Policy Brief

No.13/September 2022

ASEAN Readiness for

CCT and CCU Technologies
Towards Carbon Neutrality
Ambiyah Abdullah�, Alnie Demoral�, Silvira Ayu Rosalia�, Andy Tirta�
Yamada Fumiko�, Masahiro Ozawa�, Kazuyuki Murakami�

Key Highlights
Coal has been one of major primary energy sources in ASEAN since 2000. The use of coal in the total primary energy sources
(TPES) of AMS is projected to increase to be 23% by 2025 and 25% by 2040 under the Baseline scenario of the 6th ASEAN
Energy Outlook (AEO6).
Moreover, coal has also been proof as a low cost (VALCOE) and a proven capacity to provide quicker baseload power [1]. Coal
power plant in ASEAN is considered as the youngest one in the world with about 60% of them operate for less and about 10
years [2].
At COP26, several major coal-producing countries (including some AMS countries) and international banks had declared
their commitments to support the phase-out of coal power by the end 2021 [3].
Current global energy price, commitment for carbon neutrality and energy security provide the right momentum for ASEAN
Member States (AMS) to accelerate the deployment of clean energy technologies (such as CCT and CCU technologies) in the
region.
Understanding the barriers and challenges on ASEAN readiness for introduction and acceleration of CCT and CCU
technologies would help in designing CCT and CCU technologies deployment framework and roadmap for the region.

Background predicted share of coal under the AEO6 [5]. On the other hand,
increasing demand in three end-user sectors (industry,
Coal has been one of the major primary energy sources of
transport, and residential) are key drivers for the projected
AMS since 2000. According to the latest data of ASEAN
increase of the energy demand of AMS by 2025 and 2040 [4].
Energy Database System (AEDS) in 2022, the share of coal in
the total energy supply of AMS in 2020 was about 28%,
Adding to the current global energy prices and energy security
which is the second largest after oil (33%). In line with this,
and sustainability target of AMS, the dependence on coal is
the share of coal demand in 2020 was also the third largest
further strengthened. However, coal generates the
among total energy consumption sources in ASEAN (about
most-intensive emissions among others in the power sector.
12%). Considering the projection of GDP and population of
Meanwhile, most climate scenarios propose the phase-out of
AMS until 2050, the dependence of AMS on coal as one of
coal in the power sector to meet the climate reduction targets
the primary energy sources will still be dominant. AEO6
by 2030. The 2021 World Energy Outlook stated that the global
results projected that sources will still be dominant. AEO6
phase-out of coal use in the power sector is expected to
results projected that the energy supply and energy demand
decrease by 5% under the Stated Policies Scenarios (STEPS) by
of AMS under the baseline scenario will increase up to 40%
2030 [6]. On the other hand, most AMS countries had also
and 38% by 2025 from their values in 2017, respectively.
committed to decarbonization targets which put other
Population and GDP growth are two key drivers for the
pressures on balancing meeting energy security and
increase of energy supply under the baseline scenario by
sustainability and net zero targets of AMS by 2050. To meet
2025. Moreover, the AEO6 results also projected that the
these challenges, two key actions are phase-out coal in the new
share of coal in the ASEAN energy supply will be at 23% by
investment in coal-power plants and lower the emissions
2025 and 25% by 2040 [4]. According to the latest data, the
generated in coal power plants and end-use sectors [7]. The role
share of coal in the energy supply in 2020 already passed the

� ASEAN Centre for Energy (ACE)

