= Primary lining consisting of thin shoterete layer place immediatly ater exeava- ing nga the shortest posible distance from the excavation fom is prefered when posible = Measurements of deformations uni equilibrium, evaluate the loads ating upon the lining. 2.3 ONORM B 2203 “The Austrian code ONORM B 2203 (1983 eition) has been modified to comply with NATM philosophy whee the adjustment to changing eomechanical situations i fundamental prinei- ple. According to NATM philosophy the detailed tunnel design should take place during con- struction and therefore, the main steps ofa design procedure are repeated inprineple foreach ‘excavation round [27]. The design and clasiiaton principes ae: = Collection of geological, hydrological and geotechnical information, Cssifcation ‘of “rock mass character = Forecast of rock mass behaviour aconting to “roek mass type” descriptions (see ‘Table 2.) = Excavation design according to “excavation classes" A first classification step i to divide the tunnel into areas of similar geology and geotechnical cbaracer or rock mass characte, which is presented for each tunnel section. The predicted “rock mass ype" distribution acoeding wo Table 2.1 is prepare for each ein, preferably ina tubular format as percentages of section lng, Table 2.1 Rockmass types in ONORM B 2203, Maine Sens ang ook mass ont eane mar Disnerton due sractral wks Strength of rock mas is xseeded ogres ep ths ype also includes rock ny Besta nena aed apport forcomventonal tue drvieg | Mince eimatons hat tne apy, [No suport eure elite round spain lest Minor emintons hat cline apy | Super a [ting seen [ped i [vate Minor enone hat elie apy [Sail quits of seme spo It weakened sing oper rede ond cag ponent sone esenng andthe span [sand up length posbe epot shea lionofkia ine ero and oper ce. u[Main rock masse 12 |Veryfriable [Derma deine py: poor [Sytem soporte iimvers Isrtrl rena, eeccking suppor subs of ce eh moty of rock ms an basing [secon ysemati pet head of Jerans ad orien poco ae (xaptng od ng Sng wr nape pend on reied aan Ge ed E ane me) 3 [Ring Excise nal ear econ | Sopp shen of ce rpling) ac iran aby ston tm ort of al ne moureee [Rock baring | Soin eee of ena eet expla pce sh " eer ale ‘sty ring and lt ing. 2 |Samcing | Pronounce corto tha ak long [Systemic oporarcind he oss {deli dvelopmen offre oes [econ nel ce per sae | eps npn cen Go |iewy eg [Lng coos png [Bache apa ofall ‘ar'anton Scns soy [foe imc ets enesty | | meno open fin one nd lecesny, und eas ec By iste nc Ne dpe of aby oe and ecto sed Ch |i Vay low chon bw fcon, sof improve’ of ck maby dence | |ooutveriailvapccion [oO | Seting Rook mas wih eral cnet hat | ois of pps cate ore Jincersnvlume yarn ac nt meng reso fren Jeg sweting ely mina any [space alle Yume Fest dx [ade ‘eine CCasiication for payment purposes is done by numerical evaluation of support costs and round length forthe tp heading and bench. For the invert a non-aumercal excavation dasification according to open length and construction type is used 1] ‘The key clement isthe definition ofan excavation class mati thai characterised by round length and support factor (ef) which are the two most important factors forthe cos in celica conventional tunnelling (see Table 22 below), R‘Table 22 The excavation class matris. Modified afer Avayain [1]. Maximem_ [Suppor tatr 7 | 2 | 20 | 30 rose eg o, 1 [not 2 | a0 3 | 30 ES) S|” | 30 + | oso ie] oss “The suport frees the cos of spor measures ands cle acoing Ee, qtion 23 ‘Where ss the quantity of supporting element per linear mete of tunnel, ai the ating rea and fis the rating fcor. The rating aea (er) is fined according to the subdivision of the «oss setion int top heading, bench, fl face et. as: ow a Equation 24 \Where isthe circumference without the invert and Ws the width ofthe cross seton. ‘The rating factor (7) ia dimensionless number that reflects the elative influere of different suppor types and quantities on tunnelling works. Rating factors have been eaesated on data fiom completed tunnel projets (ee Table 2.3 below). In order o avoid too many excavation classes, round length ranges are defined and the support factors are allowed to vary by 220% (Other factors than round length and support works that wil fet excavation progres are not ‘sccounted for inthe excavation classes and have tobe deat with separately, for example water problems. Table 2.3 Rating factors for support elements [1 (seppor comer Rating: | Perit torte) Rsk bor Sele & expansion 0 = Ni morae is a “Selig 2a ny Pressed marae 3a aa BSupport clement Rega | Per ‘ere [Wie mech Foster [a Tver fs = Sects don dbtn be 20 = Sto (etal gs) so | Detnation soe 0 = Fespalingsplee ——‘Newsmorarembelicd | 07 | Morar embed 10 [= ‘satariting ——__|_1S m Spies for routing 3 | = rs Laing as) ow Fovepling ae aa During the excavation works the contracting panes shall agree on necessary rock works need cd, These works are correlated toa corresponding excavation class which is direct elated to the cost 2.4 Norwegian Method of Tunnelling (NMT) The Norwegian method of tunnelling, abbreviated NMT, hs been described in arte from 1992 by Barton eal [6] Some ofthe major features of NM are shown below. A more detailed de- seripton is presented in Appendix 4 Essential features of NMT at (compiled after Barton et a (6) 1) Areas of usual application: Jointed roc atthe harder end ofthe seale(e stresslabbing (Q = 0001-10) 2) Usual methods of exeavaton: Dail and blest, hard rock TBM, hand excavation in clay zones 53) Temporary support and permanent support may be any ofthe fllowing: Cast concrete arches; steal fre reinforced concrete, enforced ris of shaerete and systematic bolting; systematic bolting and shoteet; systematic bolting see! ibe teinfored concrete; shotrete; spot bolting; no support 4) Rock mass characterisation i used for: Predetng rock mass quality; predicting suppor needs; updating of rock ass qu ity and support needs during tunneling (maritring only in vital eases) The NMI is a Norwegian response tothe NATM [32] Although not explicitly exoressed the (system (se chapter 3.3) isan important part of the NMI a it has been adapedto NMT ideas and methods of rock supporting 300 MPa), clay bearing zones, “4