WRAN using Cognitive Radio

Graduation Project 2014

Supervised by: Prof.Dr. Al-Sayed Al-Badawy.

Project Team Members:-

1- Ahmed Ousami Kamara.

2- Emad Mamdouh Abdou.
3- Hisham Mohamed Awad.
4- Omar Hassan Haggag.
5- Omar Khaled Shaheen.
6- Omar Mahmoud Salama.
7- Tarek Ahmed Gomaa.
8- Youssef Ahmed Youssef.

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 Acknowledgement

At the beginning and first of all, we'd like to thank Allah for creating this marvelous
universe with the unlimited knowledge which we gain every day and Thank Allah for
allowing us the chance to work together in this project, learn from it and achieve
something new and useful for the humanity.

Then, we'd like to express our gratitude to our supervisor, Prof.Dr.Al-Sayed Al-Badawy
for his precious time, valuable advice and follow up all the time.

Special appreciation goes to our co-supervisor, Eng.Mohamed Abd-Elaziz for his

continuous support, guidance in a lot of points and a lot of opportunities.

And can never forget the role of our communication and electronics department's
professors and doctors, for their help in the project, for their guidance and providing us
with all the needed materials.

Last and not Least, All the appreciations and gratitude goes for our families who
supported us and encouraged us all the time. Simply, without their care and
understanding, none of our project's work would have been done.

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 Preface

Wireless communication is data transfer between two or more points that are not physical
connected. The most common wireless technologies use electromagnetic wireless
telecommunications, such as radio.
With radio waves distances can only be short; a few meters for television or as far as
thousands or even millions of kilometers for deep-space radio communications. It encompasses
various types of fixed mobile, and portable applications, including two way radios, cellular
telephones, digital personal assistance (PDAs), and wireless networking.
In this thesis we discuss the IEEE 802.22 WRAN standard which uses the wireless solution
to deliver internet to rural areas as coupling underground in desert in prohibitively expensive; the
Problem lies that we can't lose high frequencies to send through due to the free space path loss.
The higher frequency of transmitting, the weaker the signal strength is with as the distance
increases distance according to the radio propagation theory.
So, we use the cognitive radio technology to reuse licensed band of the TV which are bands
of low frequency from 50 MHZ to 850 MHZ, and this is because TV and radio broadcasting is
over large areas that one TV tower can cover the whole city. Cognitive radio technology gives us
the ability to use these licensed bands by means of spectrum sensing techniques and other
cognitive radio techniques.
Chapter 1: it's a general to introduction to the project and wireless WRANS standards including
our explanation to some important parameters such that protocols reference model (PRM) and
some parameters explanations of Mac Layer.
Chapter 2: this chapter includes physical layer and it's parameters in details such as modulation
techniques, Channel coding, scrambling, interleaving, Superframe explanation, control
mechanisms and also adaptive modulation.
Chapter 3: in this chapter we discuss also in details the cognitive radio capabilities, spectrum
Manager Operation, spectrum availability, channel classification and selection, association
control, spectrum manager policies and procedures.

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Chapter 4: in this chapter we discuss the new ideas we implemented and our research topics we
had like the main idea is how to connect our WRAN system with services provider (SP) to
provide internet service for any site by three main techniques Microwave links, Leased line and
VPN and also how the base station handle the connection between it and the CPE'S also provide
spectrum availability and connection including spectrum sensing automaton, Geolocation, some
essentials primitives.
Chapter 5: Conclusion.

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 Page Number
1. Chapter One: Introduction to Wran using Cognitive Radio.
1.1 Scope.
1.2 Purpose
1.3 Reference application.
1.4 System architecture.
1.4.1 Reference architecture.
1.4.1.1 Data plan.
1.4.1.2 Management / Control plane.
1.4.1.3 Cognitive plan.
1.4.1.3.1 Spectrum manager.
1.4.1.3.2 Spectrum sensing automoton.
1.4.1.3.3 Security sub layer 2.
1.5 Management reference architecture.
1.5.1 Phy / Mac to Ncms Interface.
1.5.1.1 Management (SAP).
1.5.1.2 Control (SAP).
1.6 Packet convergence sub layer.
1.6.1 Mac SDU format.
1.6.2 Classification.
2. Chapter Two: (Physical Layer) in details
2.1 Symbol descriptions.
2.1.1 OFDM symbol mathematical representation.
2.1.1.1 Time domain description.
2.1.1.2 Frequency domain description.
2.1.2 Symbol parameters.
2.1.2.1 Subcarrier spacing.
2.1.2.2 Symbol duration for different cyclic prefix modes.

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 2.1.2.3 Transmission parameters.
2.2 Data rates.
2.3 Functional block diagram applicable to the PHY layer.
2.4 Superframe and frame structures.
2.4.1 Preamble.
2.4.1.1 Preamble definition.
2.4.1.1.1 Generation of sts.
2.4.1.1.2 Generation of lts.
2.4.1.2 Superframe preamble.
2.4.1.3 Frame Preamble.
2.4.1.4 CBP preamble.
2.4.2 Control header and map definition.
2.4.2.1 Superframe control header (SCH).
2.4.2.2 Frame control header (FCH).
2.4.2.3 DS-MAP, US-MAP, DCD, and UCD.
2.5 CBP packet.
2.5.1 Encoding of CBP data.
2.6 OFDM subcarrier allocation.
2.6.1 Pilot pattern.
2.6.2 Turbo-Like lnterleaving (TLI) algorithm.
2.6.3 Downstream subcarrier allocation.
2.6.4 Upstream subcarrier allocation.
2.6.5 Bit interleaving.
2.7 Channel coding.
2.7.1 Data scrambling.
2.7.2 Forward error correction (FEC).
2.7.2.1 Binary convolutional code (BCC) mode (mandatory).
2.7.2.1.1 Binary convolutional coding.
2.7.2.1.2 Puncturing.

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 2.7.2.1.3 OFDM slot concatenation.
2.7.2.2 Duo-binary convolutional turbo code (CTC) mode (optional).
2.7.2.2.1 Duo-binary convolutional turbo coding.
2.7.2.2.2 CTC interleaver.
2.7.2.2.3 Determination of the circulation states.
2.7.2.2.4 Code rate and puncturing.
2.7.2.2.5 Block concatenation.
2.7.2.3 Low-density parity check codes (LDPC) mode (optional).
2.7.2.3.1 Code description.
2.7.2.3.2 Code rate and block size adjustment.
2.7.2.3.3 Packet encoding.
2.7.2.4 Shortened block turbo codes (SBTC) mode (optional).
2.8 Constellation mapping and modulation.
2.8.1 Data modulation.
2.8.2 Pilot modulation.
2.9 Control mechanism.
2.9.1 Downstream synchronization.
2.9.2 Upstream synchronization.
2.9.3 Opportunistic upstream bursts.
2.9.3.1 CDMA bursts.
2.9.3.1.1 CDMA codes.
2.9.3.1.2 Initial-ranging transmission.
2.9.3.1.3 CDMA periodic-ranging, BW-request, and UCS notification
2.9.3.1.4 Ranging, BW request, and UCS notification opportunity windows.
2.9.3.2 Contention-based BW request and UCS notification.
2.9.4 Power control.
2.9.4.1 Transmit power control boundaries and EIRP limits.
2.9.4.2 Transmit power Control mechanism.
2.10 Network synchronization.

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 2.11 Frequency control requirements.
2.12 Antenna.
2.12.1 Antenna reference patterns.
2.12.1.1 CPE transmit/receive antenna reference pattern.
2.12.1.2 Sensing antenna reference pattern.
2.12.1.3 BS transmit/receive antennas.
2.12.2 Antenna Interface.
2.12.2.1 TRU/AU physical interface.
2.12.2.2 TRU/AU messaging interface.
2.12.2.3 AU antenna Information mapping.
2.13 RF mask.
2.14 Receiver requirements.
2.14.1 Receiver minimum sensitivity.
2.14.2 Receiver selectivity.
2.14.3 Receiver tolerance to interference overload.
3. Chapter Three: (Cognitive Radio).
3.1 General.
3.2 Spectrum manager operation.
3.2.1 General.
3.2.2 Maintain spectrum availability information.
3.2.3 Channel classification and selection.
3.2.3.1 Transition diagrams for channel sets.
3.2.3.2 Backup and candidate channel prioritization using spectrum etiquette.
3.2.4 Association control.
3.2.5 Spectrum manager policies.
3.2.6 Spectrum manager operation.
3.2.6.1 Spectrum manager state machine.
3.2.6.2 Procedure SM_Find_Operating_Channel.
3.2.6.3 Procedure SM_Establish_Network.

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 3.2.6.4 Procedure SM_CPE_Registration_and_Tracking.
3.2.6.5 Procedure SM_Database_Update.
3.2.6.6 Procedure SM_Determine_Signal_Type_Execute_Policies.
3.2.6.7 Procedure SM_Background_Processes.
3.2.6.8 Procedure SM_Initiate_Channel_Move.

4. Chapter Four:
4.1
4.2 Definition of leased line.
4.2.1 Leased line history.
4.2.2 Leased line types.
4.2.2.1 Ethernet cables /E1.
4.2.2.2 Optical fiber.
4.2.2.3 DDS.
4.2.2.4 DAR.
4.2.3 Data transmission protocols.
4.2.3.1 Data transmission speed.
4.2.4 Leased line advantage.
4.2.5 Leased line disadvantage.
4.2.6 Backbone infrastructure (Point connections).
4.3 Definition of microwave links.
4.3.1 What's antenna??
4.3.2 What's antenna types??
4.3.2.1 Horn antenna.
4.3.2.2 Parabolic antenna.
4.3.3 Antenna efficiency.
4.3.4 Advantages of microwave links.
4.3.5 Disadvantages of microwave links.
4.4 What's VPN technology (Definition/infrastructure)?

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4.5 Types of VPN.
4.5.1 Site to site VPN.
4.5.2 Remote access VPN.
4.6 Types of VPN protocols.
4.6.1 IP-Sec.
4.6.1.1 IPSec Security Features

4.6.2 GRE (Generic routing encapsulation).

4.6.3 L2-TP.
4.6.4 PPTP (Point-to-point-protocol).
4.7 Advantage of VPN.
4.8 Disadvantage of VPN.
4.9 Spectrum sensing automaton (SSA).
4.9.1 SSA state machine operation.
4.9.2 Procedure SSA_Initialization.
4.9.3 Procedure SSA_In-band_Sensing.
4.9.4 Procedure SSA_Idle_Time SSA operation during CPE idle time.
4.9.5 Loss of contact with the BS.
4.9.6 Procedure SSA_BLM_Report_Generation.
4.9.7 Example of sensing information representation at the SSA.
4.10 Geolocation.
4.10.1 Satellite-based geolocation.
4.10.2 terrestrially-based geolocation.
4.10.2.1 Conditions to carry out precise ranging.
4.10.2.2 BS-to-CPE fine ranging.
4.10.2.3 CPE-to-CPE fine ranging.
4.10.2.4 Terrestrial geolocation process.
4.10.2.5 Geolocation calculations.
4.11 Database services.
4.11.1 System model for the database access.
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 4.11.2 Database service access.
4.11.3 Security for these messages.
4.12 Primitives for cognitive radio capabilities.
4.12.1 Database service primitives.
4.12.1.1 M-DB-AVAILABLE-REQUEST.
4.12.1.2 M-DB-AVAILABLE-CONFIRM.
4.12.1.3 M-DEVICE-ENLISTMENT-REQUEST.
4.12.1.4 M-DEVICE-ENLISTMENT-CONFIRM.
4.12.1.5 M-DB-AVAILABLE-CHANNEL-REQUEST.
4.12.1.6 M-DB-AVAILABLE-CHANNEL-INDICATION.
4.12.1.7 M-DB-DELIST-REQUEST.
4.12.1.8 M-DB-DELIST-CONFIRM.
4.12.2 BS configuration and monitoring primitives.
4.12.2.1 M-AVAIL-TV-CH-REPORT.request.
4.12.2.1.1 When generated.
4.12.2.1.2 Effect on receipt.
4.12.2.2 M-AVAIL-TV-CH-REPORT.confirm.
4.12.2.2.1 When generated.
4.12.2.2.2 Effect on receipt.
4.12.2.3 M-DISALLOWED-TV-CHS.indication.
4.12.2.3.1 When generated.
4.12.2.3.2 Effect on receipt.
4.12.2.4 M-OPERATING-TV-CH.indication.
4.12.2.4.1 When generated.
4.12.2.4.2 Effect on receipt.
4.12.3 CPE reports the resulting available WRAN services list.
4.12.3.1 M-WRAN-SERVICE-REPORT.request.
4.12.3.1.1 When generated.
4.12.3.1.2 Effect on receipt.

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 4.12.3.2 M-WRAN-SERVICE-REPORT.confirm.
4.12.3.2.1 When generated.
4.12.3.2.2 Effect on receipt.
4.12.3.3 M-WRAN-SERVICE-RESPONSE.indication.
4.12.3.3.1 When generated.
4.12.3.3.2 Effect on receipt.
4.12.4 Spectrum Sensing Services.
4.12.4.1 SM-SSF-SAP-CHANNEL-SENSING.request.
4.12.4.1.1 When generated.
4.12.4.1.2 Effect on receipt.
4.12.4.2 SM-SSF-SAP-CHANNEL-SENSING.confirm.
4.12.4.2.1 When generated.
4.12.4.2.2 Effect on receipt.
4.12.4.3 SM-SSF-SAP-SENSING-RESULTS.indication.
4.12.4.3.1 When generated.
4.12.4.3.2 Effect on receipt.
4.12.5 Geolocation services.
4.12.5.1 SM-GL-SAP-GEOLOCATION.request.
4.12.5.1.1 When generated.
4.12.5.1.2 Effect on receipt.
4.12.5.2 SM-GL-SAP-GEOLOCATION.confirm.
4.12.5.2.1 When generated.
4.12.5.2.2 Effect on receipt.
4.12.5.3 SM-GL-SAP-GEOLOCATION-RESULTS.indication.
4.12.5.3.1 When generated.
4.12.5.3.2 Effect on receipt.
4.12.6 Antenna primitives.
4.12.6.1 M-ANTENNA-INTEGRATED.request.
4.12.6.1.1 When generated.

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 4.12.6.1.2 Effect on receipt.
4.12.6.2 M-ANTENNA-INTEGRATED.confirm.
4.12.6.2.1 When generated.
4.12.6.2.2 Effect on receipt.
4.12.6.3 M-ANTENNA-INFORMATION.request.
4.12.6.3.1 When generated.
4.12.6.3.2 Effect on receipt.
4.12.6.4 M-ANTENNA-INFORMATION.response
4.12.6.4.1 When generated.
4.12.6.4.2 Effect on receipt.
5. Chapter Five: (Conclusion).
6. References:

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List of abbreviations:

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Chapter 1. Introduction

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