� Japan Coal Frontier Organization (JCOAL)
Policy Brief No.13 | September 2022

of clean coal technologies (such as CCT and CCU total primary energy supply of ASEAN will increase up to 40%
technologies) is crucial in achieving the second key action for between 2017 and 2025 under the baseline scenario [4]. Most of
meeting the challenges in the region. The readiness of AMS the energy supply was dominated by oil, coal, and natural gas.
countries is crucial to the successful introduction and Under the ATS scenario (AMS national targets), the total primary
deployment of the CCT and CCU technologies in the AMS. energy supply is projected to be lower up to 7% in 2025 and
Against this background, this policy brief summarizes policy 18% in 2040 compared to its values under the baseline scenario
insights to the relevant stakeholders on understanding with a significant reduction of fossil-fuel shares. Moreover,
current barriers and challenges faced by AMS in the according to the historical data on the primary energy supply
deployment of CCT and CCU technologies. The insights are composition of AMS from 2005-2020, the share of coal in the
complemented by some good examples of the deployment TPES has increased significantly from 13% in 2005 to 28% in
of CCT and CCU technologies. 2020. Increasing trends have been also found in gas and oil
(Figure 1).
ASEAN in Global Energy Transition
ASEAN Member States (AMS) face significant growth in
population'$'$
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the region. According to the results of AEO6, the
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In line with the increasing share of coal in the energy supply, capacity in AMS. However, the share of coal surpassed natural
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the share of coal in the AMS installed capacity of power plant gas and became the largest share of the ASEAN installed
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in 2020 has increased double from 2005. From 2005-2018, capacity starting in 2019 (Figure 2).
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Policy Brief
Climate Issues, National and Regional
Commitments
Energy sector accounts for about three-quarters of global
emissions. If it is combined with emissions occurring in the
industry sector, the amount becomes more significant. It
means its climate change impacts are unavoidable. Coal is
one of the most dominantly used primary energy sources. It
is used by almost 40% of the global electricity power plant in
the world [9]. At COP 26, a global momentum and
commitment to phase-out coal had been announced by
several major countries using coal power, international
banks, development funds, and public institutions [3]. The
commitment to phase-out coal has created a debate among
both developed and developing countries. The phase-out of
coal is viewed as necessary action that should be taken by
OECD and European Union countries by 2030 and by other
remaining countries by 2050 to help the global temperature
limit up to 1.5 degrees [9]. The global momentum for
phase-out coal becomes even more crucial after the net zero
targets (decarbonization) were made. To meet net-zero
targets, the massive and immediate actions for the
deployment of clean energy technologies are also crucial in
addition to stopping new coal power plants [7]. Energy
demand in AMS is projected to increase continuously at an
average of 3% per year due to increasing population and
economic growth in AMS. To meet the increase in energy
demand, about three-quarters is projected to be supplied by
fossil fuels [7]. On the other hand, most AMS countries have
made their national commitments to Net Zero (NZE) targets
by 2050 or 2060 through phasing out coal in pursuit of more
sustainable energy.
In line with global and national commitments, AMS also has
set a specific target for the deployment of clean coal
technologies to support the regional targets for the energy
sector by 2025. The successful implementation and
acceleration of the CCT technology together with CCUS
technology require AMS the enabling policies and
conditions, such as technology availability, regulation,
infrastructure, and financial incentives. The successful
implementation and acceleration of the CCT technology
together with CCUS technology require the enabling policies
and conditions of the AMS (such as technology availability,
regulation, infrastructure, and financial incentives) at the
AMS. Moreover, further analysis on the identification of
barriers and challenges faced by AMS would be essential to
the smooth acceleration of these technologies in the region
to meet the targets of energy security, accessibility, and
emissions reduction commitments of the region. Therefore,
ACE together with JCOAL has agreed to collaboratively
conduct two joint reports on ASEAN Readiness for CCT and
CCU technologies toward carbon neutrality in the region.
Role of CCT and CCU technologies in the
attainment of national and regional
ommitments
The important role of coal in supporting energy security and
transition to low carbon economies in AMS has been
emphasized under the APAEC Phase II annual milestones.
The AMS aim to accelerate the deployment of clean coal
technologies in the region by expecting about 46 GW
3
No.13 | September 2022
additional capacity with 4% of annual growth rate to reach the
total capacity of CCT in AMS to be 56 GW by 2040 [10]. In
particular, AMS aim to focus on the potential deployment of
CCT (such as supercritical, ultra-supercritical, and other
advanced technologies) to be in line with the long-term of
AFOC and ASEAN goals in meeting energy security,
environmental sustainability, and energy resilience in the region.
However, it is indeed imperative to enhance efforts toward
reduction of emissions from coal fired power plants. There CCT
and CCUS will constitute a major part of the solutions to AMS in
continuing coal utilization especially in the power sector while
they are proceeding the energy transition pathways. Biomass
cofiring is important for enhancing the environmentally
sustainable operation of the existing coal fired power plants.
Looking at coal utilization from the other aspect, coal fired
power plants will have a new role in the coming energy
transition. Coal is deemed to be non-transitional, but in ASEAN
context, it is also transitional and will play an important role in
the energy transition pathways of some AMS. That is, Gas-fired
power is positioned as a transitional technology for its flexibility
to mitigate possible grid fluctuation as massive renewable
power introduction progresses, while in some countries it is not
possible to rely only on gas fired power since new introduction
of gas power requires huge investment for related infrastructure
construction in addition to that for power plant development.
The existing coal fired power plants with CCT and related
techniques for flexible operation is understood as a choice of
transitional technologies in this context [11].
Challenges and barriers of CCT and CCU
technologies deployment in the region
While acknowledging the potential contribution of CCT and
CCU technologies to energy transition, some AMS might face
technology and/or social barriers and would have difficulties in
further proceeding the energy transition pathways. Below
indicated are the key considerations to address such challenges
and barriers.
Technology aspects
To address the challenges in technology aspects, AMS could
consider to implement the following factors to support the
smooth process of deployment of CCT and CCU technologies in
the region:
Introduction and/or replacement of high efficiency
thermal power to directly reduce CO2 emissions per
MWh.
Utilization of alternative fuels such as biomass, ammonia
and hydrogen by cofiring with conventional thermal
power.
Maximum installation of renewables as well as
appropriate flexibilization measures of the grid.
Electrification of process energy in the industrial sector.
CO2 capture to eliminate unavoidable CO2 emissions.
Realization of feasible cost of CO2 recovery for CCUS to
contribute to carbon neutrality of ASEAN.
Continuous R&D and commercialization of carbon
recycling technologies
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Policy Brief /)<45)%C#',)%#*<%,&)%4')%"+%+"''1$%+4)$';%%
No.13 | September 2022
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Social aspects &#*<$)<%1*%$"5#$%5"--4*1,1)';%
%
It would be highly recommendable that implementation of
projects with CCT and CCU technologies involve increased
employment opportunities and enhanced community
development through community involvement. In general,
introduction of new technologies will promote employment,
but there should be distinctions between temporary increase
in employment due to plant construction and continuous
and sustainable increase in jobs, especially those involving
participation of local communities, and so will be conducive
to sustainable growth of local, national, and regional
economy.

