Unit 6 Educational Administration in India

Educational administrative set up in India

Characteristics of State, National, International Systems

of Education - SSC, ICSE, CBSE, IB, IGCSE Boards of
Education

Different governing bodies in Education - Functions of

NCERT, MSCERT
 Educational administrative set up in India
• Educational administration is defined as the process of controlling, organizing and
directing both human and material resources in an educational institution. This term is
also used to describe the study of these processes.
• It is a discipline within the study of education that examines the administrative theory
and practice of education in general and educational institutions and educators.
• An agency of education on the other hand refers to an administrative division of a
government or international body which is authorized to conduct and promote
educational activities for the betterment of society at large in a sustained manner.

• Educational Administration in India is at three levels:

• A) The National or Central government at national level
• B) The State government at regional or state level
• C) Local administration or bodies at local level
 A) Educational Administration at the Central Level
• Administration of education at national level is carried out through the Department of
Education and its agencies which are part of the Ministry. of Human Resource
Development (MHRD).
• The Department of Education is kept as a part of MHRD so as to ensure that education
functions as an integral part of the total system. Its aim is to develop human resources.
• MHRD is headed by Cabinet minister of the Union Government and a Minister of the
State is placed directly in charge of education portfolio. Within the Department of
Education under MHRD, there are number of divisions or units dealing various
aspects of educational development in policy making. The secretariat of the
Department of Education is headed by Special Secretariat and Education advisors at
different levels in dealing with academic and policy matters concerning education. The
Central Government, through an act of parliament or otherwise creates certain national
and regional institutions.
• These are then responsibility of Department of education and concerning
administration and financing.
 B) Educational Administration at State Level
• Each State Government has its own machinery for planning and administration of
education in the form of Department of Education.
• Department of Education is directly controlled by minister of Education who is a
member of the State Legislature. He heads department so long as his party remains in
power and puts confidence in him. He may not be responsible for all branches of
Education.
• Medical, Agriculture, Technical, Legal, etc Educations may be controlled by their
respective ministers and department.
• The Department of Education at the State level performs three major functions
concerning all levels of education, viz., regulatory, operational and directive. These are
performed through three agencies such as the Secretariat, Directorate and inspectorate.
• The Minister of Education is responsible for making educational policies. He is assisted
by the Secretary of education department. The Secretary is the member of the Indian
administrative Service (IAS). He works with Directorate of Education.
 C) Educational Administration at Local Level

