=— 5x ( ing). Sau khi nang gia, gid ban lan hai chiéc tivi d6 1a (i 11550 100 10000 ‘Theo gia thiét ta cé: 11550x x}. 105% = x (déng). 12 = O=x+——x. 245000 = x40 Giai PT trén ta duge x = 7000000 (déng). Gia chiéc tivi khi nhap vé 1a 7000000 ddng. Bai 3. Cho tam gide déu ABC ngi tiép ducing trén (O), diém D thude cung nhé 4B (D khde A va B) Cae tiép tuyén vai dueng trén (O) tai B va C cit AD theo thit ue tai E va G. Goi 1 la giao diém cia CE vi BG. 4) Ching minh ring AEBC ~ ABCG. b) Tinh sé do BIC. Tit dé, hay chieng mink ring tit wide BIDE ngi tiép. ©) Goi K ld giao diém etia DI va BC. Chimg minh ring BK? = KLKD. Loi gidi. (Ban doc ty ve hinh) a) Do ACG = ABC = 60° nén ACG = BAC = 60° => CG AB. Tuong ty, BE 1 AC. Goi T la giao diém cia AD va BC. Ap dung djnh li Thales cho cde tam giée TAC va TGC ta c6: Hon nita, EBC=BCG=120°, tir dé suy ra AEBC ~ ABCG (c.g). b) Vi AEBC ~ ABCG ta cé BEC = CBG. Laicé BE !/ AC nén BEC = ACE. Suy ra: BIC = CGI + GCI = BCE + BEC+GCA (1). Lai cé BEC + BCE = 60°,GCA=CBA Do dé BIC = 60° + 60° =120°. Vay BIE =60°. Tit gide BCAD noi tiép nén BDE = BCA = 60°. Suy ra BIE = BDE , nén tit gide BIDE ni tiép. c) Dé thay AKB/ ~ AKDB (g.g) nén KB _ ED _, xp = KIKD. KI KB Bai 4. a) Tim cae sd thye x sao cho a=x+ V2 ve b=x° +52 déng théi lé hai sé hiew ti. b) Biét ring: phueong tinh bde hai x? + ay + by = 0 phuong hai nghiém phn bigt la xo va x ax + by = 0 cb hai nghiém tinh bée hai x + ji 3 phicong trinh bie hai 0 c6 hai nghi¢m phan bide ta minh hire Ching rang sé 1 nghigm cha phuong trinh bée hai: 3022 Loi gidi. a) Thay x=a—\2 vio b ta cé: b=(a-V2) +5V2 = (3a? -3)V2 = -b +a" +60. Via, b la hai sé hi ti, 2 Ia sé v6 ti nén 3a? -3=0=>a=1 hodc a=-1. thi x=1-V2. Thir lai, ta 06 min diéu kign, b) Theo gia thiét ta c6: x) +4,x, +b, =0; x5 +a,%) +, = 9 + danar%y + Boon = 0. Suy ra: 2 tent Gam b+ t bron xp y, + om 2022 2022 ‘Vay x9 li nghiém eda phuong trinh 2G toctdues yA tet Dae 9 * * 3022 ® ‘Theo dinh li Viéte, nghiém cén lai cia PT(1) la 4a tata, (442+ am 7, ( 2022 +) @ ing theo dinh i Vidte cho cée phuong trinh twong img, ta c6: Hoth x %o + aone = “aon » suy ra: 202.2% + (X +--+ Xon2) (4, +. diya): Vay wa (State ) ; ee ( 22S) Tir (2), (3) suy ra @ 14 nghiém cia phuong trinh 4 cho VONG 2 Bail. a) Khong si dung dy tink, hay tim gi tri eva +5V2 497 b) Cho da thite Pix) = ax? + by + © (a £0). Chien; mink ring néu Pos) nhgn gids rei nguyen voi mdi sb nguyén x thi ba sé 2a.a + by 6 déu la whituy nguyen. Sau db. ching to ring nén ba si 2a. boc him én thi Pix) cing niin ai tri nguyen voi mdi sé nguyén x Loi gid. a) C6 P=Y{(14 V2) +{1-v2)° b) Tir gia thiét taco P(O)=ceZ; Pil)=a+b+ceZ; P(-I)=a-b+ced. Suyra at+beZ va a-beZ. Sé 542(8-2022) Ton eS 9 Do dé 2a =(a+b)+(a—byeZ. Nguge lai, voi xeZ taco: x(x-1) tlatb)xtcez. P(x) = 2a 2: Bai 2. Cho tam gidc déu ABC ngogi tiép dieing trén (O). Cung nhé OB cia duing trén ngogi tidp tam gide OBC céit dieing tron (O) tai diém E. Tia BE céit dieing tron (O) tai diem thir hai F. a) Ching minh tia EO la tia phuin giée ctia goe CEF. b) Ching minh tie gidie ABOF ngi tiép ©) Goi D lé giao diém thir hai cua CE voi dieing trén (O). Ching minh ba diém A, F, D thing hang. Léi gidi. (Ban doc ty ve hinh) a) Do tr giée BCOE OEF = OCB,OEC = OBC. noi tiép nén Lai cé tam gidc OBC can tai O nén OBC = OCB. Suy ra OEF = OEC, nén tia EO la phin gide cha géc CEP. b) * AOEF can tai O nén OFE = OEF . «Theo a), OEF = OCB =30° nén OFB = OAB = 30°. Do do te giée ABOF néi tiép. c) Dé thay AOEF = AOED, suy ra EF = ED. Lai cé DEF = 20EF = 60° nén ADEF dtu, Do a6 DFE = 60°. Mit khic, tit giéc ABOF ngi tiép nén AFB = AOB =120°. Tir do suy ra ba diém A, F, D thing hang. Bai 3. Cho a, b. c,d hi cae 36 nguyen diamy sao cho ab © eal Chitngs minh véag sob BP i PE La hop sé. Loi gidi. Do ab = cd nén ab?c.. Suy ra tin tai céc s6 nguyén duong u, v, a), by sao cho: 10 eas $6 542(8-2022) c= uy, a=uay, b= vb. Do ab=ed nén d = aby. Suy ra: Nea? 452 40% 4d = (a 4 v2)(™ 42), Vi a? 4° > 1, bh +0 >I nén N la hop 86. Bai 4. Ta viér mudi sé 0. 1, 2, 9 vao mudi 6 tron trong hinh bén, méi sé duge viet ding mér kin. Sau dé, ta tinh tong ba sé trén mai dogn thing aé nhén duge 6 tong. Cé hay khng mét cach viet mudi sé nine mane? Léi gidi. Gia sit cé mOt cach viét mudi s6 nhw thé sao cho 6 téng nhan duge la bang nhau. Goi mai tong dé 1a S. Goi 4 la téng bén sé viet & dau mit cia cde dogn thang; B la tng sau sé viét 6 trung diém cdc doan thang. Ta co: A+B=0414+...4+9=45, Khi tinh tng tat ca cde s6 trén tat cd 6 doan ta cd 6S=34+B. Suy ra: 65=24 + (A +B)=24 +45. Vi 6S va 24 la cae 86 chin, 45 1a sé 1é, din t6i v6 ly. Vay khong tén tai cach viét théa mn yéu cdu bai todn, Bai khong cé 3 diém néo thang hing. Chimg mink 5. a) Trong mde phdng cho 5 diém sao cho ring tin tai it nhdt mée tam gide c6 cae dink dege iy tie 5 didm da cho, b) Zrony mar phang cho 2022 diém sav cho khéng 663 diém nav thing hang. Ching minh rang tn tat it nhuit 2018 tam gide ti ma mdi tam gide 66 aie dink dieow kiy tie 2022 diém da cho. (Nem tiép rang 12) DE THI TUYEN SINH VAO LOP 10 TRUONG THPT CHUYEN LE HONG PHO! NAM BINH, NAM HOC 2022 - 2023 (Toi gian lim bei: Cau 1. (2,0 diém) 1) Tim diéu kién xdc dinh cia 2) Tim tog d§ diém Mf 1a giao diém cita dung thing y=2x+4 vai true Or. 3) Biét hinh tran c6 chu vi la 8cm. Tinh diégn tich hinh tron do. 4) Cho hinh try e6 chiéu cao bing 4cm, dign tich mét day bing 367cm" quanh cia hinh tru dé. (Cau 2. (4,5 diém) Cho biéu thie vx+3 x+2Qvx+1 (voi x20 va x1) Tinh dign tich xung 1) Rat gon bigu thie P. 2)Tim x sao cho P+6=0. (Cau 3. (2,5 diém) 1) Cho phuong trinh =(m+2)x+m+1=0 (1) (véi