Moreover, to further smooth addressing the challenges in

both technology and social aspects of deployment of CCT G*<"*
and CCU technologies in AMS, the following key measures
can be further considered: %
%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%7#0'%+/"-%?=?=%8,4<2%"*%c1"-#''%?#,#%J",)*,1#$%1*%V&#1$#*<%
Maps from DEDE Study on Biomass Data Potential
Coordination efforts between%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%8"4/5)\%RH9S%
national and local 92! :44&%0+*#&5060%(*
in Thailand Source: [12]
governments % %
Enhancement of the local% government initiatives `=b6% #*<%
Enhancement of sharing experiences and lessons Indonesia is the world fifth largest coal producer
G*<"*)'1#%1'%,&)%C"/$<%+1+,&%$#/3)',%5"#$%0/"<45)/%#*<%,&)%C"/$<%$#/3)',%5"#$%)X0"/,)/;%!"#$%&#'%())*% andGUG%
the&#O)%
world())*% )*3#31
?)-"*',/#,1"*%J/".)5,%#,%U)Q1*#
largest coal exporter. Coal has been the mainstay of power
learned among AMS) ,&)%-#1*',#2%"+%0"C)/%3)*)/#,1"*%'400"/,1*3%,&)%)5"*"-15%3/"C,&;%%%%>"C%G*<"*)'1#%&#'%#00/"X;%HD%
generation supporting the economic growth.
IW%"+%5"#$%+1/)<%0"C)/%0$#*,'B%C1,&%C&15&%,&)%3"O)/*-)*,%1'%0$#**1*3%,"%3/#<4#$$2%1*,/"<45)%5"+1/1*3% GUG%!"/0"/#,1"*%@iGUGjA%&#O)%())*
Now Indonesia
Best practices and examples C1,&% (1"-#'';% ofF9% CCT "4,% and
has approx. 18 GW of coal fired power$#/3)TO"$4-)% plants, with which
"+% KF% ,#/3),% 0"C)/% 0$#*,'% &#O)% 4*<)/3"*)% KE% 5"+1/1*3% ,)',';% Ja>f'% /"#<-#0%
the
5"T+1/1*3% "+% +4)$%
government is planning to gradually introduce cofiring with
CCU technologies application toward
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biomass. 32 out of 53 target power plants have undergone 5%
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roadmap indicates % the
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power plants will be ready for biomass cofiring V&)% J/".)5,%
by 2024,1'%so<))-)<%
that ,"% 5"*',
There have been some best% practices and examples of CCT
and CCU technologies application to support carbon
the national target of 23% renewables in 5"*,1*4"4'$2%4,1$1Y1*3%,&)/-#$%0"
electricity mix will be
% fulfilled, and will further support the national energy transition
neutrality in AMS as follows.% ,&)%1*',#$$#,1"*%0)/1"<%+"/%(4/*)/
efforts by increasing the cofiring ratio up to 30%.
% `=b6%#*<%GUG%)-(#/Q)<%"*%,&)%<
1. Biomass cofiring and dedicated firing in &)#,1*3%O#$4)A%#,%Z*1,%N%"+%,&)%0"
Thailand and Indonesia
%
Thailand and Indonesia are two AMS who have been %
successfully facilitating and implementing biomass cofiring
and dedicated firing technologies in biomass utilization in
the power sector. Many AMS are now keenly engaging in
biomass utilization in the power sector in view of the
abundance of the indigenous resources. Thai government
policy focus is on biomass dedicated firing as part of
community development. As of now, Thailand has taken up
the bio-circular-green economic model in view of the
country’s advantages with its agricultural sector with a huge
amount and a variety of biomass availability, sourced from
rice, sugar cane, cassava etc. The government estimates that
40 million tons of biomass is! underutilized and is pledged to
maximize the revenue from! agriculture and reduce waste
and the use of fossil fuels. %
G*<"*)'1#f'%*#,1"*#$%5"+1/1*3%0$#*%#*<%,&)%'5#$)%
Indonesia’s national cofiring plan and the scale
As of now, renewables account for 5% the national installed Source: [13] %
8"4/5)\%RHFS%
capacity mix and biomass accounts for 30%. They % focus on
92! :44&%0+*#&5060%(*
dedicated biomass firing, which is understood rational as %
%
such projects are being handled in local communities. ;2! <)76&("%*
% !"T+1/1*3% "+% [4)$% 6--"*1#
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 Policy Brief No.13 | September 2022