• The role of the local bodies in the administration of education, especially at

primary level, varies from country to country.
• In urban areas, the municipalities are associated with education whereas in rural
areas, this is done by panchayat raj institutions. The major emphasis of
municipalities is on primary education, but they can also undertake other
educational activities at their discretion.
• In some states the panchayat raj institutions are entrusted with lower primary
education whereas in other states like Maharashtra, with both primary and
secondary education.
 SSC Board — Secondary School Certificate Board
• Curriculum Development: The state board has adopted the scheme of subjects for stds. XI and X as recommended in the NEP
1986. A framework published by the NCERT has been followed by board. The syllabi of Stds. XI and X have been revised
and restructured taking into consideration the draft syllabi and guidelines supplied by the NCERT. The restructure syllabi
contain approximately 70% of the core supplied by NCERT and 30% have been framed based on regional requirement
and situation. These syllabi have been approved by the government.
• Vocational Education: There are 113 vocations given as options in the curriculum of SSC board. The vocational subjects
starts from Std. VIII to Std. XII, schools that opt for vocational subjects are called vocational school or technical school.
These schools mostly founds in rural areas and very few in urban area.
• Textbooks: Textbooks of SSC board are prepared by SCERT under the guidelines of NCERT. The textbooks are prepared
by Maharashtra State Bureau, whose head office is in. Pune. Also, teacher's handbook for every standard is prepared and
training is given to teachers for about how to use handbook.
• Concession for Handicapped Students: There are various types of concessions to different types of physically
handicapped, visually impaired, and for disabled students. Concession in the form of subject choice, fees waiver or
subsidy and extra time allotted for the needy- 15 mins/hr, and if. required a writer who is lesser educated than the SSC
candidate who is writing in the exam.
• Examinations: There are different types Of examinations conducted by board-namely competitive and regular certificate
examination. The competitive exam includes scholarship exam for std. XII and Maharashtra Talent Search Examination
for students of VIII to X in four subjects --English, Math, Science and Social studies. The SSC board conducts two exams
at different levels — one at the end of Std. X and the second exam at end of Std. XII for HSC. The exams are conducted
twice a year in the month of March and October. The examination is centrally conducted as well as correction of answer
papers and its moderations are also centrally conducted. The entire examination process is computerized for printing the
results.
 Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations (CISCE)
•Examinations: The Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations conducts three examinations,
namely the Indian Certificate of Secondary Education (ICSE —Class X); The Indian School Certificate (ISC-
Class XII) and the Certificate in Vocational Education (CVE- Year 12). The subject choice and syllabuses
prescribed for these examinations are varied and aimed at nurturing the unique gifts of individual pupils.
•The ICSE (Class X): The Indian Certificate of Secondary Education has been designed to provide an
examination in a course of general education, in accordance with recommendations of the New Education
Policy 1986, through the medium of English. Private candidates are not permitted to appear for this
examination.
•The ISC (Class XII): The Indian School Certificate Examination is an examination through the medium of
English, designed in accordance with the recommendations of the New Education Policy 1986, after a two-year
course of studies beyond the Indian Certificate of Secondary Education (Year 10) examination or its equivalent
examination.
•The C.V.E (Year 12): The Certificate of Vocational Education Examination (CVE - 12) has been created as an
examination, in accordance with the recommendations of the Ministry of Human Resource Development
(MHRD) through the Joint Council of Vocational Education (JCVE) established under the National Policy of
Education 1986. This examination can be taken by candidates after a two-year course of studies beyond the
Indian Certificate of Secondary Education (Year 10) examination or its equivalent examination, through the
medium of English.
• National Competitions: The Council conducts, the Frank Anthony Memorial All-
India Inter-School Debate and the Albert Barrow Memorial All-India Inter-School
Creative Writing competitions, thereby underpinning the critical importance of
creativity and the ability to articulate one's thoughts in writing and speech in
school education.
• Awards: The Derozio Awards for exemplary service to school education and
human enrichment have been instituted by the Council for the Indian School
Certificate Examinations, New Delhi, to honor and motivate people to serve the
nation in a manner that clearly defines leadership in an identified sphere.
• National Awards: Scheme of national awards to teachers from schools affiliated to
Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations- New Delhi.
• ICT Award: The Government of India, Ministry of Human Resource Development
implemented National Awards for teachers for "Using ICT for Innovations in
Education".
• Training: The Council carries out training on a gamut of educational concerns,
geared towards improving or affirming teaching practices in the classroom, new
syllabi thrusts or managerial skills in education. Requests for training may be
made to the Council's office.
 CBSE — Central Board of Secondary Education
• Examinations: CBSE conducts the final examinations for Class 10 and Class 12 every year in the month
of March. The results are announced by the end of May. CBSE also conducts AIPMT (All India Pre
Medical Test) for admission to major medical colleges in India. In 2014, the conduct of the National
Eligibility Test for grant of junior research fellowship and eligibility for assistant professor in
institutions of higher learning was outsourced to CBSE. With the addition of NET in 2014, the CBSE
has become the largest exam conducting body in the world.
• Assessment: In the CBSE System, instead of 3 exams like Quarterly, half yearly and Annual, there is
continuous assessment throughout the year called Formative Assessments (FA) and one exam called
Summative assessment (SA).
• Special Education: The CBSE system also mandates Special Education. Children who seem to be having
learning difficulties in class are referred to the school counselor. The counselor then observes the child
and then may refer the child to a Special Education Teacher. Remedial classes may be conducted for
those children separately by the special education teacher.
• More than 16000 schools offering this curriculum in India and in 24 countries across the world.
• The syllabus is very structured and controlled
• Standardized Textbooks.
• No child can fail a class till 8th grade
• Most entrance exams conducted in the country for college admission follow this syllabus.
• Board exams are OPTIONAL in 10th grade and MANDATORY in 12th Grade
• Favored by those who constantly relocate within India or even abroad to countries in the Middle
East etc. and seek a standardized curriculum
• Favored by those who want to go into the traditional routes of Engineering/medical