m la tham sé). a) Tim m dé phuong trinh (1) ¢6 hai nghigm phan biét. b) Goi x, 18 hai nghiém phan bigt cia phuong trinh (1). Tim tat ca cae gia tri thyc cua tham 86 m dé x, x, 14 46 dai hai canh cia mot tam gic vudng can, ING 1 20 phuit, dinh cho moi thi sinh thi vdo teéng chuyén) 2) Giai hé phuong trinh 2x+ yt 2yp(2x=1) =10 yoyp+vEa=6 CAu 4, (3,0 diém) Cho tam gide ABC nhon (4B6, Tim gid tri nho nhat cua biéu thite _ x y Pan? aay 2) Tir 2022 sé nguyén duong dau tién 1a 1, 2, 3, «+, 2022, ngudi ta chon ra m sé phén biét sao cho ct hai s6 bat ki duge chon ra déu cé higu khéng [i ude ciia téng hai sé d6. Chtmg minh rang n <674. TRAN XUAN DANG (5/7/136 Phan Dinh Phiing, TP. Nam Dinh) Gidi thigw sy +Vi+2 HUONG DAN GIAI... Loi gidi. a) Goi 5 diém da cho 1 A, B, C, D va E. + Néu D thude trong tam giéc ABC thi mét trong ba tam gidc DAB, DBC, DCA phai 1a tam gide ta. + Néu D nim ngoai tam gic ABC va A, B,C, D la mot tir gide khong phai hinh chit nh@t thi mét trong bén tam gide ABC, BCD, CDA, DAB la tam gi * Néu A, B, C, D la bén dinh cua hinh chit nhat, chir nhat ABCD, Xét diém E. ~ Néu E nam ngoai hinh chit nhat, gia str E khac phia vai A so véi BC thi tam giac ABE tu. (Tigp theo trang 10) th. chang han hi 1 2 TORN HOS Sé 642(8-2022) - Néu E nim trong hinh chit nhat thi mét trong cic tam gide EAB, EBC, ECD, EDA to. b) « Xét 5 diém trong 2022 diém da cho, theo céu a), ta lay duge mot tam gidc ta, ching hen tai dinh Aj. Khi dé ta bd diém A, va xét 2021 diém cén lai. « Tuong ty, xét 5 diém trong 2021 diém con lai, khi d6 ta lay duge mét tam gidc ti, ching han tai dinh 42. Khi 6 ta bo diém 42 va xét 2020 diém con lai. Thye hign 2018 bude nhu trén, trong mdi bude lam ta chon duge | tam gide tu. Do cde tam gic trong cdc bude la phan biét, do dé cé it nhat 2018 tam gide ti nhn duge tir 2022 diém da cho. NGUYEN THANH HONG (GV THPT chuyén DHSP Ha Néi) Gidi thigu =» EN pAN THEO CHUONG TRINH VASGK MOI 1, DAT VAN DE Bai todn tinh gid tri biéu thie thudng xuat hién trong dé thi tuyén sinh vio lop 10 phd thong chuyén toan va hoc sinh gidi lop 9 THCS. Day la dang toan cé cach giai phong phi va linh hoat, van dung nhiéu kién thite toan bac THCS. Qua theo d3i dé ra ciia nhigu tinh va nhiéu nam, bai toan tinh gid tri cia biéu thire dug chiing t6i hé thong ‘va dé xudt 5 dang, mi dang c6 bai toan téng quat, phurong phép giai, c6 thi dy minh hoa va bai ton twong tw. 2. MOT SO DANG VE BAI TOAN TINH GIA TRI BIEU THUC 2.1 TINH GIA TRI CUA DA THUC Bai toan 1. Cho x=a@ voi ala sé v6 ti Tinh gid rj cia da thie f(x) taix= a. Phuong phap: = Tu x=@ suyra @ Minghiém cia da thite g(x). = Lay f(x) chia cho g(x), phan du Ia gid tri cba da thie f(x) tai x= a. Tinh gid tri ctia eex-2= V3.7 -Ar41=0. L on Suy ra xl nghiém cia da thite g(x)=x° 4x41. Thay v3 =x-2 vio da thie f(x) ta 06: MOT SO DANG VE BAI TOAN TiN GUA TRI BIEU THUG. ‘TRAN VAN HANH. (GY Bei ge Pham Van Bre, Ouine Neal) S (x) <8 2-2) x0 x8 ta 4? x42, > f(x)anx8 4x8 x 4-4 tt. Lay da thite f(x) chia cho da thite g(x)=x° —4x+1 ta duge: f(x)=(# 4x41) Crt +x) 42. Vay £ (x)= Thi dy 2.1.2. Cho r x= iy id tri cuia da thite f(x)axt ¢xty+3x° -2y? +1 wigan: on |" yy- eof 1 gidi: Di er vedyepral Wt =2y Taco: x°=(utv) =u +v +3ur(u+y) = x =2y-3xeox' +3x-2y=0. Suy ra x 1A nghiém cia da_thite g(x) =x° +3x—2y. Lay da thite f(x) chia cho da thite g(x) =x’ +3x-2y ta duge: L(s)=(2 #3x-2y)Qr+ 41. vay f(x) Thi dy 2.1.3 Cho 492494. Tinh gid wri ~9x? ~Tx +2020. ctia da thie f(x) Lot gidi. Tac rat 2 +¥a ~1)=(¥#2-1)(¥4 +92 +1) eoa( sésunnsom TORNHOC 13 ex 3x . +9/2+¥4 la nghiém ciia da thir = 3x? -3x-1, thie f(x) Lay da chia cho da thie g(x) =x° -3x7 - 3x1 ta duge: f(x) =(x° = 3x? —3x-1)(x +2) +2022. Vay f(x) = 2022. BAI TAP TUONG TY, I(x) 2. Cho x= @J28+1-Y28-142 Tinh gid wi cia da thie f(x) =x° -6x° + 21x +2022. 3. Cho x= 4/3 +2/9. Tinh gid tri ca da thite f(x) = x8 = 2x 9x? - 6x + 2022. 2.2 BIEU THUC DOI XUNG Bai totin 2. Cho bidu thie g(a.b)=0. Tinh gid wri bidw ice T= f(a.b). wong dé gla.b) va f (a,b) la nhing biéw thie déi xing. Plucong phap: -DM S=at+b,P=ab. 6 g(a.b) = g(S.P)=0 va T= f(a,b)= /(S.P). ~ Giai phuong trinh_g(S,P)=0, tim duge S va P. - Thay Sva P vao biéu thite 7. Thi dy 2.2.1. Cho 236 tec a.b>0 thoa man (a-4) +(b-4) + 2ab = 32. Tinh gid wf cia bidu thite T= a* + b* + (ab ~1 a+b —2) + bah. 14 OR BOE [re__S6.54216-2022) Loi gidi. Dit S= a+b, P=ab, taco: (a-4y +(b-4) + 2ab ea +b -8(a+b)+2ab=0 (a+b) —2ah +8(a+b)+2ab=0 2 (a+b) -8(a+b)=0 hay s* ~a5 200/572 S=8 Khi do: T=(a+b)' —3ab(a+b) +3[ab(a+b)-2ab~(a+b)] + 6ab =S? -3SP +3SP-6P -35 +6P =S? -35 =8' -3.8 = 488. Thi dy 2.2.2. man a +b Cho 2 sé thc phan biét a, b théa * (ab —3). Tink gid tri ctta biéw thite T = a+ b— ab + 2022. Loi gidi. Ta cé a’ +b* =(a+b)' —3ab(a+b) Dat S=a+b, P=ab. Tir gia thiét ta suy ra: S?-3PS = P*(P~3) 25" — P’ -3P(S-P)=0 <> (S—P)(S* + PS +P -3P)=0. Do S* + PS+P*-3P= =(atby +ablasb)ea' —3ab =(a—b)' + 4ab + ab? +a°b +a°b? ~3ab I 2 > 2 : 2 glory +a? (4a) +P (14a) ]>0 nén S~P=0=>4+b—ab=0. Vay T= 2022 Thi dy 2.2.3. Cho 2 sé thye a, b khong dm thea médn (a+1)(b+1)=2. Tinh gid tri biéu thie Ta cb: i Kae by ~2ab — | = JS? -2P- p(s*-2P+P +1) +2+P = Pp - [2(S?+(P-1)7) +2 +P = fS*-2(P+5)+2+P =Vs?=242+P =S+P=1. BAL TAP TUONG TY 1. Cho 2 sé thuc (a+b) +a+b=2. Tinh gid tri cua biéu thir T =3(a* +b*)-2(a? +b*) -6a°b* +8ab+1. 