demonstration. Hydrogen is% attracting attention not only as a

2. Ammonia cofiring
G*<"*)'1#f'%*#,1"*#$%5"+1/1*3%0$#*%#*<%,&)%'5#$)%
fuel for power generation but also as a carbon-free energy that
can be widely used in transportation, consumer and industrial
JERA and IHI have been engaging in the Start 8"4/5)\%RHFS%
',"/#3)%(2%&2</"3)*#,1"*%,"%5#//1)/%-#,)/1#$%'45&%#'%,"$4)*)B%),5;%#/)%1*%,&)%',#3)%"+%<)-"*',/#,1"*;%
of
sectors. R&D and several feasibility studies are being conducted
%
Large-Volume Co-firing of Fuel Ammonia inU2</"3)*% the 1'% #,,/#5,1*3% #,,)*,1"*% *",% "*$2% #'% #% +4)$% +"/% 0"C)/% 3)*)/#,1"*% (4,% #$'"% #'% #% 5#/("*T+/))%
for the carbon-free manufacturing process and its cost
)*)/32%,&#,%5#*%()%C1<)$2%4')<%1*%,/#*'0"/,#,1"*B%5"*'4-)/%#*<%1*<4',/1#$%')5,"/';%be?%#*<%')O)/#$%
92! :44&%0+*#&5060%(*
Demonstration Project at Hekinan Thermal Power Station.
reduction
+)#'1(1$1,2% ',4<1)'% in anticipation
#/)% ()1*3% of ,&)%
5"*<45,)<% +"/% future demand -#*4+#5,4/1*3%
5#/("*T+/))% expansion. 0/"5)''% #*<% 1,'% 5"',%
Since FY 2021, JERA Co., Inc. (“JERA”) and IHI Corporation
%
(“IHI”) have been conducting a demonstration project to /)<45,1"*%1*%#*,1510#,1"*%"+%+4,4/)%<)-#*<%)X0#*'1"*;%
`=b6% #*<%
establish GUG% &#O)%
technology for())*% )*3#31*3% 1*%
the large-volume ,&)% 8,#/,%
co-firing "+% a#/3)Tg"$4-)% !"T+1/1*3% "+% [4)$% 6--"*1#% 1*% ,&)%
of fuel
?)-"*',/#,1"*%J/".)5,%#,%U)Q1*#*%V&)/-#$%J"C)/%8,#,1"*;%81*5)%[h%9:9HB%`=b6%!";B%G*5;%@i`=b6jA%#*<%
ammonia at the Hekinan Thermal Power Station (the
GUG%!"/0"/#,1"*%@iGUGjA%&#O)%())*%5"*<45,1*3%#%<)-"*',/#,1"*%0/".)5,%,"%)',#($1'&%,)5&*"$"32%+"/%,&)%
“Project”) subsidized by New Energy and Industrial
Technology Development
$#/3)TO"$4-)% Organization
5"T+1/1*3% (NEDO).
"+% +4)$% #--"*1#% #,% ,&)% U)Q1*#*% V&)/-#$% J"C)/% 8,#,1"*% @,&)% iJ/".)5,jA%
'4('1<1Y)<%(2%>)C%=*)/32%#*<%G*<4',/1#$%V)5&*"$"32%?)O)$"0-)*,%L/3#*1Y#,1"*%@>=?LA;%%
The Project is deemed to constitute the first step toward
%
rapid decarbonization at low cost while continuously
V&)% J/".)5,%
utilizing thermal1'% <))-)<%
power generation. %
,"% 5"*',1,4,)%
JERA and,&)% +1/',%been
IHI have ',)0% ,"C#/<% /#01<% <)5#/("*1Y#,1"*% #,% $"C% 5"',% C&1$)%
*#,1"*#$%5"+1/1*3%0$#*%#*<%,&)%'5#$)%
5"*,1*4"4'$2%4,1$1Y1*3%,&)/-#$%0"C)/%3)*)/#,1"*;%%`=b6%#*<%GUG%&#O)%())*%-#Q1*3%)++"/,'%,"%'&"/,)*%
making efforts to shorten the installation period for burners,
8"4/5)\%RHFS%
tank, pipes, and other equipment required for the Project.
,&)%1*',#$$#,1"*%0)/1"<%+"/%(4/*)/'B%,#*QB%010)'B%#*<%",&)/%)^410-)*,%/)^41/)<%+"/%,&)%J/".)5,;% %
JERA and IHI embarked on the demonstration of the large U2</"3)*%Z,1$1'#,1"*%G-#3)%
`=b6%#*<%GUG%)-(#/Q)<%"*%,&)%<)-"*',/#,1"*%"+%,&)%$#/3)%O"$4-)%5"+1/1*3%"+%+4)$%#--"*1#%@9:E%"+%
volume cofiring of fuel ammonia (20% of heating value) at Hydrogen Utilisation Image
8"4/5)\%RHKS%
&)#,1*3%O#$4)A%#,%Z*1,%N%"+%,&)%0"C)/%0$#*,B%C&15&%C1$$%5"*,1*4)%+"/%"*)%2)#/%,"C#/<%`[h9:9F;%
Unit 4 of the power plant, which will continue for one year Source: [15]
%
toward% JFY2023. =2! >>?*."#$%&'&()*
,&)% 8,#/,% "+% a#/3)Tg"$4-)%
% !"T+1/1*3% "+% [4)$% 6--"*1#% 1*% % ,&)% 4. CCU technologyg
/-#$%J"C)/%8,#,1"*;%81*5)%[h%9:9HB%`=b6%!";B%G*5;%@i`=b6jA%#*<% 6% !!Z% @!#/("*% !#0,4/)% #*<% Z,1$1Y#,1"*A% J/".)5,% C#'% +"/-4$#,)<% #'% 0#/,% "+% ic1"-#''% G*<4',/1#$% !1,2%
g1'1"*jB%#*%4-(/)$$#%1*1,1#,1O)%"+%8#3#%74*1510#$%L++15);%V&)%-4*1510#$%3"O)/*-)*,%"+%8#3#%!1,2%&#<%
45,1*3%#%<)-"*',/#,1"*%0/".)5,%,"%)',#($1'&%,)5&*"$"32%+"/%,&)% A CCU (Carbon Capture and Utilization) Project was formulated
())*%Q))*$2%C"/Q1*3%,"C#/<%1,'%,#/3),%,"%-#Q)%,&)%51,2%#'%#%&4(%"+%(1"-#''%1*<4',/1)';%V&)%ic1"-#''%
as part of “Biomass Industrial City Vision”, an umbrella initiative
*1#% #,% ,&)% U)Q1*#*% V&)/-#$% J"C)/% 8,#,1"*% @,&)% iJ/".)5,jA% =*)/32%Z,1$1Y#,1"*%J/".)5,j%,&#,%&#'%())*%0/"-",)<%(2%8#3#%!1,2B%1*5$4<1*3%01"*))/1*3%*)C%C#2'%"+%
of 1*,"%
Saga/)'"4/5)';%
Municipal Office. The municipal government of Saga8#3#% !1,2% #*<%
#$%V)5&*"$"32%?)O)$"0-)*,%L/3#*1Y#,1"*%@>=?LA;%% /)525$1*3% C#',)'%
City had been
