SATELLITE

COMMUNICATION

Monojit Mitra
SATELLITE COMMUNICATION
 SATELLITE
COMMUNICATION

MONOJIT MITRA
Assistant Professor
Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering
Bengal Engineering and Science University, Shibpur

New Delhi-110001
2012
SATELLITE COMMUNICATION
Monojit Mitra

© 2005 by PHI Learning Private Limited, New Delhi. All rights reserved. No part of this book
may be reproduced in any form, by mimeograph or any other means, without permission
in writing from the publisher.

ISBN-978-81-203-2786-3

The export rights of this book are vested solely with the publisher.

Seventh Printing º º º May, 2012

Published by Asoke K. Ghosh, PHI Learning Private Limited, M-97, Connaught Circus,
New Delhi-110001 and Printed by Mudrak, 30-A, Patparganj, Delhi-110091.
 Contents

Preface xi
Acknowledgements xiii

1. Overview of Satellite Communication 1–11

1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Historical Background of Satellite Communication 2
1.3 Active and Passive Satellites 4
1.4 Satellite Orbits 4
1.5 General Structure of Satellite Communication 5
1.6 Iridium 6
1.7 Importance of 6/4 GHz System 7
1.8 Satellite Applications 7
1.9 Satellite Frequency Allocation and Band Spectrum 7
1.10 Advantages of Microwave and Millimeter Wave in Satellite
Communication 8
1.11 Digital Satellite Communication 8
1.12 Satellite Mobile Communication System 9
Summary 9
References 10
Suggested Further Reading 10
Problems 10
v
vi CONTENTS

2. Satellite Orbits and Inclination 12–21

2.1 Introduction 12
2.2 Look Angles 15
2.3 Orbital Perturbations 18
2.3.1 Effect of Eclipse 18
2.3.2 Effects of Gravitational Force of Sun and Moon 19
2.3.3 Effect of Earth’s Oblateness 19
2.4 Sun Transit Outage 20
Summary 20
References 20
Suggested Further Reading 21
Problems 21

3. Spacecraft and Its Subsystem 22–42

3.1 Introduction 22
3.2 Attitude and Orbit Control System (AOCS) 22
3.2.1 Attitude Control System (ACS) 23
3.2.2 Orbit Control System 25
3.3 Telemetry, Tracking and Command (TT&C) 25
3.3.1 Telemetry 26
3.3.2 Tracking System 26
3.3.3 Command 27
3.4 Power System 27
3.5 Communication Subsystems 28
3.5.1 Transponder 29
3.6 Antenna Subsystem 30
3.7 Reliability and Space Qualification 34
3.7.1 Space Qualification 35
3.7.2 Reliability 35
3.7.3 Redundancy 36
3.8 Launches and Launch Vehicles 37
3.8.1 Mechanics of Launching a Geo-Synchronous Satellite 39
Summary 39
References 40
Suggested Further Reading 40
Problems 40

4. Satellite Link Design 43–54

4.1 Introduction 43
4.2 General Link Design Equation 43
4.3 System Noise Temperature, C/N and G/T Ratios 45
 CONTENTS vii

4.4 Uplink Design 48

4.5 Downlink Design 48
4.5.1 Downlink Rain Fade Margin 49
4.6 Complete Link Design 49
4.7 Satellite Link Design with Specified (C/N) 52
4.8 Dependence of (C/N) Ratio on Earth Station Parameters 52
Summary 53
References 53
Suggested Further Reading 53
Problems 54

5. Analog Satellite Communication 55–66

5.1 Introduction 55
5.2 Frequency Division Multiplexing Technique 56
5.3 Generation of FM Signal 56
5.3.1 Detection of FM Signal 58
5.3.2 FM with Multiplexed Telephone Signals 59
5.3.3 Companded Single Sideband (CSSB) System 60
5.3.4 Single Channel Per Carrier (SCPC) Carrier 60
5.4 Analog Television Transmission 61
5.4.1 Signal to Noise Ratio for TV Signal 64
5.5 International and Regional Satellites 64
Summary 65
Suggested Further Reading 66
Problems 66