2. Cho 2 s6 thye a,b théa min ab=1 ,a+b#0. Tinh gia trj cia biéu thie 1 “+F) #) el maple} 3. Cho a,b 1a 2 sé thyc duong théa man a+b=2020. Tinh gid trj cia biéu thite ava +P. a,b théa man (Va ob a)(lar oo) 2.3, BIEU THUC THUAN NHAT Bai todn 3. Cho biéu thite g(a,b)=0. Tinh gid rj bidu thie P=f(a,b), wong dé g(a,b) va f (a,b) ta nhitng biéu thite thudn nhat. Phicong phap. a J = node Dit (=> hos g(a,b)=2(t)=0 va P= f(a,b)= f(t). ~ Giai phwong trinh g(r)=0, tim duge - Thay 1 vao biéu thite P. Thi dy 2.3.1 Cho 2 sé thye a, b khéc khong, b#—2a vi thoa man 2 » Tinh gid tri 2a+b cia biéu thie P= Loi gidi. Ta co: ab 2a+b <2 (2b+a)(2a+b)=ab. <2 dab + 2b? +20? + ab = ab a +2ab+b' =0 2 (2) #224150. o) 6 Feb: P2410 t= Thi dy 2.3.2. Cho 2 sé thee a, b sao cho \al #|b| 3a-b a+b vd ab#0 théa man ai Tinh gid tr} ctia biéu thire P =< 2a’ +a a-b | a+b _3a-b @+aba—ab a’ -b = (a-b) +(a+b)' =a(3a-2) b>0 vd #0 théa man (a-b)(a? + =1Be va (a+6)(a? =" Bat +2 Tinh gid wi cia biéu tite P = = 2b Loi gid. Ta c6: [(a-b)(a? +b*) =13¢ (a+b)(a? 0?) =25¢ 86 542(8-2022) fey F Ge 15 (a+0)(a?-6*) 25 (a-6)(a? +0?) 13 (a+b) _ 25 a+ 13 <> 64° - 13ab + 667 =0 a ath 62) -13246=0. #42) pto=0 = ta 06 6° -13+6=0e78 1=2 oa. Vay 3) (3) 42241 (3) +2(3) " 3a her 42 3y (3) 230 2(3) 4f2 () -@) + BAI TAP TUONG TY 1. Cho 3 sé thyc a,b,c théa man 3a—b=2c va 2a+b=7c. Tinh gid trj cua biéu 2. Cho 2 sé thyc 2 a,b khéc khong théoa man . Tinh gid tri cia biéu thite _(a+26)(a? -36) © (a+ b)(@? +b?) 3. Cho 3 s6 thye a,b,c sao cho a0 théa man 2a(a?+5*)=be va b(a* +1567) = 6ac. Tinh gid a’ + 6a°b? +155" ~ 15a*+b* tricia 2.4. DUNG HANG DANG THUC Bai toan 4. Cho cic sd tec ayb.c théa min a+b+c=0 hode a’ +b* +c? =3abe. tr} biéu thie P= f (a,b,c). Tink gid Phwong php: - Ta cé (atbtc) =a’ +b +0 +3(at+b)(b+c)(c+a); a’ +b) +0'—3abe=(a+b+c\a" +b? +c" —ab—be-ca) TOAN HOC 16 = CTusitze__$6 54206-2022) -Néu a+b+c=0 thi a? +b? +0? =3abe. -Tacé: a+b? +c? =3abe <9(a+b+0)[(a-b)' +(b-c)' +(c-a)’ ]=0 Thi dy 2.4.1, Cho cdc sé thue a.b.c khic khéng théa man a+b+ce=0. id wri bid shite P=— a’ -(b Loi gid, Ta 06: at ~(8? cf =(a? +8? c#)(at +c? 0") =[(a+5)*-2ab-c* [(a +e) -2ac-2"] =(c? -2ab-c*)(6* - 2ac—b*) = 4a*be. Thi dy 2.4.2. Cho cic sd thee a,b,c khde khong théa man a+ b+ =0. Tinh gid or] biéu thie y b) ? —ca+ab—b? ac¢ be be ba? +be~ab-c? ea ae a_(c~b)(c+b-a) b= be dy 2.4.3. Cho cde sé thc a,b,c dét mét khéc nhaw théa m Babe vd abe #0. Tinh gid tri bi p-—tt Léi gid. Do a +b +c? =3abe va a,b,c déi mét khée nhau nén a+b+c=0. Ta 06: atb+c=0catb=-caa' +b +2ab=c* =a? +b? —c? =—-2ab. Tuong ty: Bada =-2be; +a? —b? =—2ca. Do dé: BAI TAP TUONG TY 1. Cho cae sé thuc a,b,c khéc khéng thoa man . Tinh gia trj biéu thire a e 2 Pre-a +P 2. Cho cde sé thye a,b,c khac khéng théa man atb+c= +a°—b* ab+be+ca =0. Tinh gid tri biéu thire ab eo Bai toan 5. Cho céic sé thee a,h.c théa man ab +be+ca=k. Tinh gid tj bidu tite P=J(a,b,c,k) Phuong php: - Bai toan thuong xudt hién s6 hang a’ +k, Bek va +k = Khid6 a? +k=a? +ab+be+ca=(a+b)(a+c). Thi dy 2.4.4. Cho ede sé thee a, © thoa man ab-+be + ca = 2022. Tinh gid tri biéu thite " be, b= ca =ab a +21 +2022 ce? +2022 Loi gidi. Ta 6: a? +2022=a* +ab+be+ca=(a+b)(ate). Tong ty: 6 +2022=8? +ab+be+ca=(b+a)(b+c); c? +2022 =c? +ab+be+ ca =(c+b)(c+a). Do dé: Pe boca cab “[atbyare) (b+e)(b+a) (c+a)(e+b) _(@=be)(b-+0)+(b* ~ca)(c+a)+(c*—ab)(a+6) - (a+b)(+c)(e+a) =0. Thi dy 2.4.5. Cho a,b,c la cdc sé thye dong hoa man ab+be-+ca=1. Tink gid trj biéu tute pag) , , (Nee T+a' VO 1+8' [re )iee) Loi gigi. Taco: +a? =ab+be+cat+a® a+b)(ate); (b+a)(b+c); (c+b)(c+a). 146? =ab+be+ca+b? = Itc? =ab+be+catc* (b+c)'(ct+a)(b+a) (ardy(atc) pared (ar b)(exd) , , (Ora) (are)(o+e) (a+ 8) +e) Reearieeeiies) =a(b+c)+b(a+c)+c(a+b) Do dé: P= =2(ab+be+ca)=2. Vay P=2. S86 542(8-2022) TORN HOC 17 2.5. MOT SO DANG KHAC Thi dy 2.5.1. Khe nhau, khde khong théa man 1 1 1 debate elt b ae Cho cic s6 thue abe doi mgt Tinh git ti biéu thite P = abex. Loi gidi. Tit gia thiét suy ra: ab+1=bx,be+1= cx ,ca+1=ax =e bx" =abx+x=(ac+l)b+x=abe+b+x =9b(x?-1)=abe +x. Tuong ty: ¢(x* -1)=abe+ x; a(x*-1)=abe+x. Suyra: 6(x*-1)=e(x?-1)=a(x*-1). Do a,b,c di mgt khéc hau nén Vay P= abex=-x? ==. Thi dy 2.5.2. Cho cdc sd thee abe déi mot khéc nhau, théa man a +b=b +e=0 +a, Tinh gid tr] biéu thite P=(a+b-1)(b+e-I(e+a=!). Loi gidi. Tacé: a +b=b? +e=0° +a (a-b)(a+b)=c-b 4 (b-e\(b+e)= (c-a)(c+a)=b-a CTusitye $6 84210-2028) Thi dy 2.5.3. Cho abe ld cde sd tec dteong, thia man avb+e+Vabe =4. Tinh gid tj biéy ite P= Jaa= bya) + YONA a) + fe(4=a)(4=5) ~ vate, Loi gid. Ta 06: a(4—-b)(4-c)=a[16-4(b +) + be] =16a-4a(b +c) + abe. Theo gia thiét atb+e+Vabe =4 eb+e=4-a-Vabe. Do dé: a(4-6)(4—c) =16a—4a(4—a—VJabe) + abe = 4a? +4aVabe + abe = (20+ vabe)’ Suy ra: {a(4=6)(4—c) = 2a + Vabe. Tuong ty: \{o(4=0)(4—a) = 25+ Jabe; Je(4—a)(4—6) = 2+ Vabe. Vay P=2(a+b+c)+2Vabe =2(4—Vabe) +2Vabe = i 3. KET LUAN ~ Do khuén khé bai béo nén khong thé hé théng hét duge che dang vé bai ton tinh gid trj cita biéu thite, bai viet chi hé théng va 48 xudt duge 5 dang va dua thém mgt s6 dang khée, théng qua mot sO thi dy hay. ~ M@t s6 vi du trong bai viét 66 thé 66 ning céch giai khac ngin gon hon, ~ Ching t0i xin chan thanh cm on cdc te gid 0b bai ton ma bai bdo trich din, CAC LOP TI Bai T1/S42 (L6p 6). Tim cdc s6 ty nhién n thoa min ding thite n+2 43 m+2024 n+] n+2°" +2023 n=2024 | n=2025_ n—4046 + tak . n—2023 n—2024”" n—4045 NGUYEN LAI (GV THPT chuyén Luong Van Chanh, Tuy Hoa, Phit Yén) sp 7). Cho tam gide cin ABC 6 A=100°, phan gide BD. Trén canh BC ly diém N sao cho BN = BD. Chimg minh ring NA+NC=BD. PHAM HUY THONG (49 Bach Mai, TP. Ha NGi) Bai 13/542. Cho a, b, ¢ la cac sé nguyén théa man ab—be-ca chia hét cho 3. Chimg minh ring néu a+b +0 chia hét cho 3 thi a’ +b? +c’ chia hét cho 27. T2842 DOAN CAT NHON (GV THCS P. Binh Dinh, TX. An Nhon, Binh Dinh) Bai 14/542, Cho tam giée ABC 66 ABC =30°. Dyng bén ngoai tam