• Subjects:
• Languages — Hindi, English, and 32 other languages
• Humanities- Geography, History, Economics, Home Science, Sociology, Fine Arts, Political
Science, Fashion Studies, Creative Writing and translation Studies and related subjects.
• Mathematics
• Science and Technology- Subjects related to Biology, Chemistry, Physics, ICT, Information
Practices and Web and Multimedia Studies
• Health and Physical Education
• Visual and Performing arts - Dance, Drama, Music, Drawing, Painting, Crafts and Sculpture
• Commerce - Business Studies, Accountancy, Entrepreneurship, Economics and related subjects
 IB - International Baccalaureate
• IB World Schools: The IB welcomes schools and colleges and other institutions that would like to become IB
world schools and offer one or more IB programs from Geneva. 113 world schools are remarkable community of
state, private, national and international schools from every part of the world. They share a common bond – a
commitment to high quality, challenging international education.
• The IB Programs: The four programs from the IB are now available to students aged 3 to 19 from a wide range
of cultural, ethnic and socio-economic backgrounds; and taught at almost 3,500 1B World Schools in 143
countries around the world. The IB continuum of international education is unique because of its academic and
personal rigor, challenging students to excel in their studies and in their personal growth.
•The IB Primary Years Program, for students aged 3 to 12
•The IB Middle Years Program, for students aged 11 to 16
•The IB Diploma Program, for students aged 16 to 19
•The IB Career-related Certificate, for students aged 16 to 19
• Student's assessment: Teacher assesses students by selecting or designing methods of assessment appropriate
to learning outcomes they intend to capture.
• Teacher's training: Teachers receive training before and after a school becomes authorized teach program.
Before school becomes authorized to teach the program, the principal, coordinator and teachers involved are
required to undergo training either by attending IB workshop or by participating in school-based training
organized by IB. After becoming part of IB teachers are encouraged to engage in a going process of
professional development
 International General Certificate of Secondary Education – (IGCSE)
• The international qualifications around the world. IGCSE courses are renowned for developing vital educational skills,
including recall of knowledge, oral skills, problem solving, initiative, teamwork and investigative skills. General
Certificate of Secondary Education (IGCSE) is one of the most recognized.
• IGCSE is designed to be taught as a two-year course for students aged 14 to 17 years.
• Subjects: The standard of subjects are also matter of importance for the students, some think that textbooks and the
syllabus doesn't matter but it will make a lot of difference at future level.
• Syllabus: The syllabus is set by Cambridge, but the exact way it is taught will depend on your school or college. The
course differs for each subject, but throughout there will be a mix of assessment methods, including coursework,
practical exercises, and oral and listening tests, Projects and written examinations.
• Students Advantage:
• Passing the 10th from the IGCSE Board is that the student directly got their entry in the 12th class according to the
standard set by the ICSE and the CBSE or directly got their entry at the diploma level
• Develops and build the various educational skills like oral skills, problem solving ability, team spirit, integrity, Theory
of knowledge and leadership quality that builds the responsibility and initiative to do the task in a confidential manner.
• The proper health facilities to provide the mechanical and physical support to the students especially for those who are
not good in studies and other curricular activities.
• It offers the practical knowledge instead of providing the conceptual knowledge that off-course will not be good for the
long run and clear the concepts of students with oral, written or video programs.
 National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT)
• The NCERT was formed on June 06, 1961, at New Delhi by the Government of India as an
autonomous organization to assist and advise the Ministry of Education and Social Welfare, both at the
Centre and in the States in the implementation of its policies in education especially qualitative changes in
school education and teacher preparation.
• Functions:
• The Council was constituted with the objectives of promoting educational research, developing model textbooks,
conducting pre-service and in-service training of teachers, networking with State Education Departments,
universities and NGOs. It has therefore nurture innovations and brought about qualitative changes in school
education.
• Substantial work has been done on early childhood education, research-based interventions, institutional
planning, Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan, development of textbooks and national talent search scheme to identify,
support and nurture talented students.
• Comprehensive surveys of schools, initiation of vocational education, nationwide orientation of pre-service
personnel, Science Education, Environmental Education and Nutrition Education Projects as also Primary
Education in collaboration with international agencies have also made a significant impact on different aspects of
school education.
• Further the educational journals published by the Council, for example, Indian Educational Review, Journal of
Indian Education, Primary Teacher etc. present the views, opinions and trends of school education in India.
• Updating and revision of syllabi for the different school subjects is an important part of the Council's regular
functioning and responsibilities as are search organization dedicated to education reform and modernization of
school curriculum.
• The Council has also developed curriculum frameworks based on epistemological and pedagogical issues
especially with reference to the nature of knowledge and its transaction in schools in 1988, 2000 and 2005
based on recommendations made by the National Policy on Education (1986).The emphasis has been upon
curricular burden, child-centered education, interactive and joyful teaching and on linking education with life
outside school.
• The NCERT aids, promotes and coordinates research in all branches of education.
• They organizes pre-service and in-service training for teachers at an advanced level.
• They organizes extension services for institutions which are engaged in educational research and
training of teachers.
• They develops and disseminates improved educational techniques and practices in schools.
• They cooperates with collaborates and assists State Education Departments, universities and other
educational institutions to further the development of education.
• They prepares and publishes books, materials, periodicals and other literature to promote
educational research and advanced professional training of personnel in Education.
 State Council of Educational Research and Training (SCERT)
• State council is the apex institute of the state. In Maharashtra, it was established in 1964 — 65
as a state institute of Education (SIE). It was upgrade and renamed as Maharashtra State
Council of Education Research and Training in 1984. For quality improvement of school
education, it (MSCERT) carries the responsibility of teacher education, research and evaluation.

