Temporary

Republic of the Philippines
Philippine Normal University

National Center for Teacher Education Mindanao
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Prosperidad, Agusan del Sur
TAMBAYAYONG IN THE AFTERMATH OF TYPHOON ODETTE:

A PHENOMENOLOGICAL STUDY
A Final Research Study Requirement in

Compliance as the Final Exam in the Course Subject
2S-SOC02 Philippine Nationalism and Development
OROZCO, SHEYNE
PARPAN, FERMELYN JANE
PIQUERO, REY JOHN
RUBILLOS, JAMES BRYAN
SALINAS, KENNETH
SANTIAGO, MATT JOLISTER
TACANG, XYRELL JOY ANN
TORRES, PRECIOUS IVY
YASAY, GUILA
YBANEZ, ALMAE CRIS
YUSON, ALEVE GRACE
Researcher
MS. ANTIGUA, HONEY JAYSA

Professor
BSSE-II
December 2022
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Chapter 1 The Problem and Literature Review

1.1 Background of the Study......................................................................... .......2-3
1.2 Literature Review............................................................................................4-7
1.3 Conceptual Framework......................................................................................8
1.4 Statement of the Problem..................................................................................9
1.5 Statement of Purpose.........................................................................................9
1.6 Scope and Delimitation...................................................................................10
1.6 Definition of Terms.........................................................................................10-11
Chapter 2 Methodology
2.1 Research Design ............................................................................................12
2.2 Research Local...............................................................................................12-13
2.3 Sampling and Participants..............................................................................13
2.4 Research Instrument.......................................................................................14
2.5 Data Gathering Procedure..............................................................................14
2.6 Data Analysis.............................................................................................14
2.7 Ethical Considerations..................................................................................15-16
References................................................................................................................17-18
Curriculum Vitae......................................................................................................19-29
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CHAPTER 1
THE PROBLEM AND LITERATURE REVIEW
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
1.2 LITERATURE REVIEW
Altruism
Altruism has many definitions and can be interpreted in a variety of ways by different
people. According to Wolfe (2021), altruism is a far more difficult philosophical concept than
self-interest because it involves not only defining an individual actor's motives but also dealing
with the consequences of those actions for a large number of other actors. Like selfishness,
altruism is aided by rewards; the reward of selfishness may be increased material benefit,
whereas the reward of altruism is attachment to group norms. The inadequacy of many
psychological accounts of altruism suggests that the larger social environment may play a role in
encouraging or discouraging altruism. Meanwhile, according to Mangampat (n.d.-b), several
studies have found that altruism is associated with a positive experience of subjective well-being.
It is hypothesized that the fulfillment of basic psychological needs (i.e., the need for autonomy,
competence, and relatedness) mediates their relationship to explain this phenomenon. Altruistic
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behavior facilitates the fulfillment of these needs, which increases positive feelings toward
oneself.
For August Comte, altruism is a belief in disinterestedness and an unselfish concern for
others. It is a theory that postulates a person's generous side even in times of difficulty and even
death. Helping someone in a difficult situation is not always automatic in a person. There are
those who choo se to help and those who choose to ignore. There are reasons, valid or invalid, at
his disposal. The act of helping another creates an admirable atmosphere between two or more
parties. When a community is struck by disaster and everyone living there is a victim, resulting
in a lack of food, no electricity, a lack of security, and other inequities, the survivors feel helpless
and despair. There were times when victims chose to take advantage of the situation, while
others wished to help and even went above and beyond (Bautista 2020).
Bayanihan in Filipino Resiliency

Damayan and bayanihan occurs when people are challenged by crises, extreme events,
and disasters a great example for that is an aftermath of typhoon. According to Barameda (2011)
the damayan and bayanihan practices contributed in fostering resiliency in both individual and
collective levels in order to attain recovery measures. It played a significant role in the lives of
participants and volunteers as it serves as the coping mechanism, source of social resources and
partake adaptive strategies. In addition, resiliency and executing indigenous practices has its
limitations and that the institutional and governmental support is needed to complement people’s
effort to strengthen the community capacities. In their study it is greatly recommended to