gide ABC tam giée ACD ‘vudng can tai D. Chimg minh ring 2BD? = BA’ + BC? + BA.BC. NGUYEN QUANG NAM (GV THPT Qu Hop 2, Nghe An) ai 15/542. Cho cde cp sé thy (x; y) tha man d+ ymxy=l (9. Goi cae cap s6 (a; 6) va (m; n) théa mn ding thite (*) sao cho a > 1 > m. Tim gid tri nho nhat cua biéu thie P= (a—m)' +(b-n)*. CAO VAN DUNG (GV THPT chuyén Ha N6i- Amsterdam, Ha N61) CAC LOP THPT Bai T6/542. Cho 100 sé nguyén duong ay, a2, . ‘qo tho man céc diéu kign sau: 1) 14, , Bo. Gia sit ByC>, CyB, AM dng quy va dudng tron ngoai tiép cdc tam giac MA\A2, MB,B>, MC\C; theo thir ty cat @ ln thir hai tai _X, Y, Z. Chimg minh rang AX, BY, CZ déng quy. LUU CONG DONG (GY THPT chuyén DHSP Ha Noi) Bai L1/542. Trén mat nude co hai ngudn két hop Sy, S) cach nhau 6V2cm dao déng theo phuong trinh w = acos20nt, véi ¢ do bing s. Bi truyén s6ng trén mat nude 14 40 em/s va coi bién dé song khéng dai trong qua trinh truyén. Diém gin nhat dao déng ngugc pha véi cdc nguén nam trén dudng trung tryc cla S)S2 va cach S15; mét doan bang bao nhiéu? bc d6 VIET CUONG (Ha Noi) L1/542. M6t doan mach A,B, cé Ry, Li, Ci mac néi tiép, céng huéng dign véi tan sé fi = 30 Hz, Mét doan mach khiic A,B, 06 Ro, Lz, Cz mic néi tiép, céng huéng dign voi tan sé Biét C,= C2. Néu mac néi tiép hai doan mach 46 véi nhau thi dogn mach méi tao thanh sé cong hudng dign véi tan s6 la bao nhiéu? THANH LAM (Ha Noi) PROBLEMS IN THIS ISUE FOR SECONDARY SCHOOL Problem T1/542 (For 6" numbers » satisfying grade). Find all natural n42 n43 m+ 2024 n+l +20 n+2023 n=2024 | n—2025 n= 4046 eS eS 2023 n—2024 n—4045 Problem 12/542 (For 7 grade). Given an isosceles triangle ABC with A=100°, the angle bisector BD. On the side BC choose the point IV so that BN = BD. Show that NA+NC= BD. Problem T3/S42. Let a, b, ¢ be integers so that ab—be—ca is divisible by 3. Show that if a’ + 5" +c’ is divisible by 3 then a® + b* + c’ is divisible by 27. TORN HOS }42(8-2022) 20 Problem 4/542, Given a triangle ABC with ABC = 30°. Outside ABC draw the right isosceles triangle ACD with right angle D. Show that 2BD* = BA + BC? + BA.BC. Problem 42. Consider pairs of real numbers (x: y) satisfying 2x + yxy = 1 (). ‘The pairs (a; b) and (m; n), with a> 1 > m, satisfy (*). Find the minimal value of the expression P=(a-m) +(6-ny. FOR HIGH SCHOOL Problem 76/542. Given 100 positive integers a), 23, yoo Satisfying the conditions: 1) 1.4, <0, << Gay < Ghop- 2) a, =a) +2006 with i= 1,2, ..., 99. Show that among 100 given numbers there is at most one perfect square. (Nem tiép trang 30) sao cho Loi gidi. Tix" + 5 zona = 0 thi hod y = 0 hoe y* = I suy ra hoae y Néux Néu x khdc 0 thi x? > 0 nén yG" = 1)> 0 va hai sé y vay? — | phai cing dau, hon nia sé y khac 1, khac - 1 nén y**- 1 > Ovay>0. Goi sé nguyén duong a 1a wée sé chung Ién nhat 71 thi a la ude sé cay" nén a la cia yva ube 86 cia y*— (5°? 1) = 1, do dba= 1. Vi xG7 — 1) = x7 nén mai ude sé nguyén 16 p cia» _ 1 cing 1a ude sé nguyén té cia x* nhung khéng la ude sé cia y , do dé sé mii cao nhat cla p trong 5 1 phai 1a sé chin. Xét tat 4 cdc ude s6 nguyén t6 p nhu thé cua y"?— 1 ta 06 yan? Tirdd "n= 1, hay la 24 my! ny = 1 Méi thita sé @ vé trai dang thre nay déu 1a 56 nguyén nén chi xay ra mét trong hai trudng hop: 1011 1)y'"+n=1 vay" "'-n=1 hodc 01 ye 2)y+n=— 1 vay’ Trong truémg hop 1 thin = yl! — n nén so nguyén n= 0. in nén so ‘Trong truéng hop 2 thin = yp!!! + 1 = nguyén n= 0. Thay 2 702? _ = 9, suy ra? =" 2002 = 1)= 0, trai vai s6 x7 > 0 (loai). Vay chi c6 cdc cp s6 nguyén (x ; y) sau thoa man digu kign cia bai toan: (0; 0), (0; 1), (0; ~ 1). Nhdn xét. Trong 16% giai tren, thye chit ta da ching minh mét két qua hay ding la: Néu tich ctia hai so nguyén duong nguyén t6 cing nhau Ii mot sd chink phuong thi hai sé nguyén dé la hai sd chink phurong. Hoan nghénh ban Lé Tudn Higp, 6C, THCS Doan Thi Diém, Yén My Hung Yén da cho 1di gidi ding. NGUYEN VIET HAL ABC cb Cho tam gide D la mét diém thude Magi A sie che: AB 28D) Tinka’ aie BCD. Léi gidi. Trén canh AB ta lay D’ sao cho BDC=120° . Trén tia déi cia tia D'B chon 4’ sao cho DA’=2BD". Goi G 1a hinh chiéu cia A’ len D'C, Hla trung diém cia DA. Trong Aa c tam giée vudng D'GA’ ta cé6 HD'=HG=HA’ Tam giée cin HD'G cé géc GDH =60" cho nén la tam gide déu, cho nén goe DHG=HD'G=60" . Do 46 BD'=D'H=D'G, cho nén tam gide BGH vuéng tai G. Tam gidc vuéng BGH bang (g.c.g), GB=GA’, Mit khéc, trong tam giée can D'BG ta tam giée vudng 4'GD' cho nén <6 DGB=DBG=30 do ADG=60". Do B=45" cho nén GBC=15°. Do B=45° va BD'C =120° nén GCB=15°. Tam gide GBC can tai G. Tacé GB=GC. Két hyp vi GB=G4’, ta GA'C 18 tam giée vudng cin, Ta 63 6 tam S6 5428-2022) beet ed 21 GA'C=45°. Do DAG=30° cho nén DA&C=15'. Vay 4 wing voi A, cho nén D* tring véi D. Ta cé: BCD=BCD'=15°, NhGn xét. Khéng cé ban nao giai duge bai todn nay. v0 DINH HOA ‘3/538. Tim sé nguyén duong n thoa man: $2n+1 la lip plucong cia mor s6 nguyen, Loi gidi. Vi 2 1 sé nguyén nén n 1a s6 le. Dit n=2k +1, tacé: BS ain 522k 4; 2n+1=4k+3 véi k 1a sé nguyén khong am. Vi mdi sé k +2; 2k-4; 4k¢+3 1a lap phuong cia mét sé nguyén nén tich cua ching 1a 1a lap phurong cia mgt s6 nguyén a: (k+2)(2k-4)(4k +3)=a° <2 8K? + 6k? —32k-24=a". Néu k €{0,1,2,3,4,5} thi 16, dé thay: (2k-1)' = 8k? -12k? + 6k-1 6k? ~32k-24=0 <> 2(k—6)(3k+2)=0. Vik la s6 nguyén khong am nén k=6=>n=13. Thir lai: voi n =13 6 2 PD; n-5=2 29 $6 542(8-2022) 2n+1=3° théa min bai todn. Vay n=13 1a gid tri duy nhat phai tim. Nhdn xét,.1) Diéu then chét ca bai todn Ia tim ra day bat ding thite kep: (2k=1)' 6, co bit dang thie: 8k? -12k? + 6k —1< 8k? + 6k? —32k 24 > 18k? ~38k —23 > 0. Bat ding thite