% 8400"/,)<%
keenly working
(2% `#0#*)')%
toward its
71*1',/2%
target
"+% =*O1/"*-)*,B%
to make the city
V"'&1(#%C"/Q)<%,"3),&)/%+"/%,&)%4*1^4)%W#',)T,"T=*)/32%0/".)5,%1*%C&15&%!L9%1'%5#0,4/)<%+/"-%+$4)%
as a hub of biomass industries. The “Biomass Energy Utilization
3#'%"+%,&)%)X1',1*3%8#3#%51,2%-4*1510#$%C#',)%1*51*)/#,1"*%0$#*,%#*<%4,1$1Y)<%+"/%#3/154$,4/#$%0/"<45,1"*;%
&)% +1/',% ',)0% ,"C#/<% /#01<% <)5#/("*1Y#,1"*% #,% $"C% 5"',% C&1$)% % Project” that has been promoted by Saga City, including
)*)/#,1"*;%%`=b6%#*<%GUG%&#O)%())*%-#Q1*3%)++"/,'%,"%'&"/,)*% 6%!!8%01$",%0$#*,%(2%V"'&1(#%,&#,%&#<%())*%1*%"0)/#,1"*%1*%71Q#C#
pioneering new ways of recycling wastes "
B%C&15&%1'%"*$2%M:Q-%+/"-%8#3#%!1,2%
into resources.
1*'01/)<%,&)%8#3#%-4*1510#$%3"O)/*-)*,B%#*<%,&)%5"$$#("/#,1"*%(),C))*%8#3#%-4*1510#$%3"O)/*-)*,%
Supported by Japanese Ministry of Environment, Saga City and
B%010)'B%#*<%",&)/%)^410-)*,%/)^41/)<%+"/%,&)%J/".)5,;% #*<%V"'&1(#%5#-)%,/4);%6,%,&)%1*1,1#$%',#3)B%,&)2%&#<%,"%4*<)/3"%,/2%#*<%)//"/'%#'%,&)%5#/("*%5#0,4/)%
Toshiba worked together for the unique Waste-to-Energy
',/#,1"*%"+%,&)%$#/3)%O"$4-)%5"+1/1*3%"+%+4)$%#--"*1#%@9:E%"+% ,)5&*"$"32%&#<%())*%"/131*#$$2%<)O)$"0)<%+"/%#00$15#,1"*%,"%,&)/-#$%0"C)/%0$#*,';%6*<%+1*#$$2B%,&)2%
project in which CO2 is captured from flue gas of the existing
#*,B%C&15&%C1$$%5"*,1*4)%+"/%"*)%2)#/%,"C#/<%`[h9:9F;% C)/)%'455)''+4$%1*%C"/Q1*3%"4,%#%5#/("*%5#0,4/)%0$#*,%<)'13*%)*#($1*3%&13&$2%04/1+1)<%!L
Saga city municipal waste incineration plant and utilized for !%0/"<45,1"*%
+/"-%C#',)%1*51*)/#,1"*%+$4)%3#'%+"/%4,1$1Y#,1"*%1*%#3/154$,4/);%V&)%,C"T2)#/%,)',%0/"O)<%,&#,%,&)%,)',%
agricultural production.
0$#*,% 5#*% 5#0,4/)% &13&% 04/1,2% !L9% C&15&% 5#*% ()% 4,1$1Y)<% +"/% #3/154$,4/#$% 04/0"')'% C1,&"4,% &#/-1*3%
%%%%
&4-#*%&)#$,&;% %
A CCS pilot plant by Toshiba that had been in operation in
% %
Mikawa , which is only 60km from Saga City inspired the Saga
V&)%!!Z%0$#*,%)*,)/)<%1*,"%5"--)/51#$%"0)/#,1"*%1*%9:HM;%G,%5#0,4/)'%H:%,"*'%"+%!L9%0)/%<#2B%+4)$1*3%
8"4/5)\%RHNS%% municipal government, and the collaboration between Saga
,&)%54$,1O#,1"*%"+%#$3#)%#,%#%*)13&("/1*3%#$3#)%+#/-;%V&)%4*1^4)%-4*1510#$%)5"'2',)-%C1,&%,&)%/)525$1*3%
% municipal
"+% !L9% +/"-% ,&1'% government
C#',)% 3#'% and ,&)%
&#'% ())*% &)$01*3% Toshiba came #*<%
-4*1510#$1,2% true.1,'%At the C#$Q1*3%
0)"0$)% initial ,&/"43&% ,&)%
;2! <)76&("%* )*)/32%,/#*'1,1"*%0#,&C#2%,"C#/<%51/54$#/%)5"*"-2;%%
stage, they had to undergo try and errors as the carbon capture
% % technology had been originally developed for application to
thermal power plants. And finally, they were successful in
U2</"3)*% 1'% 5"-(4',1($)% #*<% &#'% #% C1<)% )X0$"'1O)% /#*3)B% '"% 5#/)% -4',% ()% ,#Q)*% 1*% 1,'% ',"/#3)% #*<%
working out a carbon capture plant design enabling highly
,/#*'0"/,#,1"*;%!4//)*,$2B%&13&T0/)''4/)%',"/#3)%"+%P:%7J#%52$1*<)/B%$1^4)+1)<%&2</"3)*%',"/#3)B%$1^41<%
purified CO2 production from waste incineration flue gas for
utilization in agriculture. The two-year test proved that the test
! plant can capture high purity CO2 which can be utilized for
! agricultural purposes without harming human health.
!
#
!<))3=>??@@@A-4,B24A),=<6B2?@@?('@=?'('*-.?CDCD?ED?('@=FCDCDEDGEFDEA<)H4!
The CCU plant entered into commercial operation in 2016. It
%%%% ! % captures 10 tons of CO2 per day, fueling the cultivation of algae
Source: [14] ! at a neighboring algae farm. The unique municipal ecosystem
8"4/5)\%RHNS%% with the recycling of CO2 from this waste gas has been helping
3. Hydrogen the municipality and its people walking through the energy
transition pathway toward circular economy.
Hydrogen is combustible and has a wide explosive range, so
)%
care must be taken in its storage and transportation.
<%<)% )X0$"'1O)% /#*3)B% high-pressure
Currently, '"% 5#/)% -4',%storage
()% ,#Q)*%of 1*%701,'%MPa
',"/#3)% #*<%
cylinder,
)%
)%',"/#3)%"+%P:%7J#%52$1*<)/B%$1^4)+1)<%&2</"3)*%',"/#3)B%$1^41<%
liquefied hydrogen storage, liquid storage by hydrogenation
A% to carrier material such as toluene, etc. are in the stage of