6. Digital Satellite Communication 67–88

6.1 Introduction 67
6.2 Digital Base Band Signal Transmission 67
6.3 Digital Modulation Techniques 69
6.3.1 Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK) 69
6.3.2 Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK) 70
6.3.3 Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) 71
6.3.4 Binary Frequency Shift Keying (BFSK) 73
6.3.5 Minimum Shift Keying (MSK) 75
6.3.6 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) 75
6.4 Digital Transmission of Voice Signal 79
6.5 Delta Modulation 80
6.6 Digital Demodulation 81
6.6.1 Coherent Detection 81
6.6.2 FSK Demodulator 82
6.6.3 BPSK Demodulator 83
viii CONTENTS

6.6.4 QPSK Demodulation 84

6.6.5 QAM Demodulation 85
Summary 87
Suggested Further Reading 87
Problems 87

7. Multiple Access Techniques 89–104

7.1 Introduction 89
7.2 Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) 90
7.2.1 TDMA Frame Structure 91
7.2.2 TDMA Frame Synchronization and Timing 94
7.2.3 Multiple Beam TDMA System 95
7.2.4 Beam Hopping TDMA 95
7.3 Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) 96
7.3.1 Overall C/N Ratio on an FDM/FM/FDMA Link 96
7.4 Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) 97
7.4.1 Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DS-SS) 98
7.4.2 PN Sequence Spread Spectrum 99
7.4.3 Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS) 100
7.5 Space Domain Multiple Access (SDMA) 102
7.6 Mixed Access System 102
Summary 102
References 103
Suggested Further Reading 103
Problems 103

8. Demand Assigned Multiple Access (DAMA) Techniques 105–117

8.1 Introduction 105
8.2 Erlang Call Congestion (Blocking or B) Formula 107
8.3 Demand Assignment Control 108
8.4 Demand Assigned FDMA (DA-FDMA) 109
8.5 Demand Assigned TDMA (DA-TDMA) 110
8.6 Digital Speech Interpolation 111
8.7 Random Multiple Access (RMA) 112
Summary 116
Suggested Further Reading 116
Problems 117

9. Encoding and Forward Error Correction for Digital Satellite 118–125

Links
9.1 Introduction 118
9.2 Error Detection Coding 119
9.2.1 Linear Block Coding 119
 CONTENTS ix

9.2.2 Cyclic Codes 121

9.2.3 Golay Codes 122
9.2.4 Convolutional Codes 122
9.3 Automatic Repeat Request (ARQ) 123
9.4 Implementation of Error Detection on Satellite Links 124
Summary 124
Suggested Further Reading 125
Problems 125

10. Earth Station Technology 126–138

10.1 Introduction 126
10.2 Subsystem of an Earth Station 127
10.2.1 Transmitter 127
10.2.2 Receiver 128
10.2.3 Antennas 129
10.2.4 Tracking and Pointing 131
10.3 Small Earth Station 131
10.4 Different Types of Earth Station 132
10.4.1 Transmit Receive Earth Station 132
10.4.2 Receive Only Earth Station 133
10.5 Frequency Coordination 134
10.6 Earth Station of Near Future 136
Summary 137
Suggested Further Reading 137
Problems 137

11. Special Purpose Communication Satellites 139–153

11.1 Introduction 139
11.2 Direct Broadcast Satellite (DBS) Services 139
11.3 INMARSAT 140
11.4 Data Broadcast Satellite (VSAT) 142
11.5 Mobile Satellite (MSAT) Communication System 144
11.6 Global Positioning System (GPS) 144
11.7 RADARSAT 146
11.8 LANDSAT 148
11.9 ORBCOMM 148
11.10 INTELSAT 149
Summary 152
Reference 152
Suggested Further Reading 152
Problems 152
x CONTENTS

12. Indian Activities in Satellite Communication 154–161

12.1 Introduction 154
12.2 Indian National Satellite System (INSATS) 155
12.3 Small Earth Stations in India 158
12.4 Indian Remote Sensing (IRS) Satellites 159
12.5 Participation of India in Other International Communication
Satellite System 159
12.6 Collaboration with Industries for Staellite Development 161
Summary 161
Suggested Further Reading 161
Problems 161

Index 163–166
 Satellite Communication

25%
OFF

Publisher : PHI Learning ISBN : 9788120327863 Author : MITRA, MONOJIT

Type the URL : http://www.kopykitab.com/product/74 20

Get this eBook