ding vi 18k? ~38k—23 > 18k(k-6)+4(k-6) 20. Con bit dang thire 8K? 4.6K? —32k —24 < BK? + 12k? + OK +1 hién nhién, Cac ban sau day c6 bai giai tot : Hung Yen: Lé Tudn Nghia, 9C, THCS Doan Thi Diém, Yén Mj; Ha Tinh: Trdn Minh Hodng, 9B, THCS Nguyén Trai, Nghi Xuan; Pha Tho: Tran Lan Anh, 8A, THCS Nguyén Quang Bich, Tam Néng; HA NOi: Tran Viet Anh, 8C1, THCS&THPT Archimedes Dong Anh, NGUYEN ANH DUNG TAIS38. Goi I ld giao diém cae dus gide trong ctia tam gide ABC vubng tai A sung diém ctia BC: N 1a gia 4B. Bict ring BNM =75° hay tink sé do gic iBC Léi gidi. (Theo ban Nguyén Nguyén Thinh, 8A4, THCS P. Binh Dinh; Binh Dinh), ™ Taco MB= MA = MC (tinh chit tam gic ‘vudng), suy ra AMC =90°+ ae ABC Ma AIC = 180° - 140 - 1C4 = 90° + vay AMC = ATC , nén tit gide AIMC noi tgp. Suy ra: NIA = MCA (tinh chit) (1). Mat khac, NIA = BNM - NAI=75°-45°=30° (2). Tit(1) va) suy ra ACB = 30°. Dos ABC =90°— ACB = 60°. Nhgn xé. Ngoai ban Think, chi c6 ban Trin Minh Hoang, 9E, THCS Nguyén Trai, Nehi Xuan, Ha Tinh cho Idi gii dang nhung hoi dai, NGUYEN THANH HONG Bai 15/538. Cho cdc so the duong x, y théa man xy 4120748581". Tim gid tri nhé nhdt cia bigu thite = Loi gidi, Dat xy = a, 2y = b. Tir gia thiét ta. c6 a, b 1a cac sé thuc duong va "+ 6ab +8-5° O02 x y* +1237 +8-8y =(a-)' +3ab(a—b+2)+8 =(a-b+2)| (a-b)' -2(a-5)+4+3ab | =(a-b+2)[ (a-b-1)' +3+3ab] (trong dé ta ky higuc = =) ate >0. y Mat khdc PARE PAE py Py aly bee yox c Q: 1, 41,11 Woe Fs0,e $4 43-4 tg t3-8<0) e 13.4 45 ir dd : O24 44=—, Tir d6 ta suy ra: Q2 545 +4=—— Khi va chi khi va 45 Vay gid tri nhé nat cia Q bing = Nhan xét. Day la bai todn eye tr c6é nhiéu bién adi dai sé dep. Cac ban sau co lai giai tot: Son La: Luong Hitu Bach, 8A1, THCS Nguyén Trai, TP. Son La; Hung Yén: Lé Tudn Nghia, 9C, THCS Doan Thj Diém, Yén My; Ha N@i: Tran Viet Anh, 8C1, THCS Archimedes Bong Anh; Ngh An: Neuyén Hai Triéu, 8B, THCS Ly Nhat Quang, DO Luong; Hi Tinh: Trdn Minh Hoang, 9E, THCS Nguyén Trai, Nghi Xuan, Tran Diéu Link, 8A, THCS Nguyén Du, TP. Ha Tinh, NGUYEN MINH DUC Bai T6/538. Cho p Id sé nguyen 16, p > 3 va n . Hay tim wée chung lén nhdt cia hai $22 va 27-1 Loi gidi. Nhdn xét: V6i n, x, y la cic sO nguyén duong sao cho x chia hét cho y thi 2*—1 chia hét cho 2”- 1. ‘That vay, do x chia hét cho y nén x = ky (k EN’). Taco: a Paden = (2 = 1 DEM POM 2? + 1) nén 2"—1 chia hét cho 2” - 1 (dpcm). S68 542(8-2022) be nee 23 3n= 2? ~1e> 3(n—I)= (2? - 22? +2) (*). Do p la sé nguyén t6 Ién hon 3 nén p lé. Dat p=2k+1 (KEN >1) thi p=2**lagha chia cho 3 dur2, suy ra 2” ~ 2 chia hét cho 3 (1). Theo dinh li Fermat nhé, ta c6 2-2 chia hét cho P (2). Tir(1), (2) va do (p,3)=1suyra 2-2 chia hét cho 3p. Lai c6 2° + 2 chia hét cho 2, nén (2? — 2),(2? + 2) chia hét cho 6p. Két hop véi (*) suy ra 3(a— 1) chia hét cho 6p, do 46 1» — 1 chia hét cho 2p. Tir nhan xét trén suy ra 2"*' ~ 1 chia hét cho 2” — 1 Ma 2”—1 = 3n, nén2"*!—1 chia hét chon, Lai sir dung nhfn xét trén, ta c6 27" 1 chia hét cho 2"— 1. Tac 2220"? 1) =2(2"--1) (2-14)? ma 2°" 1 chia hét cho 2"— 1 nén 2" —2 chia hét cho 2" -1. ‘Vay uéc sé chung 1én nhit ciia hai sé 27-'-2 va 27-118 2"=1. Nh@n xét.. Cac ban tham gia giri bai déu cho Ii giai ding. Tuyén duong céc ban sau c6 I6i gidi c6 lap Juan chat ché va ngan gon. HA N@i: Tran Viée Anh, 8C1, TH, THCS&THPT Archimedes Déng Anh; Ha Tinh: Trin Minh Hoang, 9E, THCS Nguyén Trai, Nghi Xuén; Nam Dinh: Nguyén Dike Khdi, 10T2, THPT chuyén Lé Héng Phong; Tuyén Quang: Pham Mai Uyén, 10 Todn, THPT chuyén Tuyén Quang; Quing Binh. Nguyén Thi Thu Phuong, Nguyén Trin Hoang, 11 Toan 2, THPT chuyén Vo Nguyén Gidp; Thira thién Hué: Pham Ngoc Long, Trdn Thi Thank Thu, 12.T1, THPT chuyén Quéc hoc Hué PHAM THI BACH NGQC TOAN HOC * chusitye S86 542(8-2022) 24 Bai 17/538. Cho tam gidc ABC véi dé dai cic canh BC = a, CA = b, AB = €. Goi S, R lan heot li dign tich va ban kinh duéng trén ngoai tiép tam gide ABC. Ching minh rang: acos' A+beos’ B+ecos* C> «. 2R Loi gidi, (Cia Nguyén Trin Hoang) Cac ban c6 thé tu chimg minh hoe xem trong [1] cdc céng thie duéi day: 1) [1], Myc 1.2.9, Chuong 1, trang 16: sin24 +sin2B+sin2C = 4sin Asin BsinC. 2) (1), Bai 4.2.14, trang 290: sin4A+sin4B+sin4C =—4sin2Asin2Bsin2C, 3) [1], Bai 4.2.10b, trang 289: cos Acos BeasC< 2. @) 4) [1], Muc 1.4.2, trang 40: abe = 2% _ oR? sin Asin BsinC. aR 72% sin Asin BsinC. [1] Ts Duy Phung, Hoang Minh Quan, Phuong rink bic ba véi cée hé thik hinh hoc va leong gide trong tam gide, Nha xuat ban Gido dye Vigt Nam, 2017. Ta c6: (1) 2Rsin Acos’ 4+ 2Rsin Bcos? B +2RsinCeos'c2& 2R <2 sin2Acos* A +sin2Bcos? B = sin2Acos* A +sin2Bcos" B+ sin 2C cos C 2sin Asin BsinC 4sin 2Acos* A+4sin 2B cos* B+ 4sin2C cos’ C > sin2A+sin 28+ sin 2C (1°. Ta cling c 4sin2Acos* A—sin2A =2sin24(1+cos24)—sin24 in2Acos2A +sin24 =sin4A +sin24. Suy ra: (1) <> sind +sin24+sin4B+sin2B +sindC +sin2C 20 <> —4sin2Asin 2Bsin2C + 4sin Asin BsinC > 0 © sinAsin Bsin C(1—8c0s Acos BcosC) > 0. Theo (2), bat ding thite cudi cing ding, vay (1) dang. Bat ding thite (1) duge chimg minh. Dau bang xy ra khi va chi khi ABC 18 tam gide déu, Nagn xét, Chi 06 5 ban giti bai, tuy gidi theo céc cach khéc nhau nhung déu ding: Binh Phuée: Lé Quang Ding, 1118, THPT chuyén Binh Long; Binh Dinh: Nguyén Thanh Hau, THPT Tay Son; HA NOL Trin Viée Anh, 8C1, THCS Archimedes, Déng Anh; Ha Tinh: Trdn Minh Hodng, 9E, THCS Nguyén Trai, huyén Nghi Xua Quang Binh: Nguyén Tran Hoang, 11 Toan 2, THPT chuyén V6 Nguyén Giép. TA DUY PHUQNG BAi T8/S38. Cho dicong trén (O; R) cd hai dudng kinh AB va CD vuéng ge voi nhau. E la diém thay déi wén cung nhé AC. BE cét DC tai N, DE edt AB tai M. Ching minh rang