)%
*%
� https://www.global.toshiba/ww/news/energy/2020/10/news-20201031-01.html
+% 5
Policy Brief No.13 | September 2022

%%%%% %
! ! %%V&)%!!Z%0$#*,%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%6$3#)%[#/-%#<.#5)*,%,"%,&)%!!Z%0$#*,%
8"4/5)\%RHMS%
The CCU plant Algae Farm adjacent to the CCU plant Source: [16]
%
Furthermore, [4/,&)/-"/)B%4*<)/%,&)%1*1,1#,1O)%"+%,&)%3"O)/*-)*,B%be?%/)$#,)<%,"%!L9%+1X#,1"*%#'%5#/("*#,)%#*<%
%%%%%
under the initiative of the government, R&D %
Energy transition pathways will be diversified as per
related! to! CO2
%%V&)%!!Z%0$#*,%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%6$3#)%[#/-%#<.#5)*,%,"%,&)%!!Z%0$#*,%
')O)/#$% 5"*O)/'1"*% 0/"5)''% ,"% 4')+4$% '4(',#*5)'% ,&/"43&% /)<45,1"*% /)#5,1"*% 4'1*3% &2</"3)*%
fixation as carbonate and several conversion respective energy, social and economic #/)% 1*%
situation,
process8"4/5)\%RHMS%
to useful substances through reduction reaction
0/"3/)'';% however, each and every AMS will be able to achieve
using hydrogen are in progress.
% its sustainability and energy security target in parallel
! with emissions reduction toward future NEZ, through
[4/,&)/-"/)B%4*<)/%,&)%1*1,1#,1O)%"+%,&)%3"O)/*-)*,B%be?%/)$#,)<%,"%!L9%+1X#,1"*%#'%5#/("*#,)%#*<%
Way ')O)/#$%
Forward: ACEJCOAL Strategic
D#5!E('C#'+F!!,9.G9H,I!-8'#84&0$!=4A('8!(*!,-.,/!=4#+0*477!>('!996!
5"*O)/'1"*% 0/"5)''% ,"% 4')+4$% '4(',#*5)'% ,&/"43&% /)<45,1"*%
mutual learning and introducing process of best
practices in /)#5,1"*% 4'1*3%
policy, policy &2</"3)*%and
instruments #/)%projects
1*%
Report on ASEAN Readiness for CCT and
0/"3/)'';%
#*+!99?!64$@*(2(&047!6(C#'+7!9#'3(*!/4)8'#2085!
CCU !Technologies Towards Carbon
implementation.