• Functions:
• Organizes in-service training programs for teachers, administrators and teacher educators.
• Implements new educational techniques and methodologies.
• Co-ordinates with District Institutes of Education and Training (DIETs) and imparts guidance.
• Coordinates with State Council of Education, Regional Institute of Education, NCERT,
National Institute of Educational Planning and Administration (NIEPA) and Educational
Consultants India Limited (EdCIL).
• Identifies disabled children in and out of schools through Institute of Entrepreneurship
Development (IED) centers in the state.
• Creates awareness among teachers / students about the need for guidance and counselling
through Guidance and Counselling Cells.
• Diagnoses educational problems and seeks remediation
• Develops Teaching Learning Material.
• Organizes training programs and workshops for teachers in educational evaluation.
• Organizes state level science exhibitions, seeks to encourage scientific temper.
• Develops work experience syllabus for various levels.
• Popularizes computer literacy in schools.
• Reviews textbooks in the light of recent advancements.
• Organizes training courses for teachers to create environment awareness.
• Develops software for training programs.
• Prepares educational programs for broadcasting through radio and television.
• Trains teachers in the use of ICT and audio-visual aids in the classroom.
• Implements projects on the integration of art and culture with education.
• Organizes National Integration camps for teachers and students.
• Conducts state level examinations.
• Develops material for training in gender sensitization.
• Conducts workshops to develop child-centered, low cost and effective teaching learning
material for primary, classes.

The SCERT thus is involved in bringing about qualitative improvement in the field of
school education by acquainting teachers with innovations through teachers" training programs
and workshops.