eee MB ND R 4 E M c YP 7? B Tacé: AEBM ~AEDA(g.g) AEDN ~AEBC(g.2) ED _ EB, 1 5B I. ND BC ND ED RV2 11 _ 1 (ED, EB) V2 Tea aig no" Bae eo) Ding thie xay ra <> EB = ED => EA = EC, nghia a Nic d6 £ 1a diém chinh git ca cung nhé AC. Nhgin xét, Bai toin niy khong kh6. Cac ban hoe sinh sau 6 10% giai t6t Nam Dinh: Nguyén Dic Khdi, 10 Todn 2, THPT chuyén Lé Héng Phong, TP.Nam Dinh; Ha Tinh: Trin Minh Hoang, 9E, THCS Nguyén Trai, Nghi Xuan; Quang Binh: Nguyén Tran Hodng, 11 Toan 2, THPT chuyén Vé Neuyén Gidp, TP. Ding Hi; ‘Thira Thién Hué: Pham Ngoc Long, Tran Thi Thanh Thu, 12 Toan 1, THPT chuyén Quéc hoc Hué, TP. Hué; Binh Djnh: Nguyén Thanh Hau, 11A1, THPT Tay Son, Nguyén Hitu Tri, 10A1, THPT S62 Pha Cat, huyén Phi Cat; Binh Phude: Lé Quang Diing, 1178, THPT chuyén Binh Long; Kién Giang: Duong Thank Duy, 10 Toan 2, THPT chuyén Huynh Min Dat. HO QUANG VINH Bai 19/538. Cho bén sé thee dong a,b, c,d van 1a sd nguyén dong. Ching minh rang Léi gidi. (Theo ban Trdn Minh Hoang, 9E, THCS Nguyén Trai, Nghi Xuan, Ha Tinh). Goi biéu thi & vé tréi BBT edn chimg minh la 4. Vi bat ding thie 6 dé ra la bat ding thntc 4 ximg, khéng mat tinh téng quét ta gid st a>b>c>d>0, khi dé ta dé thay: a 2b 2c" 2d"; 1 1 1 1 > > > Were Tadea Waa Varin aesoan TORN HOE 25 Ap dung bat ding thire Chebyshev cho hai day cing chiéu 6 trén ta cé: arhieearae earn a fo +c" +a" — qe"+d" +a" Yd" +a"+b" Ya" +b" +. Theo BDT Schwarz ta ¢6: Az (a" +b" +e" +d")x , 4 Worsced end eat aaah sdaaie Theo BDT Holder ta c6: (Worsted eqlertdt rat + fata abt +farabrect) <4713(a" +b" +e" +d") ee era Heated lee safe +o ced") = AzIA(a" +b +c8 +d"Y Cling theo BDT Holder thi (a +b" +e" +a" (14 14141) 2(a" +b" +e" ‘ape ad™ B Dau dang thie xay ra khi va chi Kl Bai toan duge chimg minh. Nhén xét. 1) Bai toan trén c6 thé mé rong hon nh sau: Cho bén sé thee dwong a, b, c, d va n, me Z*,n2m. Ching minh rang o sh perin Yom +o"4+d" Yo" +d" 4a" Ya" +a" +6" +b" a fa" +b" +07 26 eee ‘Sé 542(8-2022) teed! B 2) Trong loi gidi da sit dung cée BDT Chebyshev, Schwarz, Holder. Cae ban guti di gidi cho bai todn nay vé co bin cing chimg minh tong ty ohw 1di gidi trén. Ngoai ban Hodng, cdc ban sau cing c6 1éi gi tee Quang Binh: THPT chuyén Trong Khiém, Minh Khai; Neu Hoang, 11 Ton 2, VO Nguyén Gidp; Sée Trang: Tidt 10A2, THPT chuyén Neguyén Thi Bai T10/538, Tim cdc sd nguyén dirong n sao cho 28 202102019 202 1n=2020 la mGt sé nguyén. Léi giai. (Cia ban Nguyén Trdn Hoang, 11 Todn 2, THPT chuyén V6 Nguyén Gidp, Quang Binh) ‘Voi n= 1 ta thy théa man. Xétn> 1. Dita = 2021n ~ 2020 >1. Ta cé: nemin 229 _ 202 In + 2019 =I 2021n — 2020 -leZ eZ => an" Goi p 14 wdc nguyén t6 nhé nhat cia a. Suy ra n® =1 (mod p). Goi h la cap cia n (mod p). Theo tinh chat cia cép ta c6 hla. RS rang (n, p) = Theo dinh ly Fermat nhé thin’! = 1 (mod p). Vay hip-1. Néu A> 1: Goi g la ude nguyén té cla h. Khi dé qlhla. Lai c6 glilp - 1 >q 1, =1,53.107 Wim’. Vay mite curimg a6 am tai 2, =10lgt Nhgn xét. Rit tiéc 4 khong ¢6 ban ndo c6 cau tra 18i ding cho 48 ra ki nay. DINH TH] THAI QUYNH Bai L2/538, Mor doan mach gém ba phan tit R, 1, © mie ndi tiép. Bid wing dé déng dién qua dogn mach ci biéu thite \ 2 cos{ 1007 += 6) (A). Tinh tie thoi diém ding dign qua mach trigt i 4 fiéu, sau khoding thai gian — elu ki thi dién ean chuyén qua tiét dign thang cia doan mach lé bao nhidu? oo $6 542(8-2022) Tae 29 PROBLEMS IN... (Tigp theo rang 20) + + Problem 17/542. Given an acute triangle ABC. Vai+3 Vor +3 Find the minimal value of the expression Problem “112/542: Giveira triangle ABC’and tet P=sinA+sinB+sinC+tanA+tanB+tanC. 4 be its circumcircle and the incircle Problem 78/542. Given an acute triangle ABC respectively. The circle 7 is tangent to BC at D. M with orthocenter H and ineenter J. The rays AH, jis « moving point on the minor are BC of «. From BH, CH respectively intersect the circumcircle M dr tangents ME, MF with y (at E, F ‘ABC at Aa, Bz, Ca respectively. Show that piacere respectively). P is the reflection point of D in the center of y. Let H be the orthocenter of PEP. 4) Show that Hf always belongs to a fixed circle. Problem 9/542. Show that the following 1) Choose B,, C, on the opposite rays of the rays inequality always olds for abitary rel numbers ely (Bw C, Ci #8). Through By STOW Ste ey) draw the other tangent which is different from 4C 2(x-yXy-z\(—-x). with y, and that tangent intersects BC, BA at Ay, Cz respectively. Through C; draw the other tangent which is different from AB with y, and that tangent 7 intersects CB, CA at 2, Bz respectively. Assume Probilem ‘T10/S42. Show that for every positive thet B.C, CyB, AM are concurrent and the integer m, the number 2m? + 4m +4has no divisor circumeircles of MAi42, MByB2, MC\C2 intersect of the form 2" -1, where m is an integer which is again at X, Y, Z respectively. Show that AX, BY, HA, HB,” HC, When does the equality happen? TOWARDS MATHEMATICAL OLYMPIAD bigger than 1. CZ are concurrent. Problem T11/S42. Given real numbers a, b, ¢ Translated by NGUYEN PHU HOANG LAN satisfying a +6 += 3. Show that (College of Science - Vietnam National University, Hanoi) # oe — Léi gidi, Goi t, la thoi diém cudng 46 dong 1 sn(t00%1+ 2) i | 2 1 x Tas in(t00% 2). sin(t00251, 4 2| 300 6 Seal pine -sing| 2 I, a ),02 1007 100r x od Vay dign luong chuyén qua tiét dign thing cla dign qua mach triét tiéu ta 6: o= 1,00s(100, + 2) 1007 2 1 4°” 300 * 41007 ign lugng chuyén qua tiét dién thing cia doan 0,02 mach tir thdi diém ¢, dn ty 1a: 49=== (©. oof ale hin xét, R&t tide 43 Khong ©6 ban ndo 6 Ii gid ding cho bai nay. 3 0* - ota 36 542(8-2022) doan mach sau khodng