%
Neutrality
D#5!E('C#'+F!!,9.G9H,I!-8'#84&0$!=4A('8!(*!,-.,/!=4#+0*477!>('!996!
V#Q1*3%1*,"%5"*'1<)/#,1"*%"+%,&)%,1-1*3%+"/%#55)$)/#,1*3%<)0$"2-)*,%"+%!!V%#*<%!!Z%,)5&*"$"31)'%1*%
Taking into consideration of the timing for accelerating
'400"/,1*3%)*)/32%')54/1,2%#*<%)*O1/"*-)*,#$%'4',#1*#(1$1,2%"+%678B%()$"C%#/)%'"-)%+#5,"/'%,"%()%
#*+!99?!64$@*(2(&047!6(C#'+7!9#'3(*!/4)8'#2085!
deployment of CCT and CCU technologies in supporting
5"*'1<)/)<% #'% #% C#2% +"/C#/<% +"/% )*&#*51*3% 68=6>% /)#<1*)''% +"/% !!V% #*<% !!Z% ,)5&*"$"31)'% 1*% ,&)%
energy security and environmental sustainability of AMS,
% /)31"*;%V&)')%+#5,"/'%C1$$%()%)X0$"/)<%+4/,&)/%1*,"%,&)%6!=T`!L6a%8,/#,)315%/)0"/,%,"%()%04($1'&)<%1*%
below are some factors to be considered as a way forward
V#Q1*3%1*,"%5"*'1<)/#,1"*%"+%,&)%,1-1*3%+"/%#55)$)/#,1*3%<)0$"2-)*,%"+%!!V%#*<%!!Z%,)5&*"$"31)'%1*%
for enhancing 6434',%9:9F\%%
ASEAN readiness for CCT and CCU
'400"/,1*3%)*)/32%')54/1,2%#*<%)*O1/"*-)*,#$%'4',#1*#(1$1,2%"+%678B%()$"C%#/)%'"-)%+#5,"/'%,"%()%
technologies %in the region. These factors will be explored
further5"*'1<)/)<% #'% #% C#2%
into the ACE-JCOAL +"/C#/<%
Strategic +"/%
report to )*&#*51*3%
be published68=6>% /)#<1*)''% +"/% !!V% #*<% !!Z% ,)5&*"$"31)'% 1*% ,&)%
! !!V%#*<%!!Z8%C1$$%5"*',1,4,)%#%-#."/%0#/,%"+%'"$4,1"*'%,"%68=6>%,"%5"*,1*4)%5"#$%4,1$1Y#,1"*%C&1$)%
in August 2023:
/)31"*;%V&)')%+#5,"/'%C1$$%()%)X0$"/)<%+4/,&)/%1*,"%,&)%6!=T`!L6a%8,/#,)315%/)0"/,%,"%()%04($1'&)<%1*%
#33/)''1O)$2%04/'41*3%/)*)C#($)%)*)/32%#*<%",&)/%5$)#*)/%*"*T+"''1$%+4)$'%4,1$1Y#,1"*;%
CCT and CCUS will constitute a major part of solutions
6434',%9:9F\%%
! !"#$%1'%4')<%,"%()%<))-)<%#'%1*+$)X1($)%#*<%*"*T,/#*'1,1"*#$%+4)$;%G*%68=6>%5"*,)X,B%5"#$%5#*%()%
to ASEAN to continue coal utilization while
% ,/#*'1,1"*#$B%
aggressively pursuing 1+% !!V%
renewable #*<d"/%
energy !!Z8% #/)% <)0$"2)<% #00/"0/1#,)$2;% !"#$% )O)*% 5#*% '400"/,% 1*%
and other
! !!V%#*<%!!Z8%C1$$%5"*',1,4,)%#%-#."/%0#/,%"+%'"$4,1"*'%,"%68=6>%,"%5"*,1*4)%5"#$%4,1$1Y#,1"*%C&1$)%
cleaner 5"$$#("/#,1"*%C1,&%",&)/%+$)X1($)%'"4/5)'%,&)%)X0)5,)<%-#''1O)%/)*)C#($)%)*)/32%1*,/"<45,1"*%(2%
non-fossil fuels utilization.
Coal is #33/)''1O)$2%04/'41*3%/)*)C#($)%)*)/32%#*<%",&)/%5$)#*)/%*"*T+"''1$%+4)$'%4,1$1Y#,1"*;%
used#<</)''1*3%,&)%3/1<%/)^41/)-)*,';%
to be deemed as inflexible and
non-transitional fuel. In ASEAN context, coal can be
! !"#$%1'%4')<%,"%()%<))-)<%#'%1*+$)X1($)%#*<%*"*T,/#*'1,1"*#$%+4)$;%G*%68=6>%5"*,)X,B%5"#$%5#*%()%
! I/1<%'2',)-%',#(1$1Y#,1"*%C1$$%()%#%5"*,1*41*3%1''4)%,&/"43&"4,%,&)%)*)/32%,/#*'1,1"*%#*<%0"''1($2%
transitional, if CCT and/or CCUS are deployed
,/#*'1,1"*#$B%
appropriately.)O)*%
1+% can
!!V%
()2"*<;%
Coal even
#*<d"/%
% 68=6>B%
support
!!Z8%
1*% ,&1'% #/)% <)0$"2)<%
5"*,)X,%
in collaboration
#00/"0/1#,)$2;%
&#'% "O)/C&)$-1*3% !"#$% )O)*%
#<O#*,#3)'% 5#*% '400"/,%
,"% &#O)% 1*% 3/1<%
,&)% /)31"*#$%
5"$$#("/#,1"*%C1,&%",&)/%+$)X1($)%'"4/5)'%,&)%)X0)5,)<%-#''1O)%/)*)C#($)%)*)/32%1*,/"<45,1"*%(2%
with other 5"**)5,1"*%#*<%+4/,&)/%<)O)$"0-)*,%0$#*%"+%6JI;%%%
flexible sources the expected massive
#<</)''1*3%,&)%3/1<%/)^41/)-)*,';%
renewable ! 6% -4$,1T<1-)*'1"*#$%
energy introduction /"#<-#0%
by addressing C1,&% <1O1'1"*% "+% 9:F:% @'&"/,T,)/-AB% 9:N:% @-)<14-T,)/-AB% 9:K:%
the grid
! I/1<%'2',)-%',#(1$1Y#,1"*%C1$$%()%#%5"*,1*41*3%1''4)%,&/"43&"4,%,&)%)*)/32%,/#*'1,1"*%#*<%0"''1($2%
requirements. @$"*3T,)/-AB% C&)/)% #'0)5,'% '45&% #'% 0"$152% #*<% 0"$152% #5,1"*'B% ,)5&*"$"32% <)O)$"0-)*,% #*<%
Grid system stabilization will be a continuing issue
)O)*% ()2"*<;% % 68=6>B% 1*% ,&1'% 5"*,)X,% &#'% "O)/C&)$-1*3% #<O#*,#3)'% ,"% &#O)% ,&)% /)31"*#$% 3/1<%
1*,/"<45,1"*B%),5;%#/)%,"%()%)X0/)'')<%#'%-1$)',"*)'%#*<%3"#$'%#*<%C1$$%()%"*)%"+%,&)%"4,5"-)'%"+%
throughout the energy transition and possibly even
5"**)5,1"*%#*<%+4/,&)/%<)O)$"0-)*,%0$#*%"+%6JI;%%%
beyond. ASEAN, ,&)%/)0"/,;%