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establish strong strong-organizations that strategize in developing and strengthening people’s
capacity and resiliency to disasters.
A study by Bautista et. al. (2017) states factors in order to manifest bayanihan in a
community, a kinship values must be embodied which includes: sense of responsibility, sense of
ownership, sense of belongingness, and sense of association. They emphasize the importance of
the sense of ownership which increases the willingness of a person to participate and cooperate
in any issues a community deal. It can be an avenue beneficial for the society to preserve and
showcase the concept of bayanihan as a form of Filipino unifying spirit. In addition, they found
that when embodied by the community spirit, people view bayanihan as a duty and responsibility
rather than a burden.
Collectivism and Reciprocal Labor
Su (2021) elaborated on the concept of collectivism, a way of thinking that places
communal goals and interests ahead of personal ones. In comparison to Western nations, East
and Southeast Asia have a higher prevalence of this worldview. For instance, “community
solidarity, effort, and cooperation toward a common aim” is how the Bayanihan spirit is
described.
People from all across the world take part in reciprocal labor. It involves the non-
monetary trade of a community people’s collective labor for the advantage of a single person or
family. Through collective physical labor, reciprocity is compensated. Context-specific needs for
reciprocity differ. Because it combines financial benefit with social sharing, reciprocal
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employment is popular. The universality of joint, reciprocal labor exchanges conducted in a
variety of economies (Gibson, 2020).
People may no longer do voluntary work since everything now is done in exchange for
money. Money brought about change in the concept of mutual labor exchange. According to
some study, people no longer depend on their neighbors in case they built their house and
prepare the field for planting. They now hire workers in exchange for money to do the menial
jobs that was once done by the community for free (Ang, 1979). Thus, this study intends to
investigate how and why people come together to solve particular problem in the community.
Furthermore, this also tried to rediscover the ancient Filipino value and what aspect of the said
tradition called “bayanihan” holds true in contemporary time.
Social Support in Disasters
When faced by a disaster, society react by directing mobilization of services and
resources. It turn to be a societal integration to perform a social response in the aftermath of
helping victims for their needs of survival and recovery efforts. In the study of Kaniasty and
Horris (2004) social support are all done in in different forms from tangible, informational
and emotional regardless of any disaster. That both governmental and non-governmental
organizations are fundamental factors to provide essential resources for societal recovery. They
added the importance of building post-disaster intervention which aims to build the community’s
capacity to make informed choices, while perceiving that those choices is beneficial in the
recovery of its own community.

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On the study of McGuire et. al (2018) social support is a protective factor in minimizing
impact of the natural disasters. In addition, the study of Trung et. al (2020) identify the
differences to the damages of those communities who received less and different social support,
as generated there are various type of supports that is needed by the victims and through the
preparation of this forms of social support it bridges the needs that should be played in the
different recovery phase a society needed. Hence, the job of governmental and non-governmental
organizations is to perform strategies, and recovery techniques that is adaptive and support the
recovery needs of the community.
Volunteerism
As a global equivalent to Bayanihan, volunteerism is also prevalent. Other terms were
also used, including volunteerism, collectivism, and reciprocal labor. Even in the absence of
disasters, volunteering has improved communities by bridging divides and easing societal
challenges like poverty and socioeconomic injustice. Over the years, many international and
domestic medical volunteer projects have been carried out, and they have improved the delivery
of healthcare in a variety of contexts, including refugee camps and developing nations (Potolidis,
2020). International volunteering has long been a pillar of official development assistance,
according to Schech et al. (2020), but the capacity development implications of programs like
these among organizations in the Global South have received less attention. An analysis of
survey and interview data from Australian volunteers and their host organizations looks into how
volunteering globally affects endogenous processes for capacity development.