thé gian + chu ki la: : : f. cos (100m NGUYEN XUAN QUANG Bai viet so luge Igi mt sé dang toan va ki thuat thuing ding déi véi cae bai toan Olympic vé da thie nhiéu bién. Dé bai viét ngdn gon, nhimg van 4é hay, nhung rat kh6 cia da thie nhiéu bién, nh 4inh ly khéng diém 18 hop, hay tg dung cia da thic nhiéu bién trong t6 hop, ly thuyét 43 thi, da duge luge b6. Hi vong ring, két thic etia méi 1éi gidi, nh§n xét sé la mé dau cia mt qué trinh tim t0i méi cho ban doc! 1, MQT SO TINH CHAT CO BAN Tinh chit 1.Néu feR[x,y] thi f(x,y):(x-y) Khi va chi khi f(x,x)=0. Tinh chat 2.Cho f €R[x,y], f(x,y) #0. Ta goi f li da bac n S(mp)=CF(xy),VeyeR. Ta cé duge, f thudn nhat bac Khi va chi khi tén tai n +1 s6 6, Khong ding thai bing 0 sao cho L(y) = bx FOXY He Tinh cht 3 (Dinh Ip Bézout cho da thice f(x,y) thitethudn nhdt néu +b," + by" thudn nhdt béc n). Néu a,b khong déng thoi bing 0 va f(a,b)=0 thi t6n tai da thie thuan nhat bac n—-1 1a g(x,y) sao cho S (xy) =(br-ay)a (xy), VnyeR Céc tinh chat nay cé thé chimg minh hoan toan so cap. Vige van dung ching linh hoat ¢6 thé giup ta luge mot sé bai toan vé da thire nhiéu bién. Bai toan 1. Tim dt ed cde da tine P(x.¥) thoa ((etrP (x-rf man P(x Jv veR (ran TST 2009) P(xtyx-y)=P(x4 yr —y? a ~¥ *), vx,y,x2|y]. Nhim don gian hod ding thitc, ta aa O(xy)=P(x+¥,.x-y) thi O(%7)=O(xP =» ).vx.y.x2 J. Vi vay O(x,»)=O(x.-y), Va, nén tén tai da thie R(x,y) thoa min O(x,y)=R(x,>") va R(xy") =R(x,x* -y*),'vx,y. Nghigm tng quat cia phuong trinh nay 1a R(xy)=H (xy) +H (x7 -y) véi H(x,y) la da thie wy y. ‘Vay nghiém cia phuong trinh ban dau 1a: rene )) acaeee: Vi H lida thitc tuy y nén ta c6 thé viét lai: P(uy)=H(x+y,(x-y))) +H (x4 y,4y). NhGn xét. O bai nay, ta da sir dung tinh chat Q 1a ham chin theo y dé suy ra ring @ la da thir theo x va y*. Bai toain 2. Cho him inew ti F(x.) theo bidn x Vi. V6E He 86 thee. Ching mink vdng da thite P(x.¥),O(x."). Ry) hui ba vii he 95. thee vd dit xing theo x.y sao cho P(xrde (x= yr) R(x) (Gazeta Matematici) F(a= $6 542(8-2022) ce age 31 Loi gidi. Theo dinh nghia thi F (x,y) = fey), a(xy) trong 46 f,g €R[x,y]. Ta xét -(ass) + F(x) = LlErDa(2)+ (vex) (sy Flea) FO) Gv)e0ra) L(2.2)8(¥.2)-S (v2) 8(%y) a(sy)a(nx) Dat R(xy)=s(5y)8(y.2), ta duge R 1a da thire déi ximg, Ta ciing cé thé dat S (= 9) 8(043)+ S054) (49) =2P(%y), trong 46 P ciing la da thite déi xémg. Viét lai 2P(x,¥) Flav) Fun) Fy va F(xy)-F (v8) = Mat khéc, da thite S(%y¥)8(¥.x)-S(Hx)8(%.y) phan déi ximg va chia hét cho x-y. Vay ta cd thé viét S(x9)8(¥-x)-S (9.2) 8(%»)=2(x-y) (49). Do ca da thite 6 vé trai lin x—y déu phan déi ximg, ta suy ra O(x,y) 18 da thite déi ximg. Vay 2(x=y)O(%¥) R(x) Két di F (ay) =2(Fl9) + Fa) S(F (9) -F 9) —Pey)+(2-y)O(%y) R(xy) Nhén xét. ¥ tuéng d6i xtmg/phan déi ximg cing véi dinh IY Bézout nhu trén khé théng dung, va ta Jai thay mét lan niza trong bai todn sau Bai todn 3. Ta goi da tite ba bién P la cyclic néw P(r, P(x, x). Ching minh rang ton tai 4 da thite evelic ba bién RP, P, va P, sao cho, vii moi da thite evelie ba bién P, tén tai mot da chive bén bién Q sao cho = OAR x y.2 oP yez RU My EVAN) (iran MO 2012) Loi gidi. Xét hai da thire S6 542(8-2022) TOAN Hi 32 cuss (x,y) = P(469»2) +P») va k(x,942) = P(%I2)~ P(%%2)- Da thite (x,y,z) a6i xtmg, con A(x,942) da thie phin déi ximg. Khi x=, ta thay (x,y,z) =0, suy ra (x,y,z) chia hét cho x-y, Tuong ty, ta suy ra due K(xy42) =(x-»)(¥-2)(2-4)5(%102)> wrong dé (x,y,z) Hida thie 46i ximg. Ta biéu. Plex y)=paasrez) +58 OA): Ta nh ring moi da thite déi ximg déu 1a da thire iia cae da thite cyclic B(x, y2)axty+2,R (% yz) = +242, B(x,»,2)= 02 Pm yrz)=(x-y)(y-z)(2-2)- Dit Fi(ny.2)= (RB) va xét thém va $9(8y.2)=5(2.2.R)- Vay ta chi can dat Q(u,v,t,w) =H(u,v,t)+wS(u,v,t) 1a 06 didu can chimg minh, Bai toan 4. Tim tat ea vy) ver he 2018 va sé thie, 6 bie viet qué véi moi sé nguyén diong x,y ma Bé a8. Gid st f(x,y) va &(x,y) la hai da thite 6 bade khong qua 2018. Khi dé, néu gid tri cia f(%y) vd g(x,y) bing nhau tai 2019%1010 diém (x,y), voi x,y la cde sé nguyén duong thod man diéu ifm x+y<2020 tht f(s») =8(xy). Ching minh, xét de iit A(x.y)=F(%)—8(x,). Tir gia thiét, d& thdy h(x,1) la da thite ©6 bac khéng qua 2018 va tigt tiéu tai 2019 diém, vay A(xy)=(y-Ih (x,y). Tiép theo, do h(x,2) bing 0 tai 2018 diém theo gid thiét, nén A, (x,2) trigt tigu tai 2018 diém, ma bac khong qué 2017 nén A (x.¥)=(¥-2)h(%»). Tiép tue nhwr vay, ta suy ra (x,y) =(¥—1)(y-2)...(y- 2019) hyo (x,y). Vi bac cia A(x,y) khéng qua 2018, suy ra cha no h(x, y) =0. Bé dé duge chtmg minh. Tri Iai bai toan. Xét da thite _ » » y ye x 1-2)i-2),.f1-x- aial'-F)'-3)-(-sta) aa) RO rang Q(x,y) cé bac bing 2019, hon nita Q(x,-1)=0 nén O(x,y) chia hét cho y+1. Xét da thite P(xy) = LE), Ta thdy P(x,y) a c6 bac bang 2018 va thoa man diéu kign dé bai. Vay da thie P(x, y) 14 da thite duy nhat cin tim. Nhén xét. Xay dymg Q(x,y) 1a mot viée tinh té, nhumg khéng phai 14 hoan toan may mii, Noi chung ta cdn diéu chinh sao cho Q trigt tigu nhidu nhat cé thé khi x+y<2020 dé dua vé dang wD dng thoi nhan y +1 1a mot thira s6. Ngoai +y 1a, vige chimg minh bé dé la v6 cing can thiét, vi né dam bao tinh duy nhat cia da thite tim duge. Ta c6 céng thife noi suy Lagrange cho da thite nhigu bién sé. Ching hen, gia sit da thire P(x.) d+) pa cb cd 6 bac d. Khi dd P(x,y) 06 404 #1) 9 56 etn xéc dinh, Néu ta cé hai tap hop {Meaty} (Yor erda}s va biét trude gid tri cla P(x,,¥,) voi moi O0.Goi g 1a cdn nguyén thuy modulo 13: S(e0)' =2! Tiép theo, dat $ (xs... )]0S x, $12}. Ta chi cin chimg minh sé b6 (x,....x,)€S sao cho Séswwan uses 33 f (Xs-X,) £0 chia hat cho 13, do |S|=13". Xét Y Vr vxd)?: laces ‘Theo dinh ly Fermat nhé, ta thay téng nay dém sé bo (. x,)€S sao cho f(%,--%,)#0. Mat Khée, ta c6 thé Khai trién: [fmol = DoT tl voi sé nguyén N,c,,e,, ndo 46. Do da thite f 6 téng x bic nhd hon 12 nén ey +e, +..