in this context has overwhelming
! 6% -4$,1T<1-)*'1"*#$%
advantages ! to=*)/32% regional/"#<-#0%
have the,/#*'1,1"*% 0#,&C#2'%
grid C1,&%
connection <1O1'1"*%
C1$$% "+% 9:F:% #'%
and()% <1O)/'1+1)<% @'&"/,T,)/-AB% 9:N:%)*)/32B%
0)/% /)'0)5,1O)% @-)<14-T,)/-AB%
'"51#$% #*<%9:K:%
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further@$"*3T,)/-AB%
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development C&)/)%
plan #'0)5,'%
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of APG. '45&%
)#5&% #*<%#'%)O)/2%
0"$152% #*<%C1$$%
678% 0"$152% #5,1"*'B%
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,"% #5&1)O)% <)O)$"0-)*,%#*<%
1,'% '4',#1*#(1$1,2% #*<%
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A multi-dimensional roadmap with division of 2030
1*,/"<45,1"*B%),5;%#/)%,"%()%)X0/)'')<%#'%-1$)',"*)'%#*<%3"#$'%#*<%C1$$%()%"*)%"+%,&)%"4,5"-)'%"+%
')54/1,2%,#/3),%1*%0#/#$$)$%C1,&%)-1''1"*'%/)<45,1"*%,"C#/<%+4,4/)%>=_B%,&/"43&%-4,4#$%$)#/*1*3%
(short-term), 2040 (medium-term), 2050 (long-term),
,&)%/)0"/,;%
where aspects #*<%
such1*,/"<451*3%
as policy and 0/"5)''% "+% ()',% 0/#5,15)'% 1*% 0"$152B% 0"$152% 1*',/4-)*,'% #*<% 0/".)5,'%
policy actions,
! =*)/32% ,/#*'1,1"*%
1-0$)-)*,#,1"*;% 0#,&C#2'% C1$$%
technology development and introduction, etc. are ()% <1O)/'1+1)<%
to #'% 0)/% /)'0)5,1O)% )*)/32B% '"51#$% #*<% )5"*"-15%
'1,4#,1"*B%
be expressed &"C)O)/B%
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6
Policy Brief
References
[1] ACE& World Coal Association (2021) Clean Coal
Technology in ASEAN: Balancing Equity, Security &
Sustainability. Available at
https://aseanenergy.org/clean-coal-technology-in-asean
-balancing-equity-security-sustainability/
[2] ACE (2021) Challenges and Implications of Coal
Phase-Down to the ASEAN Energy Landscape. Available
at
https://aseanenergy.org/challenges-and-implicationsof-c
oal-phase-down-to-the-asean-energy-landscape/
[3] UNFCCC (2021) End of Coal in Sight at COP26. Available
at https://unfccc.int/news/end-of-coal-in-sight-at-cop26
[4] ACE (2020) The 6th ASEAN Energy Outlook. ASEAN
Centre for Energy. Available at
https://aseanenergy.org/the-6th-asean-energy-outlook/
[5] ACE (2022) ASEAN Energy Database System. Available at
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[6] IEA (2021) World Energy Outlook. Available at
https://www.iea.org/reports/world-energy-outlook-2021
[7] IEA (2022) Southeast Asia Energy Outlook. Available at
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ok-2022
[8] World Bank (2021) World Development Indicators.
Available at
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dicators/
[9] Canada government (2021) Coal Phase-Out. Available at
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/climatechange/canada-international-action/coal-phase-
out.html
[10] ACE (2021a) ASEAN Plan of Action for Energy
Cooperation (APAEC) 2016-2025 Phase II: 2021-2025
No.13 | September 2022
[11] ACE (2021b) Strategic Report on the New Role of
Coal-Fired Power Plant in the Era of Energy Transition.
Available at
https://aseanenergy.org/strategic-report-on-the-new-rol
e-of-coal-fired-power-plant-in-the-era-of-energy-transiti
on/
[12] DEDE, Ministry of Energy Thailand. Available at
https://weben.dede.go.th/webmax/content/biomass-dat
abase-potential-thailand
[13] Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources and PLN.
Available at
https://www.esdm.go.id/assets/media/content/content-r
encana-co-firing-pada-pltu.pdf
[14] ERA. Available at
https://www.jera.co.jp/english/information/20211006_77
2 and
https://www.jera.co.jp/english/information/20220531_91
7
[15] [15] METI. Available at
https://www.meti.go.jp/shingikai/enecho/shoene_shinen
e/suiso_seisaku/pdf/001_03_00.pdf
[16] [16] Toshiba. Available at
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mic-value-carbon-capture-technology-helps-recycle-was
te-into-resources/