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Volunteer work is described as “unpaid work done for the benefit of persons outside the
family.” Instead of doing something for personal or financial benefit, it comprises “offering
freely of one’s time, skills, ideas, and abilities for philanthropic, educational, political, economic,
humanitarian, or other beneficial causes.” According to the ILO, only 13 African countries
included volunteers in their official statistics between 2007 and 2017. It is challenging to have a
complete image of volunteerism’s forms and methods, how it contributes to social development,
and how it might help achieve the SDGs due to a lack of data (Logan, Sanny, & Han, 2021).
In a study by, Maira (2020), it looked at the potential and constraints of Muslim
American youth volunteering in the post-9/11 era as well as the political implications of
volunteering for Muslim communities under the scrutiny and surveillance of the War on Terror.
It investigated how the regulation of “good” (moderate) or “bad” (radical) Muslim political
subjecthood is incorporated in Muslim American volunteer activities by drawing on
ethnographic research on Arab, South Asian, and Afghan American college students in northern
California.
1.3 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
1.4 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
The purpose of this qualitative study is to find out if "tambayayong" is still genuinely shown or
do people now expect something in return; to discern the people or individuals who had
contributed much after the Typhoon Odette, and aims to explain the visibility of "tambayayong"
in the aftermath of typhoon oedette. These are the following questioned aimed to answer by this
study:
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1. What is their idea about Tambayayong?
2. How does their idea of Tambayayong reflect Filipino identity?
3. What motivate them in the conduct of post Bagyong Odette activities?
4. How was Tambayayong manifested in the conduct of their activities?
1.5 SCOPE AND DELIMITATION
1.6 DEFINITION OF TERMS
The following terms are identified that is used by researchers for a better understanding of the
different terms that is found in the study.
Bagyong Odette - the second costliest typhoon in Philippine history behind Typhoon
Haiyan in 2013.
Bayanihan- literally means, "being a bayan," and is thus used to refer to a spirit of
communal unity and cooperation.
Caraganon - People who lives in CARAGA region.
Surigaonons - member of a certain ethnolinguistic group that inhabits the Surigao
provinces in the Philippines. A person coming from the Surigao provinces, regardless of
ethnicity.
Warm glow - the satisfaction people experience from “doing their part.” However, at
the core of warm glow is the selfish pleasure that we feel as a result of our behavior.
Tambayayong- collaborate, cooperate, get together, join forces, work together on a
common enterprise of project

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CHAPTER 2
METHODOLOGY
This chapter shows the methods used in the study to complete the information needed,
also this chapter explains the research instrument and procedure used to accumulate the data
needed.
2.1 RESEARCH DESIGN
The goal of this study is to know the how caraganon continued “tambayayong” in the
aftermath of typhoon odette. This study will utilize a qualitative style of research, specifically, a
phenominological approach.Qualitative research is a type of research mainly focused on
experiences, used mostly applied in social sciences to investigate further in social interactions,
systems, and procedures. It offers an in-depth understanding of the ways people come to behave
and comprehend their day-to-day situations in their environment (Tiley, 2017). A

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phenomenological study can then be defined as an approach of research that follows, then
defines a phenomenon through exploring it through the perspective of those who have
experienced it. Its goal is to portray and describe the experience, in terms of what and how it was
experienced. (Neubauer et al., 2019)
2.2 RESEARCH LOCALE
This research focuses on the Caraga Region, where Typhoon Odette destroyed
homes, properties, and livelihoods at a time when people were already dealing with the societal
and developmental consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic. Furthermore, the researchers
intend to interview representatives from the following non-governmental organizations: CITCI -
Supreme Student Council, NPO Enchild Japan-Philippines, Magallanes YOUNG-ADNERT,
Lianga Madasigon Youth Organization, Paulinian Student Governing Council, Regional
Federation of Junior Philippine Accountants RFJPIA 10 and CARAGA: Project Aleb, Rotaract
International District 3860 with Rotaract Club of Metro Surigao, Caraga Youth Network, Young
Partners for Development, Philippine Normal University- Mindanao SG, and Surigao YOUTH
Convergence. These serve as the target population, and in every organization, sone
representative is selected to answer and procure the crucial needs of this study.
2.3 SAMPLING AND PARTICIPANTS
In this study, the researchers will use the purposive sampling technique to determine the
study participants. According to Nikolopoulou (2022) purposive sampling refers to a group of
non-probability sampling techniques in which units are selected because they have
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characteristics that you need in your sample. In other words, units are selected “on purpose” in
purposive sampling. It is also called judgmental sampling, this sampling method relies on the
researcher’s judgment when identifying and selecting the individuals, cases, or events that can
provide the best information to achieve the study’s objectives. Purposive sampling is common
in qualitative research and mixed methods research. It is particularly useful if you need to find
information-rich cases or make the most out of limited resources, but is at high risk for research
biases like observer bias.
A purposive sampling technique will be used to identify participants who meet the
criteria and needs of the current research. Non-Governmental Organizations, Non-Profit
Organizations and Student Government Organizations in the CARAGA region will be selected
as participants in this study.
2.4 RESEARCH INSTRUMENT
2.5 DATA GATHERING PROCEDURE
In finding the data to answer the research study Tambayayong in the Afternath of
Typhoon Odette: A Phenomonological Study. These are the following procedures done to
accumulate the information needed. First, the researchers created a valid letter enclosing the
consent of the research respondents to gather the approval of the interview. Secondly, the letter
was brought out to participants and after explaining the background of study, terms, privacy and
considerations the researchers proceeded to the Third part. The third part includes the actual
interview gathering the data in the method phone call interview. In the process for the fourth
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step, all the data gathered are combined and undergo through data analysis and scrutinization of
specific details needed to answer the research questions
2.6 DATA ANALYSIS
In analyzing the data collected, this research will use a narrative analysis method to
interpret research participants’ stories such as testimonials, and interviews about what are their
experiences on how they overcome the natural crisis. Subsequently, the researcher will organize
and connect the data to scrutinize if Caragonon still continued “tambayayong” after the
devastation of Bagyong Odette. To have a deep understanding of the gathered data from the
respondents, the researcher will code these qualitative data in order to find themes and patterns,
which allows the researcher to identify the related content across the data. By doing so, the
researcher will also find meaningful and crucial insights from the data to improve the quality of
the analysis. Lastly, the researcher will discuss the findings and the insights based on the
systematic process of doing qualitative data analysis.
2.7 ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS
The protection of human subjects through the application of appropriate ethical
principles is important in all research study. In a qualitative study, ethical considerations have a
particular resonance due to the in-depth nature of the study process.
This research gives an ethical consideration to the participants, all the personal
information of the participants is considered confidential and remained confidential throughout
the study. Researchers explain the purpose of this research study to the participants and full
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consent will be obtained from the participants prior to the study. Voluntary participation of
respondents in the research is important. Moreover, participants have the rights to withdraw from
the study at any stage if they wish to do so.
It can be proven throughout the data analysis that all the data will only be used for this
research study. Additionally, the researcher will endeavor to guarantee the authenticity,
accurateness, and validity of all identified data by having confirmation with the help of an
expert.
The researcher will endeavor to cite all researchers, authors, or source of ideas or concepts used
in this study. If there is forgotten, it was unintentional, and there was no malice.
REFERENCES
Ang, G., The bayanihan spirit: dead or alive, Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society,
University of San Carlos publication. Vol. 7 (1/2) 1979.
Barrameda, V., & Barrameda, V. (2011). Rebuilding Communities and Lives: The Role of
Damayan and Bayanihan in Disaster Resiliency.
https://cswcd.upd.edu.ph/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/PJSD-Vol-3-2011_Barrameda.pdf
Dennis M. Bautista, Charles S. Abanilla, Ariel E. Matillano, and Allan M. Abiera. (2017).
“PINTAKASI: A UNIFYING FACTOR IN A LOCAL VILLAGE IN THE
PHILLIPINES.” International Journal of Research - Granthaalayah, 5(12), 53-65.
https://doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v5.i12.2017.473.
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Gibson, K. (2020). Collectively performed reciprocal labour: Reading for possibility. In The
handbook of diverse economies. Edward Elgar Publishing. Retrieved from
https://www.elgaronline.com/view/edcoll/9781788119955/9781788119955.00027.xml
Kaniasty, K., & Norris, H. (2004). Social support in the aftermath of disasters, catastrophes, and
acts of terrorism: altruistic, overwhelmed, uncertain, antagonistic, and patriotic
communities.
Logan, C., Sanny, J. A. N., & Han, K. (2021). Who gets Involved? Insights on Civic
Engagement in Africa and Implications for Fostering Volunteerism in Pursuit of
Development Goals. Retrieved from
chrome-extension://efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/
https://www.unv.org/sites/default/files/Afrobarometer20full20document.pdf
Maira, S. (2020). Muslim American Youth and Volunteerism: Neoliberal Citizenship in the War
on Terror. In Muslim Volunteering in the West (pp. 179-200). Palgrave Macmillan,
Cham. Retrieved from https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-26057-6_9
McGuire, A. P., Gauthier, J. M., Anderson, L. M., Hollingsworth, D. W., Tracy, M., Galea, S., &
Coffey, S. F. (2018). Social Support Moderates Effects of Natural Disaster Exposure on
Depression and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms: Effects for Displaced and
Nondisplaced Residents. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 31(2), 223–233.
doi:10.1002/jts.2227
Neubauer, B. E., Varpio, L., & Witkop, C. T. (2019). How phenomenology can help us
learn from the experiences of others. Perspectives on medical education.

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Nguyen-Trung, K., Forbes-Mewett, H., & Arunachalam, D. (2020). Social support from bonding
and bridging relationships in disaster recovery: Findings from a slow-onset disaster.
International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 46, 101501.
doi:10.1016/j.ijdrr.2020.101501 10.1016/j.ijdrr.2020.101501
Potolidis, D. (2020). Medical Volunteerism in Times of COVID-19: Burden or Relief?
International Journal of Medical Students, 8(2), 152-153. Retrieved from
https://ijms.info/IJMS/article/view/550/352
Schech, S., Skelton, T., Mundkur, A., & Kothari, U. (2020). International volunteerism and
capacity development in nonprofit organizations of the global south. Nonprofit and
Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 49(2), 252-271. Retrieved from
https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0899764019867774
Tiley, C. (2017). QUALITATIVE RESEARCH: WHAT IS IT AND WHY SHOULD YOU USE
IT?. Retrieved January 16, 2020, from https://www.onepoll.com/qualitative-research-
what-is-it-and-why-should-you-use-it/

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Republic of the Philippines

Philippine Normal University

TAMBAYAYONG IN THE AFTERMATH OF TYPHOON ODETTE:

A Final Research Study Requirement in

MS. ANTIGUA, HONEY JAYSA

Chapter 1 The Problem and Literature Review

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

1.2 LITERATURE REVIEW

encouraging or discouraging altruism. Meanwhile, according to Mangampat (n.d.-b), several

Bayanihan in Filipino Resiliency

effort to strengthen the community capacities. In their study it is greatly recommended to

establish strong strong-organizations that strategize in developing and strengthening people’s

capacity and resiliency to disasters.

rather than a burden.

Collectivism and Reciprocal Labor

Su (2021) elaborated on the concept of collectivism, a way of thinking that places

employment is popular. The universality of joint, reciprocal labor exchanges conducted in a

variety of economies (Gibson, 2020).

tradition called “bayanihan” holds true in contemporary time.

Social Support in Disasters

When faced by a disaster, society react by directing mobilization of services and

resources. It turn to be a societal integration to perform a social response in the aftermath of

recovery of its own community.

recovery needs of the community.

As a global equivalent to Bayanihan, volunteerism is also prevalent. Other terms were

volunteering globally affects endogenous processes for capacity development.

subjecthood is incorporated in Muslim American volunteer activities by drawing on

1.3 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

1.4 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

1. What is their idea about Tambayayong?

2. How does their idea of Tambayayong reflect Filipino identity?

3. What motivate them in the conduct of post Bagyong Odette activities?

4. How was Tambayayong manifested in the conduct of their activities?

1.5 SCOPE AND DELIMITATION

1.6 DEFINITION OF TERMS

different terms that is found in the study.

communal unity and cooperation.

Caraganon - People who lives in CARAGA region.

Surigaonons - member of a certain ethnolinguistic group that inhabits the Surigao

Tambayayong- collaborate, cooperate, get together, join forces, work together on a

common enterprise of project

2.1 RESEARCH DESIGN

phenominological approach.Qualitative research is a type of research mainly focused on

and comprehend their day-to-day situations in their environment (Tiley, 2017). A

experienced. (Neubauer et al., 2019)

2.2 RESEARCH LOCALE

and developmental consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic. Furthermore, the researchers

intend to interview representatives from the following non-governmental organizations: CITCI -

Supreme Student Council, NPO Enchild Japan-Philippines, Magallanes YOUNG-ADNERT,

Lianga Madasigon Youth Organization, Paulinian Student Governing Council, Regional

2.3 SAMPLING AND PARTICIPANTS

purposive sampling. It is also called judgmental sampling, this sampling method relies on the

in qualitative research and mixed methods research. It is particularly useful if you need to find

criteria and needs of the current research. Non-Governmental Organizations, Non-Profit

as participants in this study.

2.4 RESEARCH INSTRUMENT

2.5 DATA GATHERING PROCEDURE

specific details needed to answer the research questions

2.6 DATA ANALYSIS

systematic process of doing qualitative data analysis.

2.7 ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS

The protection of human subjects through the application of appropriate ethical

particular resonance due to the in-depth nature of the study process.

information of the participants is considered confidential and remained confidential throughout