+e, <12n voi moi j,nén voi mdi f, ton tai i sao cho e, <12. Theo két qua trét [Ids 0. (a kales et rhe Do dé Y VG. wP= Yel Shs (es oe Nhgn xét. Yéu t6 thuan nhat cita da thie cho phép ta phiin phéi ra nhan tir chung, tir dé din dén ¥ tuéng sir dung nghiém nguyén thuy modulo mot ich hop trong hai bai todn trén, sé nguyén t6 Bai toan 7. Cho da thite f(x) hé fU)-L) k thyc 6 bée n. Biét rang é nguyén véi moi sé nguyén OSk g(kmtleZ. Vay, vai moi sé nguyén &, m, ta dp dung (b) [A] Hin rdi ap dung (¢) |m—& —I] 1an thi g(kym)eZ eo... g(0m-k)eZ ...69 2 (0jl)eZ. Vay g(k,m)eZ. Nhgn xét. Phuong phap xét sai phan nhu trén té ra rat him dung, dc biét khi ta mudn ding phuong phdp quy nap. Ta sé cén gap lai phuong phap nay trong bai todn 18 & bai viét nay. cic 86 Bai ton 8. Tén tai hay khéng mét da thie ba bién P(xyez duong n khong la sé chink phwong khi va chi khi tén tai mét b6 ba (x.y%2) ede nguyén sao cho: sé nguyén 6 nguyén duong sao cho P(x,342 (USA TST 2013) la P(xy.2)=2°(x* 2? -1)' +2, Néu n khong 18 s6 chinh phuong, phuong trinh Pell x*—ny"=1 6 nghiém khéng tim thuong. Chon z= vata duge P(x,y,z)=n. Mat khéc, néu P(%y2z)=" voi x,y,2 la cae 56 nguyén soa: Ml “ 2 coe the la sé chinh phuong [2-7 -a)f 2. Mét chudi n sd nguyén c6 thie ne doe got la nguyén thu néu gid tri lon nhdt ctia n_ thank phan trong chudi dé Ii. Ching minh rang véi moi tap hitu han H gom céc chudi nguyén thay, tén tai mgt da thite n bién thudn nhdt f(X...X,) voi hé sé nguyén, bée khdng nko hon 1, sao cho f(%,,-+..X,)=1 voi mot (X05) thude H. (K6MaL 2017) Loi gidi. Cé dinh mot s6 ty nhién d du lon. Gid nguyén vGi bac d. Voi mdi f nhu vay, ta c6 thé gan mot chudi gém |H| thinh phan, méi thanh phan 1a mOt gid tri cua f tai mdi diém thuée H. Vay ta cin xay dung f sao cho chudi nay bing (l..a1).Dé duge vay, ta st xdy dung hai da thire phy (bac d ). Cu thé, voi mdi ve H, ta xdy dung O,(%,,...%,), sao cho né cd gid wi la M,>0 tai v H\b} nd dong dur vai | modulo ay, nhung bing 0 tai moi diém thuge Sau do, ta xay dung 7(x.. ;,) sao cho voi mdi y trong HH. Khi dé m6t t6 hgp cua T va Q, sé cho ta da thie thoa man dé bai, Bude I (Xdy dung Q.): Xét ve Ht bat ki. Xét da thite P.(x,....x,) aoa Do SY (x-a,)) khi va chi hi (Xe) =(Gioend,), ta duge P(v)=M,>0, nhung P, trigt tiéu tai moi khic trong H\{y}. Hon nita, do cée diém v=(v,.-¥,) 1a cac diém nguyén thuy, theo dinh ly Bézout, tn tai a, €Z sao cho Ya,x, Dit L, (x;..-54,) = S44. Khi dd v6i mBi bie a lén hon deg P,, ta chonQ, EEF 1a mot da thie thudin nhdt, hé sé nguyén, bing M, tai v va bing 0 tren H\{v}. 2 (Kay dung T(x,...,)): M =27]M,. Gia str M_ cé phan tich ra thira sé nguyén t6 1a M = pi'...p. Hon nita, gid sit d 1a LTTko(p') (a s8 som Buse Dit mot bdi sb ctia dy hiéu ly do chon duge cdc biéu thire nay). Cé dinh fe f{],...,5}, dit g= pS = p*. Trude tién, ta xay dug mét da thite dong du voi 1 modulo q khi x, hét cho p 1x, la cde . Day chi li mét img dyng cia nguyén ly bii-trir. Cy thé, voi mdi ki higu Txeo%)= axl. nguyén khong cing chia Do d 1a béi cua n!-kp(q), dinh ly Euler cho biét: 1 (modg) néu p tx 0 (modg) néu p|.x, ;, khéng chia (Ta quy woe (“)-o néu j>v). j S6 542(8-2022) TORN HOS 35 Voi V=1,2,..00, ta bidt eoraul op) do d6 da thire T[q]=7,-7, +...+T, dong du voi 1 modulo g Khi x,,...,x, khéng cing chia hét cho p. V6i da thite T[q] bac d tuong img voi mdi luy thira cia mét sé nguyén té trong M, ta chi can chon da thite 7 sao cho mdi hé sé trong khai trién cia né dong du véi bé s6 twong tng ciia no trong T[p'] modulo pt vi mgi i=1,2,...,8 (diéu nay c6 duge nhis dink 1y thang du Trung Hoa). Vay T(X5-+4%,)=1(modM) néu (Xm) eH. Bude 3: Chon d la béi sé cia d, lon hon bac cita Ta biét T(v)=1+MJ, voi eZ véi moi ve H. Cuéi cing, da thie I (shy) =D (Hees) — DAO, (He thoa man dé bai. tat ci cde P. 3. DA THUC BAT KHA QUY Khong nhu da thie mét bién, da thire nhiéu bién cé thé bat kha quy ké ca trén trudng sé phite (ching han nhw da thie x7 + y*—1). Vi vay, khi néi dén tinh kha quy cia ching, ta cin noi rd trudng dang xét. Thong thudng, khi giai quyét ce bai toan Olympic nhu thé nay, ta khong co nhiéu tiéu chun dé ding nhu khi kim vige voi da thie mét bién, ma phai gidi quyét truc tiép, chang han nhu bai toan sau trong dé thi Hoc sinh gidi Quéc gia nam 2012: Bai toan 10. Cho n la sé nguvén duong. Ching mink ring da thie P(xy)=x" +x y" khong thé vie dueere dtedi dang P(x.) =G(x.y) M(x). wong do G(x.) va H (x.y) hicde da thie voi hé sé thee, khae da thie hing Tuy nhién, van co nhimg tiéu chuan bat kha quy cho da thite nhiéu bién 36 TOR HOS S6 542(8-2022) Bai toin 11. Tim dt cé cde sé nguyén duong n22 sao cho da thie P(aj.dys0.04,)= af Hal beta — naa, la da thite bat kha qu theo n biéa ay.Ayy..94, trén tap sé thie (ELMO Shortlist 2014) Loi gidi. Dé thiy khi n=2 van =3 thi da thite trén kha quy. Ta sé chitg minh cdc sé can tim la n24, Xem da thite di cho nhu da thirc mot bién theo a,, ta chi cin chimg minh hé s6 ty do cia no ~ da thie a! +a$+...4a%, — bat kha quy. Lai xét da thire nay nhu da thite mét bién theo a,_,, va cif thé, ta cl chimg minh ring a" +a) +a} bat kha quy khi n> 4 Dit a, =a,a, =b,a, a" +b" +0" =T] (4+ a4 bn +e"), c, tacd: trong 45 @, la cde can don vi. Gia six ta 06 thé tach a" +6" +c" thanh hai da thire hé sé thy. Khi 6 hé sé tu do ctia hai da thie nay cé dang